CHICAGO STYLE REFERENCING - NOTES AND BIBLIOGRAPHY SYSTEM What is referencing? Referencing is a systematic method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you use in assignments, research papers and dissertations etc. Anything that is borrowed from another source must be referenced, whether from a published or unpublished work. This includes: a direct quotation, summary or paraphrase another author s idea, concept or theory a work of art, image, live performance, DVD, etc. The most important thing to remember when referencing is to use a style consistently throughout a piece of written work. What Chicago Notes and Bibliography referencing? There are many acceptable forms of referencing. Chicago style has the advantage of two basic documentation systems: (1) notes and bibliography and (2) author-date. Choosing between the two often depends on subject matter and the nature of sources cited, as each system is favoured by different groups of scholars. The notes and bibliography system is preferred by many in the humanities and arts, while the author-date system (closer to referencing systems such as APA ) is often used by those in the physical, natural, and social sciences. The notes and bibliography style presents bibliographic information in notes and, often, a bibliography. It accommodates a variety of sources, including esoteric ones less appropriate to the author-date system. Because of its flexibility, it has been chosen as the preferred method of referencing by the AUT Arts and Design school. Creating Notes (in text references)- footnotes preferred Chicago style supports either footnotes (at the bottom of the page) or endnotes (immediately before the Bibliography) for references. However, footnotes are more common, as well as being easier to read, as endnotes force the reader to flip to the back to check every citation. To create a citation and reference using the Chicago Notes system, 1
insert a superscripted (little upper case) number immediately following a quotation or at the end of a paraphrased section. In Microsoft Word, this can be done by clicking Insert Footnote under the References tab. In the text As Ropars-Wuilleumier explains, there is no way to confront painting other than by means of the point of view that explores it from all sides and causes it to explode. 1 In the note 1. Marie-Claire Ropars-Wuilleumier, The Dissimulation of Painting, in Deconstruction and the Visual Arts: Art, Media, Architecture, eds. Peter Brunette and David Wills (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 73. Shorter note After you have provided the full information about a source in the first note, subsequent notes need to include only the author s last name, shortened title (if more than four letters) of the work, and any relevant page numbers. 2. Ropars-Wuilleumier, Dissimulation, 75. Use of Ibid The abbreviation Ibid. (a short form of ibidem, in the same place ) can be used when a note references the identical single source cited in the previous note: 3. Rebecca Herisson, Music Theory in Seventeenth-Century England (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), 146. 4. Ibid., 223. If the reference is to the exact same page as the previous note: 5. Ibid. Multiple references Even if more than one reference is being cited at a single location in the text, use a single note reference. In the note, separate the citations with semi-colons and place them in the same order as the text material to which they refer: 6. Werner Müller, Collecting Spatial Data: Optimum Design of Experiments for Random Fields, third rev. ed. (Berlin: Springer, 2007), 146; Gary K. Browning, Plato and Hegel: Two Modes of Philosophizing about Politics (New York: Garland, 1991), 87. 2
Creating a Bibliography (end of text referencing) Why a Bibliography as well as notes? Papers that use the notes-bibliography citation style typically include both notes and a bibliography listing all sources cited in the notes. Although the same information appears in both notes and bibliographies, readers need it in both places. Notes let readers quickly check the source for a particular reference without disrupting the flow of their reading. Bibliographies show readers the extent of your research and its relationship to prior work. They also help readers use your sources in their own research. Bibliography format A-Z listing for authors: All references are listed in alphabetical order, by last name of primary author. Multiple works by same author(s) or editors(s): When you reference more than one work by an author (or editor) in your paper, list them in order by date, beginning with their earliest work. For each subsequent reference, a series of six dashes (3-em dash) and full stop (------.) replaces the author s name. Butler, David, and Dennis Kavanah. The British General Election of 1983. London: Macmillan, 1984. ------. The British General Election of 1987. London: Macmillan, 1988. Important: Which version do I use? Chicago Manual of Style 16 th edition The Chicago Manual of Style has been revised many times. This hand-out is based on the latest edition which is The Chicago Manual of Style, 16 th edition (on-line and hard copy) published in 2010: Chicago Manual of Style (16 th edition) On-line see Chapter 14: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/16/contents.html Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide ) On-line: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/tools_citationguide.html 3
Turabian manual The AUT Arts and Design School also allows the use of a student friendly manual by Kate Turabian which was published a few years earlier than the 16 th edition: Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th ed. Revised by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. (AUT Library 808.02 TUR). It is however important to understand that because the Turabian manual was published prior to the 16th edition, there are some differences between the two. Main differences between Chicago 16 th edition and Turabian 1. Electronic sources - In the 16 th edition the access date is placed in the text after year of publication (or title for website) and before the URL. However, in the Turabian manual, the access date is placed at the end of the citation, after the URL in both Notes and Bibliography (i.e. citation 23 in the table below). 2. Audio-visual recordings - In the 16 th edition the medium (i.e. DVD) comes at the end of each citation, whereas in the Turabian manual, it comes after the title (i.e. see citation 41 in the table below). 3. Government publications - These are formatted slightly differently in each manual. Turabian s examples are most relevant to the U.S and U.K. situations and the range of examples listed can be overwhelming. We suggest you consult 14.303 in The Chicago Manual of Style, 16 th edition, which has some good examples in addition to those in this hand-out (i.e. citations 31 and 33 in the table below). 4. Art works and live performance The Chicago Manual of Style, 16 th edition does not include many examples relevant to this medium. We have used the Turabian manual in this hand-out (see citations 57 to 63 in the table below). Be consistent!!! The most important thing when using the Chicago system, is to be consistent in your referencing style throughout your paper, research report or thesis. 4
The table below contains information on how to reference commonly cited sources. Content is based on advice provided in the Chicago Manual of Style Online 16 th edition, unless we state that information is based on the Turabian manual. Differences between 16th edition and the Turabian manual are also noted. All comments related to the Turabian manual are in red. SOURCE NOTES BIBLIOGRAPHY ONE AUTHOR NB Author: Names should always be given in the order and form they appear on the title page. Authors may be individuals or organisations. NB Names: For notes, form is firstname then lastname. For bibliography, form is last name then first name. NB Titles: Capitalise all the major words in a title (except if in a foreign language). #. Firstname Lastname, Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page. 1. Jon Krasner, Motion Graphic Design: Applied History and Aesthetics (Amsterdam: Focal Press, 2008), 28. 2. Krasner, Motion, 30-31. Chicago style preferred format: Use first line indents for Notes. (In Microsoft Word, this can be done by highlighting the note/s, right clicking on Paragraph > Indents and Spacing tab. Special and choose First line, By 0.2-0.3cm). Lastname, Firstname. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. Krasner, Jon. Motion Graphic Design: Applied History and Aesthetics. Amsterdam: Focal Press, 2008. Chicago style preferred format: Use hanging indents for Bibliography. (In Microsoft Word, this can be done by right clicking on Paragraph > Indents and Spacing tab> Special and choose Hanging, By 0.2-0.5cm). 5
TWO OR THREE AUTHORS MORE THAN THREE AUTHORS NO AUTHOR NB: Start with title #. Firstname Lastname and Firstname Lastname (for second and third author), Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page. 3. Sarah Clarke and Jane Harris, Digital Visions for Fashion + Textiles: Made in Code (London: Thames and Hudson, 2012), 55-56. 4. Clarke and Harris, Digital Visions, 58. 5. David Hodges, Horace Jackson, and Graham Saleh, Analysis and Design of Digital Integrated Circuits: In Deep Submicron Technology (Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2003), 21. 6. Hodges, Jackson and Saleh, Analysis, 23. 7. Antonette Healey et al., Dictionary of Old English E. 6 th ed. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996), 16-17. 8. Healey et al, Dictionary, 18. NB: List only the first author in the Notes followed by et al. ( and others ). 9. Primary Colors: A Novel of Politics (New York: Random House, 1998), 16-17. 10. Primary Colors, 2. Lastname, Firstname and Firstname Lastname (for second and third author) Title. Place of Publication: Publication: Publisher, year. Clarke, Sarah and Jane Harris, Digital Visions for Fashion +Textiles: Made in Code. London: Thames and Hudson, 2012. Hodges, David, Horace Jackson, and Graham Saleh. Analysis and Design of Digital Integrated Circuits: In Deep Submicron Technology. Boston: McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2003. Healey, Antonette, Joan Holland, David McDougall, Ian McDougall, Nancy Speirs, and Pauline Thompson. Dictionary of Old English E. 6 th ed. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1996. NB: List all the authors in the Bibliography. Primary Colors: A Novel of Politics. New York: Random House, 1998. 6
EDITOR, TRANSLATOR OR COMPILER INSTEAD OF AUTHOR NB: When no author appears on the title page, list the work by the name(s) of the editor (ed.), compiler (comp.), or translator (trans.) 11. Hameed Ali and Carlos Brebbia, eds., Digital Architecture and Construction (New York: Random House, 1998), 88. 12. Hameed and Brebbia, Digital, 86. Hameed, Ali and Carlos Brebbia., eds. Digital Architecture and Construction. New York: Random House, 1998. 7
EDITIONS OTHER THAN THE FIRST NB: For any edition other than the first, both the edition and the date of that edition must be included in a listing. NB: Use abbreviations e.g. Second Edition becomes 2 nd ed. Or Revised edition rev.ed. CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK #. Firstname Lastname, Title, edition information (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page. 13. Douglas W. Rae, The Political Consequences of Electral Laws, rev. ed. (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), 22-26. 14. Rae, Political Consequences, 23. 15. Jane Austen, Sense and Sensibility, ed. Claudia Johnson, Norton Critical Editions (New York: Norton, 2001), 32. 16. Austen, Sense and Sensibility, 35. 17. Karen V. Harper-Dorton and Martin Herbert, Working with Children, Adolescents, and Their Families, 3rd ed. (Chicago: Lyceum Books, 2002), 43. 18. Harper Dorton and Herbert, Working with Children, 48. 19. Mieke Bal, Light in Painting: Dis-seminating Art History, in Deconstruction and the Visual Arts: Art, Media, Architecture, ed. Peter Brunette and David Wills (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 51. 20. Mieke, Light in Painting, 53. Lastname, Firstname. Title. Edition information. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. Rae, Douglas W. The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws. Rev. ed. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971. Austen, Jane. Sense and Sensibility. Edited by Claudia Johnson, Norton Critical Editions. New York: Norton, 2001. Harper-Dorton, Karen, V., and Martin Herbert. Working with Children, Adolescents, and Their Families, 3rd ed. Chicago: Lyceum Books, 2002. Bal, Mieke. Light in Painting: Dis-seminating Art History. In Deconstruction and the Visual Arts: Art, Media, Architecture, edited by Peter Brunette and David Wills, 49-64. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. NB: Include page range of chapter in bibliography only. 8
WORK CITED IN ANOTHER SOURCE NB: Limit your use of this method by finding the original source if possible. 21. Louise Zukofsky, Sincerity and Objectification, Poetry 37 (Feb. 1931): 269, quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1982), 78. 22. Zukofsky, Marianne Moore, 77. Zukofsky, Louis. Sincerity and Objectification. Poetry 37 (Feb. 193): 269. Quoted in Bonnie Costello, Marianne Moore: Imaginary Possessions. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981. NB: In Bibliography, list both the original and the secondary source. 9
BOOK PUBLISHED ELECTRONICALLY NB: If a book is available in more than one format, cite the version you used. For books published online, list a URL. If no fixed page numbers are available, include a section title or chapter. TURABIAN: In Turabian manual access dates are placed in brackets at the end of the URL e.g. http://www (accessed Feb 28, 2010). #. Firstname Lastname, Title (Place of publication: publisher, year), accessed date, URL, page. 23. Philip B. Kurland and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders Constitution (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), accessed February 28, 2010, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/, chap. 1, doc. 5. 24. Kurland and Lerner, Founders, chap. 10, doc. 2. #. Firstname Lastname, Title. Place of publication: publisher, year. Accessed date. URL. Kurland, Phillip B., and Ralph Lerner, eds., The Founders Constitution. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987. Accessed February 28, 2010. http://presspubs.uchicago.edu/founders/. 10
JOURNAL ARTICLE #. Firstname Lastname, Article Title, Journal Title volume, no. # (date): page. 25. Chris Fox, Not Just a Password, Product Design and Development 67, no. 9 (2012): 38. Lastname, Firstname. Article Title. Journal Title volume, no. #. (date): page range. Fox, Chris. Not Just a Password. Product Design and Development, 67, no. 9 (2012): 38-39. ONLINE JOURNAL NB: Accessed date is often considered unnecessary. Include a DOI (Digital Object Identifier) if the journal lists one. If no DOI is available, list a URL. TURABIAN: In Turabian manual access dates are placed in brackets at the end of the URL e.g. http://www (accessed Oct 19, 2008). 26. Fox, Not Just a Password, 32. #. Firstname Lastname, Article Title, Journal Title volume, no. # (date): page, accessed date, date, doi/url. 27. Stephanie Hom Carey, The Tourist Moment, Annals of Tourism Research 31, no. 1 (2004): 61, accessed October 19, 2008, doi: 10:48903243/342890. 28. Carey, The Tourist Moment, 64-65. Lastname, Firstname. Article Title. Journal Title volume, no. #. (date): page range. Accessed date. Doi/url. Hom Carey, Stephanie. The Tourist Moment. Annals of Tourism Research 31, no. 1 (2004): 61-77. Accessed October 19, 2008. Doi: 10:48903243/342890. 11
ART EXHIBITION CATALOGUE TURABIAN: Turabian manual is the source here as category not covered well in the 16 th edition. #. Firstname Lastname, Title (Place of Publication: Publisher, year), page. 29. Judith A. Barter, ed., Mary Cassat: Modern Woman (Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, in association with Harry N. Abrams, 1998), 5. 30. Barter, Mary Cassat. Lastname, Firstname. Title. Place of Publication: Publisher, year. Name and location of exhibition. Barter, Judith A., ed. Mary Cassatt: Modern Woman. Chicago: Art Institute of Chicago, in association with Harry N. Abrams, 1998. Published in conjunction with the exhibition Mary Cassatt: Modern Woman shown at the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the National Gallery in Washington, DC, and the Art Institute of Chicago. NB: In the bibliography only, include the name and location(s) of the exhibition following the publication data. 12
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATIONS NB: If the report names an author, start with that. Otherwise, use the ministry or agency responsible for the report. TURABIAN: Turabian citations are slightly different and the range of examples can be overwhelming. We suggest you consult 14.303 in The Chicago Manual of Style, 16 th edition for further examples. #. Author, Title of Report, Other Identification Information (Place of Publication: Publisher, date). 31. Mordechai Rozanski, Investing in Public Education: Advancing the Goal of Continuous Improvement in Student Learning and Achievement, prepared on behalf of the Education Equality Task Force (Toronto: Ministry of Education, 2001). 32. Rozanski, Public Education, 35. 33. Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, Employment Profile, ISSN 1492-045X (Toronto: Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, 2002), 35. 34. Ministry of Training, Employment Profile, 27. Author. Title of Report. Other Identification Information. Place of Publication: Publisher, date. Rozanski, Mordechai. Investing in Public Education: Advancing the Goal of Continuous Improvement in Student Learning and Achievement. Prepared on behalf of the Education Equality Task Force. Toronto: Ministry of Education, 2002. Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities. Employment Profile. ISSN 1492-045X. Toronto: Ministry of Training, Colleges and Universities, 2002. 13
WEBSITE NB: Locate as much of the information as possible. If there is no author given, use the owner of the site. TURABIAN: In Turabian manual access dates are placed in brackets at the end of the URL e.g. http://www (accessed Feb 12, 2013). PERSONAL COM- MUNICATIONS NB: You may require the author s permission to include these types of citations. #. Title of the Page, Author of the content, Title/owner of site, date (of publication, access or when site was last modified), URL. 35. Phenomena: Laelaps: Pin the Nose on the Dinosaur, Brian Switek, National Geographic, accessed February 12, 2013, http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/02/09/pin-the-noseon-the-dinosaur/ 36. Phenomena. #. Author, type of communication, date. 37. Simon, Streatfield, letter to author, March 28, 2012. 38. Streatfield, letter. 39. Paul Martin, e-mail message to author, February 3, 2012. 40. Martin, e-mail. Author of the content as Lastname Firstname. Title of the Page. Title/owner of the site. Date (of publication, access or when site was last modified). URL. Switek, Brian. Phenomena: Laelaps: Pin the Nose on the Dinosaur, National Geographic. Accessed February 12, 2013. http://phenomena.nationalgeographic.com/2013/02/09/pin-the-nose-on-thedinosaur/ NB: Personal communications are not normally included in the Bibliography 14
AUDIO-VISUAL RECORDINGS TURABIAN: In Turabian manual the medium (e.g. DVD) comes after the title. #. name of scene or scene no., Title of movie, Director (original date; place of publication: publisher, release date), medium. 41. Crop Duster Attack, North by Northwest, directed by Alfred Hitchcock (1959; Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2000), DVD. 42. Crop Duster Attack. Lastname Firstname. Title. Medium. Place of Publication: Publisher, release date. Hitchcock, Alfred. North by Northwest. DVD. Burbank, CA: Warner Home Video, 2000. NB: In the bibliography original release date is omitted. VIDEO OR TV ONLINE 43. Richard B. Freeman, Global Capitalism, Labor Markets, and Inequality, Institute of International Studies, University of California at Berkeley, October 31, 2007, http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgncfsxgua0. 44. Freeman, Global Capitalism. 45. BBC, Clock from the Bronze Age Discovered, ONE News TVNZ Website, video file, 01.53, February 19, 2013, http://tvnz.co.nz/worldnews/cloak-bronze-age-discovered-video-5345359. 46. BBC, Clock. NB: URL alone is insufficient. You must provide additional information so that a reader can search for the source even if the URL changes. If file lacks an individual URL, cite the site as a whole. TURABIAN: Turabian argues that it may not always be necessary to include broadcast sources in the bibliography. Freeman, Richard B. Global Capitalism, Labor Markets, and Inequality. Institute of International Studies, University of California at Berkeley. October 31, 2007. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cgncfsxgua0. BBC. Clock from the Bronze Age Discovered. ONE News TVNZ Website. Video file. February 19, 2013. http://tvnz.co.nz/world-news/cloak-bronze-agediscovered-video-5345359. 15
PODCAST 47. Paul Tiyambe Zeleza, Africa s Global Past: Episode 40, Africa Past and Present, African Online Digital Library, podcast audio, April 29, 2010, http://afripod.aodl.org/. Zeleza, Paul Tiyambe. Africa s Global Past: Episode 40. Africa Past and Present. African Online Digital Library. Podcast audio, April 29, 2010. http://afripod.aodl.org/ 48. Zeleza, Africa s Global Past. 49. Darcey Steinke, interview by Sam Tanenhaus and Dwight Garner, New York Times Book Review, podcast audio, April 22, 2007, http://podcasts.nytimes.com/podcasts/2007/04/20/21bookupdate.mp3. Steinke, Darcey.. Interview by Sam Tanehaus and Dwight Garner, New York Book Review. Podcast audio, April 22, 2007, http://podcasts.nytimes.com/podcasts/2007/04/20/21bookupdate.mp3. 50. Steinke, interview. 16
SOUND RECORDING e.g. music, play, poetry reading, lecture TURABIAN: In the Turabian manual the date comes at the end, after the medium. Compact disc is also abbreviated to CD. Music:...51. Natalie Bruscher, Songs of Love, Capitol CDP 7 46381 2, 1990, compact disc, originally released in 1970. 52. Bruscher, Songs of Love. Play: 53. Kim Starwood, Looking at the Sun, performed by Andrea Brenton and others, Capitol CDP 7 46381 2, 1991, compact disc. 54. Starwood, Looking at the Sun. Poetry reading: 55. W.H. Auden, Selected Poems, read by the author, Spoken Arts 7137, 1991, audiocassette. 56. Auden, Selected Poems. NB: The 16 th edition does not abbreviate mediums but uses compact disc (for CD) and audiocassette (for tape). Original release dates are included at the end of a citation. Natalie Bruschner. Songs of Love. Capitol CDP 7 46381 2, 1990, compact disc. Originally released in 1970. Starwood, Kim. Looking at the Sun. Performed by Andrea Brenton and others. Capitol CDP 7 46381 1, 1991. Compact disc. Auden, W. H. Selected Poems. Read by the author. Spoken Arts 7137, 1991. Audiocassette. 17
PAINTINGS, SCULPTURES, PHOTOGRAPHS, AND OTHER ARTWORKS. TURABIAN: Turabian manual is the main source here as category not covered well in the 16 th edition. LIVE PERFORMANCES NB TURABIAN: Turabian manual is the main source here as category not covered well in the 16 th edition. #. Firstname Lastname, Title, medium (if relevant) date, name of institution or collection (if any), location. 57. Michaelangelo, David, 1501-4, Galleria dell Accademia, Florence. 58. Michaelangelo, David. 59. Aaron Siskind, Untitled (The Most Crowded Block), gelatin silver print, 1939, Kemper Museum of Contemporary Art, Kansas City, MO. 60. Siskind, Untitled. Reproduction: To cite a reproduction, omit the medium and location and give publication information for the source. 61. Edward Hopper, August in the City, 1945, in Gail Levin, Edward Hopper: The Art and the Artist (New York: Whitney Museum of American Art, 1980), 197. 62. Hopper, August. #. Title of work, writer, director, name of performer or company, location, date. 63. Birdie Blue, by Cheryl L. West, directed by Cameron Rutherford, Maidment Theatre, Auckland, June 22, 2013. 64. Birdie Blue. TURABIAN: Turabian argues that a visual source does not generally need to be included in your bibliography, although you may choose to include a specific item that is critical to your argument or frequently cited. TURABIAN: As with the note above, Turabian argues that live performances do not generally need to be included in your bibliography, although you may choose to include a specific item that is critical to your argument or frequently cited. 18
Sources used in compiling this hand-out Bedford/St. Martin s. Chicago Documentations Style, Research and Documentation Online 5 th Edition. Accessed February 20, 2013. http://bcs.bedfordstmartins.com/resdoc5e/res5e_ch05_o.html The Chicago Manual of Style Online, 16 th edition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2010. Accessed February 20, 2013. http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org.ezproxy.aut.ac.nz/home.html. Turabian, Kate L. A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations. 7th ed. Revised by Wayne C. Booth, Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Writing Commons. Acknowledging Print and Electronic Sources: Chicago Style, University of Guelph Writing Services. Accessed February 12, 2013. http://www.lib.uoguelph.ca/assistance/writing_services/resources/handouts.cfm Prepared by Dr Kathryn Owler and Layne Waerea February 2013 19