TD Low Volatility Funds Rethinking Risk & Reward.

TD Low Volatility Funds Rethinking Risk & Reward. Babak Rafat, CFA TD Asset Management

Low volatility investing vs the broader market indices Many broad market indices by design are capitalization weighted Issues with cap weighted indices: Risk concentration: higher exposure to large-cap and single names i.e. Nortel, Research in Motion Inc. Higher exposure to sectors i.e. financials in the S&P/TSX Prone to bubbles: At the peak of the tech bubble, 20 stocks accounted for 38% of the S&P 500 Pre-2008 financial crisis, 20 stocks accounted for 34% of the S&P 500 More volatile during crisis periods Weaker risk-adjusted returns * * See Appendix. Source: TDAM & Mercer TD Asset Management

TD Low Volatility Key Takeaways Empirical evidence studying markets back to 1923 state that within equities you are not compensated for higher risk Low Volatility portfolios are an institutional innovation that offers returns similar to index returns with 2/3rds the volatility Proprietary 20-factor model that estimates risk and correlation to create a low volatility portfolio WIN BY NOT LOSING TD Asset Management

Market History: 34 Years of U.S. Experience 25% Return and Risk on S&P 500 Index Stocks: August 1978 - December 2012 Annualized Return 20% 15% 10% Q1-Least Volatile Q2 Q3 Q4 Predicted Q5-Most Volatile 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% Annualized Standard Deviation Sources: TDAM & Standard & Poor s. Quintiles represent equally-weighed portfolios constructed monthly from equities sorted by trailing 36 months standard deviation.. Annualized returns on S&P500 Index constituents from August 1978 through December 2012. Risk computed as the standard deviation of monthly quintile returns over the entire period and annualized. Predicted return from CAPM using betas from TDAM US Statistical Risk model. For illustrative purposes only. More volatile U.S. equities have not delivered higher returns 4

Market History: The Global Experience Monthly Return 1.0% 0.9% 0.8% 0.7% 0.6% 0.5% 0.4% 0.3% 0.2% 0.1% Return and Risk on MSCI World Index Stocks: March 1997 - March 2013 Q1-Least Volatile Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5-Most Volatile 0.0% 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% Monthly Risk Sources: TDAM & MSCI. Quintiles represent equally-weighed portfolios constructed monthly from equities sorted by trailing 36 months standard deviation. Average monthly returns on MSCI World constituents from March 1997 through March 2013. Risk computed as the standard deviation of monthly quintile returns over the entire period. Predicted return from CAPM using betas from TDAM DM Statistical Risk model. For illustrative purposes only. Predicted More volatile global equities have not delivered higher returns 5

Market History by Type of Market 15% Strong Up Markets Average return > 4% (occurs 37% of time) 15% Strong Down Markets Average return < - 4% (occurs 12% of time) Normal Markets Average return between -4% and 4% 15% (occurs 51% of time) Monthly Return 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% Q3 Q5 most volatile Q4 Q2 Q1 least volatile Monthly Return 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% Q2 Q1 least volatile Q3 Q4 Monthly Return 10% 5% 0% -5% -10% Q1 least volatile Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 most volatile -15% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Monthly Risk Q5 most volatile -15% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Monthly Risk -15% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% Monthly Risk Sources: TDAM & TMX Group. Quintiles represent equally-weighed portfolios constructed monthly from equities sorted by trailing 36 months standard deviation. Average monthly returns on S&P/TSX Composite Index constituents from July 1991 through March 2013. Risk computed as the standard deviation of monthly quintile returns over the entire period. For illustrative purposes only. Less volatile stocks outperform more volatile stocks most of the time, except in very strong bull markets For Advisor Use Only 6

Mathematics of compounding WIN BY NOT LOSING When you lose You need to recover $100,000 $100,000 50% Loss 100% Return $75,000 $50,000 $50,000 50% Return TD Asset Management 7

Mathematics of Compounding: Why Low Volatility Matters 350 Std Dev=0% Future value of $100 Expected annual return = 6% $321 300 Std Dev=10% Std Dev=15% $293 Future value of $100 250 200 150 $262 100 50 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Time (years) Source: TDAM. Standard deviation is a statistical measure of the range of a security s performance. When a security has a high standard deviation, its range of performance has been very wide, indicating that there is a greater potential for volatility than those with low standard deviations. For illustrative purposes only. Holding the expected annual return constant, the lower the volatility, the greater the expected final wealth For Advisor Use Only 8

A Tale of Two Stocks with the Same Average Monthly Return Canadian National vs. Suncor Energy Same Average Monthly Return: 1.3% 600% 500% Canadian National Railway (Volatility = 20%) Suncor Energy (Volatility = 32%) 400% 300% 200% 100% 0% -100% Dec-01 Jun-02 Dec-02 Jun-03 Dec-03 Jun-04 Dec-04 Jun-05 Dec-05 Jun-06 Dec-06 Jun-07 Dec-07 Jun-08 Dec-08 Jun-09 Dec-09 Jun-10 Dec-10 Jun-11 Dec-11 Jun-12 Cumulative Return Dec-12 For illustrative purposes only Source: TDAM. Total stock return including dividends. Volatility measured as the annualized standard deviation of monthly returns during the period. The lower volatility stock outperformed over time 9

A Tale of Two Stocks with the Same Average Monthly Return Tim Hortons vs. Precision Drilling Same Average Monthly Return: 0.7% 100% 80% 60% Tim Hortons (Volatility = 20%) Precision Drilling (Volatility = 60%) Cumulative Return 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% -80% -100% Dec-07 Jun-08 Dec-08 Jun-09 Dec-09 Jun-10 Dec-10 Jun-11 Dec-11 Jun-12 For illustrative purposes only Source: TDAM. Total stock return including dividends. Volatility measured as the annualized standard deviation of monthly returns during the period. The lower volatility stock outperformed over time Dec-12 10

A Tale of Two Stocks with the Same Average Monthly Return Kellogg vs. Renault 100% Same Average Monthly Return: 0.4% 80% 60% Kellogg (Volatility = 15%) Renault (Volatility = 45%) 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% -80% -100% Oct-04 Apr-05 Oct-05 Apr-06 Oct-06 Apr-07 Oct-07 Apr-08 Oct-08 Apr-09 Oct-09 Apr-10 Oct-10 Apr-11 Oct-11 Apr-12 Cumulative Return Oct-12 For illustrative purposes only Source: TDAM. Total stock return in CAD including dividends. Volatility measured as the annualized standard deviation of monthly returns during the period. The lower volatility stock outperformed over time 11

The benefits of including a low volatility strategy in a client s portfolio Low correlation with traditional active investment strategies Provides a cushion when uncertainty reigns while lagging in risk-on environments Replacement of passive investment strategies Allows increase allocation to higher risk strategies Replace some portion of a portfolio s fixed income exposure Lower your clients risk, not their expectations TD Asset Management

Brief History of the Markets: The Fixed Income Experience 18% Government of Canada Bond Yields Yield 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Jan-55 Jan-59 Jan-63 Jan-67 Jan-71 Jan-75 Jan-79 Jan-83 Jan-87 Jan-91 Jan-95 Jan-99 Jan-03 Jan-07 Jan-11 Annualized real return = - 1.8% Annualized real return = 7.2% Source: Statistics Canada, Average 5-10 Year Yields. Data to February 28, 2013 Great while it lasted, but what s next? 13

How long can the low volatility equity advantage continue? As long as most investors are concerned about performance and risk relative to traditional indices Low volatility stocks are unattractive to benchmark-sensitive managers due in part to their high tracking error Hedge funds are unlikely to speed up the move to low volatility equities Long low volatility / short high volatility would be a high risk hedge fund strategy Are low volatility equities just a fad? Most of the low volatility research was published between 1972 and 1991 Low volatility equities have delivered excellent returns since 1991 What if low volatility becomes the norm? Early adopters should realize gains Long runway of opportunity in low volatility strategies TD Asset Management

TDAM uses a proprietary risk model Tailored to the universe of stocks of interest Tailored for Canadian investors Statistical Risk Model based on: 20 common sources of risk capturing volatilities from sector, country and style Model for stock specific risk Adjustment for extreme risk events Scaled with the level of implicit market volatility from the options market Most commercial risk models are from a U.S. Dollar perspective and estimated over wider universes TD Asset Management

Investment Process TDAM Portfolio Constraints TD Canadian Low Volatility Fund TD Global Low Volatility Fund Minimum number of positions 40 120 Maximum sector exposure 30% 25% Maximum individual security exposure 5% 2% Maximum allocation per developed market (ex-usa) 100% in Canada 30% Maximum allocation to Canada 100% 15% Maximum allocation to USA 0% 55% Maximum allocation per main emerging market 0% 7.5% 1 Maximum aggregate emerging market weight 0% MSCI ACWI weight + 15% Eligible securities 1 Maximum allocation at rebalancing is 5% (lower for certain markets) Members of the S&P/TSX Composite Index except TD Members of the MSCI ACWI except TD & AMTD Quantitative discipline with monitoring by TDAM risk management team 16

How TDAM constructs low volatility portfolios Risk Forecasts (Volatilities & correlations of index constituents) Trading Costs OPTIMISATION Portfolio Constraints TD Low Volatility Fund TD Asset Management 17

Holdings Comparison for TD Global Low Vol Fund 10 largest Constituents Capitalisation in C$ billion MSCI All Country World Index C$ Index weight 1 Risk (std dev 36 months 2 ) TD Global Low Volatility Fund Weight APPLE INC 416.4 1.33% 23.1% 0.43% EXXON MOBIL 410.8 1.31% 13.8% 0.16% GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. 242.4 0.78% 21.8% - NESTLE SA 221.4 0.75% 13.1% 0.20% CHEVRON CORPORATION 232.6 0.74% 14.6% 0.29% INTL BUSINESS MACHINES 229.0 0.73% 12.4% 0.59% JOHNSON & JOHNSON 225.9 0.72% 12.8% 0.16% MICROSOFT CORP 216.7 0.69% 18.0% - PFIZER INC 212.5 0.68% 15.4% - PROCTER & GAMBLE 210.7 0.67% 13.8% 0.73% Total 2618.4 8.42% - 2.56% 1 MSCI ACWI = Morgan Stanley Capital International (MSCI) All Country World Index 2 Standard deviation is a statistical measure of the range of a security s performance. When a security has a high standard deviation, its range of performance has been very wide, indicating that there is a greater potential for volatility than those with low standard deviations. Security weightings and measures of risk are subject to change without notice. 2 Note: Standard deviations computed from the last 36 monthly returns. Sources: MSCI and TDAM. Data as of March 29, 2013 Low volatility funds are focused on risk 18

TD Global Low Volatility Fund - Positioning Sector & Country Weights vs. MSCI All Country World Index Consumer Staples Financials Utilities Consumer Discretionary Industrials Telecom Serv ices Health Care Information Technology Energy Materials Others Taiw an Singapore South Africa China Hong Kong Malay sia United Kingdom Canada Japan United States 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% Sector Allocation 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% Country Allocation TD Global Low Volatility Fund MSCI All Country World Index (ACWI) Sources: MSCI, TDAM. As of March 29, 2013 Sector and country weights are subject to change without notice. Similar country weights different sector weights 19

Risk Plays No Role In S&P/TSX Composite Index Construction 10 Largest Constituents Capitalisation in C$ billion S&P/TSX Composite Index Index weight Risk (std dev) 1 ROYAL BANK OF CANADA 88.5 5.80% 17.3% TORONTO-DOMINION BANK 78.0 5.11% 11.4% BANK OF NOVA SCOTIA 70.5 4.62% 12.4% SUNCOR ENERGY INC 46.3 3.04% 27.3% CANADIAN NATL RAILWAY 43.6 2.86% 12.6% BANK OF MONTREAL 41.7 2.73% 12.8% ENBRIDGE INC 38.1 2.50% 10.2% BCE INC 36.8 2.41% 10.5% CANADIAN NAT RESOURCE 35.6 2.33% 24.1% POTASH CORP 34.5 2.26% 37.1% Total 513.6 33.65% - S&P/TSX Composite Index Risk (standard deviation) 1 11.4% Number of securities 239 1 Standard deviations computed from monthly returns over 36 months and annualized. Sources : TMX Group and TDAM. As at March 31, 2013 TSX more exposed to volatile commodity producers than global indices 20

TD Canadian Low Volatility Fund - Positioning Sector Weights vs. S&P/TSX Composite Index Health Care Information Technology Materials Industrials Energy Consumer Staples Utilities Telecom Services Consumer Discretionary Financials Sector Allocation 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% TD Canadian Low Volatility Fund S&P/TSX Composite Index Sources: TMX Group, TDAM. As of March 29, 2013 Sector weights are subject to change without notice. Low Volatility Fund is well represented in 6 sectors 21

TDAM s Low Volatility Strategies Strive to achieve approximately 2/3 volatility (relative to cap-weighted index) over the long term Typically hold large weight in non-cyclical sectors Utilities & Consumer Staples Expect somewhat smaller capitalization relative to cap-weighted index Low volatility strategies have historically delivered better riskadjusted returns than cap-weighted indices 22

Large Body Of Academic Research Stock return Market risk (Beta) relationship much flatter than predicted by Black, Jensen & Scholes (1972) Riskier equities have not yielded statistically significantly higher returns than less risky equities Fama & MacBeth (1973) Traditional indices (S&P/TSX, MSCI World, S&P 500) not as efficient as minimum variance combination of same equities: Haugen and Baker (1991) analyzes US equity returns 1972-1989 low volatility portfolios perform better over the long term Blitz and van Vliet (2007) MSCI BARRA (2008) Bodjov and Masson (2009, TD Asset Management white paper) Riskier equities under-perform less volatile equities Ang, Hodrick, Xing, and Zhang (2006) analyzes US equity returns 1963-2000 returns on more volatile stocks have been lower than the return on less volatile stocks in the long run International (including Canada): Ang, Hodrick, Xing, and Zhang (2009) Additional Chopra and Zeimbra (1993) errors in estimating expected returns are over 10 times larger than errors estimating volatility and over 20 times larger than errors estimating covariances TD Asset Management

TDAM Quantitative Equity Team Jean Masson, Ph.D. Managing Director Head of Quantitative Research 26 years experience Strategy R&D Portfolio Management Data & Computations Yuriy Bodjov, CFA, M.Sc. Economics Vice President & Director 19 years experience Charles Vanasse, M.Sc. Economics Vice President & Director 25 years experience Wilcox Chan, CFA, FRM, M.Sc. Engineering Vice President & Director 13 years experience Miroslav Stankovic M.Sc. El. Eng. Vice President 23 years experience Carlos Phillips, M.Sc. Computer Science Vice President 4 years experience Julien Palardy, CFA, M.Sc Applied Fin. Economics Vice President 7 years experience Quantitative equity team has over C$6.2 billion in AUM About C$5.5 billion in low volatility strategies Jean Vezina, B.Sc. For. Eng. Vice President 27 years experience Marius Tulcan, D.E.S.S. Computer Science Research Analyst 18 years experience Combining market intelligence, research and technology Source: TD Asset Management Inc. Data as at March 31, 2013 24

Low Volatility Strategies Portfolio Management Team Jean Masson, Ph.D., Managing Director 27 years experience Jean Masson joined TD Asset Management Inc. in 1997, after spending 10 years teaching Finance and conducting research at the University of Ottawa and Washington University in St. Louis. His areas of specialization included econometric methods, derivatives, and market microstructure. Jean leads TDAM s quantitative research and development efforts and manages our team of research professionals. He is involved in the modeling and research of various quantitative strategies including Low Volatility Equities and Enhanced. Jean holds M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in Finance from the University of Rochester and B.A. and M.A. degrees in Economics from Simon Fraser University. Wilcox Chan, CFA, Vice President & Director 14 years experience Wilcox Chan joined TD Asset Management Inc. in November 2003. He is currently the lead manager of the quantitative equity portfolios which include low volatility equity and enhanced equity. Previously he was responsible for quantifying the risk associated with TDAM's products and investment processes, with a primary focus on enhanced equity and alternative investment strategies. Prior to joining TDAM, he was a Senior Manager in the Middle Office for the Bank of Nova Scotia for five years, where he performed a variety of risk management duties and analysis for the Foreign Exchange, Precious Metals, Interest Rate, and Equity Derivatives business lines. Prior to pursuing a career in the financial sector, he had spent seven years in the simulation software area for the power generation industry. Wilcox holds a Master of Engineering degree from the University of London, UK. He also attended York University where he graduated from the Masters of Business Administration program with a major in Finance. Wilcox is a CFA charterholder. He also holds the Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst SM designation. Quantitative Research Yuriy Bodjov, M.Sc., CFA, Vice President & Director 20 years experience Yuriy Bodjov joined TD Asset Management Inc. in January 2008. He works on the research and development of low volatility and absolute return strategies and is also responsible for the design of quantitative risk models. Prior to joining TDAM, Yuriy worked as a director and portfolio manager at a large public pension fund where he was managing tactical asset allocation strategies. He had previously worked as a portfolio manager of US and international equities and as a fixed income portfolio manager. Prior to that he was a senior consultant at a financial risk consulting firm. Yuriy is a CFA charterholder and has Master s degrees in Economics from the Université du Québec à Montréal and the University of National and World Economy, Sofia, Bulgaria. 25

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