Biology I Chapter 8/9
NOTEBOOK #1 Interest Grabber Suppose you earned extra money by having a part-time job. At first, you might be tempted to spend all of the money, but then you decide to open a bank account. 1. What are the benefits of having a bank account? 2. What do you have to do if you need some of this money? 3. What might your body do when it has more energy than it needs to carry out its activities? 4. What does your body do when it needs energy?
Interest Grabber Answers 1. 2. What are the benefits of having a bank account? To save money and earn interest. What do you have to do if you need some of this money? Go to the bank and take out the money you need. 3. What might your body do when it has more energy than it needs to carry out its activities? 4. Students will likely say that the body stores the energy. What does your body do when it needs energy? Student answers may include that energy is gotten from food. Section 1 Answers
ATP Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups
Comparison of ADP and ATP to a battery ADP ATP Energy Energy Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery
Interest Grabber NOTEBOOK #2 Trapping Energy Have you ever used a solar-powered calculator? No matter where you go, as long as you have a light source, the calculator works. You never have to put batteries in it.
Interest Grabber Cont. NOTEBOOK #2 1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted so that the calculator works? 2. Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make food. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted by plants? 3. Most plants, no matter what size or shape they are, have some parts that are green. Which parts of a plant are usually green? 4. What does the green color have to do with the plant s ability to convert light energy into the energy found in the food it makes?
Interest Grabber Answers 1. A solar-powered calculator uses solar cells that are found in rows along the top of the calculator. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted so that the calculator works? They convert light energy into electrical energy. 2. Recall that plants use light energy from the sun to make food. Into what kind of energy is the light energy converted by plants? Plants convert light energy into chemical energy. 3. Most plants, no matter what size or shape they are, have some parts that are green. Which parts of a plant are usually green? Leaves are green, as are some stems. 4. What does the green color have to do with the plant s ability to convert light energy into the energy found in the food it makes? The green color is the pigment chlorophyll, which absorbs light energy from the sun and converts it to chemical energy in the process of photosynthesis. Section 2 Answers
Photosynthesis: Reactants and Products Light Energy Chloroplast CO 2 + H 2 O Sugars + O 2
Chlorophyll Light Absorption Absorption of Light by Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b V B G Y O R
NOTEBOOK #3 1. What three things make up an ATP molecule? 2. What is the difference between ADP and ATP? 3. What are the products of photosynthesis? 4. In what organelle does photosynthesis take place?
Interest Grabber A Look Into the Future NOTEBOOK #4 It is 100 years in the future and you are a research scientist. An enormous volcanic eruption has recently sent huge quantities of dust and ash into the atmosphere. Working with a partner, make a list of how this event will affect each of the following: 1. photosynthesis 2. plant life 3. animal life 4. human societies
Interest Grabber Answers Working with a partner, make a list of how this event will affect each of the following: 1. photosynthesis The rate of photosynthesis will decrease due to reduced sunlight. 2. plant life Plants will grow more slowly or die off due to decreased rate of photosynthesis. 3. animal life Animal populations will decrease after a while due to fewer plants for herbivores to eat. Fewer herbivores will eventually result in fewer carnivores. Also, less oxygen will be available. 4. human societies Human societies will have to adjust their eating habits as some food species die out. Section 3 Answers
Concept Map Photosynthesis includes use Lightdependent reactions take place in takes place in Calvin cycle uses Energy from sunlight Thylakoid membranes Stroma ATP NADPH to produce of to produce ATP NADPH O 2 Chloroplasts High-energy sugars
Photosynthesis: An Overview Light CO 2 Chloroplast Chloroplast NADP + ADP + P Stroma Light- Dependent Reactions ATP Calvin Cycle NADPH Thylakoidsstacks: grana O 2 Sugars
Light-Dependent Reaction -produces oxygen gas and converts ADP and NADP into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate) Photosystem II Hydrogen Ion Movement ATP synthase Chloroplast Inner Thylakoid Space Thylakoid Membrane Stroma Electron Transport Chain Photosystem I ATP Formation
Calvin Cycle -uses ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions to produce high-energy sugars CO 2 Enters the Cycle Energy Input ChloropIast 5-Carbon Molecules Regenerated 6-Carbon Sugar Produced Sugars and other compounds
NOTEBOOK #5 1. What two reactions are included in photosynthesis? 2. What is the stroma? 3. What is a thylakoid? 4. What do you call stacks of thylakoids? 5. What are the light-dependent reactions? 6. What is the Calvin Cycle?
Interest Grabber NOTEBOOK #6 Feel the Burn Do you like to run, bike, or swim? These all are good ways to exercise. When you exercise, your body uses oxygen to get energy from glucose, a six-carbon sugar. 1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run? 2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel? 3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could you keep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer.
Interest Grabber Answers 1. How does your body feel at the start of exercise, such as a long, slow run? How do you feel 1 minute into the run; 10 minutes into the run? Students may answer that they feel no fatigue at the start of a run; however, after 1 minute and more so after 10 minutes, they are breathing hard, their heart rate has increased significantly, and their muscles may hurt. 2. What do you think is happening in your cells to cause the changes in how you feel? Students may say that the increase in heart rate and breathing rate are a response that gets extra oxygen to the cells. The pain may be attributed to the cells becoming fatigued. 3. Think about running as fast as you can for 100 meters. Could you keep up this pace for a much longer distance? Explain your answer. Students may know that very high levels of performance can be sustained only very briefly even among the best of athletes. Students may say that the body runs out of readily available energy, food, or oxygen, or that the body builds up too many waste products in the cells. Section 1 Answers
Section 9-1 Chemical Pathways Glucose- C 6 H 12 O 6 Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Fermentation (without oxygen) Alcohol or lactic acid
Cellular Respiration the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen Electrons carried in NADH Mitochondrion Glucose Glycolysis Pyruvic acid Krebs Cycle Electrons carried in NADH and FADH 2 Electron Transport Chain Cytoplasm Mitochondrion Oxygen + glucose = carbon dioxide + water + Energy
Glycolysis -the process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid, a 3-carbon compound Glucose 2 Pyruvic acid To the electron transport chain
Lactic Acid Fermentation -converts glucose into lactic acid Glucose Pyruvic acid
NOTEBOOK #7 1. What is cellular respiration? 2. What are the products of cellular respiration? 3. What organelle does cellular respiration take place in? 4. What is glycolysis? 5. What is glucose converted into?
NOTEBOOK #8 Interest Grabber Rolling and Folding Some of the steps in cellular respiration take place in the membrane inside the cell structure called the mitochondrion, which has a folded inner membrane. What purpose do these folds serve? To find out the answer to this question, perform this activity.
Interest Grabber Cont. 1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper? 2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper? 3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the first sheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper. What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper? 4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion?
Interest Grabber Answers 1. Obtain two sheets of paper and a metric ruler. What is the surface area of the paper? The area will vary depending on the size of paper used. A sheet of notebook paper has an area of approximately 600 cm 3. 2. Roll one sheet of paper into a tube lengthwise. What is the surface area of the rolled paper? The surface area is the same as the original sheet of paper. 3. Fold the second sheet of paper into a fan. Then, roll the first sheet of paper around the folded paper so it is inside the rolled paper. What has happened to the surface area of the inside of the rolled paper? The surface area has increased (surface area of rolled paper + surface area of folded paper). 4. What would be the value of increasing the surface area of the membrane inside a mitochondrion? Increasing the surface area increases the amount of space where chemical reactions can take place. Section 2 Answers
Cellular Respiration process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen Glucose (C 6 H 12 0 6 ) + Oxygen (0 2 ) Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 ) + Water (H 2 O)
The Krebs Cycle pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energyextracting reactions
Electron Transport Chain Section 9-2 uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs Cycle to convert ADP into ATP Electron Transport Hydrogen Ion Movement Channel Mitochondrion Intermembrane Space ATP synthase Inner Membrane Matrix ATP Production
Cellular Respiration- Net Yield
Glycolysis- Net Yield
Krebs Cycle: Net Yield
Electron Transport Chain :Net Yield
NOTEBOOK #9 1. What is the Krebs Cycle? 2. What is the electron transport chain? 3. What is the net yield of ATP at the end of Cellular Respiration?