PRIVACY & CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION: A PRIMER SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics PRIVACY & CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION Maximizing the utility of criminal justice information Essential for effective law enforcement 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 1 1
PRIVACY & CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION How? Thoughtful, comprehensive privacy policies can help 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 2 PRIVACY & CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION Majority of Americans concerned about the safety of their personal information Zogby/UPI poll, April 2007: 91% of respondents worried about ID theft Zogby/UPI poll, Feb. 2007: More than 50% concerned about privacy of medical records When asked in a Fall 2006 MSNBC online poll, Who do you trust more to protect your privacy, government or private corporations, 88% of 6,500 respondents said neither. 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 3 2
PRIVACY & CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION Justice and homeland security initiatives shot down by poor privacy policy planning MN police chiefs DB MATRIX Total Information Awareness Computer Aided Passenger Prescreening II Carnivore Yours? 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 4 PRIVACY & CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION But what exactly is privacy? 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 5 3
WHAT IS PRIVACY? the claim of an individual to determine what information about himself or herself should be known to others. 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 6 WHAT IS PRIVACY?. Westin describes four basic states of individual privacy 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 7 4
COMPLETELY ALONE out of sight and hearing of anyone else; the most complete and relaxed condition of privacy. 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 8 INTIMACY connections with confidants to share sensitive ideas, receive feedback and deepen bonds of mutual self-revelation and connection 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 9 5
ANONYMITY going into public places and mingling with people who do not recognize you. 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 10 DEFINING WHAT TO SHARE you do not wish certain sensitive personal aspects to be discussed or noticed. 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 11 6
FINANCES Spending habits, purchases, lenders, debts, creditors 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 12 HEALTH Medical conditions, diagnoses, causes, medications, treatments, prognoses, 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 13 7
PERSONALLY IDENTIFIABLE INFORMATION That which can be used to uniquely identify, contact or locate you 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 14 CRIMINAL JUSTICE Intelligence, watch lists, field reports Arrests, dispositions, corrections, supervision 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 15 8
PRIVACY THROUGH THE AGES As privacy concept first emerged, it was perceived as freedom from scrutiny and intrusion while in your home 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 16 PRIVACY THROUGH THE AGES Concept takes root in America 3 rd Amendment 4 th Amendment 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 17 9
PRIVACY THROUGH THE AGES The Right to Privacy Samuel D. Warren & Louis D. Brandeis Harvard Law Review December 15, 1890 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 18 PRIVACY THROUGH THE AGES Olmstead v. United States 1928 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 19 10
BRANDEIS DISSENT The makers of our Constitution sought to protect Americans in their beliefs, their thoughts, their emotions and sensations. They conferred, as against the Government, the right to be left alone the most comprehensive of rights, and the right most valued by civilized men. 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 20 BRANDEIS IMPACT Griswold v. CT (1965) Estes v. TX (1965) Miranda v. AZ (1966) Katz v. U.S. (1967) Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972) Roe v. Wade (1973) 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 21 11
ABOUT THE SAME TIME Challenging convention, institutions, the establishment 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 22 ABOUT THE SAME TIME Growing computer use in the workplace concerns over databasecreating capabilities. 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 23 12
H.E.W. REPORT Records, Computers, and the Rights of Citizens (1973) No secret personal data record system. Individual must be able to find out what s in record and how it is used. Individual can prevent information collected for one purpose from being used for another. Individual can correct/amend record of identifiable information. Data-holding agency must ensure data s reliability and prevent its misuse. 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 24 PRIVACT ACT OF 1974 Protects against an invasion of privacy through the misuse of personal information by the federal government 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 25 13
PRIVACY PROTECTION STUDY COMMISSION The real danger is the gradual erosion of individual liberties through the automation, integration, and interconnection of many small, separate recordkeeping systems, each of which alone may seem innocuous, even benevolent, and wholly justifiable (1977) 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 26 OECD FAIR INFORMATION PRACTICES Issued in 1980 to support international trade Based on core H.E.W. principles Informally known as the FIPs 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 27 14
OECD FAIR INFORMATION PRACTICES Collection limitation 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 28 OECD FAIR INFORMATION PRACTICES Data quality 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 29 15
OECD FAIR INFORMATION PRACTICES Purpose 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 30 OECD FAIR INFORMATION PRACTICES Use limitation 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 31 16
OECD FAIR INFORMATION PRACTICES Security Safeguards 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 32 OECD FAIR INFORMATION PRACTICES Openness 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 33 17
OECD FAIR INFORMATION PRACTICES Individual Participation 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 34 OECD FAIR INFORMATION PRACTICES Accountability 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 35 18
CRIMINAL RECORD PRIVACY Constitution largely neutral. Handful of landmark US Supreme Court decisions Paul v. Davis (1976) Dept. of Justice v. Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press (1989) Arizona v. Evans (1995) Los Angeles Police Dept. v. United Reporting Publishing Corp. (1999) 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 36 THE STRUGGLE CONTINUES Information Brokers Online public records Biometrics Surveillance Data profiling Background checks Radio frequency identification (RFID) 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 37 19
TENSION PRIVACY ACCESS 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 38 PRIVACY & CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION Need help with your privacy policy challenges? 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 39 20
PRIVACY & CRIMINAL JUSTICE INFORMATION SEARCH has joined BJA, IIR, JMI and other agencies to provide privacy TA, assistance with policy development, other services. 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 40 PRIVACY IMPACT ASSESSMENT Analysis of information collected, stored, protected & exchanged in a new or significantly modified IT system. Examines risks/ ramifications of collecting, maintaining and using information in an identifiable form. 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 41 21
PRIVACY IMPACT ASSESSMENT Identifiable form includes Name, address, telephone number, fingerprints, blood type, DNA Identifying numbers Education, medical, psychiatric, psychological, criminal, financial or employment history Race, origin, religion, sex, sexual orientation, marital or family status Also know as personally identifiable information or PII 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 42 PRIVACY IMPACT ASSESSMENT Should my agency conduct a PIA? Designing or upgrading IT system with PII IT system using PII for which a PIA has not been conducted 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 43 22
SEARCH PRIVACY ASSISTANCE For more information on obtaining assistance with privacy policy challenges, contact SEARCH at 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 44 QUESTIONS 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 45 23
SEARCH The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics http://www.search.org 2006 SEARCH, The National Consortium for Justice Information and Statistics www.search.org 46 24