Voluntary Issues. Scottish Household Survey Analytical Topic Report: Volunteering

Voluntary Issues Scottish Household Survey Analytical Topic Report: Volunteering

SCOTTISH HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ANALYTICAL REPORT: VOLUNTEERING Norma Hurley, Lindsay Wilson, Ian Christie Blake Stevenson Ltd Scottish Government Social Research 2008

This report is available on the Scottish Government Social Research website only www.scotland.gov.uk/socialresearch. It should be noted that since this research was commissioned a new Scottish government has been formed, which means that the report reflects commitments and strategic objectives conceived under the previous administration. The policies, strategies, objectives and commitments referred to in this report should not therefore be treated as current Government policy. Crown Copyright 2008 Limited extracts from the text may be produced provided the source is acknowledged. For more extensive reproduction, please write to the Chief Researcher at Office of Chief Researcher, 4th Floor West Rear, St Andrew s House, Edinburgh EH1 3DG

CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1 CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND 9 Policy Context 9 The Research 10 CHAPTER TWO COMPARISON WITH OTHER SURVEYS AND EXAMINATION OF THE VOLUNTEERING QUESTIONS IN THE 2005 SHS 12 Summary 12 Introduction 12 Definitions Scottish Executive and VDS 13 Formal and Informal Volunteering 13 Policy Interest 13 Prevalence of Volunteering 14 Comparator Surveys 14 Rates of Volunteering 15 Trend in reported rates of volunteering in SHS 15 The content of the questions asked 16 Helping to raise money 19 Format and Structure of Questions 21 Methodological Performance of remaining questions in SHS 2005 21 CHAPTER THREE PREVALENCE OF VOLUNTEERS AND COMPARISON WITH VDS DIGEST OF STATISTICS 23 Summary 23 Economic Status 24 Type of Volunteering Activity 26 CHAPTER FOUR PREVALENCE OF VOLUNTEERING AND PROPENSITY TO VOLUNTEER BY SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS 27 Summary 27 Introduction 27 Prevalence of Volunteering 28 Factors associated with propensity to volunteer 28 Lower Socio-Economic Groups 30 Long-term Sick and Disabled 32 Unemployed 33 Young People 33 Deprived Backgrounds 36 Lacking Formal Qualifications 37 CHAPTER FIVE TYPE OF VOLUNTEERING ACTIVITIES IN SCOTLAND 47 Summary 47 Introduction 48 Type of Organisational Activity 48 Type of Volunteering Activity 60 CHAPTER SIX INTENSITY OF VOLUNTEERING IN SCOTLAND 66 Summary 66 Introduction 66 Frequency of Volunteering 66 Hours Spent Volunteering 73

CHAPTER SEVEN ATTRACTIONS TO VOLUNTEERING 79 Summary 79 Introduction 79 Motives to Volunteer 79 Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering 81 CHAPTER EIGHT BARRIERS TO VOLUNTEERING 102 Summary 102 Introduction 102 Barriers to Volunteering 103 Reasons for Stopping Volunteering 106 Scottish Household Survey Respondents who had Stopped Volunteering 106 Reasons for Stopping Volunteering 106 CHAPTER NINE TRENDS IN VOLUNTEERING TIME SERIES ANALYSIS 126 Summary 126 Introduction 126 Rates of Volunteering 127 Profile of Volunteers 1999-2006 128 Type of Organisation 132 Hours Spent Volunteering 134 Type of Volunteering Activity 135 CHAPTER TEN RECOMMENDATIONS 137 Introduction 137 Methodological Performance of the Volunteering Suite of Questions 137 Prevalence of volunteering and propensity to volunteer by socio-demographic characteristics 138 Marketing Strategy 140 ANNEX 1 DEFINITIONS OF VOLUNTEERING 143 What is volunteering? 148 ANNEX 2 METHODOLOGY 147 Scottish Household Survey 152 Study Methods 152 ANNEX 3 SCOTTISH HOUSEHOLD SURVEY 2005: VOLUNTEERING SUITE OF QUESTIONS 153 ANNEX 4 VARIABLES SELECTED FOR PROFILE OF VOLUNTEERS 157 ANNEX 5 REGRESSION ANALYSIS 160 Method 165 Odds Ratio - Worked example 166 Confidence Intervals 166 P Value 167 ANNEX 6 PROFILE OF VOLUNTEERS, 1999-2006 164 ANNEX 7 TYPE OF VOLUNTEERING ORGANISATION 1999 2004 166 ANNEX 8 PATTERNS OF RURAL VOLUNTEERING 167 Prevalence of Volunteering in Rural Areas 172 Type of Volunteering Activities 180 Intensity of Volunteering 185 Attractions to Volunteering 187 Barriers to Volunteering 190 Qualitative Research Findings 190

ANNEX 9 FOCUS GROUP TOPIC GUIDES AND INTERVIEW SCHEDULES 188 ANNEX 10 LIST OF REFERENCES 203 ANNEX 11 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES 205

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background Blake Stevenson Ltd was commissioned by the Scottish Executive to investigate the level, type and intensity of volunteering in Scotland based on data gathered through the Scottish Household Survey (SHS), and on focus groups and telephone interviews carried out by Blake Stevenson. The aim of the study is to analyse data regarding volunteering among target groups in the Executive s volunteering strategy, as well as information on attractions and barriers to participation in volunteering. Methodology The methodology for this study involved the following four stage programme of work. Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage 3: Stage 4: Preliminary review of data Statistical analysis of data from the Scottish Household Survey 1999 to Q3 2006 Statistical analysis of data from other sources Focus groups and telephone interviews with volunteers, former volunteers and non-volunteers. Stage 1: Preliminary review of data A preliminary review of the quantitative data relating to volunteering in the Scottish Household Survey 1999 to quarter three 2006 was conducted. Using the SHS Lite dataset, common demographic variables (relating where possible to the random adult) across all SHS years were identified to ensure that any comparisons between survey data would be consistent and allow for valid time series analysis. We also used the SHS Lite dataset to identify volunteering indicators, that is, those variables relating to questions in the SHS that identify a respondent as a volunteer, and volunteering variables those variables relating to questions that gather information about the volunteering undertaken by the respondent, such as type, intensity and reasons for stopping and re-starting. Stage 2: Statistical analysis of data from the Scottish Household Survey 1999 to Q3 2006 This stage was based on the first two study objectives: to carry out a detailed analysis of volunteering; and of the questions which identify potential attractions or barriers to volunteering. The outcomes from this stage were envisaged as: a profile of volunteers time series analysis of volunteering 1999 to 2006. 1

Profile of Volunteering Following on from the variables and indicators identified in Stage 1, we used crosstabulations and multi-variate analyses to develop a profile of volunteers and of volunteering habits based on data gathered between 2005 and 2006. We also analysed attractions and barriers to volunteering identified by respondents. Time Series Analysis of Volunteering 1999 to 2006 We conducted a time series analysis of volunteering between 1999 and 2006. A profile of volunteers based on similar demographic variables used in the 2005 profile of volunteering was developed and each SHS year (from 1999 to 2006) was analysed. We also analysed variables relating to type of organisation, type of activity and time spent volunteering. Stage 3: Statistical analysis of data from other sources Survey data was gathered from the Home Office Citizenship Survey 2005 (the Citizenship Survey is now the responsibility of the Department for Communities and Local Government, and reports based on the 2005 data were published by the DCLG). Data from the Citizenship Survey was compared against the current profile of volunteering in Scotland developed as part of this study, and differences in prevalence rates were reported. Analysis of the questions presented to participants of the Citizenship Survey, including language used and the way questions are framed, was also analysed against the volunteering questions presented in the SHS. Data from Volunteer Development Scotland s Annual Digest of Statistics 2006 was also included in this analysis. Stage 4: Focus groups and telephone interviews with volunteers, former volunteers and non-volunteers The table below summarises the focus groups we undertook in April and May 2007. Group Location Number of Participants Current Volunteers Kirkcaldy, Fife 9 Current Volunteers Isle of Skye 7 Non-volunteers Glasgow 2 Non-volunteers Glasgow 8 Non-volunteers Isle of Skye 4 We had intended to run another focus group with non-volunteers on the Isle of Skye but only one person attended. We interviewed this person as an individual. We supplemented this with telephone interviews with five non-volunteers on Skye. We had also intended to run two focus groups with former volunteers. However, it proved prohibitively difficult to recruit participants for these focus groups. Therefore, it was agreed that we would undertake telephone interviews instead. We completed 20 telephone interviews with former volunteers in total 10 in Fife and 10 in the Borders. 2

In total the following numbers participated in our research: Current volunteers (Kirkcaldy and Skye): 16 Former volunteers (Fife and the Borders): 20 Non-volunteers (Skye and Glasgow): 20 Topic guides used in our telephone interviews and focus groups can be found in Annex 9. Comparison with other Surveys and Examination of the Volunteering Questions in the 2005 SHS Volunteer Development Scotland s Annual Digest of Statistics and the Department for Communities and Local Government s Citizenship Survey both report higher rates of volunteering than the Scottish Household Survey. The differences in rates of volunteering reported by these surveys may potentially be explained, at least in part, by the content of the survey questions used to identify volunteers. The VDS survey includes helping to raise money as an option on a list of activities used to identify a volunteer. If a respondent says that he or she has undertaken this activity, he or she is classed as a volunteer. The Citizenship Survey s list of organisations used to identify a volunteer includes sports/exercise (taking part, coaching, or going to watch) and Hobbies/Recreation/Arts/Social Clubs. Clearly, we do not know how people interpret the options included in the VDS survey and the Citizenship Survey identified above. However, it might be the case that a number of people might interpret helping to raise money as, for example, buying a raffle ticket or sponsoring a friend to run a marathon. It is possible, therefore, that some respondents who were identified as volunteers by the VDS survey and the Citizenship Survey were thinking of activities which, whilst voluntary in the sense that they were not compelled to do them, may be difficult to describe as formal volunteering. We suggest that another potential explanation for the differences in rates of volunteering reported in the Scottish Household Survey and other surveys could be related to the format and structure of the questions used to identify a volunteer. From examining the VDS survey and the Citizenship Survey it seems that the order in which individuals are asked to specify the organisations they have helped and the more general activity they have participated in (for example raising money) may be a factor resulting in differences in rates of volunteering across the three surveys. Recommendations We recommend that further research is carried out to analyse whether or not asking individuals to specify first the organisations they have helped, rather than the more general activity they have participated in has an impact on rates of volunteering reported. In our qualitative research, when talking about types of types of activity, we found that many people who identified themselves as non-volunteers had actually volunteered in the past. 3

We also suggest changes to the format and structure of the volunteering suite of questions in the SHS, as follows: removing the no regular hours category when asking about length of time spent volunteering asking non-volunteers and current volunteers (as well as lapsed volunteers) about attractions and barriers to volunteering, either through the SHS or another survey asking all respondents about the qualifications they hold, rather than only those aged from 16 and not retired, to gain an accurate picture of the qualifications held by volunteers in Scotland. The no regular hours category was removed from the 2006 suite of questions and further changes - such as asking non-volunteers, as well as former volunteers, about attractions and barriers to volunteering, as well as asking all random adults about qualifications - have been made to the 2007 suite. Prevalence of Volunteers and Comparison with VDS Digest of Statistics Our analysis of SHS data found a similar relationship between rates of volunteering and types of activities to that reported in the VDS Digest. Both SHS and the VDS Digest identified raising money, committee work and helping to organise or run an event as three of the most common types of volunteering. However, there were differences between SHS and VDS respondents in the number of hours spent volunteering in an average month. Prevalence of Volunteering and Propensity to Volunteer by Socio-demographic Characteristics Our analysis of Scottish Household Survey data confirms that the key groups identified in the Scottish Executive s Volunteering Strategy (2004) amongst whom it would be beneficial to encourage a higher level of volunteering are less likely to volunteer than society in general. A larger proportion of the survey sample volunteers than the proportions of each of these groups that volunteer. Where people in the identified groups do volunteer, they do so to a similar intensity as the other groups, and face similar barriers to continuing volunteering as other groups. Specifically, we found that: disabled people are less likely to volunteer than those without a disability unemployed people are less likely to volunteer than those who are self employed, employed full or part time, or retired young people aged between 16 and 24 are significantly less likely to volunteer than those aged between 35 and 74 people living in the 15% most deprived neighbourhoods in Scotland (according to the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation) are less likely to volunteer than those living in more affluent neighbourhoods 4

people lacking in formal qualifications are less likely to volunteer than those with qualifications. Recommendations Within the 15% most deprived areas in Scotland, efforts to promote volunteering should be focused particularly on disabled people, unemployed people, young people and those lacking in formal qualifications. Disabled people could be encouraged to volunteer if they are made aware that opportunities to fit their capabilities are available and that they can do as little or as much as they like. Unemployed people represent a largely untapped pool of potential volunteers that should be targeted and specific efforts undertaken to demonstrate the potential benefits to them of volunteering (such as improved employment prospects). Efforts to increase understanding among young people of the opportunities offered by volunteering should be made. It should be made clear to people lacking in formal qualifications that everyone can make a contribution through volunteering, regardless of their qualifications, and that it is possible to gain qualifications through volunteering. It is our sense that a differentiated and clearly targeted marketing strategy to raise awareness of volunteering and what it involves among these groups is required in order to achieve the aims laid out in the Scottish Executive s Volunteering Strategy. Other organisations, such as Volunteer Development Scotland, are clearly active in this area and could contribute to the development of a marketing strategy. Type of Volunteering Activities in Scotland We analysed volunteering by the type of organisations and type of activity carried out. Type of Organisation In general, volunteers are more likely to volunteer with organisations that focus on children, young people, or sports and physical recreation. Females are significantly more likely than males to volunteer with organisations that focus on children or older people, while males are significantly more likely than females to volunteer with organisations that focus on sports and physical recreation, the natural environment or crime/community safety/anti-social behaviour. Sixteen to 24 year olds are more likely to volunteer with organisations that focus on young people, children and sports or physical recreation than any other type of organisational activity. The types of organisational activity most common among other age groups are as follows: 25-34 year olds: children, young people and sports and physical recreation. 5

35-44 year olds: children and young people. Respondents aged under 44 are significantly more likely than older people to work with children and young people. 45-59 year olds: young people, children, sports and physical recreation, and religious/faith issues. Those aged under 60 are significantly more likely than those aged over 60 to volunteer with organisations involved with sports and physical recreation. 60-74: religious/faith issues and older people. 75 plus: religious/faith issues. Type of Voluntary Activity In general, volunteers are most likely to take part in raising money, committee work and generally helping out. Across all age bands, volunteers are most likely to: help to organise or run events or activities help out generally do whatever is required raise money. Males are more likely to carry out the following activities than any other: committee work raising money helping to organise events generally helping out. Females are more likely to raise money and generally help out than any other activity. Females are significantly (but only very slightly) more likely than males to visit, buddy or befriend people, while males are significantly (but again only slightly) more likely to carry out committee work, IT support, education/training/coaching, and representing others. Intensity of Volunteering in Scotland Our analysis found that the largest proportions of volunteers (42.3%) volunteer at least once a week and that in 2005 the average number of hours spent volunteering per month was 12.8. Intensity and frequency of volunteering is similar among all volunteers regardless of gender, economic status or age. Recommendations On average, volunteers give up around three hours per week to volunteer. It is our sense that these findings could be used to reassure those people who are currently reluctant to volunteer because they fear an excessive time commitment. Such people may be encouraged to volunteer if they were aware that they could do so for only one afternoon or evening per week. 6

Attractions to Volunteering We analysed factors that encourage respondents to volunteer through our focus groups and telephone interviews. It was found that volunteers are often motivated to volunteer through a desire to help their community and/or to help people experiencing a situation, problem or condition which has been experienced by the volunteer him or herself, or by a friend or family member. The effect of personal experience on motivation was strong. We also analysed factors that might encourage former volunteers to re-start volunteering. Some variations exist based on age, gender, economic status, income and urban/rural classification, but a large proportion of respondents across all groups said that nothing would encourage them to volunteer again. While qualitative research confirmed that nothing could encourage many former volunteers to re-start volunteering, analysis of Scottish Household Survey data found that a relatively large proportion of former volunteers would be encouraged to volunteer again if they could fit it round their other commitments, a finding that is supported by qualitative research. Barriers to Volunteering We analysed the reasons Scottish Household Survey respondents gave for stopping volunteering. Some variations based on age, gender, economic status, income and urban/rural classification exist but the most common reason for stopping volunteering is a lack of time. Qualitative research confirms that volunteers are likely to give up volunteering due to a lack of time, often due to a change in circumstances such as starting a new job or having children. Our qualitative research also identified a lack of awareness of what volunteering involves in terms of time commitment, skills and abilities as a key barrier to volunteering. Recommendations To overcome barriers people face to volunteering, we recommend the following: Simplifying the Disclosure Scotland process for example, removing the need to apply for a separate disclosure check for every voluntary position applied for, but, rather, introducing a single disclosure check valid for any position that must be updated after a certain period of time. This issue is currently being addressed by the Scottish government. Raising awareness of volunteering opportunities, what they involve and how people from all walks of life can make a contribution. It should be stressed that the time commitment undertaken through volunteering can be flexible for example, volunteers can volunteer for as much as several hours per week or as little as one day per year. Workplaces may be an effective intermediary through which to raise awareness of volunteering and encourage non-volunteers to volunteer. Emphasising that, through volunteering, individuals can help people who are in a situation or who suffer from an illness experienced personally by themselves or by a friend or family member. 7

People may be reluctant to put themselves forward to volunteer but may be more likely to do so if they are asked directly by someone known by the individual. Trends in Volunteering Time Series Analysis We carried out a time series analysis of volunteering trends in Scotland between 1999 and 2006. Some of our analysis was restricted by changes to questions and categories used, therefore making it difficult to compare like with like. Our analysis found that rates of volunteering in Scotland increased between 1999 and 2000 and remained stable until 2003, when the rate appeared to fall. There was no significant change in rates of volunteering between 2003 and 2004, but the rate appeared to fall significantly in 2005 following a change to Scottish Household Survey questions. Another change in question took place in 2006, and rates of volunteering increased in that year s survey. We examined demographic variables and their relationship to rates of volunteering, and found that: between 1999 and 2006 the largest proportion of volunteers was aged between 35 and 59 the proportion of females who volunteer is consistently higher than males between 1999 and 2006 the self-employed and part time employed are the economic status groups with the highest rates of volunteering between 1999 and 2006 households with an income of above 20,001 are most likely to volunteer between 1999 and 2006 between 1999 and 2006, remote rural areas had the highest rates of volunteering. We also examined the types of organisations volunteers volunteer with. Between 1999 and 2004, organisations concerned with church or religious activities and sports activities accounted for the highest proportions of volunteers. Hours spent volunteering remained consistent between 1999 and 2003. Between 2003 and 2004 the average hours spent volunteering in a month by volunteers decreased, but increased in 2005 and remained at a similar level in 2006. 8

CHAPTER ONE BACKGROUND Policy Context 1.1. Achieving an increase in participation in volunteering among people of all ages and from all backgrounds is an objective for both the UK government and the Scottish Executive. 1.2. In May 2006, Prime Minister Tony Blair, announced the government s goal to encourage one million more young people to volunteer within five years. 1.3. In 2004, the Scottish Executive published its volunteering strategy, the aim of which is to embed a robust culture of volunteering in Scotland. The strategy sets out roles and responsibilities and outlines work to be taken forward between 2004 and 2009 to achieve this aim. 1.4. The strategy identifies key groups amongst whom it would be beneficial to encourage a higher level of volunteering. those from lower socio-economic groups the long-term sick and disabled the unemployed young people the poor those less skilled and less qualified. 1.5. These groups may be reluctant to volunteer as a result of a number of barriers. These include: a lack of confidence, leading to a failure to recognise that they could have a role to play a lack of awareness of the relationship between volunteering and social security benefits, and the role that volunteering can play in helping people making the transition to employment a lack of flexibility in volunteering opportunities concerns that mobility/disability and language problems (for example, equipment for people with sight or hearing problems) will not be catered for concerns that out-of-pocket expenses will not be reimbursed the middle class, middle-aged, image of volunteering. 1.6. One of the key aims of the strategy is to remove these barriers to volunteering for the groups noted above. 1.7. The strategy also aims to encourage more involvement among young people in volunteering, improve the volunteering experience and ensure that mechanisms are in place to allow ongoing monitoring, evaluation and research to analyse the current picture of volunteering in Scotland. 9

The Research 1.8. Blake Stevenson Ltd was commissioned by the Scottish Executive to investigate the level, type and intensity of volunteering in Scotland based on the Scottish Household Survey (SHS) data. 1.9. The aim of the study was to analyse data regarding volunteering among target groups in the Executive s volunteering strategy, as well as information on attractions and barriers to participation in volunteering. 1.10. The key objectives of the study were: To carry out a detailed analysis of volunteering data among key groups in the volunteering strategy (those from lower socio-economic backgrounds, the unemployed, the long-term sick and disabled, the poor and those lacking in formal qualifications). To carry out a detailed analysis of questions which identify potential attractions or barriers to volunteering. These conclusions will be tested by use of focus groups drawn from previous SHS respondents. To consider the comparisons that should be drawn from other volunteering data, for example Volunteer Development Scotland s annual national survey and the Home Office Citizenship Survey in England. To analyse the methodological performance of the volunteering suite of questions in the 2005 Scottish Household Survey. To provide recommendations regarding future research in the context of evaluating the volunteering strategy. 1.11. We have addressed all the above issues in this report. In reporting on our findings against the objectives we have however altered the order from the way it was set out in the brief. 1.12. The report is set out as follows. Chapter 2 This chapter considers the comparisons that may be drawn between the SHS and other volunteering data, for example Volunteer Development Scotland s annual national survey and the Home Office Citizenship Survey in England; this is done primarily by analysing the initial questions in each survey which identify the rate of volunteering amongst the survey participants. This chapter further analyses the methodological performance of the remaining volunteering suite of questions in the 2005 Scottish Household Survey. Finally this chapter suggests some potential changes to the content and structure of the current survey. Chapter 3 Chapter 3 compares SHS volunteering results with those of Volunteer Development Scotland s Annual Digest of Statistics. 10

Chapter 4 Chapter 4 reports on the detailed analysis of questions which identify motivation for and propensity to volunteering. These conclusions are informed by the results of the focus groups carried out as part of the study. This chapter reports on the detailed analysis of volunteering data among key groups in the volunteering strategy (those from lower socio-economic backgrounds, the unemployed, the long-term sick and disabled, the poor and those less skilled and less qualified). Chapter 5 Chapter 5 looks at the voluntary activities that volunteers undertake, and the primary activity of the organisation they volunteer with. Chapter 6 Chapter 6 reports on the intensity of volunteering how frequently do volunteers volunteer and how many hours do they spend volunteering? Chapter 7 Chapter 7 discusses attractions to volunteering identified by current volunteers, former volunteers and people who have never volunteered. Chapter 8 Chapter 8 discusses barriers to volunteering as identified by current volunteers, former volunteers and non-volunteers. Chapters 7 and 8 are informed by analysis of SHS data and the results of qualitative research carried out as part of this study. Chapter 9 Chapter 9 provides a time series analysis of trends in volunteering between 1999 and 2006 identified through analysis of SHS data. Chapter 10 This chapter draws together the recommendations we make based on our analysis. 11

CHAPTER TWO COMPARISON WITH OTHER SURVEYS AND EXAMINATION OF THE VOLUNTEERING QUESTIONS IN THE 2005 SHS Summary 2.1 In this chapter, we have suggested that the reason behind the differences in rates of volunteering reported in the Scottish Household Survey (SHS) and other surveys lies in the format and structure of the questions used to identify a volunteer. It is our sense that asking individuals to firstly specify the organisations they have helped rather than the more general activity they have participated in, for example raising money - may partly account for the differences in rates of volunteering across the three surveys. Further research into this issue is recommended. 2.2 We also suggest changes to the format and structure of the volunteering suite of questions in the SHS, for example: removing the no regular hours category when asking about length of time spent volunteering asking non-volunteers and current volunteers about attractions and barriers to volunteering asking all respondents about the qualifications they hold, rather than only those aged from 16 and not retired, to gain an accurate picture of the qualifications held by volunteers in Scotland. 2.3 The no regular hours category was removed from the 2006 suite of questions and further changes - such as asking non-volunteers and current volunteers, as well as former volunteers, about attractions and barriers to volunteering, as well as all random adults about qualifications - have been made to the 2007 suite. Introduction 2.4 In this chapter we look first at the definitions of volunteering and then at the rates of volunteering in three surveys SHS, the Volunteer Development Scotland (VDS) Annual Digest of Statistics, and the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) Citizenship Survey. We already know that the rates reported in the VDS digest and the DCLG survey are significantly higher than those reported in the SHS. 2.5 We look at the profile of volunteers, in terms of socio-economic background, place of residence, working status, sector, and activity of volunteering across the SHS and the VDS digest to determine whether or not there are substantial differences in the type of people who say they volunteer. We find that there are no broad differences between the surveys. 2.6 We then examine in detail the initial questions, which ascertain the rate of volunteering in Scotland, in the SHS survey over the period 1999 2006. 2.7 We also examined the initial questions asked in each of the comparator surveys for the year 2005, the only year for which we have relatively comparative data. 12

2.8 Based on that examination we pose some potential answers as to why there are such different reported rates of volunteering across the three surveys. 2.9 We also examine structure and format of the questions in the SHS 2005 and we examine the methodological performance of the remaining questions. 2.10 Finally in this chapter we make some suggestions as to issues the Executive might consider in relation to the current content, structure and format of the suite of volunteering questions in the SHS. Definitions Scottish Executive and VDS 2.11 The definition of volunteering used by the Scottish Executive and VDS is: the giving of time and energy through a third party, which can bring measurable benefits to the volunteer, individual beneficiaries, groups and organisations, communities, environment, and society at large. It is a choice undertaken of one s own free will, and is not motivated primarily for financial gain or for a wage or salary. Formal and Informal Volunteering 2.12 This definition fits with a broad understanding of what is formal volunteering - where unpaid work is undertaken through an organisation, group or club to help other people or to aid a cause such as the improvement of the environment, rather than informal volunteering - where unpaid help is given as an individual to people who are not relatives. Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) Citizenship Survey 2.13 The Department for Communities and Local Government s (DCLG) Citizenship Survey 2005 defines formal volunteering simply as: Giving unpaid help through groups, clubs or organisations to benefit other people or the environment. 2.14 The DCLG uses the same definition of informal volunteering as the Scottish Executive and VDS. Policy Interest 2.15 An important area of policy interest in Scotland is that the SHS survey consistently shows a lower percentage of volunteers in the population than other surveys in Scotland and in England. Some questions as to why this might be include: the content of the questions are substantially different across different surveys the structure and format of the suite of questions in different surveys is a factor the barriers to or encouragement of volunteering in one country may be different from another 13

awareness of volunteering may vary from one country to another cultural views of volunteering may vary from one country to another. 2.16 There is a lack of consensus regarding definitions of volunteering (see Annex 1) and exactly which activities should and should not be regarded as volunteering. 2.17 Consequently, estimates of the prevalence of volunteering in the population as a whole, and among certain groups in society, gathered through various surveys are often different and incomparable. 2.18 Because different surveys vary in terms of questions, definitions and so on, it is difficult to make true comparisons but in the research we have aimed, through close investigation of the questions asked and answered in different surveys, to identify research questions which may, through further work, begin to shed light on reported differences in the prevalence of volunteering. Prevalence of Volunteering 2.19 We have set out in detail in Chapter 3 Prevalence of Volunteers and Comparison with VDS Digest of Statistics, the comparison of the profile of volunteers between the SHS and the VDS survey and we summarise the outcomes below. 2.20 Overall, in terms of age, gender, socio-economic status, and area of residence the profile of the volunteers in the two surveys is broadly similar. 2.21 Both surveys found that three of the most common volunteering activities in Scotland are raising money, helping to organise or run an event and committee work. Comparator Surveys 2.22 Apart from the SHS, the other important source of data on volunteering in Scotland is the Annual Digest of Statistics on Volunteering in Scotland, compiled by Volunteer Development Scotland. 2.23 Both the Scottish Executive and VDS use the same definition of volunteering, however the questions about volunteering used by each body are different. Overall therefore, in terms of methods for data gathering, the VDS digest is not comparable to the SHS. 2.24 In addition, the VDS 2006 Digest (Volunteer development Scotland, 2006) provides a digest of data taken from a number of sources, including opinion polls, a survey of Voluntary Service Managers and its own database. Within the digest, VDS reports on the outcomes of the TNS Global Omnibus Survey November 2005 which asked specific questions about formal volunteering. It is this element of the VDS digest which we have used as the basis for comparison with the SHS in terms of percentage of volunteers, socio-economic background, place of residence, working status, sector, and activity of volunteering. 2.25 The other survey which we have examined is the Citizenship Survey (Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG) - formerly implemented by the Home Office). 14

Rates of Volunteering SHS and VDS Annual Digest (TNS System Three Survey 2005) 2.26 For the purposes of statistical comparison of the rates of volunteering across different surveys, we have used the year 2005. This is because it is the only year for which we have comparable data. However, we have to bear in mind that the question in the SHS used to identify rates of volunteering was different in 2005 from the question used in 1999 to 2004, and then again in 2006. The rate of volunteering in the 2005 survey appeared to be significantly lower than in any of the other years, from 1999 to 2006. 2.27 The key difference between data relating to volunteering in 2005 reported by SHS (Scottish Executive, 2005b), the VDS Annual Digest of Statistics on Volunteering in Scotland (Volunteer Development Scotland, 2006) and the Home Office Citizenship Survey (Kitchen et al, 2006) is in terms of the percentage of people who say they have volunteered. 2.28 The SHS data shows that 19.8% of survey participants say they have volunteered formally in the past 12 months. The VDS Annual Digest (Volunteer Development Scotland, 2006) estimates that 38% of Scottish adults volunteered in the previous year, and the Home Office survey produces a figure of 44% of people participating in formal voluntary activities in the twelve months before interview. 2.29 Even allowing for the fact that the 2005 figure in Scotland was apparently lower than in other years, the highest average rate of volunteers in Scotland over the period 1999 to 2006, is 26.4% which is still lower than either of the comparator surveys. Trend in reported rates of volunteering in SHS 2.30 Figure 2.1 shows the SHS time series trend in reported rates of volunteering from 1999 to 2006. The full data analysis of trends over time is given in Chapter 9. The rate has changed over time, but is consistently lower than in comparator surveys. 15

Figure 2.1: error band Percentage of Population Engaged in Volunteering 1999 2006, with % 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 High Low Percentage 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Q3 2006 2.31 There appear to be some statistically significant variations between the annual rates of volunteering reported between 1999 and 2006. For example, an average of 23.1% was identified as a volunteer in 2004, but this, following a change of question, appeared to decline significantly to 19.8% in 2005. Most of the variations between years, however, are not statistically significant. 2.32 Alterations made to the volunteering suite of questions between 1999 and 2006 make it difficult to compare volunteering data over the years. For example, the rate of volunteering among those aged 25 to 34 declines significantly between 2000 and 2006 from 26.2% to 18%, but the methodology used to identify those respondents involved in volunteering was altered during this time. 2.33 Similarly the significant increase in the rates of volunteering reported from 1999 to 2000 is probably due to a change in the question to make it more open. The percentages increased from an average of 19.3 to an average of 26.1. 2.34 From 2000 to 2002 reported rates of volunteering remained relatively consistent. Percentages fell in 2003 to 23.8% and continued to fall (but not significantly) in 2004. 2005 saw a dip to 19.8%, again possibly due to a change in the question, and in 2006 after another change to the question, the figure rose again to an average of 24.5%. The content of the questions asked 2.35 A core question for the Scottish Executive remains compared with other surveys why does the SHS produce such a relatively low percentage of participants who say they have volunteered? Is it to do with the questions asked? 16

Scottish Household Survey 2.36 This issue is not new. In 2004, the Scottish Executive commissioned RDS Consulting (later Hexagon) to carry out a study into Improving the Collection of Volunteering Data in Scotland. 2.37 The study was commissioned because: There is a strong feeling amongst key stakeholders that the current approach taken in the SHS may be under reporting formal volunteering due to problems with the format and content of the questions currently being used. The key aim of this research was, therefore, to make recommendations about potential revisions to the current module of questions included in the SHS to ensure that the survey recognises the full volunteering contribution made by the people of Scotland and provide more accurate evidence about the characteristics, skills, attitudes and behaviour of such individuals. (Scottish Executive, 2005a) 2.38 The study took place to tackle two problems identified in the volunteering suite of questions: a fear that the focus of the preamble of the questions may be too narrow the wording of the questions themselves. 2.39 This piece of research found that the complexity of volunteering as an issue and different interpretations of its scope make it difficult to reach a correct or definitive figure for the number of people involved in volunteering activity in Scotland (Scottish Executive, 2005a). 2.40 The research led to changes to the volunteering suite of questions in the SHS. These changes intended to address the need to produce a more accurate picture of the prevalence of volunteering in Scotland that could be used as benchmark to measure future changes, using methodology agreed by key stakeholders. 2.41 As a result of the Hexagon study, in SHS 2005 the first question in the volunteering suite of questions was changed from: Thinking back over the last 12 months have you given up any time to help any clubs, charities, campaigns or organisations, I mean in an unpaid capacity? to: Vol1: Show card: Have you undertaken any work or activities on a voluntary basis for any of these types of groups or organisations at any time in the past 12 months? 2.42 Respondents were then shown a card with a list of types of organisations (the options included on the showcard used with Vol1 can be seen in Annex 2, which consists of the volunteering suite of questions from SHS 2005). 17

2.43 Respondents were then asked this question: Vol2: And have you undertaken any work or activities on a voluntary basis for any other groups or organisations in the past 12 months? 2.44 By asking this follow up question it was intended that those volunteers engaged in voluntary activity with organisations that did not fit into the categories on the showcard could be identified. 2.45 Changing the question and using a prompt card did not have the desired outcome since the percentage stating they volunteered actually dropped in the 2005 survey. 2.46 Therefore in 2006 the survey reverted to using the question in the 2000-2004 surveys which was (RF11A): Thinking back over the last 12 months have you given up any time to help any clubs, charities, campaigns or organisations, I mean in an unpaid capacity? but, in an attempt to reach those people who do not realise, or have forgotten that they have actually taken part in formal volunteering, (and therefore potentially increase the response rate) a new prompt card (below) was introduced for those who said No to RF11A. Vol1A said: Show Card: We often find that people forget about some of the things they have done because they only do them occasionally or wouldn t normally think of it as helping people or their community. Have you undertaken any work or activities on a voluntary basis for any of these types of groups or organisations at any time in the past 12 months? 2.47 The showcard included the following options: Voluntary organisation/charity/community group Church, religious or faith-based group Sports club Caring organisation Youth group (e.g. scouts, guides, youth clubs etc) Children s group (e.g. playgroup, mothers and toddlers groups Public service ( e.g. school, hospital, police or local government service) School board or PTA Arts or cultural group Community council, SIP or Community Planning Partnership Professional society or organisation Tenants group, housing association or residents association Social club Trade union None Don t know 18

2.48 By introducing this additional question, the response rate in 2006 appeared to rise from the low of 19.8% in 2005 to an average of 24.5%. Of these, 90% answered positively to the original question, RF11A and a further 10% were screened back in when they saw the Vol1A showcard. However the total was still lower than the comparator surveys. 2.49 Since it seems that changing the SHS questions in that way does not of itself bring about dramatic improvement in the rate of volunteering we turned to the comparator surveys to look more closely at the questions they ask and the order they ask them in. Volunteer Development Scotland 2.50 The first question in the 2005 TNS Global Omnibus Survey, used to compile the VDS Annual Digest Statistics, is: Showcard 1 Look at this showcard, which gives a list of unpaid activities people do to help others. In the past year have you done any of these activities, unpaid to help others? Yes, no, don t know 2.51 As we know, 38% of people who looked at the show card responded positively. 2.52 For those who responded positively, the first of the multi-choice options on the showcard is: Helping to raise money 2.53 Sixty-eight per cent of those who responded positively identified this as the activity they had undertaken (more than twice as many as in the next category organising or helping to run an event). 2.54 It is impossible to be categoric on this issue since we do not know how people interpret the option of helping to raise money. However, it might be the case that a number of people might interpret this as for example, buying a raffle ticket, contributing to a disaster fund, or sponsoring a colleague or friend to run a marathon for charity, rather than acts of organisation, such as taking part in a sponsored activity, writing grant applications, etc. 2.55 It may be therefore that in the VDS survey, the question on the showcard about helping to raise money is a possible explanation as to why the response rate is higher than that in the SHS survey. 2.56 A question about raising money is asked in the SHS but only in Vol6, by which time participants are firmly established as having been involved in helping specific types of organisations over a specific time period. The percentage in the SHS who say they raise money 27.8%. 2.57 The next most popular activity organising or helping to run an event could be a one-off activity such as helping out at a school fair, which took up around two hours in one twelve month period. 19

2.58 This is legitimately called volunteering but it does raise the issue of length of time spent volunteering, and whether in one survey we are counting lower numbers of people volunteering for longer periods and in another higher numbers volunteering for very short periods or one-off occasions. 2.59 In the SHS survey 24.4% of respondents say they spend fewer than 5 hours a month volunteering. This figure is higher for VDS, at 53%. This may imply that the respondents in the SHS survey spend longer on volunteering activities than the respondents in the VDS survey. However there is a no regular hours category in the SHS which accounts for 21.4% of respondents and it is not possible to say how many of those individuals volunteer for less than 5 hours per month. 2.60 This category really does not tell us anything, in fact it militates against an accurate picture of time spent on volunteering. It should be noted that the no regular hours category has now been removed from the Scottish Household Survey. Home Office/Department for Communities and Local Government Citizenship Survey 2.61 In looking at the Home Office Citizenship Survey 2005, ambiguity around giving or raising money does not on the face of it seem to be the explanation for the difference in response rates between SHS and that survey. This is because the Citizenship Survey asked respondents about their participation in formal volunteering in the previous 12 months and specifically rules out giving money as an option. Show card: which of the following groups, clubs or organisations have you been involved with during the last 12 months? That s anything you ve taken part in, supported or that you ve helped in any way, either on your own or with others. Please exclude giving money and anything that was a requirement of your job. 2.62 However, one of the options for taking part or supporting on the show card is: (4) Sports/exercise (taking part, coaching, or going to watch) Another option is: (14) Hobbies/Recreation/Arts/Social Clubs 2.63 Clearly, we do not know how people interpret the options included in the VDS survey and the Citizenship Survey identified above. However, it might be the case that a number of people might interpret helping to raise money as, for example, buying a raffle ticket or sponsoring a friend to run a marathon. 2.64 It is possible, therefore, that some respondents who were identified as volunteers by the VDS survey and the Citizenship Survey were thinking of activities which, whilst voluntary in the sense that they were not compelled to do them, may be difficult to describe as formal volunteering. 2.65 Again, as with the VDS survey, when participants are asked, as the second question in the survey: 20

In the last 12 months have you given unpaid help to any groups, clubs or organisations in any of the following ways? 2.66 And given the options of: Raising or handling money/taking part in sponsored events and Organising or helping to run an activity or event 2.67 These potentially one-off activities - are the most popular for those who participate in voluntary activity (51% and 47% respectively). Format and Structure of Questions 2.68 In addition to the above differences in the content of the survey questions, there is another significant difference between the SHS survey and both other surveys in terms of the format and structure of the important opening questions. 2.69 The SHS showcard asks about types of groups or organisations which the individual may have volunteered with, whereas the other two surveys ask about the type of activity the individual might have undertaken. 2.70 Asking individuals firstly to specify the organisation they have helped rather then the more general activity they have participated in, for example raising money, may also partly account for the differences in rates of volunteering across the three surveys. 2.71 There is also a structural problem associated with the show card used in the SHS survey in that it confuses a description of the structure of an organisation that is, voluntary organisation, charity or community group, (in other words third sector organisations) with a description of the function of the organisation eg a school board, arts or cultural group etc. This is being addressed by changes implemented for the 2007 Scottish Household Survey. 2.72 All the organisations listed on the show card are either third sector organisations or public sector organisations. 2.73 It would be more accurate and avoid confusion and probably double counting if Third Sector and Public Sector were used as category headings and then examples of each type of organisation were listed on the show card. Methodological Performance of remaining questions in SHS 2005 2.74 From our analysis in Chapters 7 and 8, it appears that a small number of current volunteers were asked questions at Vol8 and Vol9, although the wording of Vol8 and Vol9 suggests they are only intended for those respondents who are not current volunteers but who had volunteered in the past. 21

2.75 There is no direction given after Vol6 and therefore it is not clear from the directions given in the questionnaire script that Vol7 is only intended for people who have not volunteered in the past. 2.76 We suggest that if the aim is to avoid those who have volunteered in the past twelve months from accidentally being asked this question then there needs to be an instruction at Vol7 as follows: Vol7 onwards is to be asked only of people who have not taken part in voluntary activity the past 12 months 2.77 As a belts and braces approach, the question at Vol7 might be changed to something along the lines of: Although you have not been engaged in voluntary activity in the past twelve months, have you ever taken part in work or activities on a voluntary basis? 2.78 Questions about attractions and barriers to volunteering were asked only of former volunteers. This is a potential gap in SHS questioning, as to determine a complete picture of attractions and barriers to volunteering, current and non-volunteers as well as former volunteers should be asked about these issues. This could be done either by adding questions to the SHS (although it is already a crowded survey) or through another survey. This is an issue that has been addressed for the 2007 suite of questions, where all non-volunteers will be asked about potential attractions and barriers. 2.79 Questions relating to qualifications held were asked only of those people aged from 16 and not retired and therefore provide no information about the qualifications held by those volunteers who have retired. 2.80 As the 60-74 age group accounts for on average 22.4% of volunteers, and considering that volunteers who retired were not asked about qualifications they hold, data regarding qualifications has not been gathered from a large proportion of volunteers. Therefore, this analysis does not provide an accurate picture of the qualifications held by volunteers. The issue has been addressed for the 2007 suite 22

CHAPTER THREE PREVALENCE OF VOLUNTEERS AND COMPARISON WITH VDS DIGEST OF STATISTICS Summary 3.1 Our analysis of SHS data found a similar relationship between rates of volunteering and certain demographic factors as Volunteer Development Scotland (VDS) statistics. 3.2 Both SHS and VDS statistics identified raising money, committee work and helping to organise or run an event as three of the most common types of volunteering. However, there were differences between SHS and VDS respondents in the number of hours spent volunteering in an average month. Age Table 3.1: Prevalence of Volunteering by Age Age Band % volunteering by age - SHS % volunteering by age - VDS 16 to 24 16.5 36 25 to 34 15.9 35 35 to 44 24.5 39 45 to 59 20.3 44 60 to 74 22.4 44 75 plus 12.7 31 3.3 VDS data shows that the age bands with the highest proportion of volunteers are 35 to 44, 45 to 59 and 60 to 74, similar to the SHS findings. Gender Table 3.2: Prevalence of Volunteering by Gender Gender % volunteering by gender % volunteering by - SHS gender - VDS Male 18.5 38 Female 20.7 38 3.4 Our analysis of the SHS found that a slightly higher proportion of females (20.7% of whom volunteer) are more likely to volunteer than males (18.5% of whom do so) in Scotland. However, there was no significant difference between these proportions. 3.5 VDS found that an equal proportion of males and females volunteer. 23

Economic Status Table 3.3: Prevalence of Volunteering by Economic Status in Scotland SHS Economic Status % volunteering by economic status Self-employed 24.4 Full-time employment 19.7 Part-time employment 25.4 Looking after home/family 17.1 Permanently retired from work 19.3 Unemployed and seeking work 13.5 Higher/further education 18.5 Permanently sick or disabled 12.1 Table 3.4: Prevalence of Volunteering by Working Status in Scotland VDS Working Status % volunteering by working status Full-time 40 Part-time 49 Not working 33 Note: The latest data available from VDS regarding volunteering by working status was collected in 2003. 3.6 Scottish Household Survey data suggests that those in self-employment (24.4% of whom volunteer) and part-time employment (25.4%) are more likely to volunteer than the general sample population (19.8%). 3.7 A similar pattern was found by VDS. Income/Socio-Economic Group Table 3.5: Prevalence of Volunteering by Income in Scotland SHS Income ( ) % volunteering by income 0-6,000 17.0 6,001-10,000 13.6 10,001-15,000 15.9 15,001-20,000 19.0 20,001-25,000 22.5 25,001-30,000 24.4 30,001-40,000 28.7 40,000 plus 34.2 24

Table 3.6: Prevalence of Volunteering by Socio-Economic Group in Scotland VDS Socio-Economic Group % volunteering by socio-economic group AB 56 C1 42 C2 31 DE 26 3.8 SHS findings illustrate that the higher the level of household income, the higher the propensity to volunteer. VDS findings support this, as it can be seen that the proportion of volunteers is higher in those socio-economic groups with higher incomes. Area of Residence Table 3.7: Prevalence of Volunteering by Area of Residence in Scotland SHS Local Authority Classification % volunteering by area of residence Edinburgh 21.7 Glasgow 14.3 Fife 15.8 North Lanarkshire 13.7 South Lanarkshire 21.2 Highlands and Islands 28.3 Grampian 20.9 Tayside 18.0 Central 16.3 Dunbartonshire 25.7 Renfrewshire and Inverclyde 19.0 Ayrshire 14.0 Lothian 21.5 Southern Scotland 24.5 Table 3.8: Prevalence of Volunteering by Area of Residence in Scotland VDS Area of Residence % volunteering by area of residence West 39 East/South 33 North 45 3.9 SHS data indicate that the highest proportion of volunteers live in the Highlands and Islands. VDS have found similar results, with the highest proportion of volunteers living in the north of Scotland. 25

Type of Volunteering Activity Table 3.9: Type of Volunteering Activity in Scotland SHS Type of Activity % of volunteers undertaking activity in previous 12 months Raising money 27.8 Generally helping out 26.2 Committee work 25.2 Helping to organise or run events or activities 23.2 Doing whatever is required 22.0 Table 3.10: Type of Volunteering Activity in Scotland VDS Type of Activity % of volunteers undertaking activity in previous 12 months Helping to raise money 68 Organising or helping to run an event 31 Serving on a committee 30 Providing a service or offering support 24 Helping with sports or recreational activities 19 3.10 Tables 3.9 and 3.10 display the five most common volunteering activities identified through the Scottish Household Survey and Volunteer Development Scotland s survey. 3.11 SHS and VDS surveys both found that three of the most common volunteering activities in Scotland are raising money, helping to organise or run an event and committee work. Intensity of Volunteering Table 3.11: Number of Hours spent Volunteering per Month Number of Hours spent Volunteering % volunteers - SHS % volunteers - VDS Less than one 1.8 n/a Up to five 24.4 53 Six to ten 18.8 16 11 to 15 8.2 9 16 to 20 7.7 9 21 to 35 6.5 5 36 or more 6.0 5 No regular hours 21.4 n/a One-off activities 3.7 n/a 3.12 Whereas 24.4% of people in the SHS survey say they spend fewer than 5 hours a month volunteering, this figure is higher for VDS, at 53%. This may imply that the respondents in the SHS survey spend longer volunteering than the respondents in the VDS survey. However the no regular hours category accounts for 21.4% of respondents and it is not possible to say how many of those individuals volunteer for less than 5 hours per month. 26

CHAPTER FOUR PREVALENCE OF VOLUNTEERING AND PROPENSITY TO VOLUNTEER BY SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS Summary 4.1 Our analysis of Scottish Household Survey data confirms that the groups identified in the Scottish Executive s Volunteering Strategy (2004) are less likely to volunteer than society in general. 4.2 Where people in these groups do volunteer, they do so to a similar intensity as the other groups, and face similar barriers to continuing volunteering as other groups. However, they are less likely to volunteer than other groups. 4.3 Specifically, we found the following: People with a disability are less likely to volunteer than those without a disability. People in this group could be encouraged to volunteer if they are made aware that opportunities to fit their capabilities are available and that they can do as little or as much as they like. Unemployed people are less likely to volunteer than those who are selfemployed, employed full or part-time, or retired. This group represents a largely untapped pool of potential volunteers that should be targeted and specific efforts undertaken to overcome the barriers they face to volunteering. Young people aged between 16 and 24 are significantly less likely to volunteer than those aged between 35 and 74. Efforts to increase understanding among young people of the benefits of volunteering, such as improving career prospects, should be made. People living in the 15% most deprived neighbourhoods in Scotland (according to the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation) are less likely to volunteer than those living in more affluent neighbourhoods. People with no formal qualifications are less likely to volunteer than those with qualifications. 4.4 It is our sense that a marketing strategy to raise awareness of volunteering and what it involves among these groups is required in order to achieve the aims laid out in the Scottish Executive s Volunteering Strategy. We believe that other organisations, such as Volunteer Development Scotland, as well as the Scottish Executive, have a role in developing and implementing this strategy. Introduction 4.5 This chapter reports on the prevalence of volunteering and considers the association between the propensity to volunteer and certain socio-demographic factors. 4.6 This chapter is set out under the following headings: Prevalence of volunteering Factors associated with propensity to volunteer 27

Propensity to volunteer by socio-demographic characteristics Prevalence of Volunteering 4.7 To identify if participants of the Scottish Household Survey 2005 volunteered, participants were asked to identify the type of organisations they volunteer for/have volunteered for in the last 12 months. A list of variables used to identify volunteers (Vol1) is given in Annex 4. 4.8 Volunteering questions were asked of the whole sample in quarters one and two and of half of the sample in quarters three and four, which equated to a total of 10,160 participants. The calculation of prevalence of volunteering was based on all responses to these questions. 4.9 Of 10,160 participants, 2,015 reported that they volunteer/have volunteered in the last 12 months. This equates to approximately 19.8% of the sample (95% confidence interval: 19.1% - 20.6%). Factors associated with propensity to volunteer 4.10 A detailed investigation of the factors associated with motivation for volunteering in Scotland has been conducted via the use of a regression approach. In estimating an odds ratio, one value of each factor is treated as a reference value relative to which the estimated odds ratio is expressed. The odds ratios reported are expressed relative to that reference value. In general, the value of the factor which is most common in the data (that is, that which applies to the greatest number of respondents) is chosen as the reference level. 4.11 For each demographic factor, the regression models report on the following: the odds ratio estimate associated with each value relative to the reference value the 95% confidence interval for the odds ratio estimate the associated p value (small values [that is, highly significant effects] are shown as <0.01 ). 4.12 The variables included as predictors in the regression analysis are: age sex economic status annual household income urban/rural classification ethnic group SIMD 15% illness and disability. 4.13 The Nagelkerke R 2 value for this regression model is 0.08; that is, only 8% of the total variation in the outcome (that is, the probability of volunteering) is explained by the factors in the model. 28

4.14 That these variables, taken in combination, account for only 8% of the variation in volunteering suggests that the decision to volunteer is motivated by considerations in addition to those listed at paragraph 4.12. 4.15 More important considerations may be purely personal and specific to the individual. An individual may be motivated to volunteer to help people in a similar situation to one experienced by themselves, a family member or friend. For instance, a family history of cancer may motivate an individual to volunteer with a cancer-related charity. 4.16 This hypothesis is supported by our qualitative research with current and former volunteers, where a number of participants mentioned, unprompted, that they had been motivated to volunteer as a result of their own experience, or that of a friend or family member, of a particular situation, problem or condition. A former volunteer said that she was motivated to volunteer to help people who had been through similar experiences to herself. For instance: one participant experienced difficulties after being identified as dyslexic as an adult and now, out of a desire to help people in a similar situation, works as a voluntary tutor with dyslexic adults another participant volunteered with a muscular dystrophy charity after a friend s family member was diagnosed with the condition a current volunteer in Fife volunteers with an addictions charity because his mother suffered from alcoholism one female volunteer in Fife said that she volunteers to give back what I got to an organisation who cared for her husband when he was ill another current volunteer decided to volunteer with the Red Cross when her lack of first aid knowledge was highlighted when her son had an accident and she was unable to treat him. 4.17 In Chapters 7 and 8 of this report we analyse attractions and barriers to volunteering in greater detail. 4.18 Below we have analysed and summarised the association between propensity to volunteer and the following demographic characteristics relating to the six groups who are consistently under-represented in volunteering. These groups are: individuals from lower socio-economic groups the long term sick and disabled the unemployed young people individuals from deprived backgrounds individuals with lower qualifications. 4.19 We have also analysed the data to look at any variation in propensity to volunteer by sex, ethnicity, by urban/rural, and by place of residence over and above the 15% most deprived datazones. 4.20 Although overall the variables at 4.12, taken in combination, account for only 8% of the variation in volunteering we have set out below the summary and then the detailed analysis of where the variation occurs across a range of factors. 29

4.21 We have analysed in detail below the extent to which these groups are involved in volunteering. 4.22 Later in this report we examine attractions and barriers to volunteering in greater detail, again based on Scottish Household Survey data and augmented by information gathered through focus groups and telephone interviews, and evidence from relevant previous research. Lower Socio-Economic Groups Economic status Figure 4.1: Prevalence of Volunteering by Economic Status Permanently sick or disabled Unemployed and seeking work Looking after home/family Higher/further education Permanently retired from work Full time employment Self employed Part time employment Economic status 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Volunteers ALL RESPONDENTS - 19.8% 30

Table 4.1: Prevalence of Volunteering by Economic Status Volunteers Self-employed (517) 24.4 (20.7 to 28.1) Full-time employment (3,723) 19.7 (18.4 to 21.0) Part-time employment (1,099) 25.4 (22.8 to 28.0) Looking after home/family (703) 17.1 (14.3 to 19.9) Permanently retired from work (2,710) 19.3 (17.8 to 20.7) Unemployed and seeking work (319) 13.5 (9.7 to 17.2) At school (128) * Higher/further education (367) 18.5 (14.6 to 22.5) Government work/training scheme (12) * Permanently sick or disabled (480) 12.1 (9.2 to 15.0) Unable to work due to short term ill health (63) * Other (48) * All respondents (10,160) 19.8% (19.1 to 20.6) Note: Groupings at school, in government work/training scheme, unable to work due to short term health and other have been omitted from the table due to small sample size (under 150). Table 4.2: Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work by Economic Status ECONOMIC STATUS (relative to full-time employment) odds ratio 95% CI p Self-employed 1.09 0.86 to 1.37 0.48 In part-time employment 1.35 1.14 to 1.61 <0.01 Looking after home / family 1.14 0.90 to 1.44 0.28 Permanently retired 1.82 1.41 to 2.35 <0.01 Unemployed 1.47 1.03 to 2.11 0.04 In higher or further education 1.67 1.19 to 2.33 <0.01 Permanently sick or disabled 1.51 1.08 to 2.13 0.02 Other * * * Note: Other has been omitted from the table due to small sample size (under 150) 4.23 Of all respondents to the Scottish Household Survey 2005, 19.8% (95% CI: 19.1% - 20.6%) volunteer. The proportions of those in self employment and part-time employment that volunteer, displayed in Figure 4.1, are significantly more likely to volunteer than the general sample population. The groups significantly less likely to volunteer are the permanently sick or disabled and unemployed and seeking work. 4.24 The odds ratio estimates report that relative to those in full-time employment, most other groups are more likely to be volunteers. Exceptions are the self-employed and those 31

looking after the home/family. However, these groups do not differ significantly in statistical terms from full-time employees in their propensity to volunteer. 4.25 As the regression analysis table in Annex 5 illustrates, those whose economic status is self-employed or who are engaged in looking after their homes or families, are more likely to perform higher levels of service, that is volunteer more frequently, than those in full-time employment. Long-term Sick and Disabled 4.26 13.6% of Scottish Household Survey respondents with a disability volunteer, compared to 21.7% of those without an illness or disability. 4.27 Ill health and disabilities may hinder an individual s ability to volunteer by, for example, causing a lack of energy. Practical issues can also hinder the ability of an individual with a disability or illness to volunteer, for example, if there is a lack of disabled parking spaces and the individual is physically unable to walk. Disability Table 4.3: Prevalence of Volunteering by Disability Volunteers Disability classification Disability only (689) 13.6 (11.1 to 16.2) Illness or health problem (1,224) 14.9 (12.9 to 16.9) Both disability and illness or health problem (538) 11.0 (8.3 to 13.6) Neither (7,717) 21.7 (20.7 to 22.6) All respondents (10,160) 19.8% (19.1 to 20.6) Table 4.4: by Disability Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work LONGSTANDING ILLNESS/DISABILITY (relative to none) Disability only Illness or health problem only Both disability and illness / health problem odds ratio 95% CI p 0.64 0.72 0.51 0.50 to 0.81 0.60 to 0.87 0.38 to 0.70 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 4.28 Tables 4.3 and 4.4 report people with a disability are less likely to volunteer than those without a disability or health problem. On average 13.6% of people with a disability volunteer, compared to 21.7% of those without a disability or health problem. 32

4.29 However, as table 6.4 indicates, permanently sick or disabled people who do volunteer tend to do so quite frequently. They are likely to volunteer either once a week or several times a week. This is similar to the survey as a whole. 4.30 As discussed in Chapter 8, sick or disabled volunteers are most likely to have stopped volunteering as a result of ill health. They may be tempted back into volunteering if their health was better, but the largest proportion indicated that nothing would encourage them to re-start volunteering. 4.31 Therefore, marketing directed at people who are long-term sick or disabled should be sensitive making it clear that opportunities to fit their capabilities do exist, but that it is acceptable to do as much or as little as they want, and that they will not be blamed if they are forced to give up volunteering. Unemployed 4.32 13.5% of unemployed people currently volunteer, a significantly smaller proportion of volunteers than the survey sample and among those who are self-employed, employed parttime or full-time, or retired. 4.33 As can be seen in Table 6.4, unemployed people who do volunteer are likely to volunteer with similar frequency to other groups once or several times a week. 4.34 Unemployed respondents state that they are likely to have stopped volunteering as a result of moving house, as illustrated in Table 8.4. Compared to respondents in other economic status groups, former volunteers in this group are significantly more likely to restart volunteering if they could afford it, and they are significantly less likely than the survey sample to say that nothing would encourage them to re-start volunteering, as shown in Table 7.4. 4.35 86.5% of unemployed respondents do not currently volunteer. However, they are significantly less likely than the survey as a whole to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer, and have plenty to gain from volunteering in terms of improving their employment prospects. Therefore, our findings suggest that unemployed people represent a potential pool of volunteers that is largely untapped at present. This group of people were likely to say they would be encouraged to volunteer if they could afford it. Consequently, offering higher allowances, and paying for expenses such as transport, lunches, clothes and childcare may encourage this group to volunteer. Careful targeted marketing is required to encourage unemployed people to volunteer. Young People 4.36 16.5% of 16-24 year olds currently volunteer. This is a larger proportion (although the difference is not statistically significant) than 25-34 year olds (15.9%) and people aged over 70 (12.7%) (see table 4.5), but lower than the survey sample Our analysis confirms that a smaller proportion of this age group volunteers compared with those aged between 35 and 74. 33

4.37 As illustrated in table 5.5, volunteers in this age group are more likely to volunteer for organisations involved in activity related to young people, children and sports or physical recreation than any other category. 4.38 This age group is significantly more likely than any other age group to volunteer with organisations involved in black and minority ethnic issues. 4.39 This age group is more likely to undertake the following activities when volunteering than any other activity: raising money helping to organise or run activities and events generally helping out doing whatever is required. 4.40 Although 16-24 year olds are less likely to volunteer than many other age groups, those who do volunteer do so with a similar frequency to other age groups once a week and they volunteer for a similar number of hours per month as other age groups, as illustrated in Tables 6.3 and 6.8. 4.41 Volunteers aged 16-24 state that they are more likely to stop volunteering due to lack of time than any other reason (please refer to Table 8.2), perhaps as a result of their high level of involvement with organisations focussed on young people. Another explanation for this, identified by our telephone interviews, may be that people in this age group who volunteer do so through school-organised activities and when they leave (or become too old for) school, they stop volunteering. The only age group more likely to give this reason is those aged over 74. 4.42 Table 7.2 shows that volunteers in this age group who have stopped volunteering are most likely to say that nothing would tempt them to re-start volunteering. Where they could potentially be tempted back, they would be more likely to re-start if volunteering fitted in with their other commitments. 4.43 To encourage this age group to volunteer, a marketing campaign to raise understanding among this group of the benefits of volunteering, for example its potential to improve their career prospects, would be beneficial. It should be noted that activity in this area is already underway. Project Scotland, a programme launched in 2005, is designed to attract people aged 16-25 to volunteering and stresses the benefits of doing so, such as improved career prospects, to them. 34

Age Figure 4.2: Prevalence of Volunteering by Age Age Classification 30% 25% 20% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ALL RESPONDENTS 19.8% 15% 10% 5% 0% 16 to 24 25 to 34 35 to 44 45 to 59 60 to 74 75 plus Volunteers Table 4.5: Prevalence of Volunteering by Age Volunteers Age classification 16 to 24 (1,125) 16.5 (14.4 to 18.7) 25 to 34 (1,416) 15.9 (14.0 to 17.8) 35 to 44 (1,935) 24.5 (22.6 to 26.4) 45 to 59 (2,600) 20.3 (18.7 to 21.8) 60 to 74 (2,102) 22.4 (20.6 to 24.1) 75 plus (992) 12.7 (10.6 to 14.8) All respondents (10,160) 19.8% (19.1 to 20.6) Table 4.6: by Age Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work AGE (relative to 45-59 years) odds ratio 95% CI p 16-24 years 25-34 years 35-44 years 60-74 years 75 years and over 0.75 0.76 1.21 1.20 0.67 0.60 to 0.94 0.64 to 0.91 1.04 to 1.40 0.96 to 1.50 0.49 to 0.91 0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.12 0.01 35

4.44 Figure 4.2 suggests that the highest proportion of volunteers are in the 35 to 44 age group (24.5%), followed by the 60 to 74 age group (22.4%). 4.45 Tables 4.5 and 4.6 illustrate that those younger than the reference group those aged between 16 and 34 years are significantly less likely to perform voluntary work. This is also true of the elderly (75 years and over). 4.46 The regression analysis table in Annex 5 illustrates that individuals aged 16-44 years are less likely to perform higher levels of service, that is, volunteer more often than those aged 45-59 years. Deprived Backgrounds 4.47 We compared the prevalence of volunteering among individuals who live in neighbourhoods identified by the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation as among the most deprived 15% in Scotland, with the prevalence among individuals living outwith the most deprived 15%. 4.48 Our analysis, set out in Table 4.7, confirms that people who live in areas of high deprivation are less likely to volunteer than those who do not. 10.9% of people living in the most deprived 15% currently volunteer, compared with 21.4% of the population living in areas outwith the 15% most deprived. Most Deprived 15% Datazones (Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation) Figure 4.3: Prevalence of Volunteering by SIMD Datazones (15% Most Deprived) 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% ı ı ı Not ı ı ı ı Most deprived 15% ı datazones ı ı Volunteers ALL RESPONDENTS 19.8% 36

Table 4.7: Prevalence of Volunteering by SIMD Datazones (15% Most Deprived) Volunteers SIMD classification (% of classification total and 95% CI) Not (8,623) 21.4 (20.5 to 22.3) Most deprived 15% (1,525) 10.9 (9.3 to 12.4) All respondents 19.8% (19.1 to 20.6) Table 4.8: Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work by SIMD Datazones (15% Most Deprived) DEPRIVATION odds ratio 95% CI p (relative to non-deprived) Deprived 0.65 0.55 to 0.78 <0.01 4.49 Figure 4.3 and Tables 4.7 and 4.8 illustrate that those living outwith the 15% most deprived datazones are significantly more likely to volunteer than those living in these datazones. Lacking Formal Qualifications 4.50 Our analysis found that people with no formal qualifications are less likely than those with qualifications to volunteer (Table 4.9). 4.51 In addition, those with higher level qualifications are more likely to volunteer than those with lower level qualifications at every stage. 4.52 To attract people lacking in formal qualifications into volunteering, awareness should be raised among this group that volunteering is for everyone, regardless of the qualifications that they hold, and that it is even possible to gain qualifications through volunteering. 37

Qualifications Figure 4.4: Prevalence of Volunteering by Qualifications Qualifications 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - None - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Non-advanced School Leaving Certificate City & Guilds GSVQ Foundation/Intermediate or equivalent O'Grade, Standard Grade, GCSE, CSE or equivalent - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - HNC, HND, SVQ 4 & 5 Advanced or equivalent GSVQ Advanced etc or equivalent Higher Grade/A Level or equivalent First Degree, Higher Degree Professional qualifications Volunteers ALL RESPONDENTS 19.8% 38

Table 4.9: Prevalence of Volunteering by Qualifications Volunteers School Leaving Certificate (807) 18.8 (16.1 to 21.5) GSVQ Foundation/Intermediate or equivalent (907) 21.5 (18.8 to 24.2) O Grade, Standard Grade, GCSE, CSE or equivalent (4,152) 24.3 (23.0 to 25.6) City & Guilds (777) 20.2 (17.4 to 23.0) Higher Grade/A Level or equivalent (2,354) 30.0 (28.1 to 31.8) GSVQ Advanced etc or equivalent (682) 29.9 (26.5 to 33.3) HNC, HND, SVQ 4 & 5 or equivalent (1,046) 27.5 (24.8 to 30.2) First Degree, Higher Degree (1,313) 34.3 (31.8 to 36.9) Professional qualifications (1,059) 36.8 (33.9 to 39.7) None (1,652) 9.1 (7.8 to 10.5) All respondents (10,160) 19.8% (19.1 to 20.6) Summary 4.53 Our analysis overall found that: females are more likely to volunteer than men there is no significant difference between white and non-white respondents in their propensity to volunteer as household income increases, so does the propensity to volunteer respondents in rural areas are more likely to volunteer than those in urban areas respondents living in the Highlands and Islands, Dunbartonshire and Southern Scotland are significantly more likely to volunteer than those in other local authority groupings. 4.54 In terms of the specific groups whom we know from past surveys are consistently under-represented in volunteering, our analysis of the 2005 SHS found in summary that: respondents who are unemployed or permanently sick or disabled are less likely to volunteer than those who are retired, self-employed or employed full or part-time young people - those aged between 16 and 34 years are less likely to volunteer than those aged between 35 and 74 respondents living in deprived areas are significantly less likely to volunteer than those who do not live in the most deprived areas 39

respondents with no qualifications are significantly less likely to volunteer than those with qualifications. 4.55 The more detailed statistical analysis of each of these categories follows: Gender Figure 4.5: Prevalence of Volunteering by Gender Gender Classification 25% 20% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15% 10% 5% 0% Male Female Volunteers ALL RESPONDENTS 19.8% Table 4.10: Prevalence of Volunteering by Gender Volunteers Gender classification Male (4,529) 18.5% (17.4 to 19.6) Female (5,640) 20.7% (19.7 to 21.8) All respondents (10,160) 19.8% (19.1 to 20.6) Table 4.11: by Age Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work SEX (relative to female) odds ratio 95% CI p Male 0.85 0.76 to 0.95 <0.01 4.56 Figure 4.5 and Tables 4.10 and 4.11 illustrate that females are significantly more likely to volunteer than men. 40

Ethnicity Figure 4.6 Prevalence of Volunteering by Ethnicity Ethnicity 25% 20% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15% 10% 5% 0% White Non-white Volunteers ALL RESPONDENTS 19.8% Table 4.12: Prevalence of Volunteering by Ethnicity Ethnicity classification Volunteers White (9,946) 19.8 (19.0 to 20.6) Non-white (216) 18.1 (12.9 to 23.2) Table 4.13: by Ethnicity Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work ETHNIC GROUP odds ratio 95% CI p (relative to white) Non-white 1.17 0.80 to 1.71 0.41 4.57 While Figure 4.6 suggests that people of white ethnicity are more likely to volunteer than non-white people, Tables 4.12 and 4.13 illustrate that there is no significant difference between white and non-white respondents in their propensity to volunteer. 41

Household Income Figure 4.7: Prevalence of Volunteering by Household Income Household Income 40% 35% 30% 25% ALL RESPONDENTS 19.8%- - - - - - - - - - - - 20% - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 15% 10% 5% 0% 0-6,000 6001-10,000 10,001-15,000 15,001-20,000 Volunteers 20,001-25,000 25,001-30,000 30,001-40,000 40,001+ Table 4.14: Prevalence of Volunteering by Household Income Volunteers Income classification (% of classification total and 95% CI) 0-6,000 (683) 17.0 (14.2 to 19.8) 6001-10,000 (1,794) 13.6 (12.0 to 15.2) 10,001-15,000 (2,138) 15.9 (14.4 to 17.5) 15,001-20,000 (1,479) 19.0 (17.0 to 21.0) 20,001-25,000 (1,097) 22.5 (20.0 to 25.0) 25,001-30,000 (929) 24.4 (21.7 to 27.2 ) 30,001-40,000 (1,057) 28.7 (25.9 to 31.4) 40,001 + (629) 34.2 (30.5 to 37.9) All respondents (10,160) 19.8% (19.1 to 20.6) 42

Table 4.15: Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work by Household Income INCOME (relative to 10,001-15,000) 0-6000 6001-10000 15001-20000 20001-25000 25001-30000 30000-40000 40000+ odds ratio 95% CI p 1.12 0.87 1.39 1.55 1.81 2.44 3.20 0.85 to 1.47 0.71 to 1.07 1.15 to 1.68 1.27 to 1.90 1.47 to 2.23 2.00 to 2.96 2.58 to 3.97 0.44 0.19 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 4.58 Figure 4.7 and Table 4.14 illustrate that as the level of annual household income increases, so does the propensity to volunteer. Table 4.15 suggests that above the reference income band ( 10,001 to 15,000) there is a striking gradient, increasing income being associated with a greater likelihood of volunteering Place of Residence Urban/Rural Classification Figure 4.8: Prevalence of Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Urban/Rural Remote rural Small remote towns Accessible rural Small accessible towns Other urban Large urban areas 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Volunteers ALL RESPONDENTS 19.8% 43

Table 4.16: Prevalence of Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Volunteers Urban/rural classification (% of classification total and 95% CI) Large urban areas (4,144) 17.1 (16.0 to 18.3) Other urban (2,770) 17.6 (16.2 to 19.0) Small accessible towns (1,093) 21.2 (18.8 to 23.7) Small remote towns (270) 29.3 (23.8 to 34.7) Accessible rural (1,234) 24.3 (21.9 to 26.7) Remote rural (540) 31.5 (27.6 to 35.4) All respondents 19.8% (19.1 to 20.6) Table 4.17: Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work by Urban/Rural Classification URBAN/RURAL (relative to large urban) Other urban Small accessible towns Small remote towns Accessible rural Remote rural odds ratio 95% CI p 0.96 1.12 1.80 1.26 1.83 0.84 to 1.09 0.94 to 1.33 1.35 to 2.40 1.07 to 1.48 1.48 to 2.26 0.52 0.21 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 4.59 Timbrell (2006) found that there are proportionately more volunteers in rural areas than urban areas. 4.60 This is confirmed by Figure 4.8 and Tables 4.16 and 4.17, which illustrate that respondents in small remote towns, accessible rural and remote rural areas are significantly more likely to volunteer than those in large urban areas, other urban areas and small accessible towns. 44

Local Authority Groupings Figure 4.9: Prevalence of Volunteering by Local Authority Grouping Local Authority Highlands and Islands Dunbartonshire Southern Scotland Edinburgh Lothian South Lanarkshire Grampian Renfrewshire and Inverclyde Tayside Central Fife Glasgow Ayrshire North Lanarkshire 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Volunteers ALL RESPONDENTS 19.8% 45

Table 4.18: Prevalence of Volunteering by Local Authority Grouping Volunteers Local Authority classification (n) (% of classification total and 95% CI) Edinburgh (801) 21.7 (18.9 to 24.6) Glasgow (1040) 14.3 (12.2 to 16.5) Fife (754) 15.8 (13.2 to 18.4) North Lanarkshire (575) 13.7 (10.9 to 16.6) South Lanarkshire (547) 21.2 (17.8 to 24.6) Highlands and Islands (1430) 28.3 (25.9 to 30.6) Grampian (780) 20.9 (18.0 to 23.8) Tayside (774) 18.0 (15.3 to 20.7) Central (649) 16.3 (13.5 to 19.2) Dunbartonshire (346) 25.7 (21.1 to 30.3) Renfrewshire and Inverclyde (665) 19.0 (16.0 to 21.9) Ayrshire (671) 14.0 (11.4 to 16.6) Lothian (642) 21.5 (18.3 to 24.7) Southern Scotland (486) 24.5 (20.7 to 28.3) All respondents (10,160) 19.8% (19.1 to 20.6) 4.61 Respondents living in the Highlands and Islands, Dunbartonshire and Southern Scotland are significantly more likely to volunteer than those in other local authority groupings, with the Highlands and Islands being the area with the highest proportion of volunteers. 4.62 The areas with the lowest proportion of volunteers are North Lanarkshire, Ayrshire, Glasgow, Fife, Central, Tayside and Renfrewshire and Inverclyde. 46

CHAPTER FIVE SCOTLAND TYPE OF VOLUNTEERING ACTIVITIES IN Summary Type of Organisational Activity 5.1 In general, volunteers are more likely to volunteer with organisations that focus on children, young people, or sports and physical recreation. 5.2 Females are significantly more likely than males to volunteer with organisations that focus on children or older people, while males are significantly more likely than females to volunteer with organisations that focus on sports and physical recreation, the natural environment or crime/community safety/anti-social behaviour. 5.3 Sixteen to 24 year olds are more likely to volunteer with organisations that focus on young people, children and sports or physical recreation than any other type of organisational activity. 5.4 The types of organisational activity most common among other age groups are below: 25-34 year olds: children, young people and sports and physical recreation. 35-44 year olds: children and young people. Respondents aged under 44 are significantly more likely than older people to work with children and young people. 45-59 year olds: young people, children, sports and physical recreation, and religious/faith issues. Those aged under 60 are significantly more likely than those aged over 60 to volunteer with organisations involved with sports and physical recreation. 60-74: religious/faith issues and older people. 75 plus: religious/faith issues. Type of Voluntary Activity 5.5 Across all age bands, volunteers are most likely to: help to organise or run events or activities help out generally do whatever is required raise money. 5.6 Males are more likely to carry out the following activities than any other: committee work raising money helping to organise events generally helping out. 47

5.7 Females are more likely to raise money and generally help out than any other activity. 5.8 Females are more likely than males to visit, buddy or befriend people, while males are more likely to carry out committee work, IT support, education/training/coaching, and representing others. Introduction 5.9 This chapter analyses the voluntary activities undertaken by volunteers identified through the Scottish Household Survey in 2005, and the focus of the activity of the organisations with whom they volunteer. 5.10 The chapter is set out under the following headings: Type of Organisational Activity Type of Volunteering Activity. Type of Organisational Activity 5.11 This section provides an analysis of the type of activity that the organisations with whom volunteers volunteer are engaged in and is further analysed by gender, age and urban/rural classification. A profile of volunteers engaged in the most popular organisational activities is given in Annex 8. 5.12 In the tables below, the figures in brackets refer to the 95% confidence interval in which the proportion of respondents participating in each activity lies. 5.13 The fields of activity that the volunteer sample s organisations are most likely to focus on are: young people children sports and physical activity. 48

Type of Organisational Activity by Gender Table 5.1: Type of Organisational Activity by Gender Type of Organisational Activity Male (%) Female (%) Young People (357) 19.0 (16.3 to 21.6) Children (300) 9.6 (7.6 to 11.6) Sports or Physical Recreation (281) 25.4 (22.4 to 28.3) Religion/Faith Issues (272) 13.7 (11.4 to 16.0) Older People (218) 7.9 (6.1 to 9.8) Physical Health/Illness (196) 7.6 (5.8 to 9.4) Community Involvement or Community Development (172) 10.0 (7.9 to 12.0) Disabled People (101) 4.3 (2.9 to 5.7) Arts or Cultural Issues (101) 6.5 (4.8 to 8.2) People with Learning Difficulties (64) 3.5 (2.2 to 4.7) Families (60) 1.9 (1.0 to 2.9) The Natural Environment (49) 3.7 (2.4 to 5.0) Emergency Services (48) 2.8 (1.7 to 3.9) Homeless People (44) 1.9 (1.0 to 2.9) Mental Health and Wellbeing (42) 1.7 (0.8 to 2.6) Providing Advice Services (43) 2.0 (1.1 to 3.0) 19.9 (17.6 to 22.2) 20.7 (18.4 to 23.1) 8.2 (6.6 to 9.7) 13.1 (11.2 to 15.1) 11.9 (10.0 to 13.7) 11.1 (9.3 to 12.9) 7.2 (5.7 to 8.7) 5.1 (3.8 to 6.3) 4.2 (3.1 to 5.4) 3.2 (2.2 to 4.2) 3.9 (2.8 to 5.0) 1.6 (0.8 to 2.3) 1.2 (0.6 to 1.8) 2.2 (1.3 to 3.0) 2.4 (1.5 to 3.3) 1.8 (1.0 to 2.6) 49

Type of Organisational Activity Male (%) Female (%) International Development or Overseas Aid (38) 2.3 (1.3 to 3.3) Adult Education/Literacy (36) 2.3 (1.3 to 3.3) Other (34) 0.8 (0.2 to 1.5) Drugs/Alcohol and Substance Abuse (33) 2.0 (1.1 to 3.0) Open Response for Vol5 (31) 1.6 (0.7 to 2.4) Carers (28) 1.2 (0.5 to 1.9) Crime/Community Safety/Anti-Social Behaviour (28) 3.2 (2.0 to 4.4) Animal Welfare (28) 0.7 (0.1 to 1.3) Housing (25) 1.4 (0.6 to 2.3) Refugees/Asylum Seekers (17) 0.4 (0.0 to 0.8) The Built Environment (17) 1.1 (0.4 to 1.8) Civil Liberties/Human Rights (13) 1.0 (0.3 to 1.6) Offenders/Ex-Offenders (10) 0.8 (0.2 to 1.5) Black and Minority Ethnic Issues (11) 0.5 (0.0 to 0.9) Unemployment (11) 0.8 (0.2 to 1.5) Gender or Sexuality Issues (9) 0.5 (0.0 to 0.9) Consumer Advice/Welfare Rights (8) 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.6) Travelling People (2) 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.6) 1.8 (1.0 to 2.6) 1.8 (1.0 to 2.6) 2.1 (1.2 to 2.9) 1.4 (0.7 to 2.0) 1.6 (0.9 to 2.4) 1.8 (1.0 to 2.6) 0.5 (0.1 to 0.9) 1.6 (0.8 to 2.3) 1.6 (0.8 to 2.3) 1.2 (0.6 to 1.8) 0.7 (0.2 to 1.2) 0.4 (0.1 to 0.8) 0.3 (0.0 to 0.7) 1.0 (0.4 to 1.5) 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.4) 0.5 (0.1 to 0.9) 0.3 (0.0 to 0.7) 0 50

Gender 5.14 Similar to the volunteering sample, the type of organisational activities that the largest proportions of female volunteers are involved with are young people and children. Females are significantly more likely to work with children than the general volunteering sample. 5.15 There are significant differences between the proportions of males and females involved in the following organisational activities: children and older people (females are significantly more likely to be involved with organisations engaged in these activities than males) sports and physical recreation, natural environment, and crime/community safety/anti-social behaviour (males are significantly more likely to be involved with organisations engaged in these activities than females). 5.16 It is important that stereotypes regarding which types of organisation are suitable for which gender are overcome through a suitably designed marketing strategy. 51

Type of Organisational Activity by Age Table 5.2: Type of Organisational Activity by Age Type of Organisational Activity Young People (357) 33.2 (26.4 to 40.0) Children (300) 22.8 (16.8 to 28.9) Sports or Physical Recreation (281) 21.2 (15.3 to 27.1) Religion/Faith Issues (272) 8.2 (4.2 to 12.1) Older People (218) 6.0 (2.6 to 9.4) Physical Health/Illness (196) 9.8 (5.5 to 14.1) Community Involvement or Community Development (172) Banded Age 16 to 24 (%) 25 to 34 (%) 35 to 44 (%) 45 to 59% 60 to 74 (%) 75 plus (%) 3.3 (0.7 to 5.8) Disabled People (101) 1.6 (-0.2 to 3.5) Arts or Cultural Issues (101) 8.2 (4.2 to 12.1) People with Learning Difficulties (64) 3.3 (0.7 to 5.8) Families (60) 3.2 (0.7 to 5.8) The Natural Environment (49) 1.6 (-0.2 to 3.5) 21.9 (16.5 to 27.3) 23.7 (18.1 to 29.2) 13.8 (9.3 to 18.4) 6.7 (3.4 to 10.0) 6.7 (3.4 to 10.0) 9.8 (5.9 to 13.7) 7.6 (4.1 to 11.1) 5.4 (2.4 to 8.3) 2.7 (0.6 to 4.8) 4.5 (1.8 to 7.2) 3.6 (1.1 to 6.0) 3.6 (1.1 to 6.0) Emergency Services (48) 0 2.7 (0.6 to 4.8) Homeless People (44) 3.2 (0.7 to 5.8) Mental Health and Wellbeing (42) 3.8 (1.0 to 6.6) Providing Advice Services (43) 0.5 (-0.5 to 1.6) International Development or Overseas Aid (38) 2.2 (0.1 to 4.3) 2.7 (0.6 to 4.8) 3.6 (1.1 to 6.0) 1.3 (-0.2 to 2.8) 2.7 (0.6 to 4.8) 26.1 (22.1 to 30.30) 26.1 (22.1 to 30.0) 17.6 (14.2 to 21.0) 6.6 (4.3 to 8.8) 4.5 (2.6 to 6.3) 6.4 (4.2 to 8.6) 7.4 (5.1 to 9.8) 4.0 (2.3 to 5.8) 4.2 (2.4 to 6.1) 2.8 (1.3 to 4.2) 2.8 (1.3 to 4.2) 1.5 (0.4 to 2.6) 2.5 (1.1 to 4.0) 1.3 (0.3 to 2.3) 1.1 (0.1 to 2.0) 1.5 (0.4 to 2.6) 0.9 (0.0 to 1.7) 19.4 (16.0 to 22.8) 13.9 (10.9 to 16.9) 18.5 (15.2 to 21.8) 14.9 (11.8 to 17.9) 7.2 (5.0 to 9.5) 10.7 (8.0 to 13.3) 10.5 (7.9 to 13.1) 5.5 (3.6 to 7.5) 4.4 (2.6 to 6.1) 4.2 (2.5 to 5.9) 3.6 (2.0 to 5.2) 3.4 (1.9 to 5.0) 1.5 (0.5 to 2.6) 1.3 (0.4 to 2.3) 3.1 (1.6 to 4.5) 1.9 (0.7 to 3.1) 1.2 (0.2 to 2.1) 10.5 (7.7 to 13.3) 6.4 (4.2 to 8.6) 10.1 (7.3 to 12.8) 21.8 (18.1 to 25.6) 17.8 (14.3 to 21.2) 10.5 (7.7 to 13.3) 9.6 (7.0 to 12.3) 5.1 (3.1 to 7.1) 6.9 (4.6 to 9.1) 3.0 (1.5 to 4.5) 3.2 (1.6 to 4.8) 2.1 (0.8 to 3.5 1.9 (0.7 to 3.2) 3.4 (1.8 to 5.1) 0.9 (0.0 to 1.7) 2.8 (1.3 to 4.3) 3.4 (1.8 to 5.1) 4.0 (0.6 to 7.5) 0.8 (-0.8 to 2.4) 7.3 (2.7 to 11.8) 20.8 (13.7 to 27.9) 28.8 (20.9 to 36.7) 13.6 (7.6 to 19.6) 8.0 (3.2 to 12.8) 6.5 (2.1 to 10.8) 6.4 (2.1 to 10.7) 0 0 0.8 (-0.8 to 2.4) 0.8 (-0.8 to 2.4) 0 1.6 (-0.6 to 3.8) 1.6 (-0.6 to 3.8) 3.2 (0.1 to 6.3) 52

Type of Organisational Activity Adult Education/Literacy (36) 0.6 (-0.5 to 1.6) Other (34) 1.1 (-0.4 to 2.6) Drugs/Alcohol and Substance 4.4 Abuse (33) (1.4 to 7.3) Open Response for Vol5 (31) 3.2 (0.7 to 5.8) Carers (28) 3.2 (0.7 to 5.8) Crime/Community Safety/Anti- 1.1 Social Behaviour (28) (-0.4 to 2.6) Animal Welfare (28) 1.1 (-0.4 to 2.6) Housing (25) 1.6 (-0.2 to 3.5) Refugees/Asylum Seekers (17) 1.6 (-0.2 to 3.5) Banded Age 16 to 24 (%) 25 to 34 (%) 35 to 44 (%) 45 to 59% 60 to 74 (%) 75 plus (%) 0 1.3 (-0.2 to 2.8) 1.8 (0.1 to 3.5) 0.5 (-0.4 to 1.3) 3.1 (0.8 to 5.4) 2.7 (0.6 to 4.8) 0.9 (-0.3 to 2.1) 0.5 (-0.4 to 1.3) 0.9 (-0.3 to 2.1) 0.5 (-0.4 to 1.3) The Built Environment (17) 0 0.5 (-0.4 to 1.3) Civil Liberties/Human Rights (13) 1.1 (-0.4 to 2.6) Offenders/Ex-Offenders (10) 1.6 (-0.2 to 3.5) Black and Minority Ethnic Issues 5.4 (11) (2.2 to 8.7) Unemployment (11) 0.6 (-0.5 to 1.6) Gender or Sexuality Issues (9) 2.2 (0.1 to 4.3) 2.3 (1.0 to 3.7) 1.5 (0.4 to 2.6) 1.9 (0.7 to 3.1) 1.1 (0.1 to 2.0) 1.1 (0.1 to 2.0) 2.1 (0.8 to 3.4) 0.9 (0.0 to 1.7) 1.7 (0.5 to 2.9) 0.9 (0.0 to 1.7) 0.9 (0.0 to 1.7) 0 0.6 (-0.1 to 1.4) 0.5 (-0.4 to 1.3) 0.5 (-0.4 to 1.3) 0.5 (-0.4 to 1.3) 0.9 (-0.3 to 2.1) 0.9 (0.0 to 1.7) 0.4 (-0.2 to 1.0) 0.6 (-0.1 to 1.4) 0.6 (-0.1 to 1.4) Consumer Advice/Welfare Rights 0 0.5 0.2 (8) (-0.4 to 1.3) (-0.2 to 0.6) Travelling People (2) 0 0 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) 2.1 (0.9 to 3.3) 1.1 (0.2 to 2.1) 1.0 (0.1 to 1.8) 0.8 (0.0 to 1.5) 1.0 (0.1 to 1.8) 2.3 (1.0 to 3.6) 1.9 (0.7 to 3.1) 1.1 (0.2 to 2.1) 0.6 (-0.1 to 1.2) 0.8 (0.0 to 1.5) 0.8 (0.0 to 1.5) 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) 0.6 (-0.1 to 1.4) 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) 0.4 (-0.1 to 0.9) 2.8 (1.3 to 4.3) 1.5 (0.4 to 2.6) 1.7 (0.5 to 2.9) 1.9 (0.7 to 3.2) 1.5 (0.4 to 2.6) 1.5 (0.4 to 2.6) 0.9 (0.0 to 1.7) 2.1 (0.8 to 3.5) 1.1 (0.1 to 2.0) 0.9 (0.0 to 1.7) 0.6 (-0.1 to 1.4) 0.6 (-0.1 to 1.4) 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) 0.4 (-0.2 to 1.0) 4.0 (0.6 to 7.5) 1.6 (-0.6 to 3.8) 0.8 (-0.8 to 2.4) 1.6 (-0.6 to 3.8) 0.8 (-0.8 to 2.4) 1.6 (-0.6 to 3.8) 0 0.8 (-0.8 to 2.4) 2.4 (-0.3 to 5.1) 0.8 (-0.8 to 2.4) 0 0 0 0 0 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) 0 0.4 (-0.2 to 1.0) 0 0 53

Age 16 to 24 years 5.17 The types of organisational activities volunteers aged between 16-24 years are most likely to be involved with are young people (33.2%), children (22.8%) and sports or physical recreation (21.2%). 5.18 Compared to the general volunteering sample, 16 to 24 year olds are significantly more likely to volunteer for organisations involved with young people, children, and black and minority ethnic issues. 5.19 Furthermore, this age group is significantly more likely to be involved with organisations focusing on black and minority ethnic issues than any other age group. 25 to 34 years 5.20 25 to 34 year olds are most likely to participate in organisational activities focusing on young people (21.9%), children (23.7%), and sports or recreational activities (13.8%). The proportions of volunteers aged 25 to 34 involved in the latter two activities are significantly higher than proportions in the volunteering sample. 35 to 44 years 5.21 Volunteers aged between 35 and 44 years are significantly more likely to volunteer for organisations involved with young people (26.1%) and children (26.1%) than any other type of organisation. Volunteers aged 44 or under are more likely to work with young people and children than any other age group. 45 to 59 years 5.22 The type of organisational activities people aged 45 to 59 years are most likely to be involved with are young people (19.4%), children (13.9%), sports (18.5%) and religion/faith issues (14.9%). 5.23 Those aged under 60 are more likely to be involved in sports or physical recreation activities than over 60s. 60 to 74 years 5.24 Organisational activities that 60 to 74 year olds are most likely to be involved in are religion/faith issues (21.8%) and older people (17.8%). There are significant differences between the proportions of this age group involved with these activities compared to the volunteering sample. 54

75 years plus 5.25 Volunteers aged over 75 are significantly more likely to be involved in older people (28.8%) and religion/faith (20.8%) based organisational activities than any other organisational activity. 55

Type of Organisational Activity by Urban/Rural Classification Table 5.3: Type of Organisational Activity by Urban/Rural Classification Type of Organisational Activity Large Urban Areas Other Urban Small Accessible Towns Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Young People (357) 19.86 (16.9 to 22.8) 17.36 (14.0 to 20.7) 22.94 (17.5 to 28.4) 17.72 (9.3 to 26.1) 22.07 (17.4 to 26.8) 17.06 (11.4 to 22.7) Children (300) 14.18 (11.6 to 16.8) 17.77 (14.4 to 21.2) 18.26 (13.3 to 23.3) 6.33 (1.0 to 11.7) 17.67 (13.4 to 22.0) 19.41 (13.5 to 25.4) Sports or Physical 15.74 (13.1 to 18.4) 13.4 (10.4 to 16.4) 16.45 (11.7 to 21.2) 24.05 (14.6 to 33.5) 15.67 (11.6 to 19.8) 14.71 (9.4 to 20.0) Recreation (281) Religion/Faith Issues (272) 13.78 (11.2 to 16.3) 15.91 (12.7 to 19.2) 16.02 (11.3 to 20.7) 11.39 (4.4 to 18.4) 8.03 (4.9 to 11.1) 9.41 (5.0 to 13.8) Older People (218) 10.35 (8.1 to 12.6) 11.16 (8.4 to 14.0) 6.96 (3.7 to 10.2) 8.86 (2.6 to 15.1) 10.03 (6.6 to 13.4) 12.94 (7.9 to 18.0) Physical Health/Illness 9.22 (7.1 to 11.4) 13.84 (10.8 to 16.9) 8.23 (4.7 to 11.8) 10.13 (3.5 to 16.8) 7.33 (4.4 to 10.3) 4.71 (1.5 to 7.9) (196) Community Involvement 6.96 (5.1 to 8.8) 5.77 (3.7 to 7.8) 10.0 (6.1 to 13.9) 7.59 (1.8 to 13.4) 8.7 (5.5 to 11.9) 19.3 (13.4 to 25.2) or Community Development (172) Disabled People (101) 5.82 (4.1 to 7.5) 5.79 (3.7 to 7.9) 3.48 (1.1 to 5.8) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 4.00 (1.8 to 6.2) 2.94 (0.4 to 5.5) Arts or Cultural Issues 4.55 (3.0 to 6.1) 5.15 (3.2 to 7.1) 3.46 (1.1 to 5.8) 3.8 (-0.4 to 8.0) 6.67 (3.8 to 9.5) 8.82 (4.6 to 13.1) (101) People with Learning 4.97 (3.4 to 6.6) 3.09 (1.6 to 4.6) 2.6 (0.5 to 4.6) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 3.01 (1.1 to 4.9) 0 Difficulties (64) Families (60) 3.84 (2.4 to 5.3) 3.71 (2.0 to 5.4) 1.3 (-0.2 to 2.8) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 3.0 (1.1 to 4.9) 2.34 (0.1 to 4.6) The Natural Environment 3.55 (2.2 to 4.9) 1.03 (0.1 to 1.9) 1.3 (-0.2 to 2.8) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 3.68 (1.5 to 5.8) 2.35 (0.1 to 4.6) (49) Emergency Services (48) 1.14 (0.4 to 1.9) 1.03 (0.1 to 1.9) 2.16 (0.3 to 4.0) 2.53 (-0.9 to 6.0) 3.01 (1.1 to 4.9) 4.71 (1.5 to 7.9) Homeless People (44) 3.41 (2.1 to 4.7) 1.65 (0.5 to 2.8) 0.87 (-0.3 to 2.1) 0 2.01 (0.4 to 3.6) 0 Mental Health and 3.13 (1.8 to 4.4) 2.07 (0.8 to 3.3) 0.87 (-0.3 to 2.1) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 1.34 (0.6 to 2.6) 0 Wellbeing (42) Providing Advice Services 2.41 (1.3 to 3.5) 1.45 (0.4 to 2.5) 3.9 (1.4 to 6.4) 0 1.0 (-0.1 to 2.1) 0.58 (-0.6 to 1.7) (43) International Development 2.84 (1.6 to 4.1) 2.27 (0.9 to 3.6) 1.73 (0.0 to 3.4) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 1.0 (-0.1 to 2.1) 0.59 (-0.6 to 1.7) or Overseas Aid (38) 56

Type of Organisational Activity Large Urban Areas Other Urban Small Accessible Towns Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Adult Education/Literacy 1.99 (1.0 to 3.0) 2.89 (1.4 to 4.4) 1.73 (0.0 to 3.4) 0 2.01 (0.4 to 3.6) 1.17 (-0.4 to 2.8) (36) Other (34) 2.13 (1.1 to 3.2) 1.65 (0.5 to 2.8) 0.43 (-0.4 to 1.3) 3.8 (-0.4 to 8.0) 1.34 (0.0 to 2.6) 0 Drugs/Alcohol and 1.85 (0.9 to 2.8) 2.27 (0.9 to 3.6) 2.6 (0.5 to 4.6) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 0.33 (-0.3 to 1.0) 1.18 (-0.4 to 2.8) Substance Abuse (33) Open Response for Vol5 2.56 (1.4 to 3.7) 2.07 (0.8 to 3.3) 0.43 (-0.4 to 1.3) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 0.67 (-.03 to 1.6) 0 (31) Carers (28) 1.56 (0.6 to 2.5) 1.65 (0.5 to 2.8) 2.17 (0.3 to 4.1) 0 2.0 (0.4 to 3.6) 0.58 (-0.6 to 1.7) Crime/Community 2.56 (1.4 to 3.7) 0.62 (-0.1 to 1.3) 2.17 (0.3 to 4.1) 0 1.34 (0.0 to 2.6) 1.18 (-0.4 to 2.8) Safety/Anti-Social Behaviour (28) Animal Welfare (28) 0.99 (0.3 to 1.7) 1.24 (0.3 to 2.2) 0.43 (-0.4 to 1.3) 0 2.67 (0.8 to 4.5) 1.18 (-0.4 to 2.8) Housing (25) 1.85 (0.9 to 2.8) 2.07 (0.8 to 3.3) 1.3 (-0.2 to 2.8) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 0.67 (-0.3 to 1.6) 0 Refugees/Asylum Seekers 1.99 (1.0 to 3.0) 0.62 (-0.1 to 1.3) 0 0 0 0 (17) The Built Environment 0.99 (0.3 to 1.7) 0.82 (0.0 to 1.6) 0.43 (-0.4 to 1.3) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 1.34 (0.0 to 2.6) 0 (17) Civil Liberties/Human 0.99 (6.3 to 1.7) 0.62 (-0.1 to 1.3) 0.87 (-0.3 to 2.1) 0 0 0 Rights (13) Offenders/Ex-Offenders 0.57 (0.0 to 1.1) 1.44 (0.4 to 2.5) 0.43 (-0.4 to 1.3) 0 0 0 (10) Black and Minority Ethnic 1.85 (0.9 to 2.8) 0 0.43 (-0.4 to 1.3) 0 0.33 (-0.3 to 1.0) 0 Issues (11) Unemployment (11) 0.57 (0.0 to 1.1) 0.82 (0.0 to 1.6) 0.87 (-0.3 to 2.1) 0 0.33 (-0.3 to 1.0 0 Gender or Sexuality Issues 0.99 (0.3 to 1.7) 0.21 (-0.2 to 0.6) 0.87 (-0.3 to 2.1) 0 0 0 (9) Consumer Advice/Welfare 0.57 (0.0 to 1.1) 0 0.43 (-0.4 to 1.3) 0 0 0 Rights (8) Travelling People (2) 0.14 (-0.1 to 0.4) 0.41 (-0.2 to 1.0) 0 0 0 0 57

5.26 Table 5.3 illustrates that across all geographical categories generally there are no significant differences in the organisational activities volunteers are involved with. On the whole, the organisational activities volunteers across all urban/rural classifications are most likely to be involved with are young people, children and sports and physical activities. However a significant difference can be found in remote rural areas where community involvement or community development is equally common. 5.27 Involvement of volunteers in urban areas and small accessible towns is spread across all organisational types whereas volunteers in small remote towns, accessible rural and remote rural areas are more likely to be involved in a smaller range of organisational activities. Volunteers in these areas are less likely to be involved with voluntary organisations focused on particular disadvantaged groups such as refugees and asylum seekers, offenders/ex-offenders, gender or sexuality focused groups, travelling people, people with learning difficulties, homeless people, and people with mental health problems. 58

Table 5.4: Profile of Volunteers by Organisational Activity Demographics Age Gender Urban/rural classification Organisational Activity Young People Children Sports or physical recreation 16 to 24 33.2 (26.4 to 40.0) 22.8 (16.8 to 28.9) 21.2 (15.3 to 27.1) 25 to 34 21.9 (16.5 to 27.3) 23.7 (18.1 to 29.2) 13.8 (9.3 to 18.4) 35 to 44 26.1 (22.1 to 30.3) 26.1 (22.1 to 30.0) 17.6 (14.2 to 21.0) 45 to 59 19.4 (16.0 to 22.8) 13.9 (10.9 to 16.9) 18.5 (15.2 to 21.8) 60 to 74 10.5 (7.7 to 13.3) 6.4 (4.2 to 8.6) 10.1 (7.3 to 12.8) 75 plus 4.0 (0.6 to 7.5) 0.8 (-0.8 to 2.4) 7.3 (2.7 to 11.8) Male 19.0 (16.3 to 21.6) 9.6 (7.6 to 11.6) 25.4 (22.4 to 28.3) Female 19.9 (17.6 to 22.2) 20.7 (18.4 to 23.1) 8.2 (6.6 to 9.7) Large urban areas 19.9 (16.9 to 22.8) 14.2 (11.6 to 16.8) 15.7 (13.1 to 18.4) Other urban 17.4 (14.0 to 20.7) 17.8 (14.4 to 21.2) 13.4 (10.4 to 16.4) Small accessible towns 22.9 (17.5 to 28.4) 18.3 (13.3 to 23.3) 16.5 (11.7 to 21.2) Small remote towns 17.7 (9.3 to 26.1) 6.3 (1.0 to 11.7) 24.1 (14.6 to 33.5) Accessible rural 22.1 (17.4 to 26.8) 17.7 (13.4 to 22.0) 15.7 (11.6 to 19.8) Remote rural 17.1 (11.4 to 22.7) 19.4 (13.5 to 25.4) 14.7 (9.4 to 20.0) 59

Type of Volunteering Activity This section describes the type of volunteering activity the volunteering sample in 2005 is most likely to engage in and presents further analysis by gender, age and urban/rural classification. A profile of volunteers engaged in the most popular volunteering activities is given in Annex 8. Table 5.5: Type of Volunteering Activity, 2005 Volunteers Type of activity (% of classification total and 95% CI) Raising money (547) 27.8 (25.8 to 29.7) Committee work (510) 25.2 (23.3 to 27.1) Office work or administration (255) 12.9 (11.4 to 14.4) Providing advice or assistance to others (302) 14.9 (13.4 to 16.5) IT support (43) 1.8 (1.2 to 2.4) Education or Training or Coaching (255) 12.1 (10.7 to 13.6) Advocacy (34) 1.6 (1.0 to 2.1) Campaigning (70) 3.5 (2.7 to 4.4) Providing transport or driving (102) 4.8 (3.9 to 5.7) Visiting, buddying or befriending people (145) 6.8 (5.7 to 7.9) Counselling (78) 4.2 (3.3 to 5.1 ) Helping to organise or run events or activities (483) 23.2 (21.4 to 25.1) Providing direct services (181) 10.0 (8.7 to 11.3) Representing others (66) 3.5 (2.6 to 4.2) Generally helping out (512) 26.2 (24.3 to 28.1) Doing whatever is required (432) 22.0 (20.2 to 23.8) Other 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) Open responses to vol6 7.5 (6.3 to 8.7) None 3.4 (2.6 to 4.2) Don t know 0.3 (0.0 to 0.5) Base 2001 5.28 Table 5.5 illustrates that the type of activities that the highest proportion of the volunteering sample engage in are raising money (27.8%), generally helping out (26.2%) and committee work (25.2%). 60

Type of Volunteering Activity by Age Table 5.6: Type of Volunteering Activity by Age Type of Activity 16 to 24 Raising money (547) 20.7% (14.8 to 26.5) Committee work (510) 5.4% (2.1 to 8.7) Office work or administration (255) 2.7% (0.4 to 5.1) Providing advice or assistance to 12.0% others (302) (7.3 to 16.6) IT support (43) 1.6% (-0.2 to 3.5) Education or training or coaching (255) 16.9% (11.4 to 22.3) Advocacy (34) 1.1% (-0.4 to 2.6) Campaigning (70) 2.7% (0.4 to 5.1) Providing transport or driving (102) 2.7% (0.4 to 5.0) Visiting, buddying or befriending people (145) 4.4% (1.4 to 7.3) Counselling (78) 2.7% (0.4 to 5.0) Helping to organise or run events or 29.4% activities (483) (22.8 to 35.9) Providing direct services (181) 1.1% (-0.4 to 2.6) Representing others (66) 2.7% (0.4 to 5.1) Generally helping out (512) 33.7% (26.9 to 40.5) Doing whatever is required (432) 30.4% (23.8 to 37.1) 25 to 34 27.2% (21.4 to 33.1) 15.6% (10.9 to 20.4) 10.3% (6.3 to 14.2) 15.2% (10.5 to 19.9) 3.6% (1.1 to 6.0) 13.4% (8.9 to 17.9) 4.0% (1.4 to 6.6) 4.5% (1.8 to 7.2) 6.7% (3.4 to 10.0) 9.8% (5.9 to 13.7) 4.9% (2.1 to 7.7) 30.4% (24.3 to 36.4) 11.6% (7.4 to 15.8) 2.7% (0.6 to 4.8) 32.1% (26.0 to 38.3) 21.9% (16.5 to 27.3) 35 to 44 29.9% (25.7 to 34.0) 24.2% (20.3 to 28.0) 11.0% (8.2 to 13.8) 12.7% (9.7 to 15.7) 1.3% (0.3 to 2.3) 18.0% (14.5 to 21.5) 1.5% (0.4 to 2.6) 3.0% (1.4 to 4.5) 5.1% (3.1 to 7.1) 4.0% (2.3 to 5.8) 2.6% (1.1 to 4.0) 25.9% (21.9 to 29.8) 5.3% (3.3 to 7.3) 3.0% (1.4 to 4.5) 23.9% (20.1 to 27.8) 20.8% (17.1 to 24.4) Banded Age 45 to 59 28.4% (24.5 to 32.2) 31.5% (27.5 to 35.5) 17.7% (14.4 to 21.0) 18.7% (15.3 to 22.0 4.2% (2.5 to 5.9) 13.7% (10.8 to 16.7) 2.1% (0.9 to 3.3) 5.1% (3.3 to 7.0) 4.2% (2.5 to 5.9) 9.1% (6.7 to 11.6) 5.1% (3.3 to 7.0) 25.3% (21.6 to 29.1) 7.8% (5.5 to 10.1) 4.4% (2.6 to 6.1) 25.8% (22.0 to 29.5) 22.1% (18.5 to 25.6) 61 60 to 74 29.3% (25.2 to 33.5) 32.8% (28.5 to 37.0) 14.6% (11.4 to 17.8) 16.9% (13.5 to 20.3) 0.6% (-0.1 to 1.4) 7.5% (5.1 to 9.9) 1.1% (0.1 to 2.0) 1.9% (0.7 to 3.2) 6.4% (4.2 to 8.6) 8.1% (5.7 to 10.6) 4.5% (2.6 to 6.4) 19.1% (15.5 to 22.6) 13.3% (10.2 to 16.4) 3.0% (1.5 to 4.5) 22.5% (18.7 to 26.3) 19.7% (16.1 to 23.3) 75 plus 16.9% (10.3 to 23.5) 26.6% (18.8 to 34.4) 11.3% (5.7 to 16.9) 7.2% (2.7 to 11.7) 0.8% (-0.8 to 2.4) 1.6% (-0.6 to 3.8) 0.0% 4.0% (0.6 to 7.4) 4.8% (1.1 to 8.6) 8.0% (3.2 to 12.8) 1.6% (-0.6 to 3.8) 13.6% (7.6 to 19.6) 20.0% (13.0 to 27.0) 3.2% (0.1 to 6.3) 20.0% (13.0 to 27.0) 16.9% (10.3 to 23.5)

5.29 Analysis suggests that the most common voluntary activities across all age bands are: helping to organise or run events or activities generally helping out doing whatever is required raising money. Type of Activity by Gender Table 5.7: Type of Activity by Gender Type of Activity Gender Male (%) Female (%) Raising money (547) 24.4% (21.5 to 27.3) 29.5% (26.9 to 32.1) Committee work (510) 28.8% (25.7 to 31.9) 23.2% (20.8 to 25.6) Office work or administration (255) 13.5% (11.1 to 15.8) 12.3% (10.4 to 14.2) Providing advice or assistance to others (302) 16.2% (13.7 to 18.7) 14.4% (12.3 to 16.4) IT support (43) 3.7% (2.4 to 5.0) 1.0% (0.4 to 1.5) Education or training or coaching (255) 16.6% (14.1 to 19.1) 10.1% (8.3 to 11.8) Advocacy (34) 1.6% (0.7 to 2.4) 1.7% (1.0 to 2.5) Campaigning (70) 4.2% (2.8 to 5.6) 3.1% (2.1 to 4.1) Providing transport or driving (102) 5.9% (4.3 to 7.5) 4.5% (3.3 to 5.7) Visiting, buddying or befriending people (145) 5.4% (3.9 to 6.9) 8.6% (7.0 to 10.2) Counselling (78) 3.1% (1.9 to 4.3) 4.5% (3.3 to 5.7) Helping to organise or run events or activities (483) 23.9% (21.0 to 26.8) 24.3% (21.8 to 26.8) Providing direct services (181) 8.4% (6.5 to 10.3) 9.5% (7.8 to 11.1) Representing others (66) 4.9% (3.5 to 6.4) 2.2% (1.4 to 3.1) Generally helping out (512) 23.8% (20.9 to 26.7) 27.0% (24.4 to 29.6) Doing whatever is required (432) 20.8% (18.0 to 23.6) 22.2% (19.8 to 24.6) 5.30 Table 5.7 illustrates that males are more likely to participate in committee work (28.8%), raising money (24.4%), helping to organise events (23.9%) and generally helping out (23.7%), than any other activities. 5.31 Females are more likely to raise money (29.5%) and generally help out (27.0%) than any other activities. 5.32 Compared to males, females are more likely to visit, buddy or befriend people. Males are more likely than females to do committee work, IT support, education/training/coaching, and representing others. 62

Type of Volunteering Activity by Urban/Rural Classification Table 5.8: Type of Volunteering Activity by Urban/Rural Classification Urban/Rural Classification Type of Activity Large Urban Areas Other Urban Small Accessible Towns Small Remote Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Raising money (547) 20.0% (17.0 to 23.0) 32.4% (28.3 to 36.6) 28.6% (22.7 to 34.4) 31.7% (21.4 to 41.9) 35.1% (29.7 to 40.5) 28.6 (22.0 to 35.6) Committee work (510) 20.2% (17.2 to 23.1) 25.6% (21.7 to 29.4) 23.5% (18.0 to 29.9) 22.8% (13.5 to 32.0) 36.1% (30.7 to 41.6) 35.9% (28.7 to 43.1) Office work or 12.2% (9.8 to 14.6) 14.9% (11.7 to 18.0) 9.5% (5.7 to 13.3) 7.6% (1.8 to 13.4) 13.7% (9.8 to 17.6) 15.3% (9.9 to 20.7) administration (255) Providing advice or 15.8% (13.1 to 18.5) 17.2% (13.8 to 20.5) 14.3% (9.8 to 18.8) 6.3% (1.0 to 11.7) 13.0% (9.2 to 16.9) 12.9% (7.9 to 18.0) assistance to others (302) IT support (43) 2.8% (1.6 to 4.1) 1.9% (0.7 to 3.1) 0.9% (-0.3 to 2.1) 3.8% (-0.4 to 8.0) 2.0% (0.4 to 3.6) 1.2% (-0.4 to 2.8) Education or training or 12.6% (10.2 to 15.1) 12.0% (9.1 to 14.8) 10.4% (6.5 to 14.4) 21.5% (12.5 to 30.6) 13.4% (9.5 to 17.2) 15.3% (9.9 to 20.7) coaching (255) Advocacy (34) 2.3% (1.2 to 3.4) 1.9% (0.7 to 3.1) 2.2% (0.3 to 4.1) 0.0% 1.0% (-0.1 to 2.1) 0.6% (-0.6 to 1.7) Campaigning (70) 3.6% (2.2 to 4.9) 4.3% (2.5 to 6.1) 2.6% (0.5 to 4.7) 0.0% 3.7% (1.5 to 5.8) 2.9% (0.4 to 5.5) Providing transport or 4.4% (2.9 to 5.9) 6.0% (3.9 to 8.1) 4.8% (2.0 to 7.5) 6.3% (1.0 to 11.7) 5.0% (2.5 to 7.5) 5.9% (2.3 to 9.4) driving (102) Visiting, buddying or 8.4% (6.3 to 10.4) 8.1% (5.6 to 10.5) 5.2% (2.3 to 8.1) 7.6% (1.8 to 13.4) 6.7% (3.8 to 9.5) 4.1% (1.1 to 7.1) befriending people (145) Counselling (78) 3.5% (2.2 to 4.9) 5.0% (3.0 to 6.9) 3.9% (1.4 to 6.4) 2.5% (-0.9 to 6.0) 3.0% (1.1 to 4.9) 4.1% (1.1 to 7.1) Helping to organise or run 18.9% (16.0 to 21.8) 24.8% (20.9 to 28.6) 29.9% (24.0 to 35.8) 25.35% (15.7 to 28.1% (23.0 to 33.2) 28.8% (22.0 to 35.6) events or activities (483) 34.9) Providing direct services 9.5% (7.3 to 11.7) 8.7% (6.2 to 11.2) 6.9% (3.7 to 10.2) 11.4% (4.4 to 18.4) 8.4% (5.2 to 11.5) 12.4% (7.4 to 17.3) (181) Representing others (66) 3.3% (2.0 to 4.6) 3.3% (1.7 to 4.9) 2.2% (0.3 to 4.1) 0.0% 4.4% (2.0 to 6.7) 5.3% (1.9 to 8.7) Generally helping out 24.3% (21.1 to 27.4) 28.1% (24.1 to 32.1) 25.5% (19.9 to 31.2) 35.4% (24.9 to 46.0) 23.4% (18.6 to 28.2) 24.0% (17.6 to 30.4) (512) Doing whatever is required (432) 21.7% (18.7 to 24.7) 21.1% (17.4 to 24.7) 20.9% (15.6 to 26.1) 27.9% (18.0 to 37.7) 19.7% (15.2 to 24.2) 23.5% (17.2 to 29.9) 63

5.33 Compared to organisational activities, there are significant differences in the proportions of volunteers undertaking different types volunteering activities across urban/rural classifications, particularly in the most common volunteering activities. 5.34 For all urban/rural areas, the most common volunteering activities are raising money, committee work and helping to organise or run events or activities. For all urban/rural areas except accessible rural areas, generally helping out is equally popular as is doing whatever is required in large urban areas, small accessible towns, small remote towns and remote rural towns. Volunteers from small remote towns are significantly more likely to undertake education, training or coaching activities compared to all other areas and in this area this is a common activity. 5.35 Volunteers in large urban areas are least likely to raise money and help to organise or run events or activities compared to all other urban/rural classifications. Volunteers in rural areas (small remote towns, accessible rural areas and remote rural areas) are most likely to undertake committee work compared to volunteers from other areas. 64

Table 5.9: Profile of Volunteers by Organisational Activity Demographics Organisational Activity Raising money Generally helping out Committee work Age 16 24 20.7 (14.8 to 26.5) 33.7 (26.9 to 40.5) 5.4 (2.1 to 8.7) 25 34 27.2 (21.4 to 33.1) 32.1 (26.0 to 38.3) 15.6 (10.9 to 20.4) 35 44 29.9 (25.7 to 34.0) 23.9 (20.1 to 27.8) 24.2 (20.3 to 28.0) 45 to 59 28.4 (24.5 to 32.2) 25.8 (22.0 to 29.5) 31.5 (27.5 to 35.5) 60 to 74 29.3 (25.2 to 33.5) 22.5 (18.7 to 26.3) 32.8 (28.5 to 37.0) 75 plus 16.9 (10.3 to 23.5) 20.0 (13.0 to 27.0) 26.6 (18.8 to 34.4) Gender Male 24.4 (21.5 to 27.3) 23.8 (20.9 to 26.7) 28.8 (25.7 to 31.9) Female 29.5 (26.9 to 32.1) 27.0 (24.4 to 29.6) 23.2 (20.8 to 25.6) Urban/rural Large urban areas 20.0 (17.0 to 23.0) 24.3 (21.1 to 27.4) 20.2 (17.2 to 23.1) classification Other urban 32.4 (28.3 to 36.6) 28.1 (24.1 to 32.1) 25.6 (21.7 to 29.4) Small accessible towns 28.6 (22.7 to 34.4) 25.5 (19.9 to 31.2) 23.5 (18.0 to 29.0) Small remote towns 31.7 (21.4 to 41.9) 35.4 (24.9 to 46.0) 22.8 (13.5 to 32.0) Accessible rural 35.1 (29.7 to 40.5) 23.4 (18.6 to 28.2) 36.1 (30.7 to 41.6) Remote rural 28.6 (22.0 to 35.6) 24.0 (17.6 to 30.4) 35.9 (28.7 to 43.1) 65

CHAPTER SIX INTENSITY OF VOLUNTEERING IN SCOTLAND Summary 6.1 Our analysis found that the largest proportions of volunteers volunteer about once a week or several times a week and that in 2005 the average number of hours spent volunteering per month was 12.8. 6.2 Intensity and frequency of volunteering is similar among all volunteers regardless of gender, economic status or age. 6.3 On average, volunteers give up around three hours per week to volunteer. It is our sense that these findings could be used to reassure those people reluctant to volunteer due to a fear of it involving an excessive time commitment. These people could be encouraged to volunteer if they were aware that they could do so for only one afternoon or evening per week. Introduction 6.4 This chapter reports on the findings of the intensity of volunteering in Scotland. Data was analysed by frequency, cross-tabulations and regression. 6.5 It is set out under the following headings: Frequency of Volunteering Hours Spent Volunteering. Frequency of Volunteering 6.6 This section considers the frequency of volunteering and is based on the question thinking about all the voluntary work or activities you undertake, how frequently do you do these? 6.7 The results are presented below and are further analysed by gender, age, urban/rural classification, and economic status. 6.8 Figure 6.1 presents the proportions of volunteers against a range of frequencies and Table 6.1 provides 95% confidence intervals for each category. 66

Figure 6.1: Frequency of Volunteering 0 5 10 15 20 25 Once a year A few times a year About every other month About once a month Several times a month but not every week About once a week Several times a week Every day Volunteers Table 6.1: Frequency of Volunteering Volunteers Frequency of Volunteering (% of classification total and 95% CI) Once a year 5.9 (4.9 to 6.9) A few times a year 15.9 (14.3 to 17.5) About every other month 4.6 (3.6 to 5.5) About once a month 15.9 (14.3 to 17.5) Several times a month but not every week 12.8 (11.4 to 14.3) About once a week 23.3 (21.4 to 25.1) Several times a week 19.0 (17.3 to 20.7) Every day 2.6 (1.9 to 3.3) 6.9 Table 6.1 illustrates that volunteers are most likely to volunteer about once a week (23.3%). This is a significant difference to the proportions of other frequencies. This is followed by several times a week, about once a month and a few times a year (there are no significant differences between these categories). 67

Frequency of Volunteering by Gender Table 6.2: Frequency of Volunteering by Gender Frequency of volunteering Gender Male Female A few times a year 15.5 (13.1 to 18.0) 16.0 (13.9 to 18.1) About every other month 3.8 (2.5 to 5.1) 5.2 (3.9 to 6.5) About once a month 16.8 (14.3 to 19.4) 14.9 (12.8 to 16.9) Several times a month but not every week 12.4 (10.2 to 14.7) 13.2 (11.2 to 15.1) About once a week 19.6 (16.9 to 22.3) 25.1 (22.6 to 27.6) Several times a week 22.3 (19.5 to 25.2) 16.2 (14.0 to 18.3) Every day 2.7 (1.6 to 3.9) 2.9 (1.9 to 3.9) Once a year 6.1 (4.5 to 7.7) 6.0 (4.6 to 7.3) Never 0.6 (0.1 to 1.1) 0.6 (0.2 to 1.0) 6.10 Table 6.2 illustrates that there are significant differences between males and females in the frequency of volunteering. 6.11 Males are more likely to volunteer several times a week (22.3%) or about once a week (19.6%), with no significant differences between each frequency. However, females are more likely to volunteer about once a week in greater proportions than males (25.1%). Other significant differences exist in the proportions of males and females who volunteer several times a week. 68

Frequency by Age Table 6.3: Frequency of Volunteering by Age Frequency of Banded Age volunteering 16-24 (%) 25-34 (%) 35-44 (%) 45-59 (%) 60-74 (%) 75 plus (%) A few times a year 18.9 (13.3 to 24.6) About every other month 4.9 (1.8 to 8.0) About once a month 10.3 (5.9 to 14.6) Several times a month but not every week 9.2 (5.0 to 13.4) About once a week 30.8 (24.2 to 37.5) Several times a week 17.8 (12.3 to 23.4) Every day 2.7 (0.4 to 5.0) Once a year 4.3 (1.4 to 7.3) 24.0 (18.4 to 29.6) 3.6 (1.1 to 6.0) 15.6 (10.8 to 20.3) 11.1 (7.0 to 15.2) 23.6 (18.0 to 29.1) 13.8 (9.3 to 18.3) 0.4 (-0.4 to 1.3) 7.6 (4.1 to 11.0) 17.7 (14.3 to 21.2) 7.4 (5.0 to 9.7) 17.1 (13.7 to 20.5) 12.4 (9.5 to 15.4) 18.8 (15.3 to 22.3) 16.5 (13.1 to 19.8) 2.1 (0.8 to 3.4) 7.6 (5.2 to 10.0) 16.3 (13.2 to 19.5) 3.6 (2.0 to 5.2) 15.9 (12.8 to 19.1) 13.1 (10.2 to 16.0) 20.1 (16.7 to 23.5) 20.7 (17.2 to 24.1) 3.4 (1.9 to 5.0) 6.5 (4.4 to 8.5) 10.2 (7.5 to 13.0) 3.6 (1.9 to 5.3) 16.2 (12.8 to 19.5) 14.0 (10.9 to 17.2) 24.7 (20.8 to 28.6) 22.8 (19.0 to 26.6) 3.8 (2.1 to 5.6) 3.8 (2.1 to 5.6) 7.9 (3.2 to 12.7) 4.0 (0.6 to 7.4) 16.7 (10.2 to 23.2) 17.5 (10.8 to 24.1) 29.4 (21.4 to 37.3) 14.3 (8.2 to 20.4) 3.2 (0.1 to 6.2) 6.3 (2.1 to 10.6) 69

6.12 As illustrated in Table 6.3, across all age groups, the highest proportion of volunteers are volunteering about once a week. For those aged between 35 and 74, there are no significant differences between the highest proportions volunteering once a week and those working several times a week, as is for volunteers aged under 59 spending a few times a year, about once a month and several times a week volunteering. 6.13 There are no significant differences between the proportions of volunteers aged 45 to 59 volunteering about once a week and the proportions of volunteers aged under 59 spending a few times a year, about once a month and several times a week volunteering. 6.14 Table 6.4 shows that the majority of volunteers in all employment categories, apart from those in full-time employment, volunteer several times a week or about once a week. 70

Frequency of Volunteering by Economic Status Table 6.4: Frequency of Volunteering by Economic Status Frequency of Volunteering Selfemployed Full-time Employment Part-time Employment Looking After Home/Family A few times a year 14.3 (8.2 to 20.4) About every other month 1.6 (-0.6 to 3.8) About once a month 13.5 (7.5 to 19.5) Several times a month but not every week 15.1 (8.8 to 21.3) About once a week 18.3 (11.5 to 25.0) Several times a week 23.8 (16.4 to 31.2) Every day 4.8 (1.0 to 8.5) Once a year 8.7 (3.8 to 13.7) 20.2 (17.3 to 23.2) 5.9 (4.2 to 7.6) 18.2 (15.4 to 21.0) 12.3 (9.9 to 14.7) 17.2 (14.5 to 20.0) 15.7 (13.1 to 18.4) 2.6 (1.4 to 3.8) 7.4 (5.5 to 9.3) 17.9 (13.4 to 22.4) 5.4 (2.7 to 8.0) 17.2 (12.8 to 21.6) 12.9 (9.0 to 16.8) 22.2 (17.3 to 27.1) 16.8 (12.5 to 21.2) 2.9 (0.9 to 4.8) 3.9 (1.7 to 6.2) 14.0 (7.9 to 20.2) 5.8 (1.6 to 9.9) 12.4 (6.5 to 18.3) 14.0 (7.9 to 20.2) 24.8 (17.1 to 32.5) 15.7 (9.2 to 22.2) 2.5 (-0.3 to 5.2) 10.7 (5.2 to 16.3) 71 Economic Status Permanently Retired from Work 10.1 (7.5 to 12.7) 3.6 (2.0 to 5.2) 15.5 (12.4 to 18.6) 14.1 (11.2 to 17.1) Unemployed and Seeking Work 11.6 (2.0 to 21.2) 2.3 (-2.2 to 6.8) 2.3 (-2.2 to 6.8) 11.6 (2.0 to 21.2) At School Higher/ Further Education 12.8 (3.2 to 22.3) 4.3 (-1.5 to 10.0) 2.1 (-2.0 to 6.3) 12.8 (3.2 to 22.3) 25.4 (15.0 to 35.8) 3.0 (-1.1 to 7.1) 13.4 (5.3 to 21.6) 6.0 (0.3 to 11.6) Permanently Sick or Disabled 5.0 (-0.5 to 10.5) 5.0 (-0.5 to 10.5) 15.0 (6.0 to 24.0) 10.0 (2.4 to 17.6) 26.8 (23.0 to 30.6) 21.6 (18.1 to 25.1) 3.1 (1.6 to 4.5) 4.2 (2.5 to 5.9) 25.6 (12.5 to 38.6) 39.5 (24.9 to 54.1) 38.3 (24.4 to 52.2) 19.1 (7.9 to 30.4) 0.0 6.4 (-0.6 to 13.4) 4.7 (-1.6 to 10.9) 4.3 (-1.5 to 10.0) 32.8 (21.6 to 44.1) 14.9 (6.4 to 23.5) 33.3 (21.4 to 45.3) 23.3 (12.6 to 34.0) 0.0 1.7 (-1.6 to 4.9) 4.5 (-0.5 to 9.4) 5.0 (-0.5 to 10.5)

Frequency by Urban/Rural Classification Table 6.5: Frequency of Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Frequency of volunteering A few times a year 15.7 (13.0 to 18.3) About every other month 2.3 (1.2 to 3.3) About once a month 16.4 (13.6 to 19.1) Several times a month but 12.7 not every week (10.2 to 15.1) About once a week 23.6 (20.4 to 26.7) Several times a week 20.2 (17.2 to 23.1) Every day 3.2 (1.9 to 4.5) Once a year 5.4 (3.7 to 7.0) Large Urban Areas Other Urban Small Accessible Towns Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural 17.6 (14.2 to 21.0) 18.1 (13.1 to 23.1) 13.8 (6.2 to 21.3) 10.7 (7.2 to 14.2) 17.6 (11.9 to 23.4) 6.1 (4.0 to 8.3) 5.2 (2.3 to 8.0) 3.8 (-0.4 to 7.9) 7.7 (4.7 to 10.7) 4.1 (1.1 to 7.1) 12.1 (9.2 to 15.0) 19.0 (13.9 to 24.0) 16.3 (8.2 to 24.3) 17.7 (13.4 to 22.0) 16.5 (10.9 to 22.0) 11.1 (8.3 to 13.8) 9.5 (5.7 to 13.3) 16.3 (8.2 to 24.3) 14.7 (10.7 to 18.7) 18.8 (12.9 to 24.70 22.7 (19.0 to 26.5) 26.7 (21.0 to 32.4) 17.5 (9.2 to 25.8) 22.0 (17.3 to 26.7) 18.2 (12.4 to 24.0) 18.6 (15.2 to 22.1) 13.8 (9.4 to 18.2) 22.5 (13.3 to 31.7) 18.7 (14.3 to 23.1) 17.1 (11.4 to 22.7) 2.9 (1.4 to 4.3) 2.6 (0.5 to 4.6) 3.8 (-0.4 to 7.9) 1.7 (0.2 to 3.1) 2.9 (0.4 to 5.5) 8.0 (5.6 to 10.4) 4.7 (2.0 to 7.5) 6.3 (0.9 to 11.6) 6.7 (3.8 to 9.5) 4.7 (1.5 to 7.9) 72

6.15 Across all urban/rural areas, volunteers are most likely to volunteer about once a week. All urban/rural areas with the exception of small accessible towns are equally likely to volunteer several times a week. 6.16 Those from rural areas (small remote towns, accessible rural areas and remote rural areas) are equally likely to volunteer about once a month, several times a month but not every week and several times a week. 6.17 Those from large urban areas are significantly less likely to volunteer a few times a year compared to volunteers from all other areas. Hours Spent Volunteering 6.18 This section considers the total number of hours spent volunteering in a month. The results are presented below and average hours are further analysed by age, economic status, income and urban/rural classification. 6.19 Regression analysis suggests that in general none of the demographic factors included as predictors appears to exhibit strong associations with the probability of performing higher levels of voluntary activity (that is, nine or more hours per month). 6.20 The overall explanatory power of the model is low: the Nagelkerke R 2 value is 0.05, indicating that only 5% of the total variability in the probability of performing the higher intensity of voluntary service (nine or more hours per month) is explained by the factors included as predictors. 6.21 However, a number of individually significant effects are evident and these are presented as part of the cross-tabulation analysis of hours spent volunteering by age, economic status, and income. 6.22 A summary table of the results of the regression analysis can be found in Annex 3. Number of Hours Spent Volunteering Per Month 6.23 For 2005, results indicate that the average number of hours spent volunteering in a month was 12.8. 6.24 Figure 6.2 and Table 6.6 on the following page show the proportion of volunteers and the number of (banded) hours spent volunteering. 73

Figure 6.2: Average Number of (banded) Hours Spent Volunteering per Month 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Less than an hour Up to five hours Six to ten hours 11 to 15 hours 16 to 20 hours 21 to 35 hours 36 hours or more One off activities No regular hours Don't know Table 6.6: Average Number of (banded) Hours Spent Volunteering per Month Volunteering Number of Hours Spent Volunteering (per month) (% of classification total and 95% CI) Less than an hour 1.8 (1.2 to 2.4) Six to ten hours 24.4 (22.6 to 26.3) 6 to 10 hours 18.8 (17.1 to 20.6) 11 to 15 hours 8.2 (7.0 to 9.4) 16 to 20 hours 7.7 (6.5 to 8.9) 21 to 35 hours 6.5 (5.4 to 7.5) 36 hours or more 6.0 (5.0 to 7.1) One-off activities 3.7 (2.8 to 4.5) No regular hours 21.4 (19.6 to 23.2) Don t know 1.5 (0.9 to 2.0) (removed those who said never to give a base of 2001) 6.25 Table 6.6 illustrates that volunteers are most likely to spend up to five hours volunteering in a month (24.4%) or have no regular hours (20.4%). There are no significant differences between these two categories. The next largest proportion of volunteers spends between six to 10 hours volunteering (18.8%). The differences in proportions increase significantly between these categories and other frequencies. The amount of time a volunteer is least likely to spend volunteering is less than an hour per month (1.8%). 74

Hours Spent Volunteering by Age 6.26 The rank correlation of age with total number of hours volunteered is 0.11 (p value < 0.0001) indicating that there is a modest positive association between age and the number of hours of voluntary service per month that is, older people tend to put in more hours of service. Table 6.7: Odds ratio estimates for the probability of engaging in nine or more hours of voluntary work in an average month AGE (relative to 45-59 years):- 16-24 years 25-34 years 35-44 years 60-74 years 75 years and over Factor odds ratio 0.73 1.04 0.71 0.96 0.79 95% CI p 0.43 to 1.22 0.70 to 1.54 0.52 to 0.96 0.60 to 1.54 0.40 to 1.54 0.23 0.85 0.03 0.86 0.49 6.27 Table 6.7 displays the likelihood of respondents to volunteer for nine or more hours in an average month broken down by age groups, relative to the age group that applies to the greatest number of respondents (45-59 years the reference group ). Age groups with an odds ratio greater than one are more likely than the reference group to volunteer, and those with an odds ratio of less than one are less likely than the reference group to volunteer. 6.28 Table 6.7 suggests that volunteers in the age range 35-44 years are less likely to perform the higher level of service than the reference group (45-59 years). Average Hours Spent Volunteering by Age Table 6.8: Average Hours Spent Volunteering Per Month by Age Banded age Average hours spent volunteering 16 to 24 years 12.3 (10.2 to 14.4) 25 to 34 years 11.0 (9.3 to 12.7) 35 to 44 years 11.4 (10.0 to 12.8) 45 to 59 years 12.6 (11.4 to 14.0) 60 to 74 years 14.7 (13.1 to 16.3) 75 plus years 13.0 (10.4 to 15.8) 6.29 Volunteers aged between 60 and 74 spend a significantly average number of hours volunteering per month than those aged 25 to 44. There is no significant difference between other age groups. 75

Hours Spent Volunteering by Economic Status Table 6.9: Odds ratio estimates for the probability of engaging in nine or more hours of voluntary work in an average month Factor odds ratio 95% CI p ECONOMIC STATUS (relative to full-time employment):- self-employed in part-time employment looking after home/family permanently retired unemployed in higher or further education permanently sick or disabled other 1.68 1.13 1.85 1.59 1.39 1.18 0.93 1.64 1.05 to 2.68 0.79 to 1.62 1.12 to 3.08 0.93 to 2.72 0.63 to 3.08 0.57 to 2.47 0.44 to 1.97 0.81 to 3.32 0.03 0.50 0.02 0.09 0.41 0.66 0.84 0.17 6.30 Table 6.9 suggests that those whose economic status is self-employed, or who are engaged in looking after their homes or families, are significantly more likely to perform the higher level of service than the reference group (those in full-time employment). Average Hours Spent Volunteering by Economic Status Table 6.10: Hours Spent Volunteering by Economic Status Economic Status Average hours spent volunteering Self-employed 14.8 (11.7 to 17.9) Full-time employment 11.2 (10.2 to 12.2) Part-time employment 11.6 (9.8 to 13.4) Looking after home/family 12.0 (9.8 to 14.2) Permanently retired from work 14.4 (12.9 to 15.9) Unemployed and seeking work * At school * Higher/further education * Government work/training scheme * Permanently sick/disabled * Unable to work due to short term ill health * Other * Note: Groupings marked with * are omitted from the table due to small sample size. 76

6.31 When average hours spent volunteering are taken into consideration there are no significant differences in the average number of hours spent volunteering across economic status categories as illustrated in Table 6.10. Hours Spent Volunteering by Income Table 6.11: Odds ratio estimates for the probability of engaging in nine or more hours of voluntary work in an average month Factor INCOME (relative to 10,001-15,000):- 0-6000 6001-10000 15001-20000 20001-25000 25001-30000 30000-40000 40000+ odds ratio 0.77 0.82 0.79 0.69 0.87 0.96 0.57 95% CI p 0.42 to 1.40 0.53 to 1.28 0.52 to 1.20 0.45 to 1.06 0.56 to 1.36 0.63 to 1.45 0.37 to 0.89 0.39 0.39 0.27 0.09 0.55 0.84 0.01 6.32 Table 6.11 suggests that volunteers whose household income falls into the highest band (above 40,000) are markedly less likely to engage in the higher level of voluntary commitment than the reference group (those whose household income falls within the range 10,001-15,000). Average Hours Spent Volunteering by Income Table 6.12: Hours Spent Volunteering by Income Annual Net Household Income Average hours spent volunteering (95% CI 0-6,000 13.4 (10.1 to 16.7) 6,001-10,000 15.5 (13.1 to 17.9) 10,001-15,000 13.2 (11.6 to 14.8) 15,001-20,000 13.0 (11.0 to 15.0) 20,001-25,000 12.0 (10.1 to 13.9) 25,001-30,000 11.2 (9.3 to 13.1) 30,001-40,000 12.9 (11.0 to 14.8) 40,000 plus 10.0 (8.4 to 11.6) 6.33 Table 6.12 illustrates that there are no significant differences between average hours spent volunteering and all income brackets below 40,000. This confirms the findings of the regression analysis. 77

Hours Spent Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Table 6.13: Odds ratio estimates for the probability of engaging in nine or more hours of voluntary work in an average month Factor URBAN/RURAL (relative to large urban):- other urban small accessible towns small remote towns accessible rural remote rural odds ratio 1.18 0.86 0.59 1.15 0.86 95% CI p 0.89 to 1.58 0.60 to 1.24 0.34 to 1.05 0.82 to 1.60 0.55 to 1.32 0.25 0.43 0.07 0.42 0.48 6.34 Table 6.13 suggests that volunteers from other urban areas and accessible rural areas are more likely to engage in the higher level of voluntary commitment than the reference group. Average Hours Spent Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification 6.35 Table 6.14 shows the average hours spent volunteering by urban/rural classification and 95% confidence intervals. Table 6.14: Average Hours Spent Volunteering Per Month by Urban/Rural Classification Urban/Rural Classification Average hours spent volunteering Large Urban Areas 12.9 (11.7 to 14.1) Other Urban Areas 13.8 (12.3 to 15.4) Small Accessible Towns 12.1 (10.1 to 14.1) Small Remote Towns 12.4 (10.3 to 14.5) Accessible Rural Areas 13.2 (11.2 to 15.2) Remote Rural Areas 11.2 (9.4 to 13.0) 6.36 Table 6.14 illustrates that there are no significant differences between average hours spent volunteering and all urban/rural areas. 78

CHAPTER SEVEN ATTRACTIONS TO VOLUNTEERING Summary 7.1 This chapter has analysed factors that encourage respondents to volunteer. It was found that volunteers are often motivated to volunteer through a desire to help their community and/or to help people experiencing a situation, problem or condition which has been experienced by the volunteer him or herself, or by a friend or family member. 7.2 This chapter has also analysed factors that might encourage former volunteers to restart volunteering. Some variations exist based on age, gender, economic status, income and urban/rural classification, but a large proportion of respondents across all groups said that nothing would encourage them to volunteer again. 7.3 While qualitative research confirmed that nothing could encourage many former volunteers to re-start volunteering, analysis of Scottish Household Survey data found that a relatively large proportion of former volunteers would be encouraged to volunteer again if they could fit it round their other commitments, a finding that is supported by qualitative research. Introduction 7.4 While volunteering is by no means a novel concept, Hodgkinson (2003) points out that the current weight of expectation about the contribution it can make to individual development, social cohesion and addressing social need is unprecedented. 7.5 Participation in volunteering brings benefits for the individual such as work experience, skills development, training opportunities and improving confidence and selfesteem, and also has benefits for society as a whole. For example, Rochester (2006) remarks that volunteering can act as a response to social exclusion by helping individuals to become or continue to be an active member of society. Volunteering can also help to deliver government priorities in the fields of sustainable communities, rural communities, health and social welfare, criminal justice, education, social inclusion and antisocial behaviour. 7.6 Rochester (2006) asserts that volunteers are motivated to volunteer by a mix of altruism and self-interest. 7.7 This contention is examined in this chapter, which explores the reasons that prompted current and former volunteers to start volunteering, what non-volunteers perceive to be the benefits of volunteering, and reasons that might encourage former volunteers to re-start volunteering. 7.8 This is based on analysis of qualitative research we have undertaken relating to current and former volunteers and SHS data on formal volunteers. Motives to Volunteer 7.9 Our qualitative research with current and former volunteers identified the reasons why they started volunteering. 79

7.10 As discussed in Chapter 4, many volunteers start volunteering as a result of a desire to help people who are experiencing a similar problem, situation or condition that they themselves, or a friend or family member, have experienced. 7.11 This finding is supported by research carried out by TNS on behalf of Volunteer Development Scotland, which found that a life event or emotional association with a cause is a common motive to volunteer. (Volunteer Development Scotland, 2005). 7.12 Other motives to volunteer common across age bands, genders and urban and rural areas identified by current and former volunteers including the following: A desire to help people and/or organisations in their local community. This may be prompted by a strong sense of community spirit in the area and/or a desire to help with activities that the participant or their children are involved with, for example youth organisations, sports clubs and church activities. To meet new people and take part in social events, thereby overcoming social isolation. A desire to gain skills or experience in a field in which the participant has an interest in working, with a view to gaining future paid employment. To give something back, for example, to an organisation that had helped the participant or their family in the past. To have something to do with their time. To boost self-esteem and confidence. 7.13 Comments made by research participants regarding their motives to volunteer include: I volunteered to give something back to the community (former volunteer, Fife, female) to help build the community (former volunteer, Borders, female) it gives me something to do. It keeps me busy (current volunteer, Skye, male) it provides a structure to the day when you re retired (current volunteer, Skye, female) volunteering let me gain experience of working with disabled children (former volunteer, Fife, female, who is now studying to become a primary teacher) 7.14 The motives listed at 7.12, as well as motivating people to start volunteering, can also be seen as benefits gained by volunteers through volunteering. Another benefit of volunteering identified by current and former volunteers (that did not necessarily motivate them to start) is gaining a sense of achievement, as illustrated by the following quotations. volunteering gives you a sense of being useful (current volunteer, Fife, female) volunteering helped me to overcome feelings of uselessness and worthlessness (former volunteer, Fife, female) 80

you can see you can make a difference and achieve results (current volunteer, Skye, male) 7.15 Therefore, volunteers are attracted to volunteering through a desire to help others and to gain benefits for themselves. This supports Rochester s (2006) view that a mix of selfinterest and altruism results in a motivation to volunteer. 7.16 Participants who have never volunteered mentioned the following, unprompted, as potential benefits of volunteering: helping the community gaining new skills and improving employment prospects social opportunities, particularly for retired and isolated people a sense of achievement. Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering 7.17 It emerged from our qualitative interviews that former volunteers would be more likely to re-start volunteering if they had more time and/or if they could fit volunteering around their other commitments such as work and children. Former volunteers would be more likely to re-start volunteering if volunteering opportunities were made more flexible, for example: if children could be taken along and perhaps participate this would solve childcare worries if volunteering could be undertaken at the weekend if voluntary work could be done from home if volunteers could choose when and for how long to volunteer. 7.18 The TNS research (Volunteer Development Scotland, 2005) mentioned above found that former volunteers would be happy to re-start volunteering when they have more time, but see this as relatively far off in the future. This is a similar theme to one that emerged from our telephone interviews - some interviewees plan to volunteer again when they reach retirement. 7.19 We analysed Scottish Household Survey data from questions to former volunteers regarding factors that might encourage them to re-start volunteering. 7.20 Figures in brackets refer to the 95% confidence interval in which the proportion of respondents giving each reason lies. 81

Table 7.1: Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering Respondents reporting possible attractions Reasons for re-starting volunteering to volunteering (% of classification total and 95% CI) If I was certain that it wouldn t affect my benefits 0.3 (0.1 to 0.4) If I could afford it/was sure I wouldn t be out of pocket 1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) If someone I knew volunteered with me 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) If there were more people like me volunteering 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) If I knew more about the opportunities available 2.6 (2.0 to 3.2) If I had more confidence 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) If I thought I could help others 5.7 (4.8 to 6.5) If someone asked me to do something 3.7 (3.0 to 4.4) If it would improve my skills 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) If it helped me gain qualifications 0.6 (0.3 to 0.8) If it would improve my careers/job prospects 1.2 (0.8 to 1.6) If it fitted in with my other commitments 13.7 (12.4 to 15.0) If it fitted in with my interests and skills 6.1 (5.2 to 7.0) If it was good fun 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1) If I could volunteer when I felt like it 4.9 (4.1 to 5.7) Nothing 43.9 (42.1 to 45.8) Other 6.7 (5.8 to 7.6) Better transport/more local 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5) Planning to 0.2 (0.0 to 0.4) More time 7.7 (6.7 to 8.6) Better health 1.0 (0.6 to 1.4) Childcare/will when children older 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) If was supported/valued 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) When retired/not working 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) If involved children/family/local interest 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) If I felt strongly about it/it was worthwhile 0.2 (0.0 to 0.3) If it was easy to get to/nearby 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) Base: 2733 respondents who were asked question: what do you think might encourage you to undertake work or activities on a voluntary basis (again) in the future? Variables in italics indicate those included in 2005 data as reasons given through an open response 7.21 Table 7.1 shows that, for the largest proportion of Scottish Household Survey respondents, nothing would encourage them to volunteer again. 7.22 A slightly lower proportion of telephone interviewees 7 of 20 than Scottish Household Survey respondents said that nothing would encourage them to re-start volunteering. Reasons given by qualitative interviewees for saying that nothing could encourage them to re-start volunteering include: an inability to volunteer because of their age or health a lack of time a bad experience of volunteering in the past (for example, experience of volunteering with an organisation unwilling to be flexible with timing of volunteering and seemingly lacking appreciation of the volunteer s efforts) 82

a feeling that they have done their bit. 7.23 The next largest proportion of Scottish Household Survey respondents claimed that they would be more likely to volunteer if it fitted in with their other commitments. This is consistent with findings from our qualitative interviews. Demographic Analysis of Reasons to Re-start Volunteering 7.24 The following section reports on the reasons to re-start volunteering and relationships to the following demographic characteristics: Age Gender Economic Status Income Urban/Rural Classification. 83

Age Table 7.2: Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering by Age Reason for Re-starting Volunteering If I was certain that it wouldn t affect my benefits If I could afford it/was sure I wouldn t be out of pocket If someone I knew volunteered with me If there were more people like me volunteering If I knew more about the opportunities available 16 to 24 % 0.4 (-0.4 to 1.2) 3.8 (1.4 to 6.2) 3.0 (0.8 to 5.1) 0.4 (-0.4 to 1.2) 7.2 (3.9 to 10.5) If I had more confidence 0.8 (-0.3 to 2.0) If I thought I could help others 10.1 (6.3 to 14.0) If someone asked me to do something 9.7 (5.9 to 13.5) If it would improve my skills 2.1 (0.3 to 3.9) If it helped me gain qualifications 2.1 (0.3 to 3.9) If it would improve my careers/job 5.5 prospects (2.6 to 8.4) If it fitted in with my other 20.3 commitments (15.1 to 25.4) 25 to 34 % 0.3 (-0.3 to 0.8) 1.9 (0.5 to 3.4) 0.6 (-0.2 to 1.3) 1.1 (0.0 to 2.2) 3.3 (1.5 to 5.2) 0.6 (-0.2 to 1.3) 9.7 (6.7 to 12.8) 2.8 (1.1 to 4.5) 2.2 (0.7 to 3.7) 1.1 (0.0 to 2.2) 0.8 (-0.1 to 1.8) 20.8 (16.6 to 25.0) If it fitted in with my interests and skills 11.0 (7.0 to 14.9) If it was good fun 4.2 (1.7 to 6.8) 8.3 (5.5 to 11.2) 1.9 (0.5 to 3.4) 35 to 44 % 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) 1.2 (0.2 to 2.2) 0.4 (-0.2 to 1.0) 06 (-0.1 to 1.3) 2.2 (0.9 to 3.5) 0.8 (0.0 to 1.6) 5.2 (3.3 to 7.1) 4.0 (2.3 to 5.7) 0.6 (-0.1 to 1.3) 0.4 (-0.2 to 1.0) 1.6 (0.5 to 2.7) 24.2 (20.4 to 28.0) 8.6 (6.1 to 11.1) 1.6 (0.5 to 2.7) 84 Banded Age 45 to 59 % 60 to 74% 0.0 0.4 (-0.2 to 1.0) 1.6 (0.8 to 2.5) 0.6 (0.1 to 1.2) 0.9 (0.2 to 1.5) 2.9 (1.7 to 4.1) 0.9 (0.2 to 1.5) 6.2 (4.5 to 7.8) 3.8 (2.5 to 5.1) 0.9 (0.2 to 1.5) 0.8 (0.2 to 1.4) 1.1 (0.4 to 1.9) 14.5 (12.0 to 16.9) 75 plus % All % 0.0 0.3 (0.1 to 0.4) 0.0 0.0 1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) 0.0 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) 0.4 (-0.2 to 1.0) 1.2 (0.3 to 2.2) 0.6 (-0.1 to 1.3) 4.1 (2.4 to 5.9) 3.3 (1.7 to 4.9) 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) 0.0 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) 0.3 (-0.3 to 0.9) 2.6 (2.0 to 3.2) 0.0 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) 1.2 (0.0 to 2.4) 1.8 (0.4 to 3.3) 5.7 (4.8 to 6.5) 3.7 (3.0 to 4.4) 0.0 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) 0.0 0.0 0.6 (0.3 to 0.8) 0.0 0.0 1.2 (0.8 to 1.6) 7.5 (5.1 to 9.8) 1.89 (0.4 to 3.3) 13.7 (12.4 to 15.0) 6.4 (4.7 to 8.1) 1.1 (0.4 to 1.9) 3.7 (2.0 to 5.4) 1.2 (0.3 to 2.2) 1.2 (0.0 to 2.4) 6.1 (5.2 to 7.0) 0.0 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1)

Reason for Re-starting Volunteering 16 to 24 % If I could volunteer when I felt like it 6.3 (3.2 to 9.4) Nothing 19.4 (14.4 to 24.4) Other 11.4 (7.3 to 15.4) 25 to 34 % 4.7 (2.5 to 6.9) 21.1 (16.9 to 25.3) 11.4 (8.1 to 14.7) Better transport/more local 0.0 0.6 (-0.2 to 1.3) Planning to 0.0 0.3 (-0.3 to 0.8) More time 7.2 (3.9 to 10.5) 10.0 (6.9 to 13.1) Better health 0.0 0.8 (-0.1 to 1.8) Childcare/will when children older 0.0 1.9 (0.5 to 3.4) 35 to 44 % 6.4 (4.3 to 8.5) 24.0 (20.3 to 27.7) 7.6 (5.3 to 9.9) 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) 0.4 (-0.2 to 1.0) 14.0 (11.0 to 17.0) 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) 0.8 (0.0 to 1.6) If was supported/valued 0.0 0.0 0.8 (0.0 to 1.6) When retired/not working 0.0 0.0 0.8 (0.0 to 1.6) If involved children/family/local 0.0 1.9 1.6 interest (0.5 to 3.4) (0.5 to 2.7) If I felt strongly about it/it was 0.4 0.0 0.2 worthwhile (-0.4 to 1.2) (-0.2 to 0.6) If it was easy to get to/nearby 0.8 (-0.3 to 2.0) Banded Age 45 to 59 % 5.3 (3.7 to 6.8) 33.3 (30.0 to 36.5) 7.6 (5.7 to 9.4) 0.5 (0.0 to 1.0) 0.4 (0.0 to 0.8) 12.2 (9.9 to 14.5) 1.6 (0.8 to 2.5) 0.1 (-0.1 to 0.4) 0.1 (-0.1 to 0.4) 2.9 (1.7 to 4.1) 0.8 (0.2 to 1.4) 0.1 (-0.1 to 0.4) 0.0 0.0 0.1 (-0.1 to 0.4) 60 to 74% 3.7 (2.0 to 5.4) 65.0 (60.8 to 69.3) 5.0 (3.0 to 6.9) 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) 75 plus % 2.1 (0.6 to 3.7) 86.6 (82.9 to 90.3) 1.2 (0.0 to 2.4) 0.3 (-0.3 to 0.9) All % 4.9 (4.1 to 5.7) 43.9 (42.1 to 45.8) 6.7 (5.8 to 7.6) 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5) 0.0 0.0 0.2 (0.0 to 0.4) 1.2 (0.3 to 2.2) 1.0 (0.1 to 1.9) 0.0 7.7 (6.7 to 8.6) 0.6 (-0.2 to 1.4) 1.0 (0.6 to 1.4) 0.0 0.0 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) 0.0 0.0 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) 0.0 0.0 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.6) 0.4 (-0.2 to 1.0) 0.0 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) 0.0 0.2 (0.0 to 0.3) 0.0 0.0 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) Base: 2733 respondents who were asked question: what do you think might encourage you to undertake work or activities on a voluntary basis (again) in the future? Variables in italics indicate those included in 2005 data only as reasons given through an open response 85

Age 16 to 24 7.25 Sixteen to 24 year olds, were more likely to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer (19.4%) or that they would be encouraged to volunteer if it fitted in with their other commitments (20.3%) than any other reason for re-starting. 7.26 However, this age group is less likely than the survey sample to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer. This is supported by our telephone interviews, where only one of the seven who said that nothing would encourage them to volunteer again was under 45. 7.27 Further, 16-24 year olds are proportionately significantly more likely than the survey sample to be encouraged to start volunteering if they knew more about the opportunities available, if someone asked them to do something or if it fitted in with their other commitments. Age 25-34 7.28 Twenty-five to 34 year olds, when compared with other reasons for re-starting volunteering, were most likely to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer (21.1%) or they would be encouraged to volunteer if it fitted in with their other commitments (20.8%). 7.29 However, this age group is less likely than the survey sample to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer. 7.30 This age group is more likely than the survey sample to be encouraged to volunteer if it fitted in with their other commitments, or if they thought they could help others. Age 35-44 7.31 Respondents aged 35 to 44 were more likely to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer (24.0%)) or that they would be encouraged to volunteer if it fitted in with their other commitments (24.2%) than any other reason for re-starting. 7.32 However, this age group is less likely than the survey sample to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer. 7.33 This age group is more likely than the survey sample to be encouraged to volunteer if they had more time and if it fitted with their current commitments. 86

Age 45-59 7.34 The largest proportion of those aged 45-59 said that nothing (33.3%) would encourage them to volunteer. However, this age group is significantly less likely to say this than the survey sample. 7.35 This age group is significantly more likely than others to claim that being retired/not working would encourage them to volunteer, a finding supported by our telephone interviews. 7.36 Respondents aged under 59 were more likely than those aged 60 or over to be encouraged to volunteer if it fitted in with their other commitments. Age 60-74 7.37 The largest proportion of those aged 60-74 said that nothing (65.0%) could encourage them to volunteer. This proportion is significantly higher than that of the survey sample. 7.38 Those aged 60 or over are more likely than those aged 59 or under to say that nothing would encourage them to start volunteering. Age 75 Plus 7.39 The largest proportion of respondents aged over 75 said that nothing would encourage them to volunteer (86.6%). Compared to all other age groups and the survey sample, a significantly higher proportion of this age group gave this response. 7.40 Males are most likely to say that nothing could encourage them to volunteer than any other response (41.5%). 7.41 This is also the case with female respondents (40.4%). The next largest proportions of males and females would be encouraged to re-start volunteering if it fitted in with their other commitments. 7.42 There is no significant difference in the proportions of males and females who gave these responses. Our telephone interviews found no noticeable difference between the reasons given by males and females to re-start volunteering. 87

Gender Table 7.3: Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering by Gender Reason for Re-starting Volunteering Male % If I was certain that it wouldn t affect my benefits 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) If I could afford it/was sure I wouldn t be out of pocket 1.1 (0.4 to 1.7) If someone I knew volunteered with me 0.7 (0.2 to 1.2) If there were more people like me volunteering 0.6 (0.1 to 1.0) If I knew more about the opportunities available 2.4 (1.5 to 3.3) If I had more confidence 0.6 (0.1 to 1.0) If I thought I could help others 5.8 (4.4 to 7.2) If someone asked me to do something 3.2 (2.1 to 4.2) If it would improve my skills 0.5 (0.1 to 0.9) If it helped me gain qualifications 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) If it would improve my careers/job prospects 0.8 (0.2 to 1.3) If it fitted in with my other commitments 12.9 (10.9 to 14.9) If it fitted in with my interests and skills 8.1 (6.4 to 9.7) If it was good fun 1.4 (0.6 to 2.0) If I could volunteer when I felt like it 4.0 (2.8 to 5.2) 88 Female % 0.4 (0.1 to 0.7) 1.4 (0.8 to 1.9) 0.6 (0.2 to 1.0) 0.6 (0.2 to 1.0) 2.9 (2.1 to 3.7) 0.7 (0.3 to 1.1) 5.8 (4.6 to 6.9) 4.3 (3.3 to 5.3) 1.0 (0.5 to 1.5) 0.9 (0.4 to 1.4) 1.5 (0.9 to 2.1) 16.2 (14.4 to 18.0) 5.2 (4.1 to 6.2) 1.5 (0.9 to 2.1) 5.3 (4.3 to 6.4) All % 0.3 (0.1 to 0.4) 1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) 2.6 (2.0 to 3.2) 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) 5.7 (4.8 to 6.5) 3.7 (3.0 to 4.4) 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) 0.6 (0.3 to 0.8) 1.2 (0.8 to 1.6) 13.7 (12.4 to 15.0) 6.1 (5.2 to 7.0) 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1) 4.9 (4.1 to 5.7)

Reason for Re-starting Volunteering Male % Nothing 41.5 (38.5 to 44.5) Other 7.9 (6.3 to 9.5) Better transport/more local 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) Planning to 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.5) More time 8.7 (7.0 to 10.4) Better health 1.1 (0.4 to 1.7) Female % 40.4 (38.0 to 42.8) 6.7 (5.5 to 7.9) 0.4 (0.1 to 0.7) 0.2 (0.0 to 0.5) 8.2 (6.8 to 9.5) 0.8 (0.4 to 1.2) Childcare/will when children older 0.0 0.8 (0.4 to 1.2) If was supported/valued 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.5) When retired/not working 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.5) If involved children/family/local interest 1.7 (0.9 to 2.5) If I felt strongly about it/it was worthwhile 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) 0.1 (0.0 to 0.3) 1.5 (0.9 to 2.1) 0.2 (0.0 to 0.5) 0.1 (-0.1 to 0.2) If it was easy to get to/nearby 0.0 0.1 (0.0 to 0.3) Base: 2733 respondents who were asked question: what do you think might encourage you to undertake work or activities on a voluntary basis (again) in the future? Variables in italics indicate those included in 2005 data only as reasons given through an open response 89 All % 43.9 (42.1 to 45.8) 6.7 (5.8 to 7.6) 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5) 0.2 (0.0 to 0.4) 7.7 (6.7 to 8.6) 1.0 (0.6 to 1.4) 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) 0.2 (0.0 to 0.3) 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2)

All % (95 % CI) Others Unable to work due to short term ill health Permanently sick/ Disabled % Gvt work/ training scheme Higher/ further education% At School * * 0.3 (0.1 to 0.4) * 0.9 (-0.9 to 2.7) * 0.9 (-0.8 to 2.6) * * 1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) * 0.9 (-0.9 to 2.7) * 0.9 (-0.8 to 2.6) * 0.0 * * 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) * 4.4 (0.6 to 8.2) * 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) * * 2.6 (2.0 to 3.2) * * 0.8 * 0.9 (-0.9 to 2.7) * 8.9 (3.6 to 14.1) (0.5 to 1.1) * 4.6 (0.7 to 8.5) * 0.9 (-0.8 to 2.6) * * 5.7 (4.8 to 6.5) * * 3.7 * 9.2 (3.8 to 14.6) * 12.4 (6.3 to 18.5) (3.0 to 4.4) * 2.8 (-0.3 to 5.8) * 0.0 * * 0.8 * 9.7 (4.3 to 15.2) (0.5 to 1.1) * 4.4 (0.6 to 8.2) Economic Status Table 7.4: Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering by Economic Status Economic status Unemployed and seeking work % Retired % Looking after home/ family % Part-time % Full-time % Self-employed % Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering 17 (-1.6 to 5.1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.7) If I was certain that it wouldn t affect my 0.0 10.3 (2.5 to 18.2) 0.0 3.0 (1.1 to 4.9) 0.0 0.1(-0.1 to 0.4) 3.5 (-1.2 to 8.1) 1.3 (0.0 to 2.6) 1.7 (-1.6 to 5.1) 0.1 (-0.1 to 0.4) 0.6 (-0.6 to 1.8) 1.0 (-0.1 to 2.1) 5.2 (-0.5 to 10.9) 1.1 (0.3 to 1.9) 4.8 (1.6 to 8.0) 2.0 (0.4 to 3.6) 1.7 (-1.6 to 5.1) 0 to 4 (-0.1 to 0.9) 2.4 (0.1 to 4.7) 0.3 (-0.3 to 1.0) benefits If I could afford it/was 2.6 1.4 sure I wouldn t be out of (-0.3 to 5.5) (0.7 to 2.1) pocket If someone I knew 0.0 0.5 volunteered with me (0.1 to 0.9) If there were more 0.9 0.7 people like me (-0.8 to 2.6) (0.2 to 1.1) volunteering If I knew more about the 2.6 2.7 opportunities available (-0.3 to 5.5) (1.8 to 3.7) If I had more confidence 0.0 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) 13.8 (4.9 to 22.7) 2.5 (1.3 to 3.6) 6.6 (2.8 to 10.3) 4.7 (2.3 to 7.0) 6.9 (0.4 to 13.4) 2.3 (1.2 to 3.4) 3.0 (0.4 to 5.6) 4.0 (1.8 to 6.2) 5.2 (-0.5 to 10.9) 0.1 (-0.1 to 0.4) 0.6 (-0.6 to 1.8) 0.7 (-0.3 to 1.6) 8.7 6.2 (3.5 to 13.8) (4.8 to 7.7) 6.1 3.8 (1.7 to 10.5) (2.6 to 4.9) 0.0 0.9 (0.4 to 1.5) If I thought I could help others If someone asked me to do something If it would improve my skills 90

Economic status All % (95 % CI) Others Unable to work due to short term ill health Permanently sick/ Disabled % Gvt work/ training scheme Higher/ further education% At School Unemployed and seeking work % Retired % Looking after home/ family % Part-time % * 0.0 * * 0.6 (0.3 to 0.8) * 0.9 * * 1.2 (-0.9 to 2.7) * 4.4 (0.6 to 8.2) 0.0 1.7 (-1.6 to 5.1) 0.0 0.6 (-0.6 to 1.8) (0.8 to 1.6) * 8.9 (3.6 to 14.1) 0.0 6.9 (0.4 to 13.4) 0.0 1.2 (-0.5 to 2.8) * * 13.7 (12.4 to 15.0) * 3.7 (0.1 to 7.2) * 15.0 (8.5 to 21.6) 10.3 (2.5 to 18.2) 3.9 (2.5 to 5.3) 13.8 (8.5 to 19.0) 23.9 (19.2 to 28.7) * * 6.1 (5.2 to 7.0) * * 1.6 * 2.8 (-0.3 to 5.8) * 14.2 (7.7 to 20.6) 8.6 (1.4 to 15.8) 2.3 (1.2 to 3.4) 5.4 (2.0 to 8.8) 7.0 (4.1 to 9.9) (1.2 to 2.1) * * 4.9 (4.1 to 5.7) * 0.9 (-0.9 to 2.7) * 4.4 (0.6 to 8.2) 1.7 (-1.6 to 5.1) 0.7 (0.1 to 1.3) 1.8 (-0.2 to 3.8) 0.3 (-0.3 to 1.0) * 4.6 (0.7 to 8.5) * 4.4 (0.6 to 8.2) 5.2 (-0.5 to 10.9) 3.2 (1.9 to 4.4) 3.0 (0.4 to 5.6) 3.0 (1.1 to 4.9) * * 43.9 (42.1 to 45.8) * 46.8 (37.4 to 56.2) * 13.3 (7.0 to 19.5) 17.2 (7.5 to 27.0) 75.2 (72.1 to 78.4) 39.5 (32.1 to 46.9) 29.2 (24.1 to 34.4) * * 6.7 (5.8 to 7.6) * 10.1 (4.4 to 15.7) * 13.3 (7.0 to 19.5) 6.9 (0.4 to 13.4) 2.5 (1.3 to 3.6) 7.2 (3.3 to 11.1) 9.0 (5.7 to 12.2) * * 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5) 0.0 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.7) 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.9 (-0.9 to 2.7) 0.0 5.2 * 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.2 (-0.5 to 10.9) 0.0 (0.0 to 0.4) * * 7.7 (6.7 to 8.6) 1.0 (0.6 to 1.4) 0.3 (-0.3 to 1.0) * 5.5 (1.2 to 9.8) 0.0 * 9.7 (4.3 to 15.2) 0.6 (0.0 to 1.1) 7.8 (3.7 to 11.8) 7.3 (4.4 to 10.2) * 0.0 * 9.2 (3.8 to 14.6) 1.7 (-1.6 to 5.1) 1.0 (0.3 to 1.7) 0.0 1.8 (-0.2 to 3.8) 91 Full-time % Self-employed % Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering 0.0 0.9 (0.4 to 1.5) 1.3 (0.6 to 2.0) 21.0 (18.6 to 23.5) 8.5 (6.8 to 10.2) 1.7 (-0.7 to 4.1) 20.9 (13.4 to 28.3) 7.0 (2.3 to 11.6) If it helped me gain qualifications If it would improve my careers/job prospects If it fitted in with my other commitments If it fitted in with my interests and skills If it was good fun 0.0 1.7 (0.9 to 2.5) 3.5 7.1 (5.5 to 8.6) 26.0 (23.4 to 28.7) 8.7 (7.0 to 10.4) (0.1 to 6.8) If I could volunteer when I felt like it Nothing 28.7 (20.4 to 37.0) Other 7.0 (2.3 to 11.6) 0.0 0.6 (0.1 to 1.0) 0.3 0.0 (0.0 to 0.6) Better transport/more local Planning to 14.3 More time 14.8 (8.2 to 21.3) (12.2 to 16.4) Better health 0.0 0.4 (0.0 to 0.7)

Economic status All % (95 % CI) Others Unable to work due to short term ill health Permanently sick/ Disabled % Gvt work/ training scheme Higher/ further education% At School Unemployed and seeking work % Retired % Looking after home/ family % Part-time % Full-time % Self-employed % Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) 1.2 (-0.5 to 2.8) 1.7 (0.2 to 3.1) 0.0 0.5 (0.1 to 0.9) 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.1 Childcare/will when children older If was supported/ valued 1.7 (0.0 to 0.2) 0.0 0.7 (-0.3 to 1.6) 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) 2.7 (0.8 to 4.5) 1.6 (0.8 to 2.4) 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.7) 0.6 (-0.6 to 1.8) 0.7 (-0.3 1.6) 1.4 (0.7 to 2.1) (-0.7 to 4.1) 1.7 (-0.7 to 4.1) 1.7 (-0.7 to 4.1) * 0.0 * 0.0 * * 0.2 (0.0 to 0.3) * * 0.1 1.7 (-1.6 to 5.1) 0.0 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.7) 0.0 (0.0 to 0.2) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 * 0.0 * 0.9 (-0.9 to 2.7) 0.0 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.4) 0.0 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.4) When retired/not working If involved children/family/local interest If I felt strongly about it/it was worthwhile If it was easy to get to/nearby Base: 2733 respondents who were asked question: what do you think might encourage you to undertake work or activities on a voluntary basis (again) in the future? Variables in italics indicate those included in 2005 data only as reasons given through an open response Note: Groupings at school, in government work/training scheme, unable to work due to short term health and other have been omitted from the table due to small sample size. 92

Self-employed 7.43 The responses self-employed respondents were most likely to give are nothing (28.7%) and if it fitted in with my other commitments (20.9%). 7.44 Respondents in this group are significantly more likely than those who are retired or permanently sick or disabled to say that they would be encouraged to volunteer if it fitted in with their other commitments. 7.45 This group of respondents, when compared to the survey sample, is significantly more likely to be encouraged to volunteer if they were supported or valued in a voluntary role. Full-time Employed 7.46 Respondents who are employed on a full-time basis were significantly more likely to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer (26.0%), or that they would be encouraged to volunteer if it fitted in with their other commitments (21.0%), than any other response. 7.47 However, this group was less likely than the survey sample to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer. 7.48 When compared with the survey sample, this group of respondents was significantly more likely to be encouraged to volunteer if it fitted in with their other commitments or if they had more time. Part-time Employed 7.49 When compared with other responses to this question, respondents in part-time employment were most likely to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer (29.2%), or that they would be encouraged to volunteer if it fitted in with their other commitments (23.9%). 7.50 This group is significantly less likely than the survey sample to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer. 7.51 When compared with the survey sample, this group is more likely to say that they would be more likely to volunteer if it fitted in with other commitments. Looking after Home/Family 7.52 Compared to other responses, those respondents looking after their home/family are most likely to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer (39.5%). The next largest proportion would re-start volunteering if it fitted in with their other commitments. 93

Retired 7.53 Those respondents who are retired are more likely to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer (75.2%) than any other response. 7.54 Compared with the survey sample, those who are retired are more likely to give this response. Unemployed and Seeking Work 7.55 Compared with the survey sample, the unemployed and seeking work are significantly more likely to be encouraged to volunteer if they could afford it. 7.56 They are less likely than the survey sample to say that nothing could encourage them to volunteer. This reinforces the findings set out elsewhere, that if the right hook is found, such as providing financial support or emphasising the benefits it could have for their job search, unemployed people could be attracted to volunteering. Higher/Further Education 7.57 Those in further or higher education are the most likely group to say the following would encourage them to volunteer: if I knew more about the opportunities available (8.9%) if I thought I could help others (12.4%) if someone asked me to do something (9.7%) if it would improve my career/job prospects (8.9%) if it fitted in with my other commitments (15.0%) if it fitted in with my interests and skills (14.2%) nothing (13.3%). 7.58 When compared with the survey sample, this group is more likely to be encouraged to volunteer if they knew more about the opportunities available, if it would improve their career/job prospects and if it fitted in with their other interests and skills. 7.59 This group is significantly less likely than all other economic status groups, other than the unemployed, to indicate that nothing would encourage them to volunteer. Permanently Sick and Disabled 7.60 A larger proportion of the permanently sick and disabled said that nothing would encourage them to volunteer than any other response (46.8%). 7.61 This group is significantly more likely than the survey sample to say that they would be encouraged to volunteer if they had better health. 94

Annual Household Income Table 7.5: Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering by Annual Household Income Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering If I was certain that it wouldn t affect my benefits If I could afford it/was sure I wouldn t be out of pocket If someone I knew volunteered with me If there were more people like me volunteering If I knew more about the opportunities available 0-6,000 % 1.2 (-0.4 to 2.8) 1.8 (-0.2 to 3.7) 0.6 (-0.6 to 1.7) 6,001-10,000 % 0.5 (-0.2 to 1.1) 1.6 (0.4 to 2.7) 0.0 0.5 (-0.2 to 1.1) 1.2 (-0.4 to 2.8) 10,001-15,000 % 0.2 (-0.2 to 1.1) 1.4 (0.4 to 2.3) 0.0 0.5 (-0.1 to 1.1) 3.1 (1.5 to 4.7) 0.4 (-0.1 to 0.8) 1.9 (0.8 to 3.0) 15,001-20,000 % 0.3 (-0.2 to 0.5) 2.0 (0.6 to 3.4) 1.0 (0.0 to 2.0) 1.2 (0.2 to 1.6) 4.0 (2.1 to 5.9) Income 20,001-25,000 % 25,001-30,000 % 0.0 0.4 (-0.4 to 1.1) 0.7 (-0.2 to 1.6) 0.7 (-0.2 to 1.6) 0.7 (-0.2 to 1.6) 2.0 (0.4 to 3.5) 2.3 (0.5 to 4.1) 30,001-40,000 % 40,001 plus % All % (95 % CI) 0.0 0.0 0.3 (0.1 to 0.4) 0.4 (-0.3 to 1.0) 0.0 0.4 (-0.3 to 1.0) 0.8 (-0.3 to 1.8) 2.3 (0.5 to 4.1) 0.5 (-0.5 to 1.4) 1.0 (-0.4 to 2.3) 0.0 1.0 (-0.4 to 2.3) 3.1 (1.1 to 5.1) 1.9 (0.1 to 3.7) 1.3 (0.9 to 1.7) 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) 0.6 (0.3 to 0.9) 2.6 (2.0 to 3.2) If I had more confidence 2.3 (0.1 to 4.6) If I thought I could help others If someone asked me to do something If it would improve my skills If it helped me gain qualifications If it would improve my careers/job prospects If it fitted in with my other commitments If it fitted in with my interests and skills 5.3 (1.9 to 8.6) 1.8 (-0.2 to 3.7) 1.8 (-0.2 to 3.7) 0.6 (-0.6 to 1.7) 1.8 (-0.2 to 3.7) 7.0 (3.2 to 10.8) 3.5 (0.8 to 6.3) 1.8 (0.6 to 3.0) 4.2 (2.4 to 6.1) 3.8 (2.0 to 5.6) 0.9 (0.1 to 1.6) 5.4 (3.5 to 7.2) 2.6 (1.3 to 3.9) 0.0 1.2 (-0.3 to 2.1) 0.0 0.7 (-0.0 to 1.4) 0.7 (-0.1 to 1.4) 5.4 (3.3 to 7.4) 4.9 (2.9 to 6.9) 1.4 (0.4 to 2.3) 7.3 (5.2 to 9.4) 4.5 (2.8 to 6.2) 0.3 (-0.2 to 0.7) 5.7 (3.5 to 8.0) 3.5 (1.7 to 5.3) 0.8 (-0.1 to 2.1) 1.0 (0.0 to 2.0) 1.5 (0.3 to 2.7) 16.4 (12.8 to 20.0) 6.5 (4.1 to 8.9) 0.3 (-0.3 to 1.0) 8.5 (5.4 to 11.6) 4.6 (2.2 to 6.9) 1.0 (0.1 to 2.1) 0.7 (-0.2 to 1.6) 1.3 (0.0 to 2.6) 21.5 (16.9 to 26.1) 6.8 (4.0 to 9.7) 0.4 (-0.4 to 1.1) 5.3 (2.6 to 8.0) 4.2 (1.8 to 6.6) 0.8 (-0.3 to 1.8) 0.4 (-0.4 to 1.1) 0.4 (-0.4 to 1.1) 20.8 (15.9 to 25.7) 4.9 (2.3 to 7.5) 0.4 (-0.3 to 1.0) 4.9 (2.4 to 7.3) 4.9 (2.4 to 7.3) 1.0 (0.1 to 2.2) 0.7 (-0.3 to 1.7) 1.4 (0.0 to 2.7) 19.4 (14.9 to 24.0) 12.5 (8.7 to 16.3) 0.0 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) 7.1 (3.6 to 10.6) 4.3 (1.5 to 7.0) 0.5 (-0.5 to 1.4) 0.5 (-0.5 to 1.4) 0.1 (-0.4 to 2.3) 23.7 (18.0 to 29.4) 8.5 (4.8 to 12.3) 5.7 (4.8 to 6.5) 3.7 (3.0 to 4.4) 0.8 (0.5 to 1.1) 0.6 (0.3 to 0.8) 1.2 (0.8 to 1.6) 13.7 (12.4 to 15.0) 6.1 (5.2 to 7.0) 95

Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering 0-6,000 % If it was good fun 1.2 (-0.4 to 2.8) If I could volunteer when I felt like it 2.9(0.4 to 5.4) Nothing 62.0 (54.7 to 69.3) Other 4.1 (1.1 to 7.1) Better transport/more local Planning to 0.6 (-0.6 to 1.7) More time 2.3 (0.1 to 4.6) 6,001-10,000 % 2.2 (0.9 to 3.6) 5.1 (3.1 to 7.2) 56.9 (52.3 to 61.5) 4.7 (2.7 to 6.6) 0.0 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.7) 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.7) 3.8 (2.0 to 5.6) Better health 0.0 1.6 (0.4 to 2.7) Childcare/will when children older 10,001-15,000 % 1.4 (0.4 to 2.3) 4.3 (2.7 to 6.0) 53.5 (49.4 to 57.5) 8.3 (6.1 to 10.6) 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.5) 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.5) 4.0 (2.4 to 5.6) 1.9 (0.8 to 3.0) 0.0 0.0 0.5 (-0.1 to 1.1) If was supported/valued 0.0 0.2 (-0.2 to 0.7) When retired/not working If involved children/family/local interest If I felt strongly about it/it was worthwhile If it was easy to get to/nearby 0.0 0.0 0.7 (0.0 to 1.4) 0.6 (-0.6 to 1.7) 0.0 0.2 (-02.07) 0.0 0.5 (-0.1 to 1.1) 15,001-20,000 % 1.0 (0.0 to 2.0) 5.2 (3.0 to 7.4) 40.3 (35.5 to 45.1) 4.7 (2.7 to 6.8) 0.5 (-0.2 to 1.2) Income 20,001-25,000 % 1.3 (0.0 to 2.6) 5.9 (3.2 to 8.5) 34.2 (28.9 to 39.5) 5.9 (3.2 to 8.5) 0.0 0.3 (-0.3 to 1.0) 9.5 (6.6 to 12.3) 1.0 (0.0 to 2.0) 0.5 (-02 to 1.2) 25,001-30,000 % 2.3 (0.5 to 4.1) 4.2 (1.8 to 6.6) 34.5 (28.7 to 43.2) 8.0 (4.7 to 11.2) 0.0 0.4 (-0.4 to 1.1) 11.4 (7.8 to 15.0) 0.3 (-0.3 to 1.0) 0.3 (-0.3 to 1.0) 0.4 (-0.4 to 1.1) 8.7 (5.3 to 12.1) 30,001-40,000 % 2.1 (0.4 to 3.7) 5.2 (2.6 to 7.8) 27.4 (22.3 to 33.6) 9.7 (6.3 to 13.1) 0.7 (-0.3 to 1.7) 0.4 (0.3 to 1.0) 13.9 (9.9 to 17.9) 0.0 0.4 (-03.1.0) 1.1 (-0.1 to 2.4) 0.4 (-0.3 to 1.0) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 (-0.3 to 1.7) 0.4 (-0.1 to 0.8) 0.8 (-0.1 to 1.6) 0.3 (-0.2 to 0.7) 0.3 (-0.2 to 0.7) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 (-0.2 to 0.7) 0.7 (-0.2 to 1.6) 2.3 (0.6 to 3.9) 1.5 (0.0 to 3.0) 0.8 (-0.3 to 1.8) 2.1 (0.4 to 3.7) 0.7 (-0.3 to 1.7) 40,001 plus % 1.4 (-0.2 to 3.0) 4.7 (1.9 to 7.6) 28.0 (21.9 to 34.0) 8.5 (4.8 to 12.3) 0.5 (-0.5 to 1.4) All % (95 % CI) 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1) 4.9 (4.1 to 5.7) 43.9 (42.1 to 45.8) 6.7 (5.8 to 7.6) 0.3 (0.1 to 0.5) 0.0 0.2 (0.0 to 0.4) 2.8 (8.3 to 17.3) 1.0 (-0.4 to 2.3) 1.9 (0.1 to 3.7) 7.7 (6.7 to 8.6) 1.0 (0.6 to 1.4) 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) 0.0 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) 2.8 (0.6 to 5.1) 1.9 (0.1 to 3.7) 0.9 (0.6 to 1.3) 0.7 (0.4 to 1.1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 (0.0 to 0.3) 0.0 0.4 (-0.4 to 1.1) 0.0 0.0 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) Base: 2733 respondents who were asked question: what do you think might encourage you to undertake work or activities on a voluntary basis (again) in the future? Variables in italics indicate those included in 2005 data only as reasons given through an open response 96

0-6,000 7.62 A larger proportion of those earning between 0 and 6,001 said that nothing would encourage them to volunteer than any other response (62.0%). 6,001-10,000 7.63 A significantly larger proportion of respondents earning 6,001 to 10,000 said that nothing would encourage them to volunteer (56.9%) than any other response. This is also significantly larger than the population average. 10,001-15,000 7.64 A larger proportion of respondents in the 10,001 to 15,000 income bracket said that nothing would encourage them to volunteer than any other response (53.5%). This is significantly higher than the population average. 15,001-20,000 7.65 When compared with other responses, respondents who earn 15,001 to 20,000 were significantly more likely to claim that nothing could encourage them to volunteer (40.3%). 7.66 Those earning more than 15,000 are significantly less likely to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer than those earning 15,000 or less. 7.67 Likewise, those respondents earning 15,001 or more are significantly more likely than those earning less than that figure to re-start volunteering if they could fit it round their other commitments. Respondents earning 15,001 or more, other than those in the 25,001 to 30,000 bracket, are also significantly more likely to be encouraged to volunteer if they had more time than those earning below this figure. 20,001-25,000 7.68 Respondents in this income bracket were more likely to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer than any other response (34.2%). However, these respondents are less likely than the population average to give this response. 7.69 Compared with the survey sample, this group of respondents is significantly more likely to feel encouraged to take up volunteering if it fits in with their other commitments. 25,001-30,000 7.70 A larger proportion of those earning 25,001 to 30,000 said that nothing could encourage them to volunteer (34.5%) than any other response. 7.71 This group was more likely to be encouraged to volunteer if they could fit it round their other commitments when compared with the population average. 97

30,001-40,000 7.72 A larger proportion of respondents in this income bracket claimed that nothing would encourage them to volunteer (27.4%) or they would be encouraged to volunteer if it could fit round other commitments (19.4%), than any other response. 7.73 However, a smaller proportion of respondents earning 30,001 to 40,000 said that nothing could encourage them to volunteer than the population average. 7.74 Compared with the population average, a larger proportion of these respondents would be more likely to volunteer if they had more time or if it fitted in with their interests and skills. 40,001 Plus 7.75 Respondents in the upper income bracket are more likely to give the following responses than any other responses: that nothing would encourage them to volunteer (28.0%) that being able to fit volunteering round their other commitments would make them more likely to participate (23.7%). 7.76 This group is less likely, when compared with the population average, to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer. 7.77 Further, when compared with the population average, this group is more likely to volunteer if it fits in with their other commitments. 98

Urban Rural Classification Table 7.6: Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Reason for Re-starting Volunteering If I was certain that it wouldn t affect my benefits If I could afford it/was sure I wouldn t be out of pocket If someone I knew volunteered with me If there were more people like me volunteering If I knew more about the opportunities available Large Urban Areas % 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.5) 1.7 (0.9 to 2.5) 1.1 (0.4 to 1.7) 0.7 (0.2 to 1.2) 3.5 (2.3 to 4.6) If I had more confidence 1.1 (0.4 to 1.7) If I thought I could help others 9.3 (5.7 to 8.9) If someone asked me to do something 4.4 (3.2 to 5.7) If it would improve my skills 1.3 (0.6 to 2.0) If it helped me gain qualifications 1.1 (0.4 to 1.7) If it would improve my careers/job 1.9 prospects (1.1 to 2.7) If it fitted in with my other 15.1 commitments (13.0 to 17.3) If it fitted in with my interests and 5.9 skills (4.5 to 7.4) If it was good fun 1.2 (0.5 to 1.8) Other Urban % 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.7) 1.1 (0.3 to 1.8) 0.4 (-0.1 to 0.9) 0.7 (0.1 to 1.3) 2.6 (1.4 to 3.7) 0.6 (0.0 to 1.1) 4.1 (2.7 to 5.5) 2.2 (1.1 to 3.2) 0.7 (0.1 to 1.3) 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.7) 0.6 (0.0 to 1.1) 14.3 (11.8 to 16.9) 5.9 (4.2 to 7.6) 2.5 (1.3 to 3.6) Small Accessible Towns % 0.0 1.7 (0.2 to 3.2) 1.4 (0.0 to 2.7) 0.4 (-0.3 to 1.0) 1.7 (0.2 to 3.2) 0.7 (-0.3 to 1.7) 4.2 (1.9 to 6.5) 2.8 (0.9 to 8.7) 0.0 1.0 (-0.1 to 2.2) 0.4 (-0.3 to 1.0) 14.2 (10.2 to 18.3) 4.5 (2.1 to 6.9) 1.7 (0.2 to 3.2) Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns % Accessible Rural% 0.0 0.3 (-0.3 to 0.9) 1.2 (-1.2 to 3.6) Remote Rural % All % (95 % CI) 0.0 0.3 (0.1 to 0.4) 0.0 1.2 1.3 (-0.4 to 2.8) (0.9 to 1.7) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 (-0.2 to 1.4) (0.3 to 0.9) 1.7 1.8 2.6 (0.4 to 3.1) (-0.2 to 3.8) (2.0 to 3.2) 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.8 (-0.3 to 0.9) (-0.6 to 1.7) (0.5 to 1.1) 4.9 7.1 5.7 (2.7 to 7.2) (3.2 to 11.0) (4.8 to 6.5) 4.4 7.1 3.7 (2.2 to 6.5) (3.2 to 11.0) (3.0 to 4.4) 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.8 (-0.6 to 1.7) (0.5 to 1.1) 0.0 0.0 0.6 (0.3 to 0.8) 1.2 0..0 1.2 (0.0 to 2.3) (0.8 to 1.6) 2.4 (-0.9 to 5.8) 9.8 (3.3 to 16.2) 2.4 (-0.9 to 5.8) 1.2 (-1.2 to 3.6) 1.2 (-1.2 to 3.6) 9.8 (3.3 to 16.2) 11.0 (4.2 to 17.7) 12.5 (9.0 to 16.0) 7.0 (4.3 to 9.7) 0.0 0.9 (-0.1 to 1.9) 20.1 (14.1 to 26.2) 8.9 (4.6 to 13.2) 13.7 (12.4 to 15.0) 6.1 (5.2 to 7.0) 0.0 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1) 99

Reason for Re-starting Volunteering Large Urban Areas % If I could volunteer when I felt like it 4.2 (3.0 to 5.4) Nothing 36.7 (33.8 to 39.6) Other 7.7 (6.0 to 9.3) Better transport/more local 0.1 (-01 to 0.3) Planning to 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.5) More time 9.0 (7.3 to 10.7) Better health 0.7 (0.2 to 1.2) Childcare/will when children older 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) If was supported/valued 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.5) When retired/not working 1.0 (0.4 to 1.5) Other Urban % 7.1 (5.2 to 9.0) 43.6 (40.0 to 47.2) 5.9 (4.2 to 7.6) 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.7) 0.4 (-0.1 to 0.9) 8.5 (6.5 to 10.5) 1.5 (0.6 to 2.4) 0.4 (-0.1 to 0.9) 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.7) 0.7 (0.1 to 1.3) If involved children/family/local interest 1.2 (0.5 to 1.8) 0.4 (-0.1 to 0.9) If I felt strongly about it/it was 0.0 0.3 worthwhile (-0.1 to 0.7) If it was easy to get to/nearby 0.0 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.7) Small Accessible Towns % 3.8 (1.6 to 6.0) 44.4 (38.7 to 50.2) 6.9 (4.0 to 9.9) 0.4 (-0.3 to 1.0) Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns % 3.7 (-04 to 7.7) 42.7 (32.0 to 53.4) 8.5 (2.5 to 14.6) Accessible Rural% 2.9 (1.1 to 4.7) 47.1 (41.8 to 52.4) 9.0 (6.0 to 12.0) Remote Rural % 4.7 (1.5 to 7.9) 39.6 (32.3 to 47.0) 4.1 (1.1 to 7.1) All % (95 % CI) 4.9 (4.1 to 5.7) 43.9 (42.1 to 45.8) 6.7 (5.8 to 7.6) 0.0 0.6 1.8 0.3 (-02 to 1.4) (-0.2 to 3.8) (0.1 to 0.5) 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.2 (-0.3 to 0.9) (-0.6 to 1.7) (0.0 to 0.4) 6.1 7.3 5.9 7.7 (0.9 to 11.3) (4.5 to 10.0) (2.4 to 9.5) (6.7 to 8.6) 1.2 1.2 0.0 1.0 (-1.2 to 3.6) (0.0 to 2.3) (0.6 to 1.4) 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.5 (-0.2 to 1.4) (0.2 to 0.8) 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 (-0.3 to 0.9) (0.0 to 0.2) 0.0 0.9 1.2 0.9 (-0.1 to 1.9) (-0.4 to 2.8) (0.6 to 1.3) 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.7 (-1.2 to 3.6) (-0.1 to 1.9) (0.4 to 1.1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 (0.0 to 0.3) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) 9.0 (5.7 to 12.3) 0.4 (-0.3 to 1.0) 1.0 (-0.1 to 2.2) 2.1 (0.4 to 3.7) 1.4 (0.0 to 2.7) Base: 2733 respondents who were asked question: what do you think might encourage you to undertake work or activities on a voluntary basis (again) in the future? Variables in italics indicate those included in 2005 data only as reasons given through an open response 100

7.78 Our analysis of Scottish Household Survey data found little variation between reasons given for re-starting volunteering in urban and rural areas, and neither did our qualitative research. Below is a discussion of reasons given, broken down by urban/rural classification. Large Urban Areas 7.79 Compared to other responses, respondents living in large urban areas were most likely to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer (36.7%). 7.80 However, this group is less likely when compared with the survey sample to give this response. Other Urban Areas 7.81 Respondents living in other urban areas are more likely to indicate than any other response that nothing would encourage them to volunteer (43.6%). Small Accessible Towns 7.82 A larger proportion of respondents in small accessible towns indicated that nothing would encourage them to volunteer than any other response (44.4%). Small Remote Towns 7.83 A larger proportion of respondents in small remote towns indicated that nothing would encourage them to volunteer than any other response (42.7%). Accessible Rural Areas 7.84 A larger proportion of respondents in accessible rural areas indicated that nothing would encourage them to volunteer than any other response (47.1%). Remote Rural Areas 7.85 When compared with other responses, a larger proportion of respondents in remote rural areas indicated that nothing would encourage them to volunteer (39.6%). 101

CHAPTER EIGHT BARRIERS TO VOLUNTEERING Summary 8.1 This chapter analyses the reasons Scottish Household Survey respondents gave for stopping volunteering. Some variations based on age, gender, economic status, income and urban/rural classification exist but the most common reasons for stopping volunteering are a lack of time, followed by, changes in job circumstances, illness and moving house.. 8.2 Qualitative research confirms Scottish Household Survey findings that volunteers are likely to give up volunteering due to a lack of time, often due to a change in circumstances such as starting a new job or having children. 8.3 To overcome barriers people face to volunteering, we have made some recommendations, including: simplify the Disclosure Scotland process for example, removing the need to apply for a separate disclosure check for every voluntary position applied for, but, rather, place a time limit on when a single disclosure check (that is valid for any voluntary position applied for) requires to be updated raise awareness of volunteering opportunities, what they involve and how people from all walks of life can make a contribution. Workplaces may be an effective intermediary through which to reach non-volunteers. people may be reluctant to put themselves forward to volunteer but may be more likely to do so if they are asked directly the Scottish Executive should consider whether or not the SHS should identify volunteers by asking about activity rather than organisation. A number of people who identified themselves as having never volunteered in our qualitative research had actually volunteered in the past. This was revealed by clarifying the full range of activities that could be classed as volunteering and probing for unpaid activity that may not be perceived as volunteering (see Annex 9 for interview schedules and focus group topic guides). Introduction 8.4 This chapter analyses the barriers to volunteering experienced by people who have never volunteered, and the barriers to doing as much volunteering as they would like faced by current volunteers. The SHS does not currently ask questions relating to these issues to these groups of people, so the findings in this section are based on focus group and interview work with individuals volunteers and non-volunteers. 8.5 It would arguably be useful for the volunteering strategy for SHS to have questions relating to barriers for both non-volunteers and current volunteers. However there may be a logistical problem of adding in yet more questions to an already crowded survey. It is possible that other research, for example that carried out by Volunteer Development Scotland, could be used to ask current and non-volunteers about barriers they face to volunteering. 102

8.6 The SHS does ask questions of people who have volunteered in the past about barriers to volunteering. These questions relate to why they stopped and what would encourage them to take up voluntary activity again. The findings in this section are based on the analysis of the SHS data and the outcomes from focus groups and interview work with individuals who have volunteered at some time in the past. Barriers to Volunteering Current Volunteers 8.7 Two focus groups were held with people who currently volunteer: one on the Isle of Skye (seven participants) and one in Kirkcaldy (nine participants). 8.8 Participants in these focus groups were asked if they had experienced any barriers to taking up volunteering, or doing as much voluntary work as they would like. A number of these were discussed, including the following: Health and disability issues, which restrict the amount of volunteering that participants who have a health problem or disability can do due to: a lack of energy or ability caused by their illness/disability constraints caused by practical issues, for example, a lack of disabled parking spaces may prevent a disabled person from volunteering, if they are physically unable to walk the distance from another parking space to their place of volunteering concern about letting people down if they cannot fulfil their volunteering duties as a result of their condition, which can lead to a reluctance to take on additional commitments. Disclosure Scotland checks. These are expensive, involve what is seen as a lengthy process and there is the inconvenience of completing a separate application for each voluntary position. One participant was prevented from volunteering with school children doing their cycling proficiency training because the school could not afford to pay for his disclosure check. To improve this situation, it was suggested that the disclosure process should be made speedier, and the requirement to have a check carried out for each voluntary position should be removed or at least made more flexible. For example, the process would be simpler if a single disclosure check was valid for multiple voluntary positions, but had to be renewed after a certain amount of time. This is an issue that is currently being addressed by the Scottish government. a lack of affordable and reliable public transport in rural areas. State benefits. One participant mentioned that because of her benefits situation, she could not do any more than 16 hours of volunteering per week. 8.9 Other disadvantages or problems associated with volunteering mentioned by current volunteers are: 103

a lengthy wait for reimbursement of travel expenses an individual may be overloaded by requests for help if he/she is seen as someone willing to volunteer lack of acceptance from professionals working in field for example, one participant volunteering with a caring organisation felt professionals working in the field look down on volunteers, who are seen as lacking in expertise, making it difficult to work together. 8.10 Those disadvantages listed above at paragraph 8.8 were not perceived to be sufficiently strong barriers to stop people volunteering. 8.11 These participants were also asked if they could foresee anything that might cause them to stop volunteering within the next year. Only one felt she may have to stop volunteering within the near future, when her son, who has learning disabilities, leaves school, which will place more demands on her time to care for him. Non-Volunteers 8.12 Non-volunteers, that is, people who identified themselves as never having done any voluntary work, participated in qualitative research for this study. We held two focus groups in Glasgow involving a total of 10 participants. 8.13 On the Isle of Skye, we carried out one focus group with four participants, one faceto-face interview and five telephone interviews. 8.14 The main barriers to volunteering mentioned, unprompted, by these participants were as follows: lack of time caused by work, family and other commitments. lack of awareness of opportunities to volunteer and where to find information about volunteering. As one participant put it, I d like to volunteer but don t know how to go about it (non-volunteer, Skye, male). lack of confidence in their ability to volunteer, that is, a belief that they do not have the necessary skills to volunteer, or a lack of confidence in (nonvolunteers ) ability to make a difference (non-volunteer, Glasgow, female). lack of awareness of what volunteering involves. There is a perception that volunteering is intense and emotionally draining (non-volunteer, Glasgow, female). 8.15 The latter two of these barriers are inter-linked, with a lack of awareness of what volunteering involves contributing to the fear that participants would be unable to make an effective contribution in a voluntary role. 8.16 This is a theme also identified by research examining non-volunteers perceptions of volunteering carried out by TNS on behalf of Volunteer Development Scotland, which also found that a lack of awareness of what volunteering involves contributed to the perception among non-volunteers that they did not have the time to volunteer. 8.17 To address this, non-volunteers would like more information about volunteering opportunities, what they involve, and how they could contribute. To do this, non-volunteers 104

suggested that a marketing campaign, featuring case studies of volunteers from all walks of life on short television slots, should be implemented. This campaign should raise awareness of where to find information about volunteering opportunities, and of what is involved in volunteering and the wide range of activities that can be undertaken. By doing this, it would be possible to demonstrate to potential volunteers that they could have the ability to volunteer. 8.18 It was suggested that workplaces would be an effective intermediary through which to target potential volunteers. Employers (particularly those with a stated corporate social responsibility strategy) could be encouraged to allow their employees some time off work to volunteer to help their local community. As well as being good PR for employers, individuals would be given the time to volunteer and have the chance to gain a taster of volunteering. 8.19 We recommend that volunteering opportunities should be as easy as possible to access and to find out about, and that efforts should be made to raise awareness of volunteering opportunities and what they involve among non-volunteers. Using workplaces as an intermediary to reach these people could be an effective means of doing this. 8.20 Other barriers mentioned by this group were Disclosure Scotland issues and a lack of affordable and available transport in rural areas. 8.21 A small number of participants said that their health would prevent them from volunteering. 8.22 In addition, some people may be reluctant to put themselves forward to volunteer. One way to tackle this is to ask people to volunteer directly and personally. 8.23 The TNS research mentioned above also found that non-volunteers may be more likely to volunteer if they were asked to do so by somebody they know. Further, one participant in our qualitative research said that he had never considered volunteering because he had never been asked to. 8.24 Directly asking non-volunteers to volunteer could overcome their lack of awareness of what volunteering involves and how they could contribute, particularly if the person asking is known to them, as questions could be asked and the exact nature of the volunteering opportunity explained. 8.25 It emerged from our research that almost half of participants who had identified themselves as people who had never volunteered, had in actual fact undertaken unpaid activities that could be termed as volunteering in the past. This was revealed by probing for any unpaid activity undertaken in the past, that may not be perceived to be volunteering. Activities undertaken by these participants include helping with a child s football team, helping with school activities and serving on a committee of a choir of which the participant was a member. In these situations these non-volunteers did not view this activity as volunteering, rather it was seen as just helping out, or something that was expected of them due to the involvement of themselves/their children in the group. 8.26 This suggests that a higher proportion of people in Scotland are involved in voluntary activity than identified by the Scottish Household Survey, due to differing perceptions of 105

which activities comprise volunteering. Clearly some respondents do not call the above activities volunteering. 8.27 This also supports the argument for asking the screening question about activity rather than organisation to help people understand what is meant by volunteering. Reasons for Stopping Volunteering 8.28 As well as issues that act as barriers to people starting volunteering, or doing as much voluntary work as they would like to, we have analysed reasons for stopping volunteering given by former volunteers. This is based on responses to the Scottish Household Survey and augmented by qualitative telephone interviews carried out by Blake Stevenson. 8.29 In the focus groups current volunteers were also asked, if they had had to stop volunteering in the past, why this had been the case. Scottish Household Survey Respondents who had Stopped Volunteering 8.30 To identify current and former volunteers, Scottish Household Survey respondents were asked have you ever volunteered?. 8.31 The analysis below is based on the responses of the 1863 respondents who said yes to the above question in the 2005 survey. This includes a small number of current volunteers who have stopped volunteering in the past but have now resumed voluntary activity. The remaining respondents volunteered in the past but have stopped and have not resumed. Reasons for Stopping Volunteering 8.32 Respondents to the Scottish Household Survey who have given up volunteering in the past were asked to identify the reason(s) why they had stopped volunteering. 8.33 It is important to note two points regarding our analysis of reasons for stopping volunteering. 8.34 Firstly, respondents were given a list of possible reasons for stopping volunteering, from which they were asked to indicate the reason(s) for their stopping volunteering. In 2005, respondents who said they had stopped volunteering due to another reason not on the list were asked to specify the other reason. The number of people quoting the following other reasons was recorded in the dataset on which our analysis is based. too old children grew up became a student organisation collapsed/organisational issues too much pressure time-limited/no longer needed. 8.35 Secondly, it should be noted that respondents were able to give more than one reason for why they stopped volunteering. We have recorded both the first reasons given, and the 106

combined reasons in table 8.1 below. However the bulk of analysis concerns the first reasons only, as the number of those with second reasons represents less than a quarter of the first. In addition the order of categories is not significantly changed. Table 8.1: Reasons for Stopping Volunteering Respondents reporting reasons for Respondents first Reasons for stopping volunteering stopping volunteering in the past reasons for stopping (% of classification total and 95% volunteering % CI) I got bored or lost interest 3.2 (2.4 to 4.0) 2.0 (1.4 to 2.7) Things could have been better organised 1.7 (1.1 to 2.3) 1.2 (0.7 to 1.7) I didn t have the time any longer 26.4 (26.8 to 30.5) 23.2 (21.3 to 25.2) I wanted a change 1.9 (1.3 to 2.6) 1.3 (0.8 to 1.8) I had achieved what I wanted to achieve 4.8 (3.9 to 5.8) 3.5 (2.7 to 4.4) I had new caring responsibilities 6.6 (5.5 to 7.6) 4.2 (3.3 to 5.2) I had children 7.3 (6.1 to 8.4) 4.9 (3.9 to 5.9) I didn t feel appreciated 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) 0.6 (0.2 to 0.9) It was costing me money 1.3 (0.8 to 1.8) 0.9 (0.5 to 1.3) Through illness 15.9 (14.8 to 18.2) 14.3 (12.9 to 15.9) Changed job/started work/ started paid 16.5 (12.7 to 15.3) 13.1 (11.6 to 14.6) work/job got busier I moved house 15.2 (13.6 to 16.8) 11.8 (10.3 to 13.3) My circumstances changed 1.6 (1.0 to 2.1) 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) Other reasons 2.2 (1.5 to 2.9) 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) Too old 6.6 (5.4 to 7.7) 5.1 (4.1 to 6.1) Children grew up/left 4.1 (3.2 to 5.0) 3.3 (2.5 to 4.1) Became a student 2.1 (1.4 to 2.7) 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) Organisation collapsed/organisational 3.6 (2.8 to 4.4) 3.4 (2.6 to 4.2) issues Too much pressure 1.1 (0.6 to 1.5) 0.8 (0.4 to 1.2) Time-limited/no longer needed 2.1 (1.4 to 2.7) 2.1 (1.4 to 2.7) Base: 1863 respondents who were asked the question: why did you stop being involved in voluntary work or activities? 107

8.36 Table 8.1 shows that lack of time (23.2%) is the significantly most common reason for giving up volunteering. The next most common reasons are (not in significant order) illness (14.3%), changed employment circumstances (13.1%) and moving house (11.8%). 8.37 This finding is supported by our telephone interviews with former volunteers. Many of these participants stopped volunteering primarily because of a lack of time often caused by a change in their circumstances, for example having children or changing job. 8.38 When prompted, many interviewees who gave up volunteering as a result of time pressures said that this could be overcome if volunteering opportunities were more flexible, for example: if children could be taken along and perhaps participate this would solve childcare worries if volunteering could be undertaken at the weekend if volunteering could be done from home if volunteers could choose when and for how long to volunteer. 8.39 Other reasons for stopping volunteering include: Health issues interviewees who gave this reason said they would have liked to continue volunteering, but their health made this unrealistic, even with support. I would have been happy to volunteer more if it weren t for my health (former volunteer, female, Borders). One interviewee who said he stopped because of health problems said he would volunteer again if he could find a suitable opportunity, that is, one that is not too strenuous. One current volunteer had given up volunteering due to health issues but resumed volunteering after recovery. Health of family members two interviewees stopped volunteering to care for family members who were ill. Moving away from the area, including to start university, meaning that the voluntary organisation was too far away. One current volunteer had stopped volunteering as a result of moving to a new area but has now resumed volunteering having found opportunities in his new locality. Too much travel. One interviewee wanted to fit all her volunteering hours into one day a week rather than two, but the organisation was unwilling to be flexible, resulting in the interviewee stopping volunteering. Feeling unappreciated the children loved it and improved but the school did not seem to care (former volunteer, female, Borders). 108

8.40 Other problems/disadvantages (that were not the main reason for stopping volunteering) associated with volunteering identified by former volunteers include: emotionally draining nature of certain voluntary opportunities difficulties in combining volunteering with studying lack of training in how to deal with a particular group of disabled people. 8.41 The following section reports on the reasons for stopping volunteering reported in the Scottish Household Survey and how they relate to the following demographic characteristics: Age Gender Economic Status Income Urban/Rural Classification. 109

Age Table 8.2: Reasons for Stopping Volunteering by Age 2005 Reason for Stopping Volunteering 16 to 24 % 25 to 34 % 35 to 44 % Banded Age 45 to 59 % 60 to 74% 75 plus % All % I got bored or lost interest * * * * * * 2.0 (1.4 to 2.7) Things could have been better organised I didn t have the time any longer 28.5 (20.7 to 36.2) * * * * 3.1 (1.4 to 4.8) 33.3 (24.4 to 39.2) 30.5 (25.7 to 35.2) 28.7 (24.7 to 32.7) 12.3 (8.9 to 15.6) * 1.2 (0.7 to 1.7) 7.4 (4.4 to 10.5) 23.2 (21.3 to 25.2) I wanted a change * * * * * * 1.3 (0.8 to 1.8) I had achieved what I wanted to achieve * * * 3.3 (1.7 to 4.9) I had new caring responsibilities * * 3.6 (1.7 to 5.6) I had children * 9.8 (6.0 to 13.5) 10.1 (6.9 to 13.2) 4.7 (2.8 to 6.6) 4.7 (2.8 to 6.6) 5.8 (3.4 to 8.3) 6.4 (3.9 to 8.9) * 3.5 (2.7 to 4.4) 5.7 (3.0 to 8.4) 4.2 (3.3 to 5.2) * * 4.9 (3.9 to 5.9) I didn t feel appreciated * * * * * * 0.6 (0.2 to 0.9) It was costing me money * * * * * * 0.9 (0.5 to 1.3) Through illness * * 3.1 (1.3 to 4.9) Changed job/started work/job got busier/i started paid employment 20.0 (13.1 to 26.9) I moved house 15.4 (9.2 to 21.6) 16.3 (11.6 to 20.9) 14.2 (9.9 to 18.6) 18.7 (14.7 to 22.8) 12.8 (9.4 to 16.3) 9.6 (7.0 to 12.2) 16.6 (13.3 to 19.9) 12.7 (9.8 to 15.7) 28.7 (24.0 to 33.4) 5.9 (3.4 to 8.3) 11.7 (8.4 to 15.0) 33.7 (28.2 to 39.2) 14.3 (12.9 to 15.9) * 13.1 (11.6 to 14.6) 5.3 (2.7 to 7.9) 11.8 (10.3 to 13.3) My circumstances changed * * * * * * 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) Other reasons * * * * * * 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) Too old * * * * 4.7 (2.5 to 6.9) Children grew up/left * * 3.9 (1.9 to 5.9) 6.8 (4.5 to 9.0) 25.5 (20.4 to 30.6) 5.1 (4.1 to 6.1) * * 3.3 (2.5 to 4.1) 110

Reason for Stopping Volunteering 16 to 24 % Became a student 9.2 (4.3 to 14.2) Organisation collapsed/organisational issues 25 to 34 % 35 to 44 % Banded Age 45 to 59 % 60 to 74% 75 plus % All % * * * * * 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) * * 3.4 (1.5 to 5.2) 3.1 (1.5 to 4.6) 4.7 (2.5 to 6.9) 3.9 (1.6 to 6.2) 3.4 (2.6 to 4.2) Too much pressure * * * * * * 0.8 (0.4 to 1.2) Time-limited/no longer needed * * 3.4 (1.5 to 5.2) * * * 2.1 (1.4 to 2.7) Base: 1863 respondents who were asked the question: why did you stop being involved in voluntary work or activities? 111

Age 16 to 24 8.42 The reason that is most likely to lead those aged 16 to 24 to stop volunteering is a lack of time (28.5%). 8.43 This age group is also significantly more likely than older age groups to stop volunteering as a result of becoming a student. 8.44 Two of our telephone interviewees stopped volunteering as a result of becoming a student. For both, this meant moving away from home, and consequently too far away from the organisations with whom they volunteered. These interviewees would be keen to re-start volunteering, but currently have no time due to university classes and studying on weekdays and part-time paid employment at weekends. Age 25-34 8.45 Respondents aged 25 to 34 are significantly more likely to stop volunteering because of a lack of time (33.3%) than any other reason. 8.46 A significantly larger proportion of this age group stop volunteering as a result of a lack of time than those aged over 60. 8.47 This age group is significantly more likely to stop volunteering as a result of having children than the survey sample. Age 35 to 44 8.48 Compared to other reasons, a lack of time (30.5%) and changing job (18.7%) are most likely to cause this age group to stop volunteering. Indeed, a lack of time is significantly more likely to cause this age group to stop volunteering than the survey sample. 8.49 Thirty-five to 44 year olds are significantly more likely than respondents aged over 60 to stop volunteering as a result of a lack of time. 8.50 In addition, this age group is significantly more likely than the survey sample to give up volunteering as a result of having children or changing job. 8.51 They are significantly less like to give up volunteering due to illness than the survey sample. Age 45 to 59 8.52 Compared to other reasons, a lack of time (28.7%) is most likely to cause this age group to stop volunteering. 8.53 This age group is significantly more likely than those aged over 60 to give up volunteering due to a lack of time. They are less likely that the 25-39 age group to give up because of having children 112

Age 60 to 74 8.54 Compared to other reasons for stopping volunteering, a larger proportion said that illness (28.7%) led to them stopping volunteering. 8.55 Respondents aged over 60 years are significantly more likely than younger people, and the sample as a whole to give up volunteering as a result of illness. This finding is supported by our telephone interview findings, where interviewees over 60 were more likely to have given up due to health reasons. Age 75 Plus 8.56 Respondents aged over 75 are significantly more likely to give up volunteering because of becoming too old (25.5%) or illness (33.7%) than any other reason. They are significantly more likely than the survey sample, and any other age group to cite becoming too old as a reason for stopping volunteering. 8.57 A significantly larger proportion of males named lack of time (26.4%) as a reason for stopping volunteering than any other reason. This was also the most common reason among females (21.4%). There is no significant difference between the proportions of the two genders that named this reason. 8.58 In addition females are significantly more likely that males to give up volunteering because of illness, having children, or children leaving home. 8.59 Our telephone interviews found no difference between males and females in reasons given for stopping volunteering. 113

Gender Table 8.3: Reasons for Stopping Volunteering by Gender Reason for Stopping Volunteering Male % Female % I got bored or lost interest 2.6 (1.4 to 3.8) 1.7 (1.0 to 2.5) Things could have been better organised * 1.4 (0.7 to 2.0) I didn t have the time any longer 26.4 (23.1 to 29.7) I wanted a change 1.7 (0.8 to 2.7) I had achieved what I wanted to achieve 4.9 (3.3 to 6.5) I had new caring responsibilities 2.4 (1.3 to 3.6) I had children 2.4 (1.3 to 3.6) 21.4 (19.0 to 23.7) 1.0 (0.4 to 1.6) 2.7 (1.8 to 3.7) 5.3 (4.0 to 6.6) 6.4 (7.9 to 7.7) All % 2.0 (1.4 to 2.7) 1.2 (0.7 to 1.7) 23.2 (21.3 to 25.2) 1.3 (0.8 to 1.8) 3.5 (2.7 to 4.4) 4.2 (3.3 to 5.2) 4.9 (3.9 to 5.9) I didn t feel appreciated * * 0.6 (0.2 to 0.9) It was costing me money 1.6 (0.7 to 2.5) Through illness 11.3 (9.0 to 13.7) Changed job/started work/job got busier/i started paid employment 11.1 (8.7 to 13.4) I moved house 12.3 (9.9 to 14.8) My circumstances changed 2.2 (1.1 to 3.2) Other reasons 1.7 (0.8 to 2.7) Too old 5.6 (3.9 to 7.3) * 0.9 (0.5 to 1.3) 16.0 (13.9 to 18.1) 14.3 (12.3 to 16.3) 11.5 (9.7 to 13.3) 0.9 (0.3 to 1.4) 1.4 (0.7 to 2.0) 4.8 (3.6 to 6.0) 14.3 (12.9 to 15.9) 13.1 (11.6 to 14.6) 11.8 (10.3 to 13.3) 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) 5.1 (4.1 to 6.1) 114

Reason for Stopping Volunteering Male % Female % Children grew up/left 1.7 (0.8 to 2.7) Became a student 1.4 (0.6 to 2.3) Organisation collapsed/organisational issues 4.6 (3.0 to 6.1) 4.2 (3.1 to 5.4) 1.3 (0.6 to 1.9) 2.7 (1.7 to 3.6) All % 3.3 (2.5 to 4.1) 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) 3.4 (2.6 to 4.2) Too much pressure * * 0.8 (0.4 to 1.2) Time-limited/no longer needed 3.2 (1.9 to 4.5) Base: 1863 respondents who were asked the question: why did you stop being involved in voluntary work or activities? 1.5 (0.8 to 2.1) 2.1 (1.4 to 2.7) 115

Economic Status Table 8.4: Reasons for Stopping Volunteering by Economic Status Economic status All % Unable to work due to short term ill health Permanently sick/ Disabled % Gvt work/training scheme Higher/ further education% At School Unemployed and seeking work % Retired % Looking after home/ family % Part-time % Full-time % Self-employed % Reasons for Stopping Volunteering * * * * * * 2.0 (1.4 to 2.7) * * 2.2 (1.0 to 3.4) * 2.1 (1.0 to 3.2) * * * * * * 1.2 (0.7 to 1.7) * * * * 2.2 (1.0 to 3.4) * * * 23.2 (21.3 to 25.2) * 30.9 (19.9 to 41.9) 9.6 (7.2 to 12.0) * 13.1 (6.7 to 19.2) 26.3 (24.9 to 35.3) 35.5 (31.9 to 39.1) 43.0 (32.26 to 53.5) * * * * * * 1.3 (0.8 to 1.8) * * * * 1.7 (0.7 to 2.8) * * * * * * 3.5 (2.7 to 4.4) * * 4.1 (2.5 to 5.7) * 3.4 (2.0 to 4.8) * * * * * * 4.2 (3.3 to 5.2) * 6.7 (4.7 to 8.7) 7.4 (3.7 to 11.1) * 3.4 (2.0 to 4.8) I got bored or lost interest Things could have been better organised I didn t have the time any longer I wanted a change I had achieved what I wanted to achieve I had new caring responsibilities * * * * * * * 4.9 (3.9 to 5.9) 18.7 (11.3 to 26.1) 13.2 (8.4 to 18.0) I had children * 4.5 (2.9 to 6.0) * * * * * * * * * * * 0.6 (0.2 to 0.9) * * * * * * * * * * * 0.9 (0.5 to 1.3) I didn t feel appreciated It was costing me money * 14.3 (12.9 to 15.9) * * * * 51.8 (41.1 to 62.6) Through illness * * * * 32.7 (28.9 to 36.5) 116

Economic status All % Unable to work due to short term ill health Permanently sick/ Disabled % Gvt work/training scheme Higher/ further education% At School Unemployed and seeking work % Retired % Looking after home/ family % Part-time % Full-time % Self-employed % Reasons for Stopping Volunteering * * * * * * 13.1 (11.6 to 14.6) 4.5 (2.8 to 6.2) 10.3 (4.5 to 16.0) 17.9 (12.4 to 23.3) * 22.4 (19.3 to 25.6) Changed job/started work/job got busier/i started paid employment * 11.8 (10.3 to 13.3) * 13.3 (6.0 to 20.5) * 26.5 (16.0 to 37.0) 22.7 (10.3 to 35.1) 9.3 (6.9 to 11.7) 9.3 (3.8 to 14.9) 11.1 (6.6 to 15.5) 12.6 (10.1 to 15.1) I moved house 12.8 (5.7 to 19.8) * * * * * * * * * * * 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) My circumstances changed * * * * * * 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) Other reasons * * * * 1.7 (0.7 to 2.8) * * * * * * 5.1 (4.1 to 6.1) Too old * * * * 14.3 (11.4 to 17.1) * * * * * * * * * 3.3 (2.5 to 4.1) * 4.9 (3.3 to 6.5) Children grew up/left * * * 1.3 (0.8 to 1.9) Became a student * * * * * * * 16.2 (7.4 to 24.9) * * * * * * 3.4 (2.6 to 4.2) * * 4.3 (2.7 to 6.0) * 2.8 (1.6 to 4.1) Organisation collapsed/organis * * * * * * * * * * * 0.8 (0.4 to 1.2) * * * * * * 2.1 (1.4 to 2.7) * * 1.9 (0.8 to 3.0) * 2.7 (1.5 to 3.9) ational issues Too much pressure Time-limited/no longer needed Base:1863 respondents who were asked the question: why did you stop being involved in voluntary work or activities? Note: Groupings at school, in government work/training scheme, unable to work due to short term health and other have been omitted from the table due to small sample size. 117

Self-employed 8.58 Compared to other reasons, a significantly larger proportion of those who are selfemployed said that a lack of time (43.0%) led to giving up volunteering. This group is significantly more likely to give a lack of time as a reason for giving up volunteering than the population sample and also: those who are looking after home/family those who are permanently sick or disabled those who are permanently retired. Full-time Employed 8.59 A significantly larger proportion of respondents who are employed full-time named lack of time (35.5%) as a reason for stopping volunteering than any other reason. 8.60 Significantly larger proportions of respondents in this group than the survey sample stopped volunteering due to starting a paid job. 8.61 In addition, they are more likely to stop volunteering because of lack of time than: looking after their home/family those who are unemployed.those permanently retired Part-time Employed 8.62 Those who are employed on a part-time basis are significantly more likely to stop volunteering as a result of lack of time (26.3%) than any other reason. Looking after Home/Family 8.63 This group is significantly more likely than the survey sample (18.7%) to give up volunteering as a result of having children 8.64 They are significantly less likely than the survey sample to cite lack of time. Retired 8.65 Respondents who are retired are significantly more likely to have stopped volunteering as a result of illness (32.7%) than any other reason. Unemployed and Seeking Work 8.66 Respondents who are unemployed and seeking work are more likely, when compared with other reasons, to give up volunteering as a result of moving house (22.7%). There is no significant difference in the proportions of other groups naming this reason. 118

Higher/Further Education 8.67 Those who are in higher or further education said they gave up volunteering due to lack of time (30.9%), moving house (26.5%) or becoming a student (16.2%). There is no significant difference between the proportions of this group giving each of these reasons. 8.68 This group is significantly more likely than the survey sample to have stopped volunteering to become a student. Permanently Sick/Disabled 8.69 Respondents who are permanently sick or disabled are significantly more likely to stop volunteering due to illness (51.8%) than any other reason. 8.70 A significantly higher proportion of this group stopped volunteering due to illness when compared with every other group and with the survey sample as a whole. 0-6,000 8.71 Those respondents earning 0-6,000, when compared with other reasons, were most likely to cite illness (28.2%) as a reason for giving up volunteering. This group is significantly more likely to give this reason than those who earn 15,001 or more, and the survey sample as a whole 8.72 They are also significantly less likely that the sample, and particularly those earning more than 20,000 to give up due to lack of time. 6,001-10,000 8.73 Those respondents earning between 6,001 and 10,000, when compared with other reasons, were significantly most likely to stop volunteering due to illness (24.3%). 8.74 Also, when compared with the survey sample, this group is significantly more likely to have stopped volunteering due to illness. 119

Income Table 8.5: Reasons for Stopping Volunteering by Annual Household Income Reasons for Stopping Volunteering I got bored or lost interest 0-6,000 % 6,001-10,000 % 10,001-15,000 % 15,001-20,000 % Income 20,001-25,000 % 25,001-30,000 % 30,001-40,000 % 40,001 plus % All % * * * * * * * * 2.0 (1.4 to 2.7) Things could have been better organised I didn t have the time any longer * * * * * * * * 1.2 (0.7 to 1.7) 15.0 (8.6 to 21.4) 12.3 (8.6 to 16.1) 19.8 (15.8 to 23.8) 24.9 (19.9 to 29.9) 31.0 (24.8 to 37.2) 30.2 (23.4 to 36.9) 30.4 (23.8 to 36.9) 30.1 (22.7 to 37.6) 23.4 (21.4 to 25.3) I wanted a change * * * * * * * * 1.3 (0.8 to 1.8) I had achieved what I wanted to achieve I had new caring responsibilities * 3.4 (1.3 to 5.5) * 5.8 (3.1 to 8.5) 2.6 (1.0 to 4.1) 3.6 (1.7 to 5.4) I had children * * 3.9 (1.9 to 5.8) 5.5 (2.9 to 8.2) 3.8 (1.6 to 6.0) 4..2 (1.9 to 6.5) * * * * 3.6 (2.7 to 4.4) 5.2 (2.2 to 8.1) 6.6 (3.2 to 9.9) * * * 4.2 (3.3 to 5.2) 10.1 (5.7 to 14.5) 6.8 (3.2 to 10.4) 8.9 (4.3 to 13.5) 4.9 (3.9 to 5.9) I didn t feel appreciated * * * * * * * * 0.6 (0.2 to 1.0) It was costing me money Through illness 28.2 (21.0 to 37.3) Changed job/started work/job got busier/i started paid employment * * * * * * * * 0.9 (0.5 to 1.4) 8.3 (3.4 to 13.3) 24.3 (19.4 to 29.2) 8.2 (5.1 to 11.4) 23.4 (19.2 to 27.6) 12.1 (8.8 to 15.3) 14.9 (10.8 to 19.0) 15.2 (11.1 to 19.4) * * * * 14.4 (12.7 to 16.0) 14.6 (9.8 to 19.3) 16.8 (11.3 to 22.2) 14.1 (9.2 to 19.1) 19.2 (12.8 to 25.6) 13.3 (11.7 to 14.8) I moved house 15.0 (8.6 to 21.4) 12.3 (8.6 to 16.1) 10.5 (7.5 to 13.6) 10.4 (6.9 to 13.9) 12.7 (8.2 to 17.1) 13.4 (8.4 to 18.4) 13.6 (8.7 to 18.5) 9.6 (4.8 to 14.4) My circumstances * * * * * * * * 1.4 11.9 (10.4 to 13.4) 120

Reasons for Stopping Volunteering 0-6,000 % 6,001-10,000 % 10,001-15,000 % 15,001-20,000 % Income 20,001-25,000 % 25,001-30,000 % 30,001-40,000 % 40,001 plus % changed (0.8 to 1.9) Other reasons * * * * * * * * 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) Too old * 8.6 (5.4 to 11.8) 6.9 (4.4 to 9.5) All % * * * * * 4.8 (3.8 to 5.8) Children grew up/left * * * * * * 7.9 (4.0 to 11.7) 6.8 (2.8 to 10.9) 3.2 (2.4 to 4.1) Became a student * * * * * * * * 1.2 (0.7 to 1.7) Organisation collapsed/organisational issues * 4.1 (1.8 to 6.4) 4.4 (2.3 to 6.4) 3.5 (1.4 to 5.6) 5.2 (2.2 to 8.1) * * * 3.3 (2.5 to 4.1) Too much pressure * * * * * * * * 0.8 (0.4 to 1.2) Time-limited/no longer needed * * * * * * * * 2.1 (1.4 to 2.7) Base: 1819 respondents with income information who were asked the question: why did you stop being involved in voluntary work or activities? 121

10,001-15,000 8.75 A larger proportion of respondents in this income bracket quoted illness as a reason for stopping volunteering than any other reason (23.4%). 8.76 In addition, this group is significantly more likely than the survey sample to have given up volunteering due to illness. 15,001-20,000 8.77 Respondents in this income bracket were significantly more likely to stop volunteering as a result of a lack of time (24.9%) than any other reason. 8.78 Those earning more than 15,000 are significantly more likely than those earning 10,000 or less to stop volunteering due to a lack of time, but are significantly less likely than those earning 10,000 or less to stop as a result of illness. 20,001-25,000 8.79 The reason for stopping volunteering most commonly quoted by this income group is lack of time (31.0%). 25,001-30,000 8.80 The reason for stopping volunteering most commonly quoted by this income group is lack of time (30.2%). 30,001-40,000 8.81 Respondents who earn between 30,001 and 40,000, when compared with other reasons, are most likely to give up volunteering due to lack of time (30.4%). 40,001 Plus 8.82 Those respondents at the upper end of the income scale were more likely to have stopped volunteering due to a lack of time (30.1.%) or changing job (19.2%) than any other reason. 122

Urban Rural Classification Table 8.6: Reasons for Stopping Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Reason for Stopping Volunteering Large Urban Areas % I got bored or lost interest 1.6 (0.6 to 2.5) Things could have been better organised I didn t have the time any longer 25.5 (22.1 to 28.8) Other Urban % 2.5 (1.1 to 3.8) Small Accessible Towns % Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns % Accessible Rural% Remote Rural % All % * * * * 2.1 (1.4 to 2.7) * * * * * * 1.3 (0.7 to 2.5) 20.2 (16.6 to 23.8) 24.3 (18.5 to 30.1) 16.7 (9.0 to 24.4) 21.6 (16.2 to 26.9) 26.8 (20.4 to 33.2) 28.2 (21.2 to 25.1) I wanted a change * * * * * * 1.3 (0.8 to 1.8) I had achieved what I wanted to achieve 4.1 (2.5 to 5.6) I had new caring responsibilities 5.6 (3.8 to 7.4) I had children 4.8 (3.2 to 6.5) 2.9 (1.4 to 4.3) 2.9 (1.4 to 4.3) 535 (3.5 to 7.5) * * * 6.6 (3.0 to 10.1) * * 4.9 (2.7 to 7.6) * * 5.3 (2.4 to 8.2) 3.6 (2.7 to 4.4) * 4.2 (3.3 to 5.2) * 0.6 (0.2 to 1.0) I didn t feel appreciated * * * * * * 0.9 (1.0 to 1.9) It was costing me money * * * * * * 1.2 (0.5 to 1.4) Through illness 13.9 (11.2 to 16.6) Changed job/started work/job got busier/i started paid employment 12.0 (9.5 to 14.6) I moved house 10.6 (8.2 to 13.0) 16.5 (13.2 to 19.8) 15.9 (12.7 to 19.2) 8.8 (6.3 to 11.3) My circumstances changed * 2.2 (0.9 to 3.6) 15.2 (10.4 to 20.1) 14.8 (10.6 to 19.6) 11.0 (6.7 to 15.2) 13.3 (6.3 to 20.4) 11.1 (4.6 to 17.6) 12.2 (5.5 to 19.0) 10.6 (6.6 to 14.6) 12.3 (8.1 to 16.6) 16.3 (11.5 to 21.1) 13.7 (8.7 to 18.6) 9.8 (5.5 to 14.2) 18.6 (12.9 to 24.2) 14.3 (12.7 to 15.9) 13.2 (11.6 to 14.7) 11.7 (10.3 to 12.2) * * * * 1.4 (0.8 to 1.9) 123

Reason for Stopping Volunteering Large Urban Areas % Other reasons 2.2 (1.1to 3.3) Too old 4.4 (2.8 to 6.0) Children grew up/left 2.8 (1.5 to 4.1) Became a student 2.3 (1.2 to 3.5) Organisation 2.2 collapsed/organisational issues (1.1 to 3.3) Other Urban % Small Accessible Towns % Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns % Accessible Rural% Remote Rural % All % * * * * * 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) 3.5 (1.8 to 5.1) 4.5 (2.7 to 6.3) 6.2 (2.9 to 9.4) * 7.5 (4.1 to 10.9) 6.0 (2.6 to 9.5) 5.1 (4.1 to 6.1) * * * * 3.3 (2.4 to 4.1) * * * * * 1.3 (0.8 to 1.8) 4.5 (2.7 to 6.3) Too much pressure * 2.0 (0.8 to 3.3) Time-limited/no longer needed 2.7 (1.4 to 3.9) 5.2 (2.9 to 6.4) Base: 2733 respondents who were asked the question: why did you stop being involved in voluntary work or activities? * * * 3.4 (2.6 to 4.3) * * * * 0.8 (0.4 to 1.2) * * * * * 2.1 (1.5 to 2.8) 124

Large Urban Areas 8.83 Respondents living in large urban areas, when compared with other reasons, were significantly more likely to say they had stopped volunteering because of lack of time (25.5%). 8.84 There is no significant difference between the proportions of respondents in this urban/rural classification and other urban rural classifications that gave this reason. There is also no significant difference between any urban/rural classification and the survey sample. Other Urban Areas 8.85 A larger proportion of respondents living in other urban areas said that they gave up volunteering due to lack of time (20.2%) than any other reason, although this was not statistically significant. Small Accessible Towns 8.86 Respondents living in small accessible towns, when compared with other reasons, are significantly more likely to say they had stopped volunteering because of lack of time (24.3%), although this was not statistically significant. Small Remote Towns 8.87 Respondents in this urban/rural classification are more likely to have given up volunteering due to becoming lack of time than any other reason (16.7%) although this was not statistically significant. Accessible Rural 8.88 A larger proportion of respondents in this group said that they stopped volunteering because of lack of time (21.6%) than any other reason although this was not statistically significant. Remote Rural 8.89 Respondents living in remote rural areas were more likely to have given up volunteering due to lack of time (26.8%) than any other reason although this was not statistically significant. 8.90 Our qualitative research found that problems with public transport were more likely to act as a barrier to volunteering in rural Skye than in urban areas of Fife. 125

CHAPTER NINE ANALYSIS TRENDS IN VOLUNTEERING TIME SERIES Summary 9.1 We carried out a time series analysis of volunteering trends in Scotland between 1999 and 2006. Some of our analysis was restricted by changes to questions and categories used, therefore making it difficult to compare like with like. 9.2 Our analysis has found that rates of volunteering in Scotland increased between 1999 and 2000 and remained stable until 2003, when the rate fell. There was no significant change in rates of volunteering between 2003 and 2004, but the rate appeared to fall in 2005 following a change to Scottish Household Survey questions. Another change in question took place in 2006, and rates of volunteering increased in that year s survey. 9.3 We examined demographic variables and their relationship to rates of volunteering, and found that: between 1999 and 2005 the 35-44 age group accounted for the largest proportion of volunteers, and in 2006 there was no significant difference between this age group and those aged 44-59 the proportion of females who volunteer is consistently higher than males between 1999 and 2006 the self-employed and part-time employed are the economic status groups with the highest rates of volunteering between 1999 and 2006 households with an income of above 20,001 are most likely to volunteer between 1999 and 2006 between 1999 and 2006, remote rural areas have the highest rates of volunteering. 9.4 We also examined the types of organisations volunteers volunteer with. Between 1999 and 2004, organisations concerned with church or religious activities and sports activities accounted for the highest proportions of volunteers. 9.5 Hours spent volunteering remained consistent between 1999 and 2003. Between 2003 and 2004 the average hours spent volunteering in a month by volunteers decreased, but increased in 2005 and remained at a similar level in 2006. 9.6 Between 1999 and 2004 the type of volunteering activity that accounted for the highest proportion of volunteers was providing some kind of service. Introduction 9.7 This chapter describes the trends in volunteering since SHS 1999 through to SHS quarter three 2006. 126

9.8 It is set out under the following headings: Rates of Volunteering Profile of Volunteers Type of Organisation Hours Spent Volunteering Type of Volunteering Activity. 9.9 Inconsistencies in survey questions across years mean that robust comparisons cannot be drawn, however, where possible, similar variables have been selected for each year to allow some comparisons to made and identify any impact that question changes have had on results. 9.10 Inconsistencies relate to questions identifying volunteers (changes made in 2000, 2005 and 2006); options available to respondents in relation to type of organisation (changes made after 2004); and questions identifying type of volunteering activity undertaken by respondent (question first introduced in 1999 and option changes made in 2005). 9.11 Red vertical lines on charts indicate when changes to questions were made. Rates of Volunteering 9.12 The following section compares the propensity to volunteer. However, there is no one measurement of volunteering that is common across all SHS years. For the purposes of this analysis, the variable Rf11 is used to identify rates of volunteering in 1999; Rf11a used for 2000 to 2004 with the addition of vol1a in 2006; and vol1 and vol2 for 2005. Figure 9.1: Percentage of Population Engaged in Volunteering 1999-2006 % 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 High Low Percentage 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Q3 2006 Note: in 2006 there is a larger confidence interval due to the smaller sample. 9.13 Figure 9.1 illustrates that there was a significant increase in the rates of volunteering reported from 1999 to 2000 following a change in question. Percentages increased from an average of 19.3 to an average of 26.1. 127

9.14 From 2000 to 2002 reported rates of volunteering remained relatively consistent however, percentages fell in 2003 to (on average) 23.8% and continued to fall (but not significantly) in 2004. 9.15 Following a change in questions in 2005, reported rates of volunteering appeared to fall significantly to 19.8%. This was not what was anticipated following the change in methodology. However, following a further question change in 2006, reported rates of volunteering appeared to increase significantly to an average of 24.5%. Profile of Volunteers 1999-2006 9.16 This section presents a profile of volunteers across the SHS years, highlights relationships between the propensity of volunteer and particular demographic characteristics and compares rates (where possible) across the SHS sweeps. Demographic variables common to all years and therefore considered in this section are: Age Gender Economic status Income (household) Urban/rural classification. 9.17 A table showing numerical values in each profile is provided in Annex 4. 9.18 Commentary of the findings in relation to trends in volunteering from 1999 to quarter 3 2006 is set out under each demographic category. Age 9.19 From 1999 to 2005, the 35 to 44 age group had the highest proportion of volunteers. In 2006, there were no significant differences between the prevalence among those aged 35 to 59 years. 9.20 Prevalence among those aged 16 to 44 and 60 to 74 declines significantly over time across the SHS sweeps to 2005. In 2006, 25 to 44 years was the only age range to experience a significant decline in rates of volunteering from 1999. 9.21 The 75 plus age range is the only band to remain relatively consistent across the sweeps. 128

Figure 9.2: Profile of Volunteers (Age) Profile of Volunteers: Age 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 16-24 25-34 35-44 46-59 60-74 75+ Gender 9.22 Females remain more likely to volunteer than males over time. For males, the prevalence of volunteering is relatively consistent during 1999 and 2004 but declines significantly in 2005. In 2002 the prevalence of females volunteering increases but falls significantly in 2003/04 and again in 2005. Prevalence among males and females increases again significantly in 2006 to (on average) 21.8% and 23.9% respectively. Figure 9.3: Profile of Volunteers (Gender) Profile of Volunteers: Gender 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Male Female 129

Economic Status 9.23 From 1999 to 2006, the self-employed, part-time employed and school children are the groups with the highest rates of volunteering (in 2006, CI includes or is above 27.8%). 9.24 The prevalence of volunteering for the self-employed, those in full-time and parttime employment, and the unemployed shows a decline in 2003/04, and for the full-time employed this continues to fall in 2005 but increases (on average) to 24.7% in 2006. The difference in rates of prevalence in the other groups is not significant between 2003/04 and 2005. 9.25 The prevalence of volunteering among those in higher/further education falls in 2001/02 and remains consistent in 2003/04, but experienced a drop in 2005. Rates however remained consistent in 2006 at 22.9% (on average). The rate of volunteering among those looking after home and family is relatively consistent until 2005, when rates fell significantly. Rates however, remain consistent in 2006 at 20.4% (on average). 9.26 Rates of volunteering prevalence among three groups remain consistent across the SHS sweeps. These are the retired, those in school, and those permanently sick or disabled. 130

Figure 9.4: Profile of Volunteers (Economic Status) Profile of Volunteers: Economic Status 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Self-employed Full-time employment Part-time employment Looking after home/family Permanently retired from work Unemployed and seeking work Higher/further education Permanently sick or disabled Income 9.27 Across all years, individuals with a household income of more than 20,001 are most likely to volunteer 9.28 Prevalence rates among those with a household income of under 10,000 remained consistent across the sweeps, however those with a household income above 10,000 show a significant decline in rates of volunteering. Rates of volunteering among those with a household income of between 10,001 and 15,000 remain consistent from 2003/04 to 2005, however prevalence rates among those with a household income of over 15,001 falls further in 2005. Figure 9.5: Profile of Volunteers (Income Household) Profile of Volunteers: Income (household) 40 30 20 10 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 0-6,000 6,001-10,000 10,001-15,000 15,001-20,000 20,001 + 131

Urban/Rural Classification 9.29 From 1999 to 2006, remote rural areas have the highest rates of volunteering (in 2006, this was an average of 44.0%). 9.30 Large urban areas experience a significant decline in volunteering from 2003 to 2006 (on average 19.7% in 2006). Rates in small accessible towns remain consistent from 1999 until 2006 where prevalence is an average of 21.7%. Rates in urban areas fell in 2005 along with volunteering prevalence rates in accessible rural areas but increased to levels consistent with earlier sweeps. Rates of volunteering in small remote towns and remote rural areas remained consistent across the SHS sweeps, apart from remote rural areas which experienced a significant increase in volunteering in 2006 from 2005. Figure 9.6: Profile of Volunteers: (Urban/Rural Classification) Profile of Volunteers: Urban/rural classification % 50 40 30 20 10 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Large urban areas Other urban Small accessible towns Small remote towns Accessible rural Remote rural Type of Organisation 9.31 This section focuses on 1999 to 2004 as variables relating to type of volunteering organisation are consistent across these SHS years. 9.32 In 1999, there were fewer types of organisations available for selection, but where types are consistent with other years, percentages of volunteers involved in each are given. 9.33 Figure 9.7 illustrates the proportions of volunteers engaged in different types of organisations and changes across time. Annex 5 provides a table which shows the numerical values of proportions across years. 132

Figure 9.7: Type of Volunteering Organisation 1999-2004 25 20 15 10 5 0 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Working with older people Working with people with disabilities Working with vulnerable people Working in support of the environment Providing adult education Working in the area of health Providing advice (for example, CAB) Working with animals Political Party Professional societies or Associations Trade Union Playgroups or other children's activities Activities working with young people School Board Parent/Teacher Association Community Council Community Safety Church/Religious activities Residents/tenants groups Local economic/employment initiatives Promoting equal opportunities Tackling social inclusion/poverty Arts, culture Sports activities Other 133

9.34 Figure 9.7 shows the proportions of volunteers involved in a range of organisations from 1999 to 2004. 9.35 The proportions of volunteers involved in the majority of organisational types fell from 1999 to 2004. However, the proportions involved in sports activities increased significantly over the period. 9.36 The proportions involved in working in support of the environment, providing adult education, providing advice, working with animals, playgroups or other children s activities, and community safety remained relatively consistent between 1999 to 2004. 9.37 From 1999 to 2000, the type of organisations that the highest proportions of volunteers were involved with were church/religious activities, working with young people, and other activities. From 2001, onwards, the proportions of volunteers involved in the latter two activities fell. From 2001 to 2002, church/religious activities continued to have the highest proportions of volunteers along with sports activities, which experienced a significant increase in proportions of volunteers compared to other organisational types. Sports activities continued to be the most popular type of organisation to volunteer for to 2004 (where analysis of this group of organisational types ends). 9.38 After showing consistency in the proportions of volunteers involved in their organisational type from 1999, two organisations experienced a significant increase in 2004. These were organisations providing adult education and professional societies and organisations. Hours Spent Volunteering 9.39 No data relating to hours spent volunteering was recorded in 1999 and thus, this year has been excluded from the analysis. 9.40 The period in which the frequency of volunteering question is set changes from four weeks (1999/2004) to one month (2005/2006). The results from each year are presented in Figure 9.8. 134

Figure 9.8: Hours Spent Volunteering per month 2000-2006 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Note: In 2006, the question was changed to ask about the previous 4 weeks, rather than the average month 9.41 Similar to patterns relating to the propensity to volunteer, Figure 9.8 shows that hours spent volunteering remains relatively consistent up to 2003. When rates of volunteering fell significantly in 2003, hours spent volunteering increased from an average of 8.6 to 10.31 hours. In 2004, time spent volunteering fell to an average of 9.2 hours, however following a change of questioning in 2005, hours spent volunteering again appeared to increase to an average of 12.8 hours. This suggests that if the change of question caused volunteers to be lost it was likely to those who do so less intensely. 9.42 Interestingly, when rates of volunteering appeared to increase in 2006, hours spent volunteering remained consistent from the previous year, however, the question relating to hours volunteering also changed, perhaps making for a more efficient recollection of time given up, by referring to previous weeks, rather than the average month over the course of the year. Type of Volunteering Activity 9.43 This section focuses on 2000 to 2004 as variables relating to type of volunteering activity are consistent across these years. 135

Figure 9.9: Type of Volunteering Activity 2000 2004 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Fundraising Provide some kind of service Help with administration Management Committee Help with campaigning Other 9.44 Figure 9.9 illustrates that between 2000 and 2004, the highest proportion of volunteers were providing some kind of service and percentages involved in this type of activity increased significantly and continued to rise when rates of volunteering fell in 2003. Proportions increased from an average of 53.4% in 2000 to 64.1% in 2004. 9.45 All other activities experienced a significant fall in volunteers over the period apart from management committee activities, proportions of which remained constant from 2000 to 2004. 136

CHAPTER TEN RECOMMENDATIONS Introduction This chapter lays out our recommendations based on findings relating to the following issues: the methodological performance of the volunteering suite of questions in the 2005 Scottish Household Survey propensity to volunteer by socio-demographic characteristics intensity of volunteering attractions and barriers to volunteering. Methodological Performance of the Volunteering Suite of Questions Based on our analysis of the volunteering suite of questions in the 2005 Scottish Household Survey, we have made the following recommendations relating to the performance of this suite of questions. Recommendation 1 We recommend that further research is carried out to analyse whether or not asking individuals to specify first the organisations they have helped, rather than the more general activity they have participated in has an impact on rates of volunteering reported. In our qualitative research, when talking about types of types of activity, we found that many people who identified themselves as non-volunteers had actually volunteered in the past. Recommendation 2 Our analysis provides rationale for the following suggested changes to the format and structure of the volunteering suite of questions in the SHS: removing the no regular hours category when asking about length of time spent volunteering. This category was removed for the 2006 SHS. asking non-volunteers and current volunteers (as well as lapsed volunteers) about attractions and barriers to volunteering. This change has been made in the 2007 SHS. asking all respondents about the qualifications they hold, rather than only those aged from 16 and not retired, to gain an accurate picture of the qualifications held by volunteers in Scotland. This change has been made in the 2007 SHS. 137

Prevalence of volunteering and propensity to volunteer by socio-demographic characteristics Our analysis of Scottish Household Survey data confirms that the key groups identified in the Scottish Executive s Volunteering Strategy (2004) amongst whom it would be beneficial to encourage a higher level of volunteering are less likely to volunteer than society in general. Disabled people are less likely to volunteer than those without a disability. Unemployed people are less likely to volunteer than those who are selfemployed, employed full or part-time, or retired. Young people aged between 16 and 24 are significantly less likely to volunteer than those aged between 35 and 74. People living in the 15% most deprived neighbourhoods in Scotland (according to the Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation) are less likely to volunteer than those living in more affluent neighbourhoods. People with no formal qualifications are less likely to volunteer than those with qualifications. Based on the findings of our quantitative and qualitative research, we can make the following recommendations with the aim of engaging disabled people, unemployed people and young people in volunteering to a greater extent. Recommendation 3 Within the 15% most deprived areas in Scotland, efforts to promote volunteering should be focused particularly on disabled people, unemployed people, young people and those lacking in formal qualifications. Recommendation 4 Disabled people should be encouraged to volunteer by emphasising that opportunities to fit their capabilities are available and that they can do as little or as much as they like. Recommendation 5 Unemployed people represent a largely untapped pool of potential volunteers that should be targeted and specific efforts undertaken to demonstrate the potential benefits to them of volunteering (such as improved employment prospects) Recommendation 6 Efforts to increase understanding among young people of the opportunities offered by volunteering should be made. Recommendation 7 138

To attract people lacking in formal qualifications into volunteering, awareness should be raised among this group that volunteering is for everyone, regardless of the qualifications that they hold, and that it is even possible to gain qualifications through volunteering. Intensity of Volunteering Our analysis found that the largest proportions of volunteers volunteer about once a week or several times a week and that in 2005 the average number of hours spent volunteering per month was 12.8. Intensity and frequency of volunteering is similar among all volunteers regardless of gender, economic status or age. Recommendation 8 On average, volunteers give up around three hours per week to volunteer. We suggest that these findings should be used to reassure those people who are currently reluctant to volunteer because they fear an excessive time commitment. Such people may be encouraged to volunteer if they were aware that they could do so for only one afternoon or evening per week. Attractions and Barriers to Volunteering Our research found that volunteers are often motivated to volunteer through a desire to help their community and/or to help people experiencing a situation, problem or condition which has been experienced by the volunteer him or herself, or by a friend or family member. The effect of personal experience on motivation was strong. In addition, analysis of Scottish Household Survey data found that a relatively large proportion of former volunteers would be encouraged to volunteer again if they could fit it round their other commitments, a finding that is supported by qualitative research. We also analysed the barriers that prevent or discourage people from volunteering. These include a lack of time and a lack of understanding of what volunteering involves. To attract people to volunteering and to help overcome barriers people face to volunteering, we recommend the following. Recommendation 9 The Disclosure Scotland process should be simplified for example, removing the need to apply for a separate disclosure check for every voluntary position applied for, but, rather, introducing a single disclosure check valid for any position that must be updated after a certain period of time. This is an issue that is currently being addressed by the Scottish government. 139

Recommendation 10 Efforts should be made to raise awareness of volunteering opportunities, what they involve and how people from all walks of life can make a contribution. It should be stressed that the time commitment undertaken through volunteering can be flexible for example, volunteers can volunteer for as much as several hours per week or as little as one day per year. Recommendation 11 Workplaces may be an effective intermediary through which to raise awareness of volunteering and encourage non-volunteers to volunteer Recommendation 12 Individuals should be made aware that, by volunteering, they can help people who are in a situation or who suffer from an illness experienced personally by themselves or by a friend or family member Recommendation 13 People may be reluctant to put themselves forward to volunteer but may be more likely to do so if they are asked directly by somebody known to them. Marketing Strategy Several of our recommendations above relate to ways in which volunteering could be marketed to groups identified as target groups in the Scottish Executive s Volunteering Strategy. Recommendation 14 Based on the above, we recommend that the Scottish Executive develops a comprehensive, co-ordinated and coherent marketing strategy, making use of a range of methods and media, to: increase understanding of volunteering and what it involves among its target groups promote volunteering among its target groups. The strategy should identify key attractions and barriers to volunteering that are common to most or all of the target groups. For example large proportions of people across all age, gender, economic status, income and urban/rural classification groups are likely to be encouraged to volunteer if they can help individuals who are in a similar situation to one experienced by themselves or by a friend or family member (see recommendation 12). The strategy must ensure that all groups are made aware of this, as it appears to be a hook that has the potential to act as an incentive to volunteer to a wide range of people. Similarly, our research identified a lack of understanding among some nonvolunteers of what exactly is involved in volunteering (see recommendation 8). For example, participants in our research expressed a perception that 140

volunteering has the potential to make excessive demands on their time. However, our quantitative analysis found that volunteers give up only three hours per week on average to volunteer. The strategy should ensure that this finding is used to demonstrate that volunteering can make relatively little demands on an individual s time. The strategy is likely to involve several campaigns, each targeted at a distinct target group and tailored to the needs of that group. Each target group values certain benefits of volunteering above others. For example, the development of skills relevant to employment that can be gained through volunteering is likely to appeal to unemployed groups more than others. Similarly, as demonstrated by this research, some barriers (mental, physical and/or financial) to volunteering take on a greater magnitude in the eyes of some groups than others while certain barriers are shared by more than one target group. The strategy should bear these benefits and barriers in mind to tailor the messages communicated to each target group in each campaign. The findings of this research and other pieces like it should be consulted to inform the strategy. In addition, any lessons learned from previous marketing campaigns linked to volunteering, such as Project Scotland, should be identified and taken on board. In particular, our research has revealed lessons that should be taken on board when raising awareness of and promoting volunteering among the following target groups: Disabled people: a marketing campaign directed at people who are long-term sick or disabled should be sensitive stressing that opportunities to fit their capabilities do exist, but that it is acceptable to do as much or as little as they want, and that they will not be blamed if they are forced to give up volunteering. Unemployed people: 86.5% of unemployed respondents do not currently volunteer. However, they are significantly less likely than the survey as a whole to say that nothing would encourage them to volunteer, and have plenty to gain from volunteering in terms of improving their employment prospects. Therefore, our findings suggest that unemployed people represent a potential pool of volunteers that is largely untapped at present. This group of people were likely to say they would be encouraged to volunteer if they could afford it. Consequently, offering higher allowances, and paying for expenses such as transport, lunches, clothes and childcare may encourage this group to volunteer. It may also be beneficial to stress the fact that volunteering does not necessarily affect the level of benefits an individual receives. Young people: The benefits that this group can gain from volunteering, such as improved career prospects, must be emphasised. It should be noted that activity in this area is already underway. Project Scotland, a programme launched in 2005, is designed to attract people aged 16-25 to volunteering and stresses the benefits of doing so, such as improved career prospects. People lacking in formal qualifications: It should be made clear to this group that everyone can make a contribution through volunteering, regardless of their qualifications, and that it is possible to gain qualifications through volunteering. The methods used to communicate with each group should be tailored to the preferences and habits of that group. For example, a charity or other 141

organisation that works with disabled people may be an effective intermediary for reaching these people directly by making group visits or presentations. Direct marketing methods such as including promotional material in newspapers read by the target group may also be useful. Further research should be undertaken to determine the most effective means of reaching each target group. It is important that the effectiveness of the strategy is evaluated in terms of, for example, its success in raising awareness and understanding of volunteering among its target audiences and in motivating individuals to show an interest in and take part in volunteering. Overall, it is our sense that differentiated and clearly targeted marketing campaigns, guided by an overall strategy, to increase understanding of volunteering and what it involves among the Executive s target groups is required in order to achieve the aims laid out in the Scottish Executive s Volunteering Strategy. Other organisations, such as Volunteer Development Scotland, are clearly active in this area and could contribute to the development of a marketing strategy. 142

ANNEX 1 DEFINITIONS OF VOLUNTEERING What is Volunteering? An issue that scholars of volunteering continue to grapple with is that of what exactly constitutes volunteering. Below is a discussion of the differing views that exist regarding the nature of volunteering. Perspectives of Volunteering In his review of volunteering literature, Rochester (2006) identifies three perspectives of voluntary activity: the non-profit paradigm the civil society paradigm volunteering as leisure. The Non-Profit Paradigm In this perspective, volunteering is seen as unpaid labour that contributes to the work of large and well-staffed non-profit organisations. The Civil Society Paradigm In the civil society paradigm, volunteers work for organisations that depend entirely on volunteers, where volunteers work together to meet shared needs and address common problems. In this paradigm, volunteering is described as activism and is viewed as a force for social change. Volunteering as Leisure This perspective of volunteering asserts that volunteering can be seen as a leisure time activity. This may involve casual volunteering (for example, baking for a church fete) or a more substantial undertaking such as the organisation of a sporting or cultural event. In reality, an individual s experience of volunteering is likely to combine more than one of the above perspectives, but this provides an illustration of the complexity of volunteering and the range of views associated with it. Typology of Volunteering The above perspectives of volunteering demonstrate that there are a number of activities that can be regarded as volunteering. Rochester (2006) refers to a typology of volunteering that encompasses the wide range of activities that can be classified as volunteering. Four distinctive strands of voluntary activity have been identified: mutual aid or self-help where people with shared problems, challenges and conditions work together to address or improve them 143

philanthropy and service to others where volunteers are recruited by an organisation to provide some kind of service to one or more third parties participation involvement (on a voluntary basis) in the political or decisionmaking process at any level, for example from participation in a residents forum to holding honorary office in a voluntary organisation advocacy or campaigning collective action aimed at securing or preventing change, for example, campaigning against developments seen as damaging to the environment. Definitions of Volunteering The above typology provides a useful summary of the activities that can be considered as volunteering. However, as illustrated by the differing perspectives on volunteering, a range of views on volunteering exists. Not surprisingly, therefore, academics and policymakers often disagree as to whether or not a certain activity can be classified as volunteering. For example, while one policymaker might define participation in a public demonstration as a voluntary activity, another might not. Consequently, attempts to conclusively distinguish between voluntary activity and other activities have resulted in the development of a variety of definitions of volunteering by academics and policymakers. Cnaan et al (1996) identified four dimensions common to a number of these definitions, as follows: free choice absence of remuneration structure intended beneficiaries. One definition of volunteering that displays these dimensions is that provided in the Scottish Executive s Volunteering Strategy (2004): the giving of time and energy through a third party, which can bring measurable benefits to the volunteer, individual beneficiaries, groups and organisations, communities, environment and society at large. It is a choice undertaken of one s own free will, and is not motivated primarily for financial gain or for a wage or salary. However, in his review of volunteering literature, Rochester (2006) asserts that while there is some consensus regarding the core characteristics of volunteering, there is no single, simple, objective definition that draws a clear line between what is volunteering and what is not. There remain some fuzzy boundaries between activities regarded as volunteering and those that are not: formal and informal volunteering free choice versus coercion absence of remuneration. 144

Formal and Informal Volunteering Volunteering can be formal where unpaid work is undertaken through an organisation, group or club to help other people or to aid a cause such as the improvement of the environment or informal, where unpaid help is given to as an individual to people who are not relatives. However, there may be some grey areas here. For example, where does giving unpaid gardening help to a neighbour stop being neighbourliness and become voluntary activity? Free Choice versus Coercion While Cnaan et al s (1996) common dimensions of definitions of volunteering included an element of free choice, some activities that might be regarded as voluntary may actually involve a level of coercion. For example, some forms of employer supported volunteering may involve a level of coercion, as might unpaid work experience that are necessary to prepare for employment. Moral coercion may also exist. For instance, a parent may feel compelled to help run a service that his or her children benefit from. Absence of Remuneration The issue of whether or not volunteers should be remunerated for their time, in money or other material reward, is one that has caused controversy in the voluntary sector. It is common practice to ensure that volunteers are reimbursed for any expenses they incur in the course of their volunteering activities, but do not receive any other material reward. However, this principle is not universally applied. Blacksell and Phillips (1994) found that a significant proportion of volunteers in the UK have received some kind of payment in addition to the reimbursement of expenses. The boundary between whether or not volunteers are rewarded is further blurred by the use of other kinds of material reward such as birthday or Christmas gifts, free theatre and sporting tickets and so on. Some parties, including the Charity Commission (2003), have called for payments to be made for some forms of volunteering, such as Housing Association board membership. However, this has caused controversy as any payment of volunteers will undermine the essence of the gift relationship inherent in volunteering. Motives for Volunteering Rochester (2006) found that it is widely accepted that a mix of self-interest (benefits for the volunteer and his/her family) and altruism (benefits for other people or the environment) results in a motivation to volunteer. However, some definitions of volunteering, such as that proposed by Dekker and Halman (2003), suggest that to be considered as volunteering, an activity must result in public benefit. 145

However, this definition may exclude many volunteering as leisure activities in clubs and organisations that benefit solely their members rather than the wider public. Understanding Volunteering It is clear, therefore, that there is a lack of consensus regarding many of the complex issues surrounding volunteering and around exactly which activities should and should not be regarded as volunteering. Consequently, estimates of the prevalence of volunteering in the population as a whole and among certain groups in society gathered through different surveys are often different and incomparable. 146

ANNEX 2 METHODOLOGY This annex begins by setting the context of the Scottish Household Survey and later describes the study methods employed to meet the objectives outlined in Chapter 1. Scottish Household Survey The Scottish Household Survey (SHS) was introduced in 1999 and is a continuous crosssectional survey which gathers information from a large sample of Scottish households. Its aim is to provide representative information about the composition, characteristics and behaviour of Scottish households, both nationally and at a more local level. (Scottish Executive, 2005b) The SHS gathers information from the highest income householder or their spouse/partner and follows this by gathering information from a random adult in the household. Results from the SHS are reported annually. Since the survey was introduced, a number of changes have been made to its structure and content. From 2005, questions relating to volunteering habits were asked of the whole sample in quarter one and quarter two and of half of the sample in quarter three and quarter four, compared to the whole of the sample in 1999/2000 to 2003/2004. Furthermore, a range of demographic related variables have changed to take account of shifts in local and national policies and circumstances. In terms of the volunteering suite of questions, the way volunteers are identified has changed as too have the options within questions. From 2005, additional questions were added on the attractions and barriers to volunteering. These changes have informed the methods for this study and a description of these follow. Study Methods The study programme involved a four stage programme of work: Stage 1: Preliminary review of data Stage 2: Statistical analysis of data from the Scottish Household Survey 1999-Q3 2006 Stage 3: Stage 4: Statistical analysis of data from other sources Focus groups and telephone interviews with volunteers, former volunteers and non-volunteers. A summary of each of these stages follows. Stage 1: Preliminary Review of Data A preliminary review of the quantitative data relating to volunteering in the Scottish Household Survey 1999 to quarter three 2006 was conducted. 147

Using the SHS Lite dataset, common demographic variables (relating where possible to the random adult) across all SHS years were identified to ensure that any comparisons between survey data would be consistent and allow for valid time series analysis. We also used the SHS Lite dataset to identify volunteering indicators, that is, those variables relating to questions in the SHS that identify a respondent as a volunteer, and volunteering variables those variables relating to questions that gather information about the volunteering undertaken by the respondent, such as type, intensity and reasons for stopping and re-starting. Variables selected are listed in Annex 4. A number of processes were undertaken to ensure the validity of data reported on. Each of these processes is described below. Data Cleaning Prior to analysis, it was necessary to clean the data and remove cases or values which would invalidate the results. Of the 15,395 cases in SHS 2005, 5,235 individuals were not presented with the volunteering question (this is due to the fact that from quarters 3 and 4 of 2005, questions about volunteering were asked only of half the sample, - see paragraph 2.4) and as such the volunteer status of these cases is unknown. Therefore, these cases were omitted from all calculations. Variables relating to total number of hours volunteering from 1999 to quarter three 2006 were included in the values field of the dataset and as such resulted in anomalies when performing correlation analysis. To overcome this, all variables with a value of over 97 hours were set to 97 hours. In the time series analysis, anomalies in data relating to total number of hours spent volunteering were cleaned. This included removing cases reporting less than zero hours volunteering and setting cases reporting more than 97 hours volunteering to 97 hours to ensure consistency across all years data. In the 2006 dataset, all numerical values over 97 were set to missing. Weighting of Data All data relating to the random adult (that is, all variables focusing on random adult and starting with r ) were weighted using the variable IND_WT to take account of the different probabilities of selections of the random adult in households (there is less chance of a random selection of adult within a smaller household than a larger household). Rationale for Analysis Models For the purposes of this study, models of analyses used were cross-tabulation, multivariate analyses and correlations (where ratio scales [natural ordering] are used). Cross-tabulations provide information on the absolute levels of prevalence of volunteering and have been reported on using 95% confidence intervals. 148

Multivariate analyses assess the relative influence of demographic factors on the outcomes of interest and have been used to report on the prevalence of volunteering and intensity of volunteering. It had originally been intended to conduct regression analysis to identify factors associated with the type of voluntary activity engaged in (for example, fundraising, committee work and so on). However, question Vol6 includes 18 specific categories relating to types of voluntary work. Therefore, modelling the probability of an individual participating in just one activity would in itself generate 17 tables of regression estimates. The situation is further complicated by the possibility that an individual may engage in a combination of multiple types of volunteering. Consequently, the number of unique combinations of volunteering activity is potentially huge. Given this, this analysis would have been of little value, as a result of the very large volume of results it would have produced, and the consequent difficulty of interpretation. Further descriptions of the models of analyses used in this study are presented in Annex 3. Other Issues A range of demographic variables were selected to develop a profile of volunteering based on the 2005 survey. The variables selected included those which would allow an analysis of the key groups in the volunteering strategy (those from lower socio-economic backgrounds, the unemployed, the long-term sick and disabled, the poor and those lacking in formal qualifications). Questions relating to educational and professional qualifications were only asked of those aged from 16 and not retired. Thus, the information presented in this report relating to qualifications excludes volunteers who are retired. As the 60-74 age group accounts for on average 22.4% of volunteers, and considering that volunteers who were retired were not asked about qualifications they hold, data regarding qualifications has not been gathered from a large proportion of volunteers. Therefore, this analysis does not provide an accurate picture of the qualifications held by volunteers. Further, the variable identifying social class of respondents (h_nssec2) was missing for over one third of the 2005 valid sample (10,160) and was therefore excluded from the analysis. Stage 2: Statistical Analysis of Data from the Scottish Household Survey 1999-2006 This stage was based on the first two study objectives: to carry out a detailed analysis of volunteering; and of the questions which identify potential attractions or barriers to volunteering. The outcomes from this stage were envisaged as: a profile of volunteers time series analysis of volunteering 1999 to 2006. Profile of Volunteering To develop a profile of volunteers, this stage began by considering common variables identified in Stage 1 and those that were relevant to the study but unique to a particular SHS year(s). 149

A new suite of volunteering questions was introduced in 2005. To ensure consistency in reporting, the current profile of volunteering was based on 2005 data. A list of variables used in 2005 to identify volunteers, develop a demographic profile of volunteers and of volunteering habits can be found in Annex 4. The variable identifying volunteers was used to isolate the volunteering group from the non-volunteering group and analyses of demographic variables for each group was conducted (cross-tabulations and multivariate analyses). Cross-tabulations and confidence limits were run for the type of volunteering undertaken (type of organisation volunteered for, type of organisational activity, and type of volunteering activity) against a range of demographic variables to further develop the current profile of volunteering. A similar process was employed for variables relating to the intensity of volunteering (number of hours spent volunteering and frequency of volunteering). Cross-tabulations were run for frequency of volunteering against relevant demographic variables. Average hours spent volunteering were calculated against a number of relevant demographic variables and multivariate analysis was conducted on number of hours spent volunteering. Attractions and Barriers to Volunteering The question have you ever volunteered? appeared in both the 2005 and 2006 surveys and questions following this were asked to participants reporting that they had volunteered at some point (not just in the past 12 months as the question identifying current volunteers was based on). Therefore, comparisons between participants in 2005/2006 answering questions that followed could be drawn. The questions followed gathered information on reasons why a participant had stopped volunteering and reasons that could encourage a participant to re-start volunteering. Results on attractions to volunteering drawn from 2005 and the first three quarters of 2006 are presented in Chapter 7. Results on reasons for stopping volunteering drawn from the 2005 survey only are presented in Chapter 8. Time Series Analysis of Volunteering 1999 to 2006 Time series analysis began with calculating prevalence of volunteering from 1999 to 2006. A profile of volunteers based on similar demographic variables used in the 2005 profile of volunteering was developed and each SHS year (from 1999 to 2006) was analysed. Frequencies for the type of organisations volunteered for were run and reporting was based on 1999 to 2004 as variables were consistent. From 2005, the categories within the type of organisation variable were more extensive and so were excluded from this analysis. Frequencies for type of activities were run for SHS years 1999 to 2004 as variables were consistent. Again, from 2005 the categories within the type of activity variable were extensive and so were excluded from the time series analysis. 150

Average hours per month and 95% confidence intervals were calculated using means and standard error of means calculations. Stage 3: Statistical Analysis of Data from Other Sources Survey data was gathered from the Home Office Citizenship Survey 2005 (the Citizenship Survey is now the responsibility of the Department for Communities and Local Government, and reports based on the 2005 data were published by the DCLG). Data from the Citizenship Survey was compared against the current profile of volunteering in Scotland developed as part of this study, and differences in prevalence rates were reported. Analysis of the questions presented to participants of the Citizenship Survey, including language used and the way questions are framed, was also analysed against the volunteering questions presented in the SHS. Data from Volunteer Development Scotland s Annual Digest of Statistics 2006 was also included in this analysis. Stage 4: Focus Groups and Telephone Interviews with Volunteers, Former Volunteers and Non-Volunteers We undertook qualitative research (focus groups and telephone interviews) with current volunteers, lapsed volunteers (people who have volunteered in the past but no longer do so) and non-volunteers (people who have never volunteered). The table below summarises the focus groups we undertook in April and May 2007. Table 1 Summary of Focus Groups Undertaken April May 2007 Group Location Number of Participants Current Volunteers Kirkcaldy, Fife 9 Current Volunteers Isle of Skye 7 Non-volunteers Glasgow 2 Non-volunteers Glasgow 8 Non-volunteers Isle of Skye 4 We had intended to run another focus group with non-volunteers on the Isle of Skye but only one person attended. We interviewed this person as an individual. We supplemented this with telephone interviews with five non-volunteers on Skye. We had also intended to run two focus groups with former volunteers. However, despite contacting a large number of former volunteers identified through the SHS and enlisting the help of voluntary organisations, it proved prohibitively difficult to recruit participants for these focus groups. Therefore, it was agreed that we would undertake telephone interviews instead. We completed 20 telephone interviews with former volunteers in total 10 in Fife and 10 in the Borders. Therefore, in total the following numbers participated in our research: Current volunteers (Kirkcaldy and Skye): 16 Former volunteers (Fife and the Borders): 20 Non-volunteers (Skye and Glasgow): 20 151

We selected these locations to ensure a suitable mix of urban and rural locations. Recruitment of Participants Focus group participants were recruited through a mixture of respondents to the Scottish Household Survey who had given their consent to take part in future research, and local organisations who were able to recruit suitable participants on our behalf. As an incentive, participants were given a 10 retail gift voucher and their travel expenses were reimbursed to a maximum of 10 per participant. Telephone interviewees were all Scottish Household Survey participants who had consented to being contacted for future research. Focus Group and Telephone Interview Topic Guides Topic guides used in our focus groups and telephone interviews can be found in Annex 9. 152

ANNEX 3 SCOTTISH HOUSEHOLD SURVEY 2005: VOLUNTEERING SUITE OF QUESTIONS VOL1 SHOWCARD BE HAVE YOU UNDERTAKEN ANY WORK OR ACTIVITIES ON A VOLUNTARY BASIS FOR ANY OF THESE TYPES OF GROUPS OR ORGANISATIONS AT ANY TIME IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS? CODE ALL THAT APPLY. PROBE FULLY. ANY OTHERS? ANY OTHERS? (VOL1AVOL1Z) Voluntary organisation, charity or community group Trade Union Tenants Group, housing association or residents association Credit Union Community Council, Social Inclusion Partnership or Community Planning Partnership Campaigning Organisation, for example, pressure group School Board or Parents Teachers Association Political Party Neighbourhood Watch Scheme Church, Religious or Faith Based Group Youth Group (for example scouts, guides, youth clubs etc) Caring organization, for example helping older people, people with disabilities Black or minority ethnic group Sports Club International development/overseas aid, for example Oxfam, Christian Aid and so on Social Club Arts or Cultural Group Environmental Group Groups involved in Education, for example adult literacy Heritage Group, for example local history group, amenity society etc) Animal welfare groups Children's Group (for example playgroup, mothers and toddlers groups) Professional Society or Organisation Public service (for example school, hospital, police or local government service) None Don't know VOL2 AND HAVE YOU UNDERTAKEN ANY WORK OR ACTIVITIES ON A VOLUNTARY BASIS FOR ANY OTHER GROUPS OR ORGANISATIONS IN THE PAST 12 MONTHS? Yes No Don't know IF YES, RECORD NAME/TYPE OF GROUP/ ORGANISATION If no voluntary work done (codes 27, 28 at VOL1 or 2-3 at VOL2) go to VOL7. VOL3 SHOWCARD BF THINKING ABOUT ALL THE VOLUNTARY WORK OR ACTIVITIES YOU UNDERTAKE, HOW FREQUENTLY DO YOU DO THESE? Once a year A few times a year About every other month About once a month Several times a month but not every week About once a week Several times a week 153

Every day Never If never, check and re-route VOL4 AGAIN, THINKING ABOUT ALL THE VOLUNTARY WORK OR ACTIVITIES YOU UNDERTAKE, HOW MANY HOURS IN TOTAL WOULD YOU ESTIMATE YOU SPEND ON THESE ACTIVITIES DURING AN AVERAGE MONTH? RECORD NUMBER OF HOURS PER MONTH No regular hours Involved in one-off activities only Don't know Less than 1 hour VOL5 THINKING ABOUT THE GROUP OR ORGANISATION YOU SPEND MOST TIME UNDERTAKING VOLUNTARY WORK OR ACTIVITIES WITH, WHICH OF THESE FIELDS OF ACTIVITY IS THE GROUP OR ORGANISATION INVOLVED IN? SHOWCARD BG - CODE ALL THAT APPLY. PROBE FULLY. ANY OTHERS? ANY OTHERS? (VOL5A-VOL5AI) Sports or Physical Recreation Physical Health/Illness Older people Young People Disabled People People with Learning Disabilities Children Homeless People Refugees/Asylum Seekers Families Carers Traveling people Offenders/Ex-Offenders Drugs/Alcohol and Substance Abuse Anti-Poverty Issues Religion/Faith Issues Gender or Sexuality issues Housing The Natural Environment The Built Environment Arts or Cultural Issues Black and Minority Ethnic issues Adult Education/Literacy Mental Health and Wellbeing Unemployment Crime/Community Safety/Anti-Social Behaviour International Development or Overseas Aid Civil Liberties/Human Rights Emergency Services, for example Red Cross etc Community Involvement or Community Development Animal Welfare Consumer Advice/Welfare Rights Providing Advice Services Other (specify) None 154

VOL6 SHOWCARD BH AGAIN THINKING OF THE GROUP OR ORGANISATION YOU SPEND MOST TIME UNDERTAKING VOLUNTARY WORK OR ACTIVITIES WITH, WHAT KIND OF WORK OR ACTIVITIES DO YOU GENERALLY DO? CODE ALL THAT APPLY. PROBE FULLY. ANY OTHERS? ANY OTHERS? (VOL6A-VOL6T) Raising money Committee work Office work or administration Providing advice or assistance to others IT Support Education or training or coaching Advocacy Campaigning Providing transport or driving Visiting, buddying or befriending people Counselling Helping to organize or run events or activities Providing direct services (for example meals on wheels, doing odd jobs) etc. Representing others Managing, organising or co-ordinating other unpaid helpers Generally helping out Doing whatever is required Other (please specify) None Don't Know VOL7 HAVE YOU EVER TAKEN PART IN WORK OR ACTIVITIES ON A VOLUNTARY BASIS? Yes No Don't Know/Unsure VOL8A WHY DID YOU STOP BEING INVOLVED IN VOLUNTARY WORK OR ACTIVITIES? SPONTANEOUS. FIRST MENTION RECORDED ON THIS SCREEN. OTHERS WILL BE RECORDED ON THE NEXT SCREEN I got bored or lost interest Things could have been better organised I didn't have the time any longer I wanted a change I had achieved what I wanted to achieve I had new caring responsibilities I had children I didn't feel appreciated It was costing me money Through illness I started paid employment I moved house My circumstances changed (Please specify) Other reasons (Please specify) VOL8B CODE OTHER MENTIONS HERE. CODE ALL THAT APPLY (VOL8BA-VOL8BO) I got bored or lost interest Things could have been better organised I didn't have the time any longer I wanted a change 155

I had achieved what I wanted to achieve I had new caring responsibilities I had children I didn't feel appreciated It was costing me money Through illness I started paid employment I moved house My circumstances changed (Please specify) Other reasons (Please specify) No others VOL9A WHAT DO YOU THINK MIGHT ENCOURAGE YOU TO UNDERTAKE WORK OR ACTIVITIES ON A VOLUNTARY BASIS (AGAIN) IN THE FUTURE? SPONTANEOUS. CODE FIRST MENTION ON THIS SCREEN, THEN OTHERS ON THE NEXT SCREEN If I was certain that it wouldn't affect my benefits If I was sure I wouldn't be out of pocket If someone I knew volunteered with me If there were more people like me volunteering If I knew more about the opportunities available If I had more confidence If I thought I could help others If someone asked me to do something If it would improve my skills If it helped me gain qualifications If it would improve my career/job prospects If it fitted in with my other commitments If it fitted in with my interests and skills If it was good fun If I could volunteer when I felt like it Nothing Other (specify) Don't Know Continue if not nothing or don t know. Others go to RF13b VOL9B CODE OTHER MENTIONS HERE. CODE ALL THAT APPLY (VOL9BA-VOL9BR) If I was certain that it wouldn't affect my benefits If I was sure I wouldn't be out of pocket If someone I knew volunteered with me If there were more people like me volunteering If I knew more about the opportunities available If I had more confidence If I thought I could help others If someone asked me to do something If it would improve my skills If it helped me gain qualifications If it would improve my career/job prospects If it fitted in with my other commitments If it fitted in with my interests and skills If it was good fun If I could volunteer when I felt like it No others Other (specify) Don't Know 156

ANNEX 4 VARIABLES SELECTED FOR PROFILE OF VOLUNTEERS Variable Grouping Volunteering Indicators Demographic variables Measure Variable Name SHS 1999/2004-2006 Surveys 1999/2000 2001/2002 2003/2004 2005 2006 Voluntary organisation, charity or community group. (vol1a-vol1x; 1603-1626) Whether undertaken any voluntary work/activity Whether undertaken any voluntary work/activity (rf11a) Age Banded age of random adult (agerband; 1939) Sex Sex of random adult (randsex; 1940) Economic activity Random adult economic status (randecon; 1941) Income Rebanded annual net household income (tothinc; 91) Income Banded net annual (household) income (bandinc) Urban/rural classification Urban/rural classification Urban/rural classification Frozen 6-fold urban/rural classification (rurfroz6; 1865) Revised (8 class) rural urban indicator (household) (newrural) Urban/rural classification (household) shs_6cla Local authority area Analysis regions small sample LAs combined (area; 1867) Local authority area Local authority identifier (household) (la) Ethnic group Ethnic group of random adult (randeth1; 1943) Ethnic group Wholly white, minority ethnic or mixed households (household) (ethnichh) Deprivation index SIMD revised most deprived 15% (md04pc15; 1862) Level of qualifications School leaving certificate (rc1a; 1149) O Grade, Standard Grade, GCSE, CSE or equivalent (rc1b; 1150) O Grade or equivalent (random adult) (lower) GSVQ Foundation/intermediate or equivalent (rc1c; 1151) Higher Grade/A Level or equivalent (rc1d; 1152) Highers or equivalent (random adult) (higher) 157

Variable Grouping Volunteering variables SHS 1999/2004-2006 Surveys Measure Variable Name 1999/2000 2001/2002 2003/2004 2005 2006 GSVQ Advanced etc or equivalent (rc1e; 1153) City and Guilds (rc1f; 1154) HNC, HND, SVQ4 and 5 or equivalent (rc1g; 1155) First degree, higher degree (rc1h; 1156) First or higher degree (random adult) (degree) Professional qualifications (rc1i; 1157) Professional qualifications (random adult) (prof) Types of organisation Voluntary organisation, charity or community group. (vol1a-vol1z; 1603 1628) Youth group (vol2k-vol2y; 2228-2249) Time spent volunteering Types of activities undertaken Reasons for stopping (activities of organisation) sports or physical recreation (vol5a vol5ai; 1633 1666) Politics (added to analysis of vol5a-vol5ai) (vol5aj; 2250) (activities of org) (random adult) working with older people other charity (rf12aa2 rf12bq2) How frequently does voluntary work/activities. (vol3; 1630) Total hours per month spent volunteering (vol4; 1631) Banded number of hours spent volunteering (random adult) (vol hours) Hours of voluntary activity (random adult) (rf12d2) (volunteering activity) Raising money. (vol6a-vol6t; 1667-1686) (volunteering activity) (random adult) fundraising other (rf12ca2 rf12cf2) Why stopped volunteering (vol8a; 1688) (primary reason) 158

Variable Grouping SHS 1999/2004-2006 Surveys Measure Variable Name 1999/2000 2001/2002 2003/2004 2005 2006 Volunteering Reasons to start volunteering again I got bored or lost interest.. (vol8ba-vol8bo; 1689-1703) (secondary reasons) Became a student.. (added to analysis of vol8bavol8bo) (vol8bq-vol8bs; 2251-2254) What might encourage you. (vol9a; 1704) If I was certain that it would effect my benefits (vol9ba-vol9br; 1705-1722) If it involved family/local issue (added to analysis of vol9ba-vol9br) (vol9bs-vol9bu; 2255-2257) 159

ANNEX 5 REGRESSION ANALYSIS As part of the programme of analysis conducted for this project, a detailed investigation of the factors associated with volunteering in Scotland has been conducted via the use of a regression approach. While the cross tabulations and associated statistical tests reported elsewhere provide considerable information on the prevalence of volunteering in specific segments of Scotland s population (e.g. women, younger people) it is desirable to supplement these individual views with a more comprehensive investigation of how key factors such as age and gender are related to whether or not an individual engages in voluntary service. The regression approach reported here offers two specific advantages, as follows. Firstly, it provides an estimate of how much of the variability in volunteering that is, whether someone does or does not perform voluntary service is explained (in statistical terms) by a group of key demographic factors. Secondly, it allows the effect of each factor on the likelihood of volunteering to be assessed when adjusted for the possible effects of other related factors. This latter point is best illustrated by example. Suppose a simple cross tabulation suggested that women were more likely to be volunteers than men, but it was also known that women were less likely than men to be in full-time employment. In such a case, a cross tabulation cannot reveal whether the apparently increased propensity of women to volunteer is really an effect of gender, or is wholly or in part related to the fact that women may have more free time due to not being in full-time employment. What is really of interest is the independent effect of gender on volunteering after adjusting for employment status. The regression approach provides this type of adjustment. In this way, regression while no substitute for the explicit estimates of prevalence given in the cross tabulations does provide additional valuable insights into the relationships between a number of key factors and volunteering in Scotland. Method The approach used to identify volunteers among respondents to the 2005 Scottish Household Survey has been described earlier. This approach yields a binary or dichotomous quantity that is, a respondent is either a volunteer or not. To assess the effect of factors such as age or economic status on the probability of an individual s being a volunteer, the appropriate statistical technique is that of logistic regression. A full explanation of this method is not feasible here, but interpretation of the results which follow requires that three technical terms be broadly understood. The objective is to predict the probability that a respondent engages in voluntary service. The relationship between a predictive factor (for example gender) and the probability of volunteering is expressed via a quantity known as the odds ratio. The odds ratio is a measure of the likelihood of a binary factor (here, whether the individual is or is not a volunteer worker) being observed in one group relative to the corresponding likelihood for a second 160

group. An odds ratio of one indicates equal likelihood for both groups; odds ratios greater / lower than one indicate unequal likelihoods. An odds ratio may be presented with an associated confidence interval (see below). A simple worked example of odds ratio calculation now follows. Odds Ratio Worked Example Suppose there are two groups of individuals. One hundred and fifty of these are women, of whom 32 perform voluntary work. The odds of volunteering among these women is calculated as the number who do volunteer divided by the number who do not 32 = 118 0.271 The second group consists of 144 men, of whom 17 indicate that they engage in voluntary work. The odds of volunteering among these men is given by 17 = 127 0.134 The odds ratio that is, the odds of a woman being a volunteer relative to the odds of a man being a volunteer is given by 0.271 = 0.134 2.03 The odds ratio is greater than one, so women are more likely to volunteer than men. The above example illustrates the calculation of a raw or unadjusted odds ratio. In the statistical model developed for this project, the odds ratios are adjusted for the effects of other factors which might plausibly be relevant. Confidence Intervals A second concept which should be understood is that of the confidence interval. Simply stated, this is a range of values expressed as a lower and an upper limit within which the unknown true value of an estimated quantity (here, an odds ratio) is expected to fall. Confidence intervals are expressed in terms of specific levels of uncertainty. For example, a 95% confidence interval indicates a 95% probability that the true value will lie within the stated lower and upper limits. Interpretation of the confidence interval depends on the nature of the analysis which generated it. In a logistic regression model such as that used here, the inclusion of the value one in the confidence interval around an estimated odds ratio indicates a result which is non-significant in statistical terms. 161

P Value Finally, the p value is the probability that the result of a statistical test is attributable to the random play of chance, rather than to the presence of an actual effect in the population of interest. All p values fall within a range bounded by zero and one. Large p values (e.g. 0.2) are interpreted as indicating that the observed result could plausibly have arisen due merely to chance, while small p values (e.g. 0.01) suggest that the result reflects an effect which is actually present in the population from which the sample is drawn. A value of p = 0.05 is commonly regarded as an informal threshold of statistical significance, values of 0.05 or lower being considered significant (i.e. indicative of a real effect) while values greater than 0.05 are treated as non-significant. While this is a useful guideline, it can be potentially misleading it is incorrect to place a completely different interpretation on the result of a statistical test simply because the observed p value is (say) 0.06 rather than 0.05. In the results presented in this report, the p values reported are those representing the probability that the odds ratio for a specific factor is one; that is, that there is no relationship between the factor (e.g. gender) and the probability of being a volunteer. 162

Example Regression Analysis Table Odds ratio estimates for the probability of engaging in nine or more hours of voluntary work in an average month AGE (relative to 45-59 years):- 16-24 years 25-34 years 35-44 years 60-74 years 75 years and over Factor odds ratio 95% CI p 0.73 1.04 0.71 0.96 0.79 0.43 to 1.22 0.70 to 1.54 0.52 to 0.96 0.60 to 1.54 0.40 to 1.54 0.23 0.85 0.03 0.86 0.49 SEX (relative to female):- male 1.23 0.97 to 1.55 0.09 ECONOMIC STATUS (relative to full-time employment):- self-employed in part-time employment looking after home / family permanently retired unemployed in higher or further education permanently sick or disabled other INCOME (relative to 10,001-15,000):- 0-6000 6001-10000 15001-20000 20001-25000 25001-30000 30000-40000 40000+ URBAN/RURAL (relative to large urban):- other urban small accessible towns small remote towns accessible rural remote rural 1.68 1.13 1.85 1.59 1.39 1.18 0.93 1.64 0.77 0.82 0.79 0.69 0.87 0.96 0.57 1.18 0.86 0.59 1.15 0.86 1.05 to 2.68 0.79 to 1.62 1.12 to 3.08 0.93 to 2.72 0.63 to 3.08 0.57 to 2.47 0.44 to 1.97 0.81 to 3.32 0.42 to 1.40 0.53 to 1.28 0.52 to 1.20 0.45 to 1.06 0.56 to 1.36 0.63 to 1.45 0.37 to 0.89 0.89 to 1.58 0.60 to 1.24 0.34 to 1.05 0.82 to 1.60 0.55 to 1.32 0.03 0.50 0.02 0.09 0.41 0.66 0.84 0.17 0.39 0.39 0.27 0.09 0.55 0.84 0.01 0.25 0.43 0.07 0.42 0.48 ETHNIC GROUP (relative to white):- non-white 1.00 0.47 to 2.14 0.99 DEPRIVATION (relative to non-deprived):- deprived 1.33 0.88 to 2.00 0.18 LONGSTANDING ILLNESS / DISABILITY (relative to none):- disability only illness or health problem only both disability and illness/health problem 1.08 0.66 0.54 0.60 to 1.94 0.44 to 0.99 0.27 to 1.06 NOTE: The model is based on 1,392 respondents for whom non-missing values of all variables are available. 0.80 0.04 0.07 163

ANNEX 6 PROFILE OF VOLUNTEERS, 1999-2006 Age Demographics 16 24 16.98 (15.1 to 18.9) 25 34 15.68 (13.9 to 17.5) 35 44 11.73 (10.1 to 13.3) 45 to 59 23.38 (21.3 to 25.5) 60 to 74 18.85 (16.9 to 20.8) 75 plus 10.24 (8.7 to 11.8) SHS Years (% of volunteers/95% CI) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Q3-2006 24.42 (22.3 to 26.6) 26.17 24.0 to 28.4) 31.86 (29.4 to 34.2) 29.43 (27.1 to 31.7) 24.18 (22.0 to 26.3) 12.99 (11.3 to 14.7) 20.09 (18.1 to 22.1) 23.55 (21.4 to 25.7) 29.48 (27.2 to 31.8) 29.25 (27.0 to 31.5) 25.85 (23.6 to 28.1) 14.43 (12.7 to 16.2) 22.42 (20.3 to 24.5) 25.59 (23.4 to 27.8) 30.07 27.8 to 32.4) 31.44 (29.1 to 33.8) 25.98 (23.8 to 28.2) 15.51 (13.7 to 17.3) 17.61 (15.7 to 19.5) 20.73 (18.7 to 22.8) 28.31 26.0 to 30.6) 27.21 (25.0 to 29.4) 25.34 (23.2 to 27.5) 13.22 (11.5 to 14.9) 20.92 (18.9 to 23.0) 19.84 (17.8 to 21.8) 27.67 (25.4 to 29.9) 24.63 (22.5 to 26.8) 24.62 (22.5 to 26.8) 13.98 (12.2 to 15.7) 16.5 (14.4 to 18.7) 15.9 (14.0 to 17.8) 24.5 (22.6 to 26.4) 20.3 (18.7 to 21.8) 22.4 (20.6 to 24.1) 12.7 (10.6 to 14.8) 20.6 (17.1 to 24.2) 18.0 (15.1 to 20.9) 26.1 (23.3 to 28.9) 27.0 (24.6 to 29.4) 24.0 (21.5 to 26.5) 14.0 (11.1 to 16.9) Gender Economic Status Male 18.16 (16.2 to 20.1) Female 20.27 (18.2 to 22.3) Self-employed 27.88 (25.6 to 30.1) Full-time employment 19.06 (17.1 to 21.0) Part-time employment 25.38 (23.2 to 27.6) Looking after 20.41 home/family (18.4 to 22.4) Permanently retired from 16.42 work (14.6 to 18.3) Unemployed and seeking 13.40 work (11.7 to 15.1) At school 32.52 (30.2 to 34.9) 24.38 (22.2 to 26.5) 28.17 (25.9 to 30.4) 40.69 (38.2 to 43.2) 28.09 (25.8 to 30.4) 32.64 (30.3 to 35.0) 26.56 (24.3 to 28.8) 21.05 (19.0 to 23.1) 17.56 (15.6 to 19.5) 34.98 32.6 to 37.4) 23.24 21.1 to 25.4) 27.05 24.8 to 29.3) 36.83 34.4 to 39.3) 25.74 (23.6 to 27.9) 34.03 (31.6 to 36.4) 25.31 (23.1 to 27.5) 22.70 (20.6 to 24.8) 17.48 (15.6 to 19.4) 31.19 (28.9 to 33.5) 25.64 (23.4 to 27.8) 27.68 (25.4 to 29.9) 37.40 (35.0 to 39.8) 28.32 (26.1 to 30.6) 33.22 (30.9 to 35.6) 26.82 (24.6 to 29.0) 22.89 (20.8 to 25.0) 19.08 (17.1 to 21.1) 41.09 38.6 to 43.6 21.84 (19.8 to 23.9) 25.36 (23.2 to 27.5) 32.53 (30.2 to 34.9) 24.06 21.9 to 26.2) 30.88 (28.6 to 33.2) 22.87 (20.8 to 25.0) 21.80 (19.7 to 23.9) 12.68 (11.0 to 14.4) 26.94 (24.7 to 29.2) 21.50 (19.4 to 23.6) 24.28 (22.1 to 26.4) 27.51 (25.3 to 29.8) 24.52 22.4 to 26.7) 26.94 (24.7 to 29.2) 23.69 (21.6 to 25.0) 21.09 (19.0 to 23.1) 14.03 (12.3 to 15.8) 41.98 39.5 to 44.5) 18.5 (17.4 to 19.6) 20.7 (19.7 to 21.8) 24.4 (20.7 to 28.1) 19.7 (18.4 to 21.0) 25.4 (22.8 to 28.0) 17.1 (14.3 to 19.9) 19.3 (17.8 to 20.7) 13.5 (9.7 to 17.2) 21.8 (20.1 to 23.5) 23.9 (22.3 to 25.4) 33.7 (27.8 to )39.6 24.7 (22.7 to 26.7) 28.1 (24.4 to 31.8) 20.4 (16.3 to 24.6) 20.9 (18.8 to 23.0) 10.3 (5.8 to 14.9) * 29.3 (17.6 to 41.0) 164

Income (household) Urban/rural classification Demographics Higher/further education 22.34 (20.2 to 24.4) Government work/training scheme Permanently sick or disabled Unable to work due to short term ill health SHS Years (% of volunteers/95% CI) 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Q3-2006 8.70 (7.3 to 10.1) 11.54 (9.9 to 13.1) 19.27 (17.3 to 21.3) Other 12.09 (10.5 to 13.7) 0-6,000 14.20 (12.4 to 16.0) 6,001 10,000 13.72 (12.0 to 15.5) 10,001-15,000 17.74 (15.8 to 19.7) 15,001-20,000 20.87 (18.8 to 22.9) 20,001 + 27.94 (25.7 to 30.2) Large urban areas 16.42 (14.6 to 18.3) Other urban 15.89 (14.1 to 17.7) Small accessible towns 20.11 (18.1 to 22.1) Small remote towns 25.94 (23.7 to 28.1) Accessible rural 25.18 (23.0 to 27.4) Remote rural 29.67 (27.4 to 32.0) 35.38 (33.0 to 37.8) 22.86 (20.7 to 25.0) 27.42 25.2 to 13.1) 17.43 (15.5 to 19.3) 31.94 (29.6 to 34.3) 16.24 (14.4 to 18.1) 19.52 (17.5 to 21.5) 22.06 (20.0 to 24.1) 28.56 (26.3 to 30.8) 37.68 (35.2 to 40.1) 20.76 (18.7 to 22.8) 23.40 (21.3 to 25.5) 27.80 (25.5 to 30.1) 34.19 (31.8 to 36.6) 33.81 (31.4 to 36.2) 39.66 (37.2 to 42.1) 25.75 (23.6 to 27.9) 13.64 (11.9 to 15.4) 12.37 (10.7 to 14.0) 15.46 (13.6 to 17.3) 35.29 (32.9 to 37.7) 16.92 (15.0 to 18.8) 16.97 (15.1 to 18.9) 21.29 (19.2 to 23.3) 27.14 (24.9 to 29.4) 35.35 (32.9 to 37.8) 20.21 (18.2 to 22.2) 22.83 (20.7 to 24.9) 29.21 (26.9 to 31.5) 29.12 (26.8 to 31.4) 30.69 (28.4 to 33.0) 34.59 (32.2 to 37.0) Note: Groupings marked with a * are excluded from the analysis due to small sample size (under 150). 25.55 (23.4 to 27.7) 6.67 (5.4 to 7.9) 15.33 (13.5 to 17.1) 24.55 (22.4 to 26.7) 34.25 (31.9 to 36.6) 19.46 (17.5 to 21.5) 19.02 (17.0 to 21.0) 21.69 (19.6 to 23.8) 31.25 (28.9 to 33.6) 36.12 (33.7 to 38 5) 23.80 (21.7 to 25.9) 23.66 (21.5 to 25.8) 28.94 (26.7 to 31.2) 30.72 (28.4 to 33.0) 32.58 (30.2 to 34.9) 37.02 (34.6 to 39.4) 22.41 (20.3 to 24.5) 21.74 (19.7 to 23.8) 16.82 (14.9 to 18.7) 19.64 (17.6 to 21.6) 32.39 (30.0 to 34.7) 15.82 (14.0 to 17.7) 17.00 (15.1 to 18.9) 18.58 (16.6 to 20.5) 23.85 (21.7 to 26.0) 31.34 (29.0 to 33.7) 21.67 (19.6 to 23.7) 19.88 (17.9 to 21.9) 24.13 (22.0 to 26.3) 25.34 (23.2 to 28.1) 28.73 (26.5 to 31.0) 33.44 (31.1 to 35.8) 20.79 (18.7 to 22.8) 19.05 (17.1 to 21.0) 13.54 (11.8 to 15.3) 10.89 (9.3 to 12.5) 25.00 (22.8 to 27.2) 15.32 (13.5 to 17.1) 15.33 (13.5 to 17.1) 18.24 (16.3 to 20.2) 23.87 (21.7 to 26.0) 30.81 (28.5 to 33.1) 19.04 (17.1 to 21.0) 21.30 (19.2 to 23.4) 23.05 (20.9 to 25.2) 25.92 (23.7 to 28.1) 29.78 (27.5 to 32.1) 29.94 (27.6 to 32.2) 18.5 (14.6 to 22.5) 22.9 (16.9 to 28.9) * * 12.1 (9.2 to 15.0) 11.8 (7.8 to 15.7) * * * * 17.0 (14.2 to 19.8) 13.6 (12.0 to 15.2) 15.9 (14.4 to 17.5) 19.0 (17.0 to 21.0) 26.7 (25.3 to 28.1) 17.1 (16.0 to 18.3) 17.6 (16.2 to 19.0) 21.2 (18.8 to 23.7) 29.3 (23.8 to 34.7) 24.3 (21.9 to 26.7) 31.5 (27.6 to 35.4) 14.8 (11.1 to 18.5) 16.3 (13.9 to 18.7) 17.3 (15.0 to 19.6) 21.5 (18.5 to 24.5) 31.6 (29.5 to 33.6) 19.7 (17.9 to 21.4) 20.5 (18.4 to 22.6) 21.7 (18.2 to 25.1) 32.2 (24.6 to 39.8) 27.1 (23.8 to 30.4) 44.0 (38.6 to 49.3) 165

ANNEX 7 TYPE OF VOLUNTEERING ORGANISATION 1999 2004 Type of organisation SHS Years % 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Working with older people 11.8 10.1 8.5 6.7 7 7.7 Working with people with disabilities 11.9 11.4 8.9 8.9 8.5 8.2 Working with vulnerable people 6 6.4 5.2 4.4 3.5 4 Working in support of the environment 2.9 3.9 2.2 2.5 1.8 2.2 Providing adult education 1.5 2.3 1.5 1.2 1.5 1.7 Working in the area of health 8 12.8 11.1 11.6 9.7 12.4 Providing advice (for example, CAB) 1.2 1.1 0.6 0.6 0.7 1.1 Working with animals 2.8 3.4 2.3 2.2 2 1.9 Political Party 1.8 1.2 1 0.8 0.7 0.9 Professional societies or Associations 2.9 3 1.9 1.9 1.8 3.1 Trade Union 0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.3 Playgroups or other children s activities 7.9 8.7 7.7 6.6 6.6 7.7 Activities working with young people 21.4 18.7 14.7 13.8 13.6 14.8 School Board 2.4 1.7 1.2 1.3 1.5 0.6 Parent/Teacher Association 5 3.3 2.5 3.3 2.8 2.4 Community Council 3.6 3.1 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.5 Community Safety 1.7 1.5 0.7 0.9 0.6 1.1 Church/Religious activities 22.6 18.3 16.2 15.3 14.8 15.2 Residents/tenants groups 4 3.2 2.5 2.5 1.7 2.5 Local economic/employment initiatives 1.1 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 Promoting equal opportunities 1.8 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.2 Tackling social inclusion/poverty 2.8 0.4 0.9 0.8 0.8 Arts, culture 13.2 5.8 3 5.3 7 5.6 Sports activities 11.9 16.6 15.9 17.7 15.4 Other 18.8 19.5 12.4 4.8 13.7 1.8 166

ANNEX 8 PATTERNS OF RURAL VOLUNTEERING This annex provides an analysis of volunteering issues in rural areas. It looks at: the prevalence of volunteering in rural areas propensity to volunteer in rural areas by socio-economic characteristics type of volunteering activity in rural areas intensity of volunteering in rural areas attractions to volunteering in rural areas barriers to volunteering in rural areas. Prevalence of Volunteering in Rural Areas Figure 1 and Table 1 illustrate that respondents in small remote towns, accessible rural and remote rural areas are significantly more likely to volunteer than those in large urban areas, other urban areas and small accessible towns. The proportion of volunteers from rural areas is above the survey average of 19.8%, and percentages increase as level of rurality increases. The percentage of volunteers from rural areas ranges from on average 24.3% to 31.5%. Figure 1 Prevalence of Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Remote rural Small remote towns Accessible rural Small accessible towns Other urban Large urban areas Urban/Rural 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% Volunteers ALL RESPONDENTS 19.8% 167

Table 1 Prevalence of Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Volunteers Urban/rural classification (% of classification total and 95% CI) Large urban areas (4,144) 17.1 (16.0 to 18.3) Other urban (2,770) 17.6 (16.2 to 19.0) Small accessible towns (1,093) 21.2 (18.8 to 23.7) Small remote towns (270) 29.3 (23.8 to 34.7) Accessible rural (1,234) 24.3 (21.9 to 26.7) Remote rural (540) 31.5 (27.6 to 35.4) All respondents 19.8% (19.1 to 20.6) Propensity to Volunteer in Rural Areas by Socio-Economic Characteristics The propensity to volunteer in rural areas is analysed below, broken down by the following socio-economic characteristics: Age Gender Economic status Annual household income Ethnicity Qualifications. 168

Table 2 Age of Volunteers in Rural Areas Age of Volunteers Large Urban Areas (600) Other Urban (494) Small Accessible Towns (221) Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns (123) Accessible Rural (291) Remote Rural (258) 16-24 (131) 10.3 (7.9-12.8) 6.5 (4.3-8.6) 5.0 (2.1-7.8) 7.3 (2.7-11.9) 3.1 (1.1-5.1) 3.1 (1.0-5.2) 25-34 (234) 13.8 (11.1-16.6) 10.9 (8.2-13.7) 12.22 (7.9-16.5) 10.57 (5.1-16.0) 9.97 (6.5-13.4) 10.85 (7.1-14.6) 35-44 (459) 20.7 (17.4-23.9) 25.51 (21.7-29.3) 25.3 (19.6-31.1) 20.3 (13.2-27.4) 24.4 (19.5-29.3) 22.1 (17.0-27.2) 45-59 (502) 20.8 (17.6-24.1) 23.5 (19.7-27.2) 22.6 (17.1-28.1) 29.3 (21.2-37.3) 31.9 (26.6-37.3) 31.8 (26.1-37.5) 60-74 (493) 25.0 (21.5-28.5) 26.1 (22.2-30.0) 25.3 (19.6-31.1) 25.2 (17.5-32.9) 23.4 (18.5-28.2) 22.8 (17.7-28.0) 75 plus (168) 9.33 (7.0-11.7) 7.5 (5.2-9.8) 9.5 (5.6-13.4) 7.3 (2.7-11.9) 7.2 (4.2-10.2) 9.3 (5.8-12.8) There appears to be little significant difference between urban and rural areas in terms of the age distribution of volunteers. Across all urban/rural classifications, the largest proportion of volunteers is aged between 35 and 74. However, it appears that there is a significantly larger proportion of volunteers aged 16-24 in large urban areas (10.3%) than in small accessible towns (5.0%), accessible rural (3.1%) and remote rural areas (3.1%). 169

Table 3 Gender of Volunteers in Rural Areas Gender of Volunteers Large Urban Areas (600) Other Urban (494) Small Accessible Towns (221) Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns (123) Accessible Rural (291) Remote Rural (258) Male (778) 39.5 (35.6-43.4) 39.5 (35.2-43.8) 41.2 (34.7-47.7) 42.3 (33.5-51.0) 36.4 (30.9-42.0) 37.6 (31.7-43.5) Female (1209) 60.5 (56.6-64.4) 60.5 (56.2-64.8) 58.8 (52.3-65.3) 57.7 (49.0-66.5) 63.6 (58.0-69.1) 62.4 (56.5-68.3) Across all urban/rural areas, the ratio of female to male volunteers is broadly similar. Table 4 Economic Status of Volunteers in Rural Areas Economic Status of Volunteers Self-employed (125) Full-time Employment (674) Part-time Employment (266) Looking after Home/Family (119) Large Urban Areas (600) Other Urban (494) Small Accessible Towns (221) Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns (123) Accessible Rural (291) Remote Rural (258) 3.3 (1.9-4.8) 4.5 (2.6-6.3) 5.4 (2.4-8.4) 7.3 (2.7-11.9) 7.2 (4.2-10.2) 15.9 (11.4-20.4) 36.0 (32.2-39.8) 36.2 (32.0-40.5) 33.0 (26.8-39.2) 28.5 (20.5-36.4) 32.3 (26.9-37.7) 29.8 (24.3-35.4) 10.3 (7.9-12.8) 12.5 (9.6-15.5) 16.7 (11.8-21.7) 16.3 (9.7-22.8) 15.5 (11.3-19.6) 15.5 (11.1-19.9) 4.2 (2.6-5.8) 6.3 (4.1-8.4) 5.0 (2.1-7.8) 8.9 (3.9-14.0) 8.6 (5.4-11.8) 6.2 (3.3-9.1) Retired (589) 32.0 (28.3-35.7) 28.7 (24.8-32.7) 28.9 (23.0-34.9) 26.0 (18.3-33.8) 29.5 (24.3-34.8) 28.3 (22.8-33.8) Unemployed (47) 3.7 (2.2-5.2) 2.2 (0.9-3.5) 1.8 (0.1-3.6) 2.4 (-0.3-5.2) 1.7 (0.2-3.2) 0.8 (-0.3-1.8) Higher/Further Education (63) Permanently Sick or Disabled (62) 5.2 (3.4-6.9) 3.8 (2.2-5.5) 2.3 (0.3-4.2) 3.2 (0.1-6.4) 1.0 (-0.1-2.2) 0.4 (-0.4-1.1) 4.0 (2.4-5.6) 3.4 (1.8-5.0) 3.6 (1.2-6.1) 3.2 (0.1-6.4) 2.1 (0.4-3.7) 1.2 (-0.1-2.5) 170

Across all urban/rural areas, the proportion of volunteers in each economic status classification is broadly similar, with the following exceptions: a significantly larger proportion of volunteers are self-employed in remote rural areas (15.9%) than in accessible rural areas (7.2%), small accessible towns (5.4%), other urban areas (4.5%) and large urban areas (3.3%) a significantly larger proportion of volunteers in large urban areas (3.7%) are unemployed than in remote rural areas (0.8%) a significantly larger proportion of volunteers are in higher/further education in large urban areas (5.2%) and other urban areas (3.8%) than in remote rural areas (0.4%) There is also a significantly larger proportion of volunteers in higher/further education in large urban areas (5.2%) than in accessible rural areas (1.0%). In each urban/rural classification, the largest proportions of volunteers are in full-time employment or retired. 171

Table 5 Annual Household Income of Volunteers in Rural Areas Annual Household Income of Volunteers Large Urban Areas (585) Other Urban (487) Small Accessible Towns (216) Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns (119) Accessible Rural (285) Remote Rural (254) 0-6,000 (114) 6.8 (4.8-8.9) 5.3 (3.3-7.3) 4.2 (1.5-6.8) 3.4 (0.1-6.6) 6.7 (3.8-9.6) 6.3 (3.3-9.3) 6,001-10,000 (242) 12.8 (10.1-15.5) 12.5 (9.6-15.5) 12.0 (7.7-16.4) 15.1 (8.7-21.6) 10.9 (7.3-14.5) 12.2 (8.2-16.2) 10,001-15,000 (337) 19.0 (15.8-22.2) 18.5 (15.0-21.9) 13.0 (8.5-17.4) 13.5 (7.3-19.6) 13.3 (9.4-17.3) 21.3 (16.2-26.3) 15,001-20,000 (280) 14.2 (11.4-17.0) 16.8 (13.5-20.2) 12.5 (8.1-16.9) 19.3 (12.2-26.4) 9.5 (6.1-12.9) 15.0 (10.6-19.3) 20,001-25,000 (242) 9.7 (7.3-12.1) 12.7 (9.8-15.7) 14.8 (10.1-19.6) 19.3 (12.2-26.4) 13.0 (9.1-16.9) 12.2 (8.2-16.2) 25,001-30,000 (224) 11.1 (8.6-13.7) 12.7 (9.8-15.7) 11.1 (6.9-15.3) 8.4 (3.4-13.4) 11.6 (7.9-15.3) 11.8 (7.8-15.8) 30,001-40,000 (300) 14.5 (11.7-17.4) 13.8 (10.7-16.8) 19.4 (14.2-24.7) 16.8 (10.1-23.5) 17.9 (13.4-22.3) 13.8 (9.5-18.0) 40,001+ (207) 11.8 (9.2-14.4) 7.6 (5.2-10.0) 13.0 (8.5-17.4) 4.2 (0.6-7.8) 17.2 (12.8-21.6) 7.5 (4.2-10.7) 172

There are some significant differences in the propensity of particular income groups to volunteer depending on their urban/rural classification. there is a significantly smaller proportion of volunteers who earn between 15,001 and 20,000 in accessible rural areas (9.5%) than in other urban areas (16.8%) Nineteen point three per cent of volunteers in small remote towns earn between 20,001 and 25,000. This is a significantly larger proportion than in large urban areas (9.7%) a significantly larger proportion of volunteers in large urban areas (11.8%), small accessible towns (13.0%) and accessible rural areas (17.2%) earn more than 40,001 than in small remote towns (4.2%). 173

Table 6 Ethnicity of Volunteers in Rural Areas Ethnicity of Volunteers Large Urban Areas (600) Other Urban (494) Small Accessible Towns (221) Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns (123) Accessible Rural (291) Remote Rural (258) White (1961) 97.7 (96.5-98.9) 99.0 (98.1-99.9) 99.1 (97.8-100.3) 99.2 (97.6-100.8) 99.3 (98.4-100.3) 99.2 (98.2-100.3) Non-white (25) 2.3 (1.1-3.5) 0.8 (0.0-1.6) 0.9 (-0.3-2.2) 0.8 (-0.8-2.4) 0.7 (-0.3-1.6) 0.8 (-0.3-1.8) Across all urban/rural classifications, a consistently very small proportion of volunteers are non-white. Table 7 Qualifications of Volunteers in Rural Areas Qualifications of Volunteers Large Urban Areas (437) Other Urban (366) Urban/Rural Classification Small Accessible Towns (161) Small Remote Towns (96) Accessible Rural (224) Remote Rural (195) School Leaving Certificate (145) 11.9 (8.9-14.9) 10.4 (7.3-13.5) 9.9 (5.3-14.6) 8.3 (2.8-13.9) 6.7 (3.4-10.0) 8.2 (4.4-12.1) GSVQ Foundation/Intermediate or equivalent (185) O Grade, Standard Grade, GCSE,CSE or equivalent (960) 11.2 (8.3-14.2) 11.5 (8.2-14.7) 19.9 (13.7-26.0) 12.5 (5.9-19.1) 10.3 (6.3-14.2) 13.8 (9.0-18.7) 59.7 (55.1-64.3) 64.2 (59.3-69.1) 61.5 (54.0-69.0) 66.7 (57.2-76.1) 68.3 (62.2-74.4) 75.9 (69.9-81.9) City & Guilds (150) 7.1 (4.7-9.5) 12.6 (9.2-16.0) 10.6 (5.8-15.3) 11.5 (5.1-17.8) 8.0 (4.5-11.6) 13.8 (9.0-18.7) Higher Grade/A Level or equivalent (649) 47.6 (42.9-52.3) 41.0 (35.9-46.0) 42.2 (34.6-49.9) 36.5 (26.8-46.1) 47.3 (40.8-53.9) 42.1 (35.1-49.0) GSVQ Advanced etc or equivalent (177) 11.2 (8.3-14.2) 15.3 (11.6-19.0) 10.6 (5.8-15.3) 9.4 (3.5-15.2) 10.7 (6.7-14.8) 11.3 (6.8-15.7) HNC/HND, SVQ 4 & 5 or equivalent (264) 15.1 (11.7-18.5) 20.5 (16.4-24.6) 19.9 (13.7-26.0) 11.5 (5.1-17.8) 20.5 (15.2-25.8) 17.4 (12.1-22.8) First Degree, Higher Degree (412) 38.4 (33.9-43.0) 19.9 (15.9-24.0) 27.3 (20.4-34.2) 20.8 (12.7-29.0) 29.9 (23.9-35.9) 20.5 (14.8-26.2) Professional Qualifications (366) 25.6 (21.5-29.7) 22.1 (17.9-26.4) 26.7 (19.9-33.5) 20.8 (12.7-29.0) 29.5 (23.5-35.4) 22.6 (16.7-28.4) 174

Across all urban/rural classifications, the largest proportions of volunteers have standard grade or equivalent, higher grade or equivalent, a first or higher degree and/or professional qualifications. The likelihood of volunteers holding standard grade or equivalent qualifications appears to be greater in rural than urban areas. A significantly larger proportion of volunteers in remote rural areas (75.9%) hold this qualification than those in large urban areas (59.7%), other urban areas (64.2%) and small accessible towns (61.5%). However, a significantly larger proportion of volunteers in large urban areas (38.4%) hold a first or higher degree than those in other urban areas (19.9%), small remote towns (20.8%) and remote rural areas (20.5%). Socio-Economic Characteristics of Rural Volunteers Overall, it appears that the socio-economic characteristics of volunteers in rural areas are largely consistent with those in urban areas. Although there are some differences between urban/rural classifications in terms of socio-economic characteristics of volunteers, it does not appear that any socio-economic characteristic has a remarkably greater affect on the propensity of people living in rural areas to volunteer than in urban areas. Type of Volunteering Activities Type of Organisational Activity Although there are generally no significant differences in the organisational activities volunteers are involved with across urban/rural areas, a significant difference can be found in remote rural areas where community involvement or community development is equally common to organisational activities focused on young people, children and sports and physical activities which are the most common activities in all other areas. Volunteers in small remote towns, accessible rural and remote rural areas are more likely to be involved in a smaller range of organisational activities and are less likely to be involved with voluntary organisations focused on particular disadvantaged groups such as refugees and asylum seekers, offenders/ex-offenders, gender or sexuality focused groups, travelling people, people with learning difficulties, homeless people, and people with mental health problems. 175

Table 8 Type of Organisational Activity by Urban/Rural Classification Type of Organisational Activity Large Urban Areas Other Urban Small Accessible Towns Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Young People (357) 19.86 (16.9 to 22.8) 17.36 (14.0 to 20.7) 22.94 (17.5 to 28.4) 17.72 (9.3 to 26.1) 22.07 (17.4 to 26.8) 17.06 (11.4 to 22.7) Children (300) 14.18 (11.6 to 16.8) 17.77 (14.4 to 21.2) 18.26 (13.3 to 23.3) 6.33 (1.0 to 11.7) 17.67 (13.4 to 22.0) 19.41 (13.5 to 25.4) Sports or Physical 15.74 (13.1 to 18.4) 13.4 (10.4 to 16.4) 16.45 (11.7 to 21.2) 24.05 (14.6 to 33.5) 15.67 (11.6 to 19.8) 14.71 (9.4 to 20.0) Recreation (281) Religion/Faith Issues (272) 13.78 (11.2 to 16.3) 15.91 (12.7 to 19.2) 16.02 (11.3 to 20.7) 11.39 (4.4 to 18.4) 8.03 (4.9 to 11.1) 9.41 (5.0 to 13.8) Older People (218) 10.35 (8.1 to 12.6) 11.16 (8.4 to 14.0) 6.96 (3.7 to 10.2) 8.86 (2.6 to 15.1) 10.03 (6.6 to 13.4) 12.94 (7.9 to 18.0) Physical Health/Illness 9.22 (7.1 to 11.4) 13.84 (10.8 to 16.9) 8.23 (4.7 to 11.8) 10.13 (3.5 to 16.8) 7.33 (4.4 to 10.3) 4.71 (1.5 to 7.9) (196) Community Involvement 6.96 (5.1 to 8.8) 5.77 (3.7 to 7.8) 10.0 (6.1 to 13.9) 7.59 (1.8 to 13.4) 8.7 (5.5 to 11.9) 19.3 (13.4 to 25.2) or Community Development (172) Disabled People (101) 5.82 (4.1 to 7.5) 5.79 (3.7 to 7.9) 3.48 (1.1 to 5.8) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 4.00 (1.8 to 6.2) 2.94 (0.4 to 5.5) Arts or Cultural Issues 4.55 (3.0 to 6.1) 5.15 (3.2 to 7.1) 3.46 (1.1 to 5.8) 3.8 (-0.4 to 8.0) 6.67 (3.8 to 9.5) 8.82 (4.6 to 13.1) (101) People with Learning 4.97 (3.4 to 6.6) 3.09 (1.6 to 4.6) 2.6 (0.5 to 4.6) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 3.01 (1.1 to 4.9) 0 Difficulties (64) Families (60) 3.84 (2.4 to 5.3) 3.71 (2.0 to 5.4) 1.3 (-0.2 to 2.8) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 3.0 (1.1 to 4.9) 2.34 (0.1 to 4.6) The Natural Environment 3.55 (2.2 to 4.9) 1.03 (0.1 to 1.9) 1.3 (-0.2 to 2.8) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 3.68 (1.5 to 5.8) 2.35 (0.1 to 4.6) (49) Emergency Services (48) 1.14 (0.4 to 1.9) 1.03 (0.1 to 1.9) 2.16 (0.3 to 4.0) 2.53 (-0.9 to 6.0) 3.01 (1.1 to 4.9) 4.71 (1.5 to 7.9) Homeless People (44) 3.41 (2.1 to 4.7) 1.65 (0.5 to 2.8) 0.87 (-0.3 to 2.1) 0 2.01 (0.4 to 3.6) 0 Mental Health and 3.13 (1.8 to 4.4) 2.07 (0.8 to 3.3) 0.87 (-0.3 to 2.1) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 1.34 (0.6 to 2.6) 0 Wellbeing (42) Providing Advice Services 2.41 (1.3 to 3.5) 1.45 (0.4 to 2.5) 3.9 (1.4 to 6.4) 0 1.0 (-0.1 to 2.1) 0.58 (-0.6 to 1.7) (43) International Development 2.84 (1.6 to 4.1) 2.27 (0.9 to 3.6) 1.73 (0.0 to 3.4) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 1.0 (-0.1 to 2.1) 0.59 (-0.6 to 1.7) or Overseas Aid (38) Adult Education/Literacy 1.99 (1.0 to 3.0) 2.89 (1.4 to 4.4) 1.73 (0.0 to 3.4) 0 2.01 (0.4 to 3.6) 1.17 (-0.4 to 2.8) (36) 176

Type of Organisational Activity Large Urban Areas Other Urban Small Accessible Towns Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Other (34) 2.13 (1.1 to 3.2) 1.65 (0.5 to 2.8) 0.43 (-0.4 to 1.3) 3.8 (-0.4 to 8.0) 1.34 (0.0 to 2.6) 0 Drugs/Alcohol and 1.85 (0.9 to 2.8) 2.27 (0.9 to 3.6) 2.6 (0.5 to 4.6) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 0.33 (-0.3 to 1.0) 1.18 (-0.4 to 2.8) Substance Abuse (33) Open Response for Vol5 2.56 (1.4 to 3.7) 2.07 (0.8 to 3.3) 0.43 (-0.4 to 1.3) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 0.67 (-.03 to 1.6) 0 (31) Carers (28) 1.56 (0.6 to 2.5) 1.65 (0.5 to 2.8) 2.17 (0.3 to 4.1) 0 2.0 (0.4 to 3.6) 0.58 (-0.6 to 1.7) Crime/Community 2.56 (1.4 to 3.7) 0.62 (-0.1 to 1.3) 2.17 (0.3 to 4.1) 0 1.34 (0.0 to 2.6) 1.18 (-0.4 to 2.8) Safety/Anti-Social Behaviour (28) Animal Welfare (28) 0.99 (0.3 to 1.7) 1.24 (0.3 to 2.2) 0.43 (-0.4 to 1.3) 0 2.67 (0.8 to 4.5) 1.18 (-0.4 to 2.8) Housing (25) 1.85 (0.9 to 2.8) 2.07 (0.8 to 3.3) 1.3 (-0.2 to 2.8) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 0.67 (-0.3 to 1.6) 0 Refugees/Asylum Seekers 1.99 (1.0 to 3.0) 0.62 (-0.1 to 1.3) 0 0 0 0 (17) The Built Environment 0.99 (0.3 to 1.7) 0.82 (0.0 to 1.6) 0.43 (-0.4 to 1.3) 1.27 (-1.2 to 3.7) 1.34 (0.0 to 2.6) 0 (17) Civil Liberties/Human 0.99 (6.3 to 1.7) 0.62 (-0.1 to 1.3) 0.87 (-0.3 to 2.1) 0 0 0 Rights (13) Offenders/Ex-Offenders 0.57 (0.0 to 1.1) 1.44 (0.4 to 2.5) 0.43 (-0.4 to 1.3) 0 0 0 (10) Black and Minority Ethnic 1.85 (0.9 to 2.8) 0 0.43 (-0.4 to 1.3) 0 0.33 (-0.3 to 1.0) 0 Issues (11) Unemployment (11) 0.57 (0.0 to 1.1) 0.82 (0.0 to 1.6) 0.87 (-0.3 to 2.1) 0 0.33 (-0.3 to 1.0 0 Gender or Sexuality Issues 0.99 (0.3 to 1.7) 0.21 (-0.2 to 0.6) 0.87 (-0.3 to 2.1) 0 0 0 (9) Consumer Advice/Welfare 0.57 (0.0 to 1.1) 0 0.43 (-0.4 to 1.3) 0 0 0 Rights (8) Travelling People (2) 0.14 (-0.1 to 0.4) 0.41 (-0.2 to 1.0) 0 0 0 0 177

Type of Volunteering Activity For all urban and rural areas, the most common volunteering activities are raising money, committee work and helping to organise or run events or activities as is doing whatever is required in small accessible towns, small remote towns and remote rural towns. Volunteers from small remote towns are significantly more likely to undertake education, training or coaching activities compared to all other areas and in this area this is a common activity. Volunteers in rural areas (small remote towns, accessible rural areas and remote rural areas) are most likely to undertake committee work compared to volunteers from other areas. 178

Table 9 Type of Volunteering Activity by Urban/Rural Classification Urban/Rural Classification Type of Activity Large Urban Areas Other Urban Small Accessible Towns Small Remote Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural Raising money (547) 20.0% (17.0 to 23.0) 32.4% (28.3 to 36.6) 28.6% (22.7 to 34.4) 31.7% (21.4 to 41.9) 35.1% (29.7 to 40.5) 28.6 (22.0 to 35.6) Committee work (510) 20.2% (17.2 to 23.1) 25.6% (21.7 to 29.4) 23.5% (18.0 to 29.9) 22.8% (13.5 to 32.0) 36.1% (30.7 to 41.6) 35.9% (28.7 to 43.1) Office work or 12.2% (9.8 to 14.6) 14.9% (11.7 to 18.0) 9.5% (5.7 to 13.3) 7.6% (1.8 to 13.4) 13.7% (9.8 to 17.6) 15.3% (9.9 to 20.7) administration (255) Providing advice or 15.8% (13.1 to 18.5) 17.2% (13.8 to 20.5) 14.3% (9.8 to 18.8) 6.3% (1.0 to 11.7) 13.0% (9.2 to 16.9) 12.9% (7.9 to 18.0) assistance to others (302) IT support (43) 2.8% (1.6 to 4.1) 1.9% (0.7 to 3.1) 0.9% (-0.3 to 2.1) 3.8% (-0.4 to 8.0) 2.0% (0.4 to 3.6) 1.2% (-0.4 to 2.8) Education or training or 12.6% (10.2 to 15.1) 12.0% (9.1 to 14.8) 10.4% (6.5 to 14.4) 21.5% (12.5 to 30.6) 13.4% (9.5 to 17.2) 15.3% (9.9 to 20.7) coaching (255) Advocacy (34) 2.3% (1.2 to 3.4) 1.9% (0.7 to 3.1) 2.2% (0.3 to 4.1) 0.0% 1.0% (-0.1 to 2.1) 0.6% (-0.6 to 1.7) Campaigning (70) 3.6% (2.2 to 4.9) 4.3% (2.5 to 6.1) 2.6% (0.5 to 4.7) 0.0% 3.7% (1.5 to 5.8) 2.9% (0.4 to 5.5) Providing transport or 4.4% (2.9 to 5.9) 6.0% (3.9 to 8.1) 4.8% (2.0 to 7.5) 6.3% (1.0 to 11.7) 5.0% (2.5 to 7.5) 5.9% (2.3 to 9.4) driving (102) Visiting, buddying or 8.4% (6.3 to 10.4) 8.1% (5.6 to 10.5) 5.2% (2.3 to 8.1) 7.6% (1.8 to 13.4) 6.7% (3.8 to 9.5) 4.1% (1.1 to 7.1) befriending people (145) Counselling (78) 3.5% (2.2 to 4.9) 5.0% (3.0 to 6.9) 3.9% (1.4 to 6.4) 2.5% (-0.9 to 6.0) 3.0% (1.1 to 4.9) 4.1% (1.1 to 7.1) Helping to organise or run 18.9% (16.0 to 21.8) 24.8% (20.9 to 28.6) 29.9% (24.0 to 35.8) 25.35% (15.7 to 28.1% (23.0 to 33.2) 28.8% (22.0 to 35.6) events or activities (483) 34.9) Providing direct services 9.5% (7.3 to 11.7) 8.7% (6.2 to 11.2) 6.9% (3.7 to 10.2) 11.4% (4.4 to 18.4) 8.4% (5.2 to 11.5) 12.4% (7.4 to 17.3) (181) Representing others (66) 3.3% (2.0 to 4.6) 3.3% (1.7 to 4.9) 2.2% (0.3 to 4.1) 0.0% 4.4% (2.0 to 6.7) 5.3% (1.9 to 8.7) Generally helping out 24.3% (21.1 to 27.4) 28.1% (24.1 to 32.1) 25.5% (19.9 to 31.2) 35.4% (24.9 to 46.0) 23.4% (18.6 to 28.2) 24.0% (17.6 to 30.4) (512) Doing whatever is required (432) 21.7% (18.7 to 24.7) 21.1% (17.4 to 24.7) 20.9% (15.6 to 26.1) 27.9% (18.0 to 37.7) 19.7% (15.2 to 24.2) 23.5% (17.2 to 29.9) 179

Intensity of Volunteering Frequency of Volunteering Across all urban/rural areas, volunteers are most likely to volunteer about once a week. All urban/rural areas with the exception of small accessible towns are equally likely to volunteer several times a week. Those from rural areas (small remote towns, accessible rural areas and remote rural areas) are equally likely to volunteer about once a month, several times a month but not every week and several times a week. 180

Table 10 Frequency of Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Frequency of volunteering A few times a year 15.7 (13.0-18.3) About every other month 2.3 (1.2-3.3) About once a month 16.4 (13.6-19.1) Several times a month but 12.7 not every week (10.2-15.1) About once a week 23.6 (20.4-26.7) Several times a week 20.2 (17.2-23.1) Every day 3.2 (1.9-4.5) Once a year 5.4 (3.7-7.0) Large Urban Areas Other Urban Small Accessible Towns Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns Accessible Rural Remote Rural 17.6 (14.2-21.0) 18.1 (13.1-23.1) 13.8 (6.2-21.3) 10.7 (7.2-14.2) 17.6 (11.9-23.4) 6.1 (4.0-8.3) 5.2 (2.3-8.0) 3.8 (-0.4-7.9) 7.7 (4.7-10.7) 4.1 (1.1-7.1) 12.1 (9.2-15.0) 19.0 (13.9-24.0) 16.3 (8.2-24.3) 17.7 (13.4-22.0) 16.5 (10.9-22.0) 11.1 (8.3-13.8) 9.5 (5.7-13.3) 16.3 (8.2-24.3) 14.7 (10.7-18.7) 18.8 (12.9-24.70 22.7 (19.0-26.5) 26.7 (21.0-32.4) 17.5 (9.2-25.8) 22.0 (17.3-26.7) 18.2 (12.4-24.0) 18.6 (15.2-22.1) 13.8 (9.4-18.2) 22.5 (13.3-31.7) 18.7 (14.3-23.1) 17.1 (11.4-22.7) 2.9 (1.4-4.3) 2.6 (0.5-4.6) 3.8 (-0.4-7.9) 1.7 (0.2-3.1) 2.9 (0.4-5.5) 8.0 (5.6-10.4) 4.7 (2.0-7.5) 6.3 (0.9-11.6) 6.7 (3.8-9.5) 4.7 (1.5-7.9) 181

Hours Spent Volunteering The average hours spent volunteering across rural areas is 12.3 hours. This not significantly different to hours spent volunteering in urban areas. Table 11 Average Hours Spent Volunteering Per Month by Urban/Rural Classification Urban/Rural Classification Average hours spent volunteering (95% CI) Large Urban Areas 12.9 (11.7 to 14.1) Other Urban Areas 13.8 (12.3 to 15.4) Small Accessible Towns 12.1 (10.1 to 14.1) Small Remote Towns 12.4 (10.3 to 14.5) Accessible Rural Areas 13.2 (11.2 to 15.2) Remote Rural Areas 11.2 (9.4 to 13.0) Attractions to Volunteering Compared with other responses, a larger proportion of respondents in all rural areas indicated that nothing would encourage them to volunteer. 182

Table 12 Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Reason for Re-starting Volunteering If I was certain that it wouldn t affect my benefits If I could afford it/was sure I wouldn t be out of pocket If someone I knew volunteered with me If there were more people like me volunteering If I knew more about the opportunities available Large Urban Areas % 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.5) 1.7 (0.9 to 2.5) 1.1 (0.4 to 1.7) 0.7 (0.2 to 1.2) 3.5 (2.3 to 4.6) If I had more confidence 1.1 (0.4 to 1.7) If I thought I could help others 9.3 (5.7 to 8.9) If someone asked me to do something 4.4 (3.2 to 5.7) If it would improve my skills 1.3 (0.6 to 2.0) If it helped me gain qualifications 1.1 (0.4 to 1.7) If it would improve my careers/job 1.9 prospects (1.1 to 2.7) If it fitted in with my other 15.1 commitments (13.0 to 17.3) If it fitted in with my interests and 5.9 skills (4.5 to 7.4) If it was good fun 1.2 (0.5 to 1.8) If I could volunteer when I felt like it 4.2 (3.0 to 5.4) Other Urban % 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.7) 1.1 (0.3 to 1.8) 0.4 (-0.1 to 0.9) 0.7 (0.1 to 1.3) 2.6 (1.4 to 3.7) 0.6 (0.0 to 1.1) 4.1 (2.7 to 5.5) 2.2 (1.1 to 3.2) 0.7 (0.1 to 1.3) 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.7) 0.6 (0.0 to 1.1) 14.3 (11.8 to 16.9) 5.9 (4.2 to 7.6) 2.5 (1.3 to 3.6) 7.1 (5.2 to 9.0) Small Accessible Towns % 0.0 1.7 (0.2 to 3.2) 1.4 (0.0 to 2.7) 0.4 (-0.3 to 1.0) 1.7 (0.2 to 3.2) 0.7 (-0.3 to 1.7) 4.2 (1.9 to 6.5) 2.8 (0.9 to 8.7) 0.0 1.0 (-0.1 to 2.2) 0.4 (-0.3 to 1.0) 14.2 (10.2 to 18.3) 4.5 (2.1 to 6.9) 1.7 (0.2 to 3.2) 3.8 (1.6 to 6.0) Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns % Accessible Rural% 0.0 0.3 (-0.3 to 0.9) Remote Rural % All % (95 % CI) 0.0 0.3 (0.1 to 0.4) 1.2 0.0 1.2 1.3 (-1.2 to 3.6) (-0.4 to 2.8) (0.9 to 1.7) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 (0.2 to 0.8) 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.6 (-0.2 to 1.4) (0.3 to 0.9) 2.4 1.7 1.8 2.6 (-0.9 to 5.8) (0.4 to 3.1) (-0.2 to 3.8) (2.0 to 3.2) 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.8 (-0.3 to 0.9) (-0.6 to 1.7) (0.5 to 1.1) 9.8 4.9 7.1 5.7 (3.3 to 16.2) (2.7 to 7.2) (3.2 to 11.0) (4.8 to 6.5) 2.4 4.4 7.1 3.7 (-0.9 to 5.8) (2.2 to 6.5) (3.2 to 11.0) (3.0 to 4.4) 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.8 (-0.6 to 1.7) (0.5 to 1.1) 1.2 0.0 0.0 0.6 (-1.2 to 3.6) (0.3 to 0.8) 1.2 1.2 0..0 1.2 (-1.2 to 3.6) (0.0 to 2.3) (0.8 to 1.6) 9.8 (3.3 to 16.2) 11.0 (4.2 to 17.7) 12.5 (9.0 to 16.0) 7.0 (4.3 to 9.7) 0.0 0.9 (-0.1 to 1.9) 3.7 (-04 to 7.7) 2.9 (1.1 to 4.7) 20.1 (14.1 to 26.2) 8.9 (4.6 to 13.2) 13.7 (12.4 to 15.0) 6.1 (5.2 to 7.0) 0.0 1.6 (1.2 to 2.1) 4.9 (4.1 to 5.7) 4.7 (1.5 to 7.9) 183

Reason for Re-starting Volunteering Large Urban Areas % Nothing 36.7 (33.8 to 39.6) Other 7.7 (6.0 to 9.3) Better transport/more local 0.1 (-01 to 0.3) Planning to 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.5) More time 9.0 (7.3 to 10.7) Better health 0.7 (0.2 to 1.2) Childcare/will when children older 0.3 (0.0 to 0.6) If was supported/valued 0.2 (-0.1 to 0.5) When retired/not working 1.0 (0.4 to 1.5) Other Urban % 43.6 (40.0 to 47.2) 5.9 (4.2 to 7.6) 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.7) 0.4 (-0.1 to 0.9) 8.5 (6.5 to 10.5) 1.5 (0.6 to 2.4) 0.4 (-0.1 to 0.9) 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.7) 0.7 (0.1 to 1.3) If involved children/family/local interest 1.2 (0.5 to 1.8) 0.4 (-0.1 to 0.9) If I felt strongly about it/it was 0.0 0.3 worthwhile (-0.1 to 0.7) If it was easy to get to/nearby 0.0 0.3 (-0.1 to 0.7) Small Accessible Towns % 44.4 (38.7 to 50.2) 6.9 (4.0 to 9.9) Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns % 42.7 (32.0 to 53.4) 8.5 (2.5 to 14.6) Accessible Rural% 47.1 (41.8 to 52.4) 9.0 (6.0 to 12.0) Remote Rural % 39.6 (32.3 to 47.0) 4.1 (1.1 to 7.1) All % (95 % CI) 43.9 (42.1 to 45.8) 6.7 (5.8 to 7.6) 0.4 0.0 0.6 1.8 0.3 (-0.3 to 1.0) (-02 to 1.4) (-0.2 to 3.8) (0.1 to 0.5) 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.6 0.2 (-0.3 to 0.9) (-0.6 to 1.7) (0.0 to 0.4) 9.0 6.1 7.3 5.9 7.7 (5.7 to 12.3) (0.9 to 11.3) (4.5 to 10.0) (2.4 to 9.5) (6.7 to 8.6) 0.4 1.2 1.2 0.0 1.0 (-0.3 to 1.0) (-1.2 to 3.6) (0.0 to 2.3) (0.6 to 1.4) 1.0 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.5 (-0.1 to 2.2) (-0.2 to 1.4) (0.2 to 0.8) 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.0 0.1 (-0.3 to 0.9) (0.0 to 0.2) 2.1 0.0 0.9 1.2 0.9 (0.4 to 3.7) (-0.1 to 1.9) (-0.4 to 2.8) (0.6 to 1.3) 1.4 1.2 0.9 0.0 0.7 (0.0 to 2.7) (-1.2 to 3.6) (-0.1 to 1.9) (0.4 to 1.1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 (0.0 to 0.3) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 (0.0 to 0.2) 184

Barriers to Volunteering Small Remote Towns Respondents in this urban/rural classification are more likely to have given up volunteering due to a lack of time (16.7%) than any other reason, although this was not statistically significant. In addition, a larger proportion of respondents in small remote towns than the survey sample gave up volunteering as a result of new caring responsibilities, although, again, this was not statistically significant. Accessible Rural A larger proportion of respondents in this group said that they stopped volunteering because of a lack of time (21.6%) than any other reason, although this was not statistically significant. Remote Rural Respondents living in remote rural areas were more likely to have given up volunteering due to a lack of time (26.8%) than any other reason, although this was not statistically significant.. Qualitative Research Findings Our qualitative research found that many barriers, most notably a lack of awareness and understanding of volunteering and a lack of time, to volunteering were common in both urban and rural areas. However, issues related to travel and transport provide a larger obstacle to volunteering in rural areas than urban. Comments from rural research participants regarding barriers they face to volunteering include: public transport is not cheap and does not link up well (current volunteer, Skye, male) public transport is infrequent and expensive lack of transport does put people off (non-volunteer, Skye, female) it s a hike to come into work (non-volunteer, Skye, female) some organisations are slow in reimbursing travel expenses (current volunteer, Skye, male) 185

Table 13 Reasons for Stopping Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Urban/Rural Classification Reason for Stopping Volunteering Large Urban Areas % I got bored or lost interest 1.6 (0.6 to 2.5) Things could have been better organised I didn t have the time any longer 25.5 (22.1 to 28.8) Other Urban % 2.5 (1.1 to 3.8) Small Accessible Towns % Small Remote Towns % Accessible Rural% Remote Rural % All % * * * * 2.1 (1.4 to 2.7) * * * * * * 1.3 (0.7 to 2.5) 20.2 (16.6 to 23.8) 24.3 (18.5 to 30.1) 16.7 (9.0 to 24.4) 21.6 (16.2 to 26.9) 26.8 (20.4 to 33.2) 28.2 (21.2 to 25.1) I wanted a change * * * * * * 1.3 (0.8 to 1.8) I had achieved what I wanted to achieve 4.1 (2.5 to 5.6) I had new caring responsibilities 5.6 (3.8 to 7.4) I had children 4.8 (3.2 to 6.5) 2.9 (1.4 to 4.3) 2.9 (1.4 to 4.3) 535 (3.5 to 7.5) * * * 6.6 (3.0 to 10.1) * * 4.9 (2.7 to 7.6) * * 5.3 (2.4 to 8.2) 3.6 (2.7 to 4.4) * 4.2 (3.3 to 5.2) * 0.6 (0.2 to 1.0) I didn t feel appreciated * * * * * * 0.9 (1.0 to 1.9) It was costing me money * * * * * * 1.2 (0.5 to 1.4) Through illness 13.9 (11.2 to 16.6) Changed job/started work/job got busier/i started paid employment 12.0 (9.5 to 14.6) I moved house 10.6 (8.2 to 13.0) 16.5 (13.2 to 19.8) 15.9 (12.7 to 19.2) 8.8 (6.3 to 11.3) My circumstances changed * 2.2 (0.9 to 3.6) Other reasons 2.2 (1.1to 3.3) 15.2 (10.4 to 20.1) 14.8 (10.6 to 19.6) 11.0 (6.7 to 15.2) 13.3 (6.3 to 20.4) 11.1 (4.6 to 17.6) 12.2 (5.5 to 19.0) 10.6 (6.6 to 14.6) 12.3 (8.1 to 16.6) 16.3 (11.5 to 21.1) 13.7 (8.7 to 18.6) 9.8 (5.5 to 14.2) 18.6 (12.9 to 24.2) 14.3 (12.7 to 15.9) 13.2 (11.6 to 14.7) 11.7 (10.3 to 12.2) * * * * 1.4 (0.8 to 1.9) * * * * * 1.5 (1.0 to 2.1) Too old 4.4 3.5 6.2 * 7.5 6.0 5.1 186

Reason for Stopping Volunteering Large Urban Areas % Children grew up/left 2.8 (1.5 to 4.1) Became a student 2.3 (1.2 to 3.5) Organisation 2.2 collapsed/organisational issues (1.1 to 3.3) Other Urban % Small Accessible Towns % Urban/Rural Classification Small Remote Towns % Accessible Rural% Remote Rural % All % (2.8 to 6.0) (1.8 to 5.1) (2.9 to 9.4) (4.1 to 10.9) (2.6 to 9.5) (4.1 to 6.1) 4.5 (2.7 to 6.3) * * * * 3.3 (2.4 to 4.1) * * * * * 1.3 (0.8 to 1.8) 4.5 (2.7 to 6.3) Too much pressure * 2.0 (0.8 to 3.3) Time-limited/no longer needed 2.7 (1.4 to 3.9) 5.2 (2.9 to 6.4) * * * 3.4 (2.6 to 4.3) * * * * 0.8 (0.4 to 1.2) * * * * * 2.1 (1.5 to 2.8) 187

ANNEX 9 SCHEDULES FOCUS GROUP TOPIC GUIDES AND INTERVIEW Focus Group Topic Guide Non-Volunteers Introduction The Scottish Executive is keen to find out more about what people in Scotland think of volunteering. Today I would like to talk to talk to you about volunteering and what you consider to be the benefits of and barriers to volunteering. We are collecting this information to inform the Scottish Executive s understanding of volunteering and to inform future policy for volunteers. The information you give us will be anonymised nothing you say will be attributed to yourself as an individual. Round table introduction: please introduce yourself and tell us a little about yourself (where you live, what you do). What is Volunteering? Volunteering has been defined as: the giving of time and energy through a third party, which can bring measurable benefits to the volunteer, individual beneficiaries, groups and organisations, communities, environment and society at large. It is a choice undertaken of one s own free will, and is not motivated primarily for financial gain or for a wage or salary. Do you agree with this definition? Are there any activities that you would consider as volunteering that aren t covered by this definition? What do the characteristics of a volunteer tend to be? (prompt if necessary: gender, age, employment status, income, ethnicity, area of residence urban/rural, deprivation) Volunteering Can I just check that you have never done any volunteering? Facilitator to probe for activity that is volunteering but may not be considered to be by participants, eg helping at school fairs, helping at sports clubs, working for a local political party Barriers to Volunteering Have you considered volunteering in the past but were unable to? What were the reasons for this? Could anything have been done to overcome these obstacles? Why do you not volunteer? (prompt if necessary: too old, lack of time, work commitments, illness/disability, lack of volunteering opportunities, lack of accessible opportunities, lack of 188

interest, distance, expense, never been asked, organisation factors, eg too demanding, bad experience, lack of adequate training available) (note if prompting was required) Facilitator to probe barriers mentioned fully for example: If being too old is mentioned why is this a barrier? Is there a lack of opportunities seen as suitable for the participant s age group? If lack of time is mentioned why is there a lack of time? Work/family/other commitments? If work commitments are mentioned why does work prevent volunteering? Does it cause a lack of time or energy or both? If illness/disability is mentioned would the participant like to volunteer but feels unable to do so? If lack of volunteering opportunities is mentioned is there a lack of opportunities available or is there a lack of awareness of where to find information about opportunities? If lack of accessible opportunities is mentioned why is this? Is there a lack of affordable transport? If lack of interest is mentioned would the participant be more likely to volunteer if it was related to an issue of interest to him/her? Are there concerns about the effect volunteering might have on their benefits situation if unemployed? Are there concerns about lengthy police checks if they want to work with children? Could anything be done to overcome these barriers? (prompt if necessary: eg if it fitted with other commitments, if I could find information about opportunities, if there were more accessible opportunities) Facilitator to probe fully for example: If fitting in with other commitments is mentioned what would this involve? A small number of hours or being able to choose at what times to take part in volunteering? If finding information about opportunities is mentioned how and where should opportunities be advertised? If more accessible opportunities is mentioned what could be done to make them more accessible? 189

Benefits of Volunteering What do you think are the benefits of volunteering for volunteers? (prompt if necessary: eg improving job/career prospects, improving self-confidence or self-esteem, increasing social contact or activities, overcoming boredom or having something to do, having fun, being involved with an issue of interest, helping the community, deriving satisfaction, sense of achievement) (note if prompting was required) Facilitator to probe benefits mentioned fully for example: If improving job/career prospects, improving self confidence or increasing social contact is mentioned how does volunteering do this? If overcoming boredom is mentioned is there a lack of other leisure activities in your area? If helping the community is mentioned is there a strong sense of community in your area? Thank you for your time and information 190

Telephone Interview Guide Non-Volunteers Introduction Hello, my name is Ian and I am calling from a company called Blake Stevenson. We have been asked by the Scottish Executive to do research into volunteering in Scotland and we are interested in speaking to people who have never volunteered about their views and understanding of volunteering. Am I right in thinking you fall into this category that you have never done any volunteering? If interviewee has never volunteered, continue If interviewee has volunteered, thank you for your time Excellent, you are just the type of person who can help with this research. Would you be able to spare five minutes just now to talk about your views of volunteering? If yes, continue If no, Thank you for your time. Thank you. We are doing this research to help the Executive improve their understanding of volunteering and to inform future policy for volunteering. The information you give us will be kept anonymous your name will not be used. What is Volunteering? 1 How would you define volunteering? What activities do you consider to be volunteering? (probe for formal and informal volunteering) 2 Can I just check again that you have never taken part in any of these activities? Have you ever helped out a school fair, a sports club, or a political party? If yes, how would you describe this if you don t consider it to be volunteering? Barriers to Volunteering 3 Have you considered volunteering in the past but were unable to? What were the reasons for this? Could anything have been done to overcome these obstacles? 4 Is there any reason why you don t volunteer? (prompt only if necessary: too old, lack of time, work commitments, illness/disability, lack of volunteering opportunities, lack of accessible opportunities, effect on benefits, lengthy police checks, lack of interest, distance, expense, never been asked, organisations are too demanding, lack of adequate training available) (note if prompting was required) 191

Interviewer to probe barriers mentioned fully for example: if being too old is mentioned why is this a barrier? Is there a lack of opportunities seen as suitable for the participant s age group? If lack of time is mentioned why is there a lack of time? Work/family/other commitments? If work commitments are mentioned why does work prevent volunteering? Does it cause a lack of time or energy or both? If illness/disability is mentioned would the participant have liked to continue volunteering but felt unable to do so? What prevents interviewee from volunteering access issues/flexibility around times/need for support? If lack of volunteering opportunities is mentioned is there a lack of opportunities available or is there a lack of awareness of where to find information about opportunities? If lack of accessible opportunities is mentioned why is this? Is there a lack of affordable transport? If lack of interest is mentioned would the participant be more likely to volunteer if it was related to an issue of interest to him/her? Are there concerns about the effect volunteering might have on their benefits situation if unemployed? Are there concerns about lengthy police checks if they want to work with children? 5 Could anything be done to overcome these barriers? (prompt only if necessary: eg if it fitted with other commitments, if I could find information about opportunities, if there were more accessible opportunities) Interviewer to probe fully for example: If fitting in with other commitments is mentioned what would this involve? A small number of hours or being able to choose at what times to take part in volunteering? If finding information about opportunities is mentioned how should opportunities be advertised? If more accessible opportunities is mentioned what could be done to make them more accessible? 192

Benefits of Volunteering 6 What do you think are the benefits of volunteering for volunteers? (prompt only if necessary: eg improving job/career prospects, improving self-confidence or selfesteem, increasing social contact or activities, overcoming boredom or having something to do, having fun, being involved with an issue of interest, helping the community, deriving satisfaction, sense of achievement) (note if prompting was required) Interviewer to probe benefits mentioned fully for example: If improving job/career prospects, improving self confidence or increasing social contact is mentioned how does volunteering do this? If overcoming boredom is mentioned is there a lack of other leisure activities in your area? If helping the community is mentioned is there a strong sense of community in your area? Thank you for your time and information 193

Focus Group Topic Guide - Former Volunteers Introduction The Scottish Executive is keen to find out about the types of volunteering that people in Scotland do, what attracted them to volunteering, and why people stop volunteering. Today I would like to find out about what you consider to be volunteering, the volunteering that you did, and the reasons why you stopped volunteering. We are collecting this information to inform the Scottish Executive s understanding of volunteering and to inform future policy for volunteers. The information you give us will be anonymised nothing you say will be attributed to yourself as an individual. Round table introduction: please introduce yourself and tell us a little about the volunteering that you did. What is Volunteering? Volunteering has been defined as: the giving of time and energy through a third party, which can bring measurable benefits to the volunteer, individual beneficiaries, groups and organisations, communities, environment and society at large. It is a choice undertaken of one s own free will, and is not motivated primarily for financial gain or for a wage or salary. Do you agree with this definition? Are there any activities that you would consider as volunteering that aren t covered by this definition? Type of Volunteering What type of volunteering did you take part in? Facilitator to probe for activity that is volunteering but may not be considered to be by participants, eg helping at school fairs, helping at sports clubs, working for a local political party Was this with an organisation? Which organisation(s)? How many? Why did you volunteer with this/these organisation(s)? Facilitator to note: is this formal or informal volunteering? Ensure distinction is maintained throughout discussion Why did you volunteer with these organisations in particular? Facilitator to probe why the participants volunteered with these organisations. Is the activity seen as particularly relevant to their age group? Is it through personal interest in the 194

issue/organisation? Is it through a feeling of obligation, eg helping out with activities that their children are involved in? How frequently did you volunteer? Approximately how much time did you spend volunteering in an average month? Benefits of Volunteering What do you see as the benefits of volunteering? (prompt if necessary: eg improving job/career prospects, improving self-confidence or self-esteem, increasing social contact or activities, overcoming boredom or having something to do, having fun, being involved with an issue of interest, helping the community, deriving satisfaction, sense of achievement) (note if prompting was required) Facilitator to probe benefits mentioned fully for example: If improving job/career prospects, improving self confidence or increasing social contact is mentioned how does volunteering do this? If overcoming boredom is mentioned is there a lack of other leisure activities in your area? If helping the community is mentioned is there a strong sense of community in your area? Stopping Volunteering Why did you stop volunteering? (prompt if necessary: eg becoming too old, lack of time, illness/disability, moving house, changed/started job/got busier at work, distance, expense. Organisation factors, eg bad experience, too demanding, lack of adequate training offered) (note if prompting was required) Facilitator to probe barriers mentioned fully for example: If becoming too old is mentioned why was this a barrier? Was the participant involved in age-related activities? If lack of time is mentioned why was there a lack of time? Work/family/other commitments? If illness/disability is mentioned would the participant have liked to continue volunteering but felt unable to do so? If moving house is mentioned why was this a barrier to volunteering? Was the new house further away? Were there poorer transport connections in the participant s new location? If starting a job/getting a new job/getting busier at work is mentioned why was this a barrier? Was the new job further away? Did this create new time 195

pressures? Was there a lack of energy to volunteer after a day s work? Was the primary goal of taking part in volunteering to help the participant get a job/promotion? If lack of informaiton is mentioned what information would be helpful to them? Could anything have been done to help you overcome these barriers/obstacles? Were there any other disadvantages of volunteering for you? How could these have been addressed? Starting Volunteering Again Could anything encourage you to volunteer again now or in the future? (prompt if necessary: eg if it fitted with other commitments, adequate recognition, improved training opportunities, ease of claiming expenses, adequate subsistence and travel allowance, special requirements of disabled volunteers) (note if prompting was required) Facilitator to probe fully for example: If fitting in with other commitments is mentioned what would this involve? A small number of hours or being able to choose at what times to take part in volunteering? If nothing would encourage participants to volunteer again, why is this? Did they have a bad experience of volunteering? Do the barriers that caused the participant to stop volunteering still exist? Are there concerns about the effect volunteering might have on their benefits situation if unemployed? Are there concerns about lengthy police checks if they want to work with children? Thank you for your time and information 196

Telephone Interview Guide - Former Volunteers Introduction Hello, my name is Ian and I am calling from a company called Blake Stevenson. We have been asked by the Scottish Executive to do research into volunteering in Scotland and we are interested in speaking to people who have done voluntary work in the past but who do so no longer. Am I right in thinking you have volunteered in the past but don t any more? If interviewee is a former volunteer, continue If interviewee is not a former volunteer, thank you for your time Excellent, you re just the type of person who can help with our research. Would you be able to spare five minutes just now to talk about how you found volunteering? If yes, continue If no, Thank you for your time. Thank you. We are doing this research to help the Executive improve their understanding of volunteering and to inform future policy for volunteering. The information you give us will be kept anonymous your name will not be used. Type of Volunteering 1 What type of volunteering did you take part in? 2 What other kinds of activity would you count as volunteering? 3 Did you volunteer with an organisation? Which organisation(s) and how many? Interviewer to note: is this formal or informal volunteering? Ensure distinction is maintained throughout discussion 4 Why did you volunteer with these organisations in particular? Interviewer to probe why the participants volunteered with these organisations. Is the activity seen as particularly relevant to their age group? Is it through personal interest in the issue/organisation? Is it through a feeling of obligation, eg helping out with activities that their children are involved in? 5 How frequently did you volunteer? 6 Approximately how much time did you spend volunteering in an average month? 197

Benefits of Volunteering 7 What do you see as the benefits of volunteering? (prompt only if necessary: eg improving job/career prospects, improving self-confidence or self-esteem, increasing social contact or activities, overcoming boredom or having something to do, having fun, being involved with an issue of interest, helping the community, deriving satisfaction, sense of achievement) (note if prompting was required) Interviewer to probe benefits mentioned fully for example: If improving job/career prospects, improving self confidence or increasing social contact is mentioned how does volunteering do this? If overcoming boredom is mentioned is there a lack of other leisure activities in your area? If helping the community is mentioned is there a strong sense of community in your area? Stopping Volunteering 8 Why did you stop volunteering? (prompt only if necessary: eg becoming too old, lack of time, illness/disability, moving house, changed/started job/got busier at work, distance, expense, organisation was too demanding, lack of adequate training offered, bad experience with organisation) (note if prompting was required) Interviewer to probe barriers mentioned fully for example: If becoming too old is mentioned why was this a barrier? Was the participant involved in age-related activities? If lack of time is mentioned why was there a lack of time? Work/family/other commitments? If illness/disability is mentioned would the participant have liked to continue volunteering but felt unable to do so? What prevents interviewee from volunteering access issues/flexibility around times/need for support? If moving house is mentioned why was this a barrier to volunteering? Was the new house further away? Were there poorer transport connections in the participant s new location? If starting a job/getting a new job/getting busier at work is mentioned why was this a barrier? Was the new job further away? Did this create new time pressures? Was there a lack of energy to volunteer after a day s work? Was the primary goal of taking part in volunteering to help the participant get a job/promotion? 198

9 Could anything have been done to help you overcome these barriers/obstacles? 10 Were there any other disadvantages of volunteering for you? How could these have been addressed? Starting Volunteering Again 11 Could anything encourage you to volunteer again now or in the future? (prompt only if necessary: eg if it fitted with other commitments, if I was sure my benefits situation wouldn t be effected, if I received adequate recognition, improved training facilities, ease of claiming expenses, adequate subsistence and travel allowance, if the Disclosure/police check process was easier and quicker) (note if prompting was required) Interviewer to probe fully for example: If fitting in with other commitments is mentioned what would this involve? A small number of hours or being able to choose at what times to take part in volunteering? If nothing would encourage participants to volunteer again, why is this? Did they have a bad experience of volunteering? Do the barriers that caused the participant to stop volunteering still exist? Are there concerns about the effect volunteering might have on their benefits situation if unemployed? Are there concerns about lengthy police checks if they want to work with children? Thank you for your time and information 199

Focus Group Topic Guide - Existing Volunteers Introduction The Scottish Executive is keen to find out about the types of volunteering that people in Scotland do, and what attracted them to volunteering. Today I would like to find out about what you consider to be volunteering, the volunteering that you do, and the reasons why you volunteer. We are collecting this information to inform the Scottish Executive s understanding of volunteering and to inform future policy for volunteers. The information you give us will be anonymised nothing you say will be attributed to yourself as an individual. Round table introduction: please introduce yourself name, where you live, for how long you ve been volunteering etc What is Volunteering? Volunteering has been defined as: the giving of time and energy through a third party, which can bring measurable benefits to the volunteer, individual beneficiaries, groups and organisations, communities, environment and society at large. It is a choice undertaken of one s own free will, and is not motivated primarily for financial gain or for a wage or salary. Do you agree with this definition? Are there any activities that you would consider as volunteering that aren t covered by this definition? Type of Volunteering What type of volunteering do you currently take part in? Facilitator to probe for activity that is volunteering but may not be considered to be by participants, eg helping at school fairs, helping at sports clubs, working for a local political party Is this with an organisation? Which organisation(s)? How many? Why did you volunteer with this/these organisation(s) in particular? Facilitator to note: is this formal or informal volunteering? Ensure distinction is maintained throughout discussion Why do you volunteer with these organisations in particular? Facilitator to probe why the participants volunteer with these organisations. Is the activity seen as particularly relevant to their age group? Is it through personal interest in the issue/organisation? Is it through a feeling of obligation, eg helping out with activities that their children are involved in? 200

How frequently do you volunteer? Approximately how much time do you spend volunteering in an average month? Benefits of Volunteering What do you see as the benefits of volunteering? (prompt if necessary: eg improving job/career prospects, improving self-confidence or self-esteem, increasing social contact or activities, overcoming boredom or having something to do, having fun, being involved with an issue of interest, helping the community, deriving satisfaction, sense of achievement) (note if prompting was required) Facilitator to probe benefits mentioned fully for example: If improving job/career prospects, improving self confidence or increasing social contact is mentioned how does volunteering do this? If overcoming boredom is mentioned is there a lack of other leisure activities in your area? If helping the community is mentioned is there a strong sense of community in your area? Barriers to Volunteering What barriers to volunteering have there been for you? (prompt if necessary: eg becoming too old, lack of time, illness/disability, moving house, changed/started job/got busier at work, distance, expense, organisation factors, eg bad experience, too demanding, lack of adequate training offered) (note if prompting was required) Facilitator to probe barriers mentioned fully for example: If becoming too old is mentioned why was/is this a barrier? Is the participant involved in age-related activities? If lack of time is mentioned why is there a lack of time? Work/family/other commitments? If illness/disability is mentioned would the participant have liked to continue volunteering but felt unable to do so? If moving house is mentioned why is this a barrier to volunteering? Is the new house further away? Are there poorer transport connections in the participant s new location? If starting a job/getting a new job/getting busier at work is mentioned why is this a barrier? Is the new job further away? Has this created new time pressures? Is there a lack of energy to volunteer after a day s work? 201

How were these/could these be overcome? Are there any disadvantages of volunteering? How could these be addressed? Have there been any occasions in the past when you have had to stop volunteering? If so, why did you have to stop? What encouraged you to volunteer again? Can you foresee anything that might cause you to stop volunteering within the next year or so? Thank you for your time and information 202

ANNEX 10 LIST OF REFERENCES Blacksell, S and Phillips, D (1994). Paid to Volunteer: The Extent of Paying Volunteers in the 1990s. Volunteer Centre UK. Charity Commission (2003). Looking Forward to Better Governance: Report of a Seminar held in October 2003. Cnaan, R; Handy, F; and Wadsworth, M (1996). Defining who is a volunteer: Conceptual and Empirical Considerations in Non-profit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly, Volume 25. Dekker, P and Halman, L (2003). Volunteering and Values: An Introduction in Dekker, P and Halman, L (eds) The Values of Volunteering: Cross Cultural Perspectives. Kluwer Academic/Plenum. Hodgkinson, V (2003). Volunteering in Global Perspective in Dekker, P and Halman, L (eds) The Values of Volunteering: Cross Cultural Perspectives. Kluwer Academic/Plenum. Kitchen, Sarah; Michaelson, Juliet; Wood, Natasha; and John, Peter (2006). 2005 Citizenship Survey: Active Communities Topic Report. Department for Communities & Local Government. Rochester, Colin (2006). Making Sense of Volunteering: A Literature Review. Roehampton University. Scottish Executive Social Research (2005a). Improving the Collection of Volunteering Data in Scotland. Scottish Executive (2000). Scotland s People: Results from the 1999/2000 Scottish Household Survey. Scottish Executive (2002). Scotland s People: Results from the 2001/2002 Scottish Household Survey. Scottish Executive (2004). Scotland s People: Results from the 2003/2004 Scottish Household Survey. Scottish Executive (2005b). Scotland s People: Results from the 2005 Scottish Household Survey. Scottish Executive (1999). Scottish Household Survey Questionnaire 1999-2000. Scottish Executive (2001). Scottish Household Survey Questionnaire 2001-2002. Scottish Executive (2003). Scottish Household Survey Questionnaire 2003-2004. Scottish Executive (2005c). Scottish Household Survey Questionnaire 2005. Scottish Executive (2006). Scottish Household Survey Questionnaire 2006. 203

Scottish Executive (2004). Volunteering Strategy. Edinburgh. Timbrell, H (2006). Research Findings Scotland Number 9: The Nature of Volunteering. Volunteer Development Scotland. United Nations General Assembly (2005). Report of the Secretary-General: Follow-up to the Implementation of the International Year of Volunteers. Volunteer Development Scotland (2005). Research Findings Scotland No 7: The Role of Asking. Volunteer Development Scotland. Volunteer Development Scotland (2006). Annual Digest of Statistics on Volunteering in Scotland 2006. VDS Stirling. Yates, H and Jochum, V (2003). It s Who You Know That Counts: Executive Summary, The Role of the Voluntary Sector in the Development of Social Capital in Rural Areas. The Countryside Agency and NCVO. 204

ANNEX 11 LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES TABLES Table 3.1: Prevalence of Volunteering by Age Table 3.2: Prevalence of Volunteering by Gender Table 3.3: Prevalence of Volunteering by Economic Status in Scotland SHS Table 3.4: Prevalence of Volunteering by Working Status in Scotland VDS Table 3.5: Prevalence of Volunteering by Income in Scotland SHS Table 3.6: Prevalence of Volunteering by Socio-Economic Group in Scotland VDS Table 3.7: Prevalence of Volunteering by Area of Residence in Scotland SHS Table 3.8: Prevalence of Volunteering by Area of Residence in Scotland VDS Table 3.9: Type of Volunteering Activity in Scotland SHS Table 3.10: Type of Volunteering Activity in Scotland VDS Table 3.11: Number of Hours spent Volunteering per Month Table 4.1: Prevalence of Volunteering by Economic Status Table 4.2: Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work by Economic Status Table 4.3: Prevalence of Volunteering by Disability Table 4.4: Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work by Disability Table 4.5: Prevalence of Volunteering by Age Table 4.6: Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work by Age Table 4.7: Prevalence of Volunteering by SIMD Datazones (15% Most Deprived) Table 4.8: Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work by SIMD Datazones (15% Most Deprived) Table 4.9: Prevalence of Volunteering by Qualifications Table 4.10: Prevalence of Volunteering by Gender Table 4.11: Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work by Age Table 4.12: Prevalence of Volunteering by Ethnicity Table 4.13: Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work by Ethnicity Table 4.14: Prevalence of Volunteering by Household Income Table 4.15: Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work by Household Income Table 4.16: Prevalence of Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Table 4.17: Odds Ratio Estimates for the Probability of Engaging in Voluntary Work by Urban/Rural Classification Table 4.18: Prevalence of Volunteering by Local Authority Grouping Table 5.1: Type of Organisational Activity by Gender Table 5.2: Type of Organisational Activity by Age Table 5.3: Type of Organisational Activity by Urban/Rural Classification Table 5.4: Profile of Volunteers by Organisational Activity Table 5.5: Type of Volunteering Activity, 2005 Table 5.6: Type of Volunteering Activity by Age Table 5.7: Type of Activity by Gender Table 5.8: Type of Volunteering Activity by Urban/Rural Classification Table 5.9: Profile of Volunteers by Organisational Activity Table 6.1: Frequency of Volunteering Table 6.2: Frequency of Volunteering by Gender Table 6.3: Frequency of Volunteering by Age Table 6.4: Frequency of Volunteering by Economic Status Table 6.5: Frequency of Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Table 6.6: Average Number of (banded) Hours Spent Volunteering per Month Table 6.7: Odds ratio estimates for the probability of engaging in nine or more hours of voluntary work in an average month Table 6.8: Average Hours Spent Volunteering Per Month by Age Table 6.9: Odds ratio estimates for the probability of engaging in nine or more hours of voluntary work in an average month 205

Table 6.10: Hours Spent Volunteering by Economic Status Table 6.11: Odds ratio estimates for the probability of engaging in nine or more hours of voluntary work in an average month Table 6.12: Hours Spent Volunteering by Income Table 6.13: Odds ratio estimates for the probability of engaging in nine or more hours of voluntary work in an average month Table 6.14: Average Hours Spent Volunteering Per Month by Urban/Rural Classification Table 7.1: Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering Table 7.2: Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering by Age Table 7.3: Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering by Gender Table 7.4: Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering by Economic Status Table 7.5: Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering by Annual Household Income Table 7.6: Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Table 8.1: Reasons for Stopping Volunteering Table 8.2: Reasons for Stopping Volunteering by Age Table 8.3: Reasons for Stopping Volunteering by Gender Table 8.4: Reasons for Stopping Volunteering by Economic Status Table 8.5: Reasons for Stopping Volunteering by Annual Household Income Table 8.6: Reasons for Stopping Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification ANNEX 2 Table 1 Summary of Focus Groups Undertaken April May 2007 ANNEX 4 Variables Selected for Profile of Volunteers ANNEX 5 Regression Analysis Table ANNEX 6 Profile of Volunteers, 1999-2006 ANNEX 7 Type of Volunteering Organisation 1999 2004 ANNEX 8 Table 1 Prevalence of Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification ANNEX 8 Table 2 Age of Volunteers in Rural Areas ANNEX 8 Table 3 Gender of Volunteers in Rural Areas ANNEX 8 Table 4 Economic Status of Volunteers in Rural Areas ANNEX 8 Table 5 Annual Household Income of Volunteers in Rural Areas ANNEX 8 Table 6 Ethnicity of Volunteers in Rural Areas ANNEX 8 Table 7 Qualifications of Volunteers in Rural Areas ANNEX 8 Table 8 Type of Organisational Activity by Urban/Rural Classification ANNEX 8 Table 9 Type of Volunteering Activity by Urban/Rural Classification ANNEX 8 Table 10 Frequency of Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification ANNEX 8 Table 11 Average Hours Spent Volunteering Per Month by Urban/Rural Classification ANNEX 8 Table 12 Reasons for Re-starting Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification ANNEX 8 Table 13 Reasons for Stopping Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification FIGURES Figure 4.1: Figure 4.2: Figure 4.3: Figure 4.4: Figure 4.5: Figure 4.6 Figure 4.7: Figure 4.8: Figure 4.9: Figure 6.1: Figure 6.2: Figure 9.1: Figure 9.2: Figure 9.3: Figure 9.4: Figure 9.5: Prevalence of Volunteering by Economic Status Prevalence of Volunteering by Age Prevalence of Volunteering by SIMD Datazones (15% Most Deprived) Prevalence of Volunteering by Qualifications Prevalence of Volunteering by Gender Prevalence of Volunteering by Ethnicity Prevalence of Volunteering by Household Income Prevalence of Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification Prevalence of Volunteering by Local Authority Grouping Frequency of Volunteering Average Number of (banded) Hours Spent Volunteering per Month Percentage of Population Engaged in Volunteering 1999-2006 Profile of Volunteers (Age) Profile of Volunteers (Gender) Profile of Volunteers (Economic Status) Profile of Volunteers (Income Household) 206

Figure 9.6: Profile of Volunteers: (Urban/Rural Classification) Figure 9.7: Type of Volunteering Organisation 1999-2004 Figure 9.8: Hours Spent Volunteering per month 2000-2006 Figure 9.9: Type of Volunteering Activity 2000 2004 ANNEX 8 Figure 1 Prevalence of Volunteering by Urban/Rural Classification 207

ISSN 0950 2254 ISBN 978 0 7559 6949 4 (Web only publication) www.scotland.gov.uk/socialresearch RR Donnelley B54566 1/08