Frequency Spectrum and Applications
Si CMOS/BJTs SiGe HBT III -V FETs/HBTs Automotive Road Pricing Navigation/Aerospace GPS x -band Radar A/D + D/A Converters Transport communications Communications Collision Avoidance GSM DCS DECT ISM WLAN G -Ethernet DBS WLAN LMDS 0.1 0.2 0.5 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 Frequency (GHz)
Wireless Applications
Defence Applications Phased-array radar Secure Communications Electronic warfare (e.g. Electronic Surveillance Measures, ECM, ECCM, decoys) Explosive/Biological weapon Detection Altimeters Smart munitions Remote sensing, for surveillance (e.g. Synthetic aperture radar, Radiometers for passive millimetre-wave imaging)
Space Applications Communications satellites (e.g. Low earth orbit mobile systems, Steerable phased-array antennas For footprint control) Remote sensing, for environmental monitoring (e.g. Synthetic aperture radar, Radiometers) Astronomy (using radiometers) Altimeters Station-keeping
Civil Applications Direct Broadcasting by Satellite (DBS) Satellite TVRO VSAT earth terminals Bluetooth Mobile phones Autonomous cruise control LOS communications Automatic tolling & telematics Fibre-optic systems Search & rescue Global positioning (GPS) Security scanners Broadband Wireless RFID and tagging (e.g. MVDS LMDS) Smart cards Wireless local loop Medical systems Wireless WANs, LANs, HANs, PANs
Wireless Communications
RFID and Tagging
Short Range Reader (read range 1-2m) Received signal from Reader @ frequency Fi Transmitted signal to Reader @ Frequencies Fi, 2Fi, 3Fi Antenna Nonlinear Device Incident frequency Fi: 2.400-2.4835GHz or 5.725-5.875GHz Often used for Road Tolling windscreen tag Microwaves required high frequency = narrow antenna beam
Medium Range Tolling and Access Tags for auto tolls RFID for gate and garage entry Telematics
Long Range www.carnetics.co.uk Uses Orange network and internet ~ 430 FleetCAD Trakker (USA)
Space Systems
Iridium now used by the US Military only! DBS
GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM The 3 signals arrive at slightly different times, so position can be calculated Basic GPS 129 Voice direction 499
Satellite TV: 10.7-12.5 GHz (Europe) 50cm dish + indoor unit Astra 2D UK spot beam Astra 2D Built by Boeing, launched Ariane 5, Dec 2000 2 metre dish, 16 x 39W transmitters 1600 watt solar panels, 1445 kg launch mass
Mobile Communications
In the very, very, very early days of mobile radio telephony..
First Generation of Mobile Phones (German s C-Net) circa 1988 Motorola CD/CF451: Analogue Technology 8V 3Ah Ni-Cd battery 4.6 Kg Paving Stone?
GSM GSM/CDMA CDMA
W-CDMA
Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
Spatial Division Multiple Access Scheme BS
MicroNet: Wireless Interconnects Micronet or Network-on-Chip : a network of entities which operate concurrently and communicate asynchronously Fractal model of system design: network of sub-systems, down to network of transistors Control is layered and distributed locally - behaviour can be decomposed to run on architectural clusters with the optimal mix of computational elements A clean separation between computation and communication, and, behaviour and timing - leads to a compositional design style www.dcs.ed.ac.uk/~dka
B. A. Floyd et al., IEEE Journal Solid State Circuits, 37, 5, pp. 543-552, 2002
Low real-estate dipoles RF SOI CMOS Transceiver Circuitry λ/4 dipole at 100 GHz 750 μm in air 75 μm in dielectric of 100
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) and Dedicated Short Range Communications (DSRC) DSRC is a communications approach to allowing short range (< 30 m) communications between vehicles and the roadside for a variety of purposes, such as intersection collision avoidance, transit or emergency vehicle signal priority, electronic parking payments, and commercial vehicle clearance and safety inspections.
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn
Millimetre-Wave Applications
26 GHz Multipoint-to-Multipoint MESH network (Radiant Networks)
High resolution radar for automobile applications Advances in Radio Science (2003) R. Schneider and J. Wenger (DaimlerChrysler AG)
University of California at Davis (UCD) 95 GHz Radiometric Millimetre-Wave Imager
Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB) is based on: MPEG & Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (COFDM)
Multipath propagation = like echoes Main path t Multiple received pulses Single data pulse multipath interference disturbs FM reception but is tolerated in DAB through COFDM
Echoes restrict the data rate OFDM solution = split the data up and send it over hundreds of carriers Amplitude 1 carrier @1Mb/s 100 carriers @10kb/s Frequency Amplitude COFDM Frequency
COFDM An OFDM signal s spectrum Sine and cosine carriers are used to increase the density of carriers COFDM Since there is still a chance some carriers will be lost, clever coding is used so that their data can be recovered L-band DAB 1228-1575MHz is coming soon to the UK
E4.18 Radio Frequency Electronics Copyright 2006 Dr Stepan Lucyszyn Jan 03 www.worlddab.org
Ultra Wideband (UWB)
Optical Communications
Microwave (or Millimetre-Wave) Video Distribution System (MVDS) or Local Multipoint Distribution System (LMDS) Concept Cheap microwave/mm-wave receiver; small unobtrusive dish Local transmitter fibre optic backbone DISTRIBUTION CENTRE Last-Mile or Radio-Over Fibre or Fibre Radio communication systems
High Speed Optical Communication System