MEASURE NAME: Acronym: CAPI Basic Description Author(s): Author Contact: Author Email: Citation: To Obtain: Milner, Joel, Ph.D. Joel Milner jmilner@niu.edu jmilner@niu.edu Milner, J. (1986). The Manual, DeKalb, IL: Psytec Inc. Milner, J. (1990). An Interpretive Manual for The Child Abuse Potential Inventory, Dekalb, IL: Psytec Inc. Published by Psytec but also available through Psychological Assessment Resources (PAR). Psytec does not have an email or website, so it is easier to obtain through PAR. E-mail: Website: Cost per copy (in US $): Copyright: Description: Psytec Inc. P.O. Box 564 DeKalb, IL 60115 (815) 758-1415 OR Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc. 16204 N. Florida Ave. Lutz, FL 33549 Phone (800) 331-8378 Fax (800) 727-9329 custsup@parinc.com www.parinc.com $1.00 The CAP Inventory is a caretaker-report measure developed to estimate the risk of a parent physically abusing a child. The test consists of 160 questions with a total of 10 standard scales and 2 special scales (added to the measure in 1990). The 10 standard scales include a 77-item Child Abuse Scale and 3 validity scales. Theoretical Orientation Summary: There have been multiple studies that have shown that a mother s score on the CAP inventory is predictive of the child s long-term intelligence, socioemotional outcome and development as well as future behavior by the parent. Items were selected after an extensive literature search and with input from Child Protective Services. 1
Domains Assessed: Languages Available: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Parenting style Mood and Anxiety Symptoms (cgiver) Validity (cgiver) Interpersonal/Interaction problems (cgiver) Croatian, Filipino, English, Greek, Spanish Age Range: # of Items: Time to Complete (min): Time to Score (min): Periodicity: Response Format: 18.0-99.0 160 15 15 Unknown Agree or Disagree Measure Type: Measure Format: Reporter: Education Level: Screening Questionnaire Self 2.00 Materials Needed: (check all that apply) Material Notes: Paper and pencil Computer Video equipment Testing stimuli Physiological equipment Other Materials offered by PAR include (as of 6/05): 1. Manual: $35 2. Interpretive Manual for the CAP Inventory: $24 3. CAP Inventory Form VI Booklets (pkg/10): $19 4. CAP Raw Score Summary Sheets (pkg/10): $5 5. CAP Inconsistency Scale Scoring Sheets (pkg/10): $5 6. CAP Inventory Complete Scoring Template set $59 7. CAP Inventory Introductory Kit): $135 (Includes all items listed above.) Pricing is based by summing Raw Score Summary Sheets and Inconsistency Scale Scoring Sheets, assuming templates and booklets are reusable. Computer program available for scoring but can also be handscored. Hand-scoring templates are available. Although the age range for the measure is 18 and older, the measure has been used with adolescents aged 14-19 (Miller, Handal, Gilner, & Cross, 1991). Sample Items: Domains Scale Sample Items Mood and Anxiety Distress Not available Symptoms Rigidity Not available 2
Unhappiness Not available Ego Strength Not available Loneliness Not available Interpersonal/interacti Problems with Child Not available onal Problems and Self Problems with Not available Family Notes (additional scales and domains): 1. Interpersonal/interactional problems: Problems with others 2. Validity: Lie, Random Response, Inconsistency Information Provided: (check all that apply) Diagnostic information DSM-III Diagnostic information DSM-IV Strengths Areas of concerns/risks Program evaluation information Continuous assessment Raw Scores Training Training to Administer: (check all that apply) Training to Interpret: (check all that apply) Training Notes: Parallel or Alternate Forms None Parallel Forms? No Alternate Forms: No Forms for Different Ages: No If so, are forms comparable: Any Altered Versions of Measure: No Describe: Via manual/video Prior experience psych testing & interpretation None Standard Scores Percentile Graph (e.g., of elevated scale) Dichotomous assessment Clinical friendly output Written feedback Other Must be a psychologist Training by experienced clinician (<4 hours) Training by experienced clinician ( 4 hours) Must be a psychologist Via manual/video Training by experienced clinician (<4 hours) Prior experience psych Training by experienced testing & interpretation clinician ( 4 hours) Person doing the interpretation should be a trained mental health professional. Population Used to Develop Measure Initial input was gathered from researchers and CPS workers, and an initial questionnaire was developed with 334 items. An initial study was conducted with a small (n=38), fairly homogeneous group of families involved with Child Protection services in North Carolina. 3
Based on the results from initial validity studies, the questions were trimmed to the current 160. Based on the findings from the original study, a second study was begun. It included 130 parents who were given the 160-question form. The sample included 65 abusing parents matched with 65 nonabusing parents from North Carolina and Oklahoma. Psychometrics Global Rating (scale based on Hudall Stamm, 1996): Psychometrically matured, used in multiple peer reviewed articles by different people Norms: No For separate age groups: No For clinical populations: No Separate for men and women: No For other demographic groups: No Notes: Clinical Cutoffs: Specify Cutoffs: Used in Major Studies: Specify Studies: 166, but 215 is the recommended conservative cutoff score, so as to have fewer false positives. 4
Reliability: Type: Rating Statistics Min Max Avg Test-Retest-# days: 1 Acceptable Correlation 0.65 0.94 0.91 Internal Consistency: Inter-Rater: Acceptable Split Half 0.96 0.98 0.97 Parallel/Alternate Forms: Notes: The above 1-day test-retest reliabilities are for the abuse scale, control sample only. At the 1-week test-retest: Min=.89, Max=.94, Avg=.90 At the 1-month test-retest: Min=.81, Max=.91, Avg=.83 At the 3-month test-retest: Min=.64, Max=.86, Avg=.75 Content Validity: Items were selected after an extensive literature search and with input from Child Protective Services. Item analysis was conducted to determine items with the greatest discriminative ability. Exploratory factor analyses and stepwise regression were used to predict abuse status. Cross-validation was used to replicate findings. Construct Validity: (check all that apply) Validity Type Convergent/Concurrent Discriminant Sensitive to Change Intervention Effects Longitudinal/Maturation Effects Sensitive to Theoretically Distinct Groups Factorial Validity Notes: Not known Not found Nonclinical Clinical Samples Samples Diverse Samples Miller, Handal, Gilner, & Cross (1991) found that Black adolescents aged 14-18 scored higher than the adult normative sample of the CAPI, suggesting that different cutoff scores need to be empirically established for adolescents. Adolescents' abuse history and history of witnessing violence were associated with higher abuse potential scores. Criterion Validity: (check all that apply) Measures used as criterion: Not known Not found Nonclinical Samples Clinical Samples Predictive Validity: Postdictive Validity: Diverse Samples 5
Sensitivity Rate(s): 0.89 Specificity Rate(s): 0.96 Positive Predictive Power: 0.34 Negative Predictive Power: Notes: See Chapter 5 in the Technical Manual. Limitations of Psychometrics and Other Comments Regarding Psychometrics: 1. To avoid misclassification, cautious use of the CAPI is recommended in a situation where target base rates of physical abuse are very low. 2. Fewer false positives occur when more conservative cutoffs are used. Consumer Satisfaction No information available. Languages Other than English Language: Translation Quality (check all that apply) 1= Has been translated 2= Has been translated and back translated - translation appears good and valid. 3= Measure has been found to be reliable with this language group. 4= Psychometric properties overall appear to be good for this language group. 5= Factor structure is similar for this language group as it is for the development group. 6 = Norms are available for this language group. 7= Measure was developed for this language group. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Spanish Filipino Greek Croatian 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Use with Trauma Populations Populations for which measure has demonstrated evidence of reliability and validity: Physical abuse Sexual abuse Natural disaster Accidents Terrorism Immigration related trauma Neglect Domestic Violence Community violence Medical trauma Imprisonment Witness death Assault War/combat Kidnapping/hostage Traumatic loss (death) Other 6
Use with Diverse Populations USE WITH DIVERSE POPULATIONS RATING SCALE 1. Measure is known (personal communication, conference presentation) to have been used with members of this group. 2=Studies in peer-reviewed journals have included members of this group who have completed the measure. 3=Measures have been found to be reliable with this group. 4=Psychometric properties well established with this group. 5=Norms are available for this group (or norms include a significant proportion of individuals from this group) 6=Measure was developed specifically for this group. Population Type: 1 1. Developmental disability 2. Disabilities 3. Lower socio-economic status 4. Rural populations 5. Substance abusers 6. Day care employees Notes (including other diverse populations): 7. Aggressive parents: 2 8. Adolescent parents: 2 9. HIV-infected mothers: 1 10. Parents with histories of substance use: 1 11. Stepparents: 1 12. Military parents: 1 13. Filipino: 1 14. Greek: 1 15. Basque populations: 1 16. High-risk families in Spain: 17. Battered women: Degree of Usage: (check all that apply) 2 3 4 5 6 According to the author, the CAPI has been translated into more than 30 languages. The English and Spanish, however, have been studied and validated most frequently. Pros and Cons/Qualitative Impression Pros: 1. Easy to use and score. 2. Demonstrated ability to screen for physical abuse risk factors in parents. 3. Has been studied and validated multiple times and is used frequently. 4. Spanish version well studied. Cons: 1. According to the manual, care must be taken when utilizing this measure outside of the area of Child Protection. 2. This measure was designed as a tool to identify high-risk parents for physical abuse, and not other types of abuse. 3. It should be used only as one tool, and not as the sole predictor of abuse. 4. This measure is lengthy and takes considerable time to complete. 5. The items are face valid and many parents respond defensively. Although the validity scales help detect invalid response patterns, this still leaves the problem of having invalid 7
responses. 8
References (Representative sampling of publications, presentations, psychometric references) Published References: A PsychInfo literature search of the words " or CAPI" (6/05) anywhere revealed that the measure has been referenced in 247 peer-reviewed journal articles. A sampling of these articles appears below. 1. Ammerman, R.T., Kolko, D.J., Kirisci, L., Blackson, T.C., & Dawes, M.A. (1999). Child abuse potential in parents with histories of substance use disorder. Child Abuse & Neglect, 23, 1225-1238. 2. Barbich, A., & Bringiotti, M.I. (1997). Un studio para la adaptacion y validacion del CAP (). para su uso en la Argentia. Revista del Institutio de Investigaciones de la Facultad do Psicologia, 2(2), 15-31. 3. Baumann, B.L. & Kolko, D.J. (2002). A comparison of abusive and nonabusive mothers of abused children. Child Maltreatment, 7, 369-376. 4. Black, M. M., Nair, P., Kight, C., Wachtel, R., Roby, P., & Schuler, M. (1994). Parenting and early development among children of drug-abusing women: Effects of home intervention. Pediatrics 94, 440-448. 5. Burrell, B., Thompson, B., & Sexton, D. (1992. The measurement integrity of data collected using the. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 52, 933-1001. 6. Haapasalo, J., & Aaltonen, T. (1999). Child abuse potential: How persistent? Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 14, 571-585. 7. Hansen, D.J., & McMillan, V.M. (1990). Behavioral assessment of child-abusive and neglectful families. Behavior Modification, 14, 255-278. 8. Medora, N.P., Wilson, S., & Larson, J.H. (2001). Attitudes toward parenting strategies, potential for child abuse, and parental satisfaction of ethnically diverse low-income U.S. mothers. Journal of Social Psychology,141(3), 335-348. 9. Miller, T.R., Handal, P.J., Gilner, F.H., & Cross, J.F. (1991). The relationship of abuse and witnessing violence on the with Black adolescents. Journal of Family Violence, 6(4), 351-363. 10. Milner, J.S. (1994). Assessing physical child abuse risk: The Child Abuse Potential Inventory. Clinical Psychology Review, 14, 547-583. 11. Milner, J.S. (1989). Additional cross-validation of the. Psychological Assessment, 1, 219-223. 12. Milner, J.S. (1989). Applications of the. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 45, 450-454. 13. Milner, J.S., & Ayoub, C. (1980). Evaluation of at risk parents using the Child Abuse Potential Inventory. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36, 945-948. 14. Monroe, L.D., & Schellenbach, C.J. (1989). Relationship of Child Abuse Potential Inventory scores to parental responses: A construct validity study. Child and Family 9
Behavior Therapy, 11, 39-58. 15. Mylod, D.E., Whitman, T.L., & Borkowski, J.G. (1997). Predicting adolescent mothers' transition to adulthood. Journal of Research in Adolescence, 7, 457-478. 16. Rodriguez, C.M., & Price, B.L. (2004). Attributions and discipline history as predictors of child abuse. Potential and future discipline practices. Child Abuse & Neglect, 28, 845-861. Unpublished References: A PsychInfo literature search (6/05) of the words " or CAPI" anywhere that the measure has been referenced in 10 conferences, 45 dissertations, and 1 master s thesis (listed below). 1. Nathans, L.L. (2001). The relationship of maternal physical abuse potential to infant development in the first year of life (Master s thesis, Michigan State University, 2000). Masters Abstracts International, 39, 1254. Number of Published References: (based on author provided information and a PsychInfo search, not including dissertations) Number of Unpublished References: (based on a PsychInfo search of unpublished doctoral dissertations) Author Comments: The author and publisher were sent the final draft but did not provide any comments. 247 56 Citation for Review: Editor of Review: Last Updated: PDF Available: Renee Tietsworth, L.C.S.W. Nicole Taylor, Ph.D., Robyn Igelman, M.A., Madhur Kulkarni, M.S., Chandra Ghosh Ippen, Ph.D. 6/7/2005 yes This project was funded by the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). The views, policies and opinions expressed are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of SAMHSA or HHS. 10