Richmond Social Science Social Science 6 is a collective work, conceived, designed and created by the Primary Education department at Santillana, under the supervision of Teresa Grence Ruiz. WRITER Belén Garrido PRIMARY MANAGING EDITOR Sheila Tourle PROJECT EDITOR Geona Edwards EDITOR Beatriz Bejarano del Palacio EDITORIAL TEAM Vassilia Katte, Jane Drummond, James Price ILLUSTRATIONS Alademosca il lustració Chema Fernández Román Quino Marín Bartolomé Seguí Agusti Serrano Sanjosé Pablo Velarde Díaz-Padre Carles Salón Do not write in this book. Do all the activities in your notebook.
Unit Reading Topics Studying geography 4 1 The landscapes of Spain and Europe The importance of maps The location and relief of Spain The mountains and river basins of the Iberian Peninsula 12 2 Rivers, climates and vegetation of Spain and Europe Environmental health indicators The watersheds of Spain I The watersheds of Spain II 28 3 The economy 42 An invention factory The economy Companies 4 The population and economy of Europe and Spain Airbus, a European aerospace company The population of Europe and Spain The primary sector in Europe and Spain 52 5 Human impact on the environment 66 Reduce, reuse and recycle People and the environment Sustainable development TERM REVISION Studying history 78 6 Contemporary history: Spain in the 19th century 82 Viva la Pepa! The 19th century The Industrial Revolution 7 Contemporary history: Spain in the 20th and 21st centuries A symbol of peace Spain at the beginning of the 20th century The Franco Era 92 8 Spain and the European Union 104 A continent within reach The political organization of Spain The territorial organization of Spain TERM REVISION END-OF-PRIMARY PROJECT 2 two
Topics Know how to The relief of the islands The Spanish coasts The location and relief of Europe The European coasts Interpret a physical map The climates and vegetation of Spain Rivers and watersheds in Europe The climates and vegetation of Europe Prepare an oral presentation about improving water quality in rivers Advertising Money Savings and investments Make a personal budget The secondary sector in Europe and Spain The tertiary sector in Europe and Spain I The tertiary sector in Europe and Spain II Role play a negotiation process Environmental problems Climate change Protecting the environment Propose actions to fight climate change Society Architecture and sculpture Painting and literature Discuss a historical text The transition Democracy Painting and sculpture Architecture and literature Analyse a painting The formation of the European Union EU accomplishments and challenges Spain in the European Union Give a presentation about a country in the European Union three 3
6 Contemporary history: Spain in the 19th century 6.1 Viva la Pepa! After a long and dangerous journey, I arrive in Cádiz to attend a secret meeting. It is not my first time here; two years ago, in 1812, I was part of a big celebration for the approval of the Constitution of Cádiz, the first Spanish constitution. We call it La Pepa because it was approved on 19th March, Saint Joseph s Day. We believed the Constitution would help modernize Spain. The Constitution recognized Ferdinand VII as king, but it also included new ideas, like making all men equal and protecting freedom of the press. The Constitution only lasted two years, and now they arrest anyone who supported it. A man walks by me in the street and whispers: Viva la Pepa! It is our motto. I follow him, and I promise myself to never stop defending ideas like equality, liberty and justice. 1808 War of Independence 1812 Constitution of Cádiz 1814 Reign of Ferdinand VII Read and understand KNOW HOW TO Where does this short story take place? In what year? Why was the first Spanish Constitution called La Pepa? What ideas did it include? Why is the character in the story attending a secret meeting? How was the expression Viva la Pepa! used? SPEAKING. In groups, search the Internet for information about the Constitution of 1812. Find out about its background, its content, the people involved, etc. Share your findings with your class. Explain political, economic and social changes of the 19th century. Identify the main works of art of the 19th century. FINAL TASK Discuss a historical text. 82 eighty-two
Monument to the Constitution of 1812, in Cádiz. C O N T E M P O R A R Y H I S T O R Y 19th Century 1833 Reign of Isabella II 1868 Exile of Isabella II 1873 First Republic 1874 Reign of Alfonso XII; The Restoration WHAT DO YOU REMEMBER? The end of the Modern Age In the 18th century, kings Philip V, Ferdinand VI, Charles III and Charles IV ruled Spain. Which dynasty did these kings belong to? In order to modernize their reigns and improve the quality of life of their subjects, some of these kings put into practice the ideas of the Enlightenment. What is the Enlightenment? Where did this movement originate? Who were its most famous thinkers? eighty-three 83
The 19th century 1 The Third of May 1808 by Francisco de Goya represents the beginning of the War of Independence. 6.2 The War of Independence In 1807, Napoleon Bonaparte, the Emperor of France, decided to occupy Portugal. The King of Spain, Charles IV, allowed him to go across Spain. On their way, the French troops invaded some Spanish cities. This caused a popular revolt which forced Charles IV to abdicate. His son, Ferdinand VII, became king. Soon after, Napoleon forced Ferdinand VII to abdicate so he could proclaim his brother, Joseph Bonaparte, the new king. However, the population of Madrid did not accept him and rebelled against the French. This started the War of Independence. 1 This war lasted until 1814, when the French were defeated and Ferdinand VII returned as King of Spain. During the war, the Spanish Parliament moved to Cádiz. In 1812, its members wrote Spain s first constitution, the Constitution of Cádiz. 2 It limited the king s power and established rights for citizens, including the right to vote for men twenty-five years old or older. The reign of Ferdinand VII In 1814, Ferdinand VII returned as King of Spain. 3 He abolished the Constitution of Cádiz and re-established an absolute monarchy. This caused political disorder and, as a result, most of the American colonies became independent. 2 The Constitution of Cádiz, also known as La Pepa, was approved in 1812. 3 In 1814, King Ferdinand VII was reinstated as an absolute monarch. 84 eighty-four
6 4 Isabella II was crowned queen at age 13 when she was declared legally of age. 5 The monarchy of the Bourbons returned to Spain with Alfonso XII. 6.3 The reign of Isabella II In Spain, according to the law of succession, only men could reign. However, Ferdinand VII changed this law so his daughter could ascend to the throne. Isabella II became queen when Ferdinand VII died in 1833. 4 During her reign, there was a constitutional monarchy that limited her power. However, numerous military conflicts and changes of government led to a revolution, and in 1868, Isabella II went into exile. The First Spanish Republic In 1871, Amadeo de Saboya of Italy became king. However, since he was a foreign monarch, he did not have much support, and he abdicated two years later. In 1873, members of Parliament proclaimed a republic, a form of government with no king. This First Spanish Republic also lacked support and failed after about a year. The Spanish Restoration In 1874, the son of Isabella II, Alfonso XII, was crowned King of Spain, and a new historical period, known as the Restoration, began. 5 At the end of the 19th century, Spain lost its last colonies in Cuba, Puerto Rico and the Philippines. 1 WRITING. How did Contemporary history begin? Explain. 2 When and where was the first constitution of Spain approved? Who signed it? 6.4 ACTIVITIES 3 Make a timeline of Spanish monarchs in the 19th century. Include the years they ruled and important events. 4 SPEAKING. Name and explain the different forms of government in the 19th century. eighty-five 85
Life in the 19th century 6.5 1 In the 19th century, factories were built in cities. The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution originated in the United Kingdom at the end of the 18th century, and then it extended to other countries. In Spain, the Industrial Revolution took place in the 19th century. Factories were built mainly in Catalonia and the Basque Country. Small craftsmen s workshops were replaced by factories with machines operated by workers. The steam engine was invented and a new energy source, coal, was used. Thanks to the steam engine, trains and steamboats were developed, and new machines allowed the textile and metal industries to advance dramatically. 1 As a consequence of the Industrial Revolution, many important economic and social changes took place. A society that was based on agriculture transformed into a society based on industrial activities. WORK WITH THE PICTURE Is the factory located in the city or the countryside? How can you tell it is a factory? What type of industry is shown? What means of transport can you see? Who lived in this part of the city? LEARN MORE The railway In 1814, George Stephenson, an English engineer, built the first steam locomotive. It was used to transport goods. In 1830, the first passenger railway service in England was opened. The first railway line in Spain, between Barcelona and Mataró, opened in 1848. 86 eighty-six
6 6.6 Society Society in the 19th century was divided into three social classes, based on wealth. 2 The upper class consisted of the wealthiest people: the aristocrats and the bourgeois. The aristocrats were nobles who owned large areas of land. The bourgeois were factory owners, prosperous merchants and bankers. The middle class consisted of small merchants and entrepreneurs, small landowners, and professionals such as doctors, lawyers and engineers. The lower class consisted of poorer people, such as peasants and factory workers. The peasants worked on the land of the large landowners. The factory workers worked in exchange for wages. Their living conditions were very hard. They worked more than twelve hours a day for very low wages. They lived in undeveloped neighbourhoods with no electricity or running water. In addition, many children worked in factories for wages even lower than those paid to adults. In order to protect their interests, workers formed groups known as labour unions. A B C 2 In the 19th century, society was organized into three social classes. A. Upper class. B. Middle class. C. Lower class. ACTIVITIES 1 Make an index card about the Industrial Revolution, including date and place of origin, main inventions and industries developed. 2 WRITING. Compare society in the 19th century with society in the feudal system. How were they alike? How were they different? 3 VALUES EDUCATION. Explain what your life would be like if you had to work. Why do you think it is important for children to go to school? eighty-seven 87
Art and culture in the 19th century 1 Gate of Toledo in Madrid. 2 Railway station in Almería. WORK WITH THE PICTURE 6.7 Which of these buildings reminds you of a building in ancient Rome? Why? Which buildings used materials like iron and glass? Which building has many curved elements? 6.8 Architecture At the beginning of the 19th century, neoclassical architecture developed. Buildings were constructed in a style similar to that of Greek and Roman architecture, such as the Gate of Toledo in Madrid. 1 During this century, iron bridges were built and new types of buildings were created, such as railway stations made of iron and glass. 2 At the end of the century, a new architectural style, known as Modernism, was born. Modernist buildings show curved and wavy shapes that simulate forms in nature. In Spain, the best-known modernist architect was Antoni Gaudí, creator of the Casa Milà in Barcelona. 3 3 Casa Milà in Barcelona. Sculpture The transformation of cities influenced sculpture. During this century, squares, gardens and avenues were decorated with beautiful sculptures made mainly of stone. 4 4 The Fallen Angel, by Ricardo Bellver, a famous Spanish sculptor. 88 eighty-eight
6 5 The family of Charles IV by Francisco de Goya. 6 Women walking on the beach by Joaquín Sorolla. 6.9 Painting At the beginning of the 19th century, Francisco de Goya was painter at the Spanish Court and painted portraits of Charles IV and Ferdinand VII. However, he also painted popular scenes such as festivals and wine harvests. Goya is considered one of the greatest artists in history. 5 At the end of the 19th century, Impressionism was born. This art movement introduced innovative painting techniques. Impressionist painters put more emphasis on colour than drawing, as well as on the effect of light in landscapes. The most important Spanish impressionist painter was Joaquín Sorolla. 6 Literature During the 19th century, there were great writers in Spain, such as the playwright José Zorrilla; the poets Rosalía de Castro and Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer; and the novelists Benito Pérez Galdós and Leopoldo Alas Clarín. At the end of the century, when Spain lost its last colonies, a group of writers known as the Generation of '98 wrote pessimistically about the social and political situation of Spain. This group included writers such as Pío Baroja, Miguel de Unamuno, Antonio Machado and Ramón María del Valle-Inclán. LEARN MORE Photography and film Photographic cameras were invented in the 19th century. Up until then, images could only be drawn. At the end of the 19th century, the Lumière brothers invented the cinematograph, which allowed them to project moving images. This was the beginning of film. ACTIVITIES 1 Name three artists from the 19th century and write a sentence about their work. 2 ICT. Research a Spanish work of art from the 19th century and make an index card, including name, artist, description and a picture. 3 What was the Generation of '98? Name three writers who belonged to this group. eighty-nine 89
KNOW HOW TO Discuss a historical text A historical text is a written source that informs us about past events and allows us to understand other historical periods better. Article 3. Sovereignty resides in the Nation. Only the Nation has the right to establish fundamental laws. Article 14. The government of the Spanish Nation is a moderate hereditary Monarchy. Article 15. The legal authority for making laws resides in the Parliament with the king. Article 16. The legal authority for executing laws resides in the king. Article 371. All Spaniards have the freedom to [...] publish their political ideas. Cádiz, 19th March, 1812 Understand the information. 1 Read the text and answer. When and where was this text written? Did the king have absolute power? From which historical text are these articles? How do you know? Relate the information. 2 Relate the text with its time period. Who was king of Spain in 1812? And in France? Was Spain at war at this time? Which war was it? Who was fighting? How did the war end? After the war, who was proclaimed king of Spain? Show that you can do it. 3 GROUP WORK. Discuss this historical text in groups. Form groups of five. Each member of the group works on one of these articles and presents it in class. Then, discuss why it is important to have a constitution. 90 ninety
FINAL ACTIVITIES 6 1 SUMMARY. Copy and complete the text in your notebook, using these words. 2 Copy the timeline and put the following historical events in chronological order. 6.10 Ferdinand VII The Philippines Isabella II Independence colonies Alfonso XII French Cuba rights exile absolute monarchy republic constitution In the War of, the Spaniards rebelled against the invasion. In 1812, the first Spanish was proclaimed in Cádiz. It included the main of the citizens. However, this constitution was abolished by. He reinstated an, and lost most of the American. When Ferdinand VII died, his daughter,, became queen. Constant political changes and conflicts during her reign forced her to go into. After the short reign of a foreign monarch, a new form of government with no king, known as a, was proclaimed. However, it did not last long. In 1874, a new historical period started with the crowning of, the son of Isabella II, as King of Spain. At the end of the 19th century, Spain lost its last colonies:, Puerto Rico and. First Spanish Republic is proclaimed Isabella II is proclaimed queen Spain loses its last colonies Alfonso XII is crowned king of Spain Constitution of Cádiz is signed Ferdinand VII is reinstated as king The 19th century in Spain 3 Copy and complete this table about society in the 19th century. Society in the 19th century social classes members characteristics 4 Look at the photos. Identify the architectural style of each of them and explain their characteristics. A B C Show your skills Choose and carry out one of the following activities. A. ICT. Search the Internet for information about life in your autonomous community during the 19th century. Make a poster, including political, social and economic aspects. B. In groups of three, each student chooses a social class of the 19th century and writes a short story about a day in the life of a child from that social class. Then, share your stories. C. Make a poster with paintings of popular scenes by Francisco de Goya. ninety-one 91