Greenhouse Gas Inventory 2006-2008 Valencia Community College May 7 th 2010

Greenhouse Gas Inventory 2006-2008 Valencia Community College May 7 th 2010 Prepared by: 1

Principal Authors: EcoAsset Solutions, LLC David A. Palange Angela C. Gilbert Contributing Authors: EcoAsset Solutions, LLC Emily R. Zupo Review Editors: Valencia Community College Dr. Winsome Bennett Helene Loiselle 2

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Valencia Community College Campuses Figure 3.1 CO 2 e by Campus from Valencia Community College Electricity Consumption (2006-2008) Figure 3.2 Natural Gas Consumption by Valencia Community College Campus (2006-2008) Figure 3.3 CO 2 e from Natural Gas Consumption at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Figure 3.4 Fuel Consumption of Valencia Community College Vehicle Fleet (2006-2008) Figure 3.5 CO 2 e for Valencia Community College Vehicle Fleet (2006-2008) Figure 3.6 Student Enrollment at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Figure 3.7 Full Time Employees at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Figure 3.8 CO 2 e from Valencia Community College Commuting (2006-2008) Figure 3.9 Solid Waste by Valencia Community College Campus (2006-2008) Figure 3.10 CO 2 e from Solid Waste at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Figure 3.11 CO 2 e from Refrigerant Use at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Figure 3.12 CO 2 e from Fertilizer Use at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Figure 3.13 Percent Total CO 2 e by Source Category at Valencia Community College (2006) Figure 3.14 Percent Total CO 2 e by Valencia Community College Campus (2006) Figure 3.15 Percent Total CO 2 e by Source Category at Valencia Community College (2007) Figure 3.16 Percent Total CO 2 e by Valencia Community College Campus (2007) Figure 3.17 Percent Total CO 2 e by Source Category at Valencia Community College (2008) Figure 3.18 Percent Total CO 2 e by Valencia Community College Campus (2008) Figure 3.19 Absolute CO 2 e from Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Figure 3.20 Change in CO 2 e by Source Category at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) 3

LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1 Greenhouse Gas Sources for Valencia Community College Table 2.2 Greenhouse Gas Protocols and Methodologies for Valencia Community College Table 3.1 Electricity Utility Providers for Valencia Community College by Campus Table 3.2 Valencia Community College Electricity Consumption by Campus (2006-2008) Table 3.3 CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O from Electricity Consumption (2006) Table 3.4 CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O from Electricity Consumption (2007) Table 3.5 CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O from Electricity Consumption (2008) Table 3.6 CO 2 e from Electricity Consumption (2006-2008) Table 3.7 Natural Gas Consumption by Campus and Year (2006-2008) Table 3.8 CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O from Natural Gas (2006-2008) Table 3.9 CO 2 e from Natural Gas Consumption at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Table 3.10 Highway Vehicle Fleet of Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Table 3.11 CO 2 from Valencia Community College Vehicles by Campus (2006-2008) Table 3.12 CH 4 and N 2 O from Valencia Community College Highway Vehicles (2006-2008) Table 3.13 CH 4 and N 2 O from Valencia Community College Non-Highway Vehicles (2006-2008) Table 3.14 CO 2 e from Valencia Community College Vehicles by Year and Campus (2006-2008) Table 3.15 Average Commuting Data for Valencia Community College (2009-2010) Table 3.16 Percentage of Miles by Transportation Source for Valencia Community College (2009-2010) Table 3.17 Annual Personal Vehicle Miles Traveled by Valencia Community College Students (2006-2008) Table 3.18 Annual Personal Vehicle Miles Traveled by Valencia Community College Employees (2006-2008) Table 3.19 Annual Bus Vehicle Miles Traveled by Valencia Community College Students (2006-2008) Table 3.20 Annual Bus Vehicle Miles Traveled by Valencia Community College Employees (2006-2008) Table 3.21 Commuting Gasoline Consumption at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Table 3.22 Commuting Diesel Consumption at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Table 3.23 CO 2 e from Employee and Student Commuting at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Table 3.24 Valencia Community College Solid Waste by Type (2006-2008) Table 3.25 Emission Factors from Landfilling Table 3.26 CO 2 e from Solid Waste at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Table 3.27 Total CO 2 e from Valencia Community College Solid Waste 4

(2006-2008) Table 3.28 Refrigerant Use by Activity for Valencia Community College Campuses (2006-2008) Table 3.29 Fugitive by Refrigerant and Equipment Type at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Table 3.30 CO 2 e per Refrigerant Type at Valencia Community College (2006) Table 3.31 CO 2 e per Refrigerant Type at Valencia Community College (2007) Table 3.32 CO 2 e per Refrigerant Type at Valencia Community College (2008) Table 3.33 Mass of Nitrogen by Fertilizer Type (2006-2008) Table 3.34 Direct N 2 0 from Fertilizer Use at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Table 3.35 Indirect N 2 O emissions by Fertilizer Type (2006) Table 3.36 Fertilizer CO 2 e emissions for Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Table 3.37 CO 2 e from Fertilizer Use at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Table 3.38 Total CO 2 e by Source at Valencia Community College (2006) Table 3.39 Total CO 2 e by Valencia Community College Campus (2006) Table 3.40 Total CO 2 e by Source at Valencia Community College (2007) Table 3.41 Total CO 2 e by Valencia Community College Campus (2007) Table 3.42 Total CO 2 e by Source at Valencia Community College (2008) Table 3.43 Total CO 2 e by Valencia Community College Campus (2008) Table 3.44 Absolute CO 2 e from Valencia Community College by Scope (2006-2008) LIST OF EQUATIONS Equation 3.1 Greenhouse Gas Calculations for Electricity Equation 3.2 Greenhouse Gas Calculation for Natural Gas Equation 3.3 CO 2 Calculation for Vehicle Fleets Equation 3.4 CO 2 e from Refrigerants Calculation Equation 3.5 Direct N 2 O from Nitrogen Fertilizer Equation 3.6 Indirect N 2 O from Nitrogen Fertilizer 5

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ACUPCC CO 2 e DOE EPA GHG GIS GWP ICLEI IPCC kwh LGOP MMBTU MSW MWh Ton Tonne American College and University President s Climate Commitment Carbon Dioxide Equivalent (measured in metric tons) United States Department of Energy United States Environmental Protection Agency Greenhouse Gas Geographic Information System Global Warming Potentials International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives/ Local Governments for Sustainability Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Kilowatt-Hour Local Government Operations Protocol One Million British Thermal Units (thousand thousand Btu) Municipal Solid Waste Megawatt-Hour Short Ton Metric Ton Greenhouse Gases: CH 4 Methane CO 2 Carbon Dioxide HFCs Hydrofluorocarbons N 2 O Nitrous Oxide PFCs Perfluorocarbons SF 6 Sulfur Hexafluoride 6

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to acknowledge all the following individuals for contributing their time and effort to this study: Valencia Community College Dr. Winsome Bennett Helene Loiselle Paul Matson John Letterman Lee Pahl Dee Brown Jacqueline Lasch University of South Florida Scott Hoos 7

TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES... 3 LIST OF TABLES... 4 LIST OF EQUATIONS... 5 LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS... 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS... 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY... 10 1.0 INTRODUCTION... 15 1.1 Study Area... 15 1.2 Greenhouse Gas Basics... 17 2.0 METHODOLOGY... 17 2.1 Baseline Year Determination and Comparative Years... 17 2.2 Boundary definition... 18 2.3 Greenhouse Gas Sources... 18 2.4 Greenhouse Gas Protocols and Methodologies... 18 2.5 Data Organization and Management... 19 2.6 Results... 19 3.0 GREENHOUSE GAS ANALYSIS... 20 3.1 ELECTRICITY... 20 3.1.1 Data Sources... 20 3.1.2 Data Analysis... 21 3.1.3 Summary of Results... 24 3.1.4 Key Assumptions and Uncertainties... 25 3.2 NATURAL GAS... 26 3.2.1 Data Sources... 26 3.2.2 Data Analysis... 26 3.2.3 Summary of Results... 30 3.2.4 Key Assumptions and Uncertainties... 31 3.3 VEHICLE FLEET... 31 3.3.1 Data Sources... 32 3.3.2 Data Analysis... 32 3.3.3 Summary of Results... 35 3.3.4 Key Assumptions and Uncertainties... 36 3.4 EMPLOYEE AND STUDENT COMMUTING... 36 3.4.2 Data Analysis... 38 3.4.3 Summary of Results... 43 3.4.4 Key Assumptions and Uncertainties... 43 3.5 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE... 44 3.5.1 Data Sources... 44 3.5.2 Data Analysis... 45 3.5.3 Summary of Results... 46 8

3.5.4 Key Assumptions and Uncertainties... 48 3.6 REFRIGERANTS... 48 3.6.1 Data Sources... 48 3.6.2 Data Analysis... 48 3.6.3 Summary of Results... 52 3.6.4 Key Assumptions and Uncertainties... 53 3.7 FERTILIZER... 53 3.7.1 Data Sources... 54 3.7.2 Data Analysis... 54 3.7.3 Summary of Results... 58 3.7.4 Key Assumptions and Uncertainties... 59 4.0 RESULTS... 60 4.1 Total Greenhouse Gas... 60 4.2 Greenhouse Gas Comparison: 2006-2008... 67 5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS... 71 5.1 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Analysis... 71 5.1.1 Develop Protocol for Future Data Collection... 71 5.1.2 Improve Data Analysis with More Complete Data Collection... 71 5.1.3 Conduct Annual Inventories... 72 APPENDIX A 9

2006-2008 COLLEGE-WIDE GREENHOUSE GAS INVENTORY Valencia Community College EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction The purpose of this report is to present the results of a college-wide greenhouse gas inventory for Valencia Community College in Central Florida. The greenhouse gas inventory provides an estimate of the school s greenhouse gas emissions for the baseline year of 2006 as well as for 2007 and 2008. The study will provide a valuable tool to measure the College s future greenhouse gas reductions and is the first step towards developing a broader climate action plan for Valencia Community College. Higher education institutions across the nation have been increasingly aware of how their anthropomorphic greenhouse gas emissions impact the globe. Many schools have adopted comprehensive plans for reducing emissions and improving their energy efficiency. As a reflection of this trend, the American College and University President s Climate Commitment (ACUPCC) was established in 2006. Institutions that sign this agreement commit to performing a greenhouse gas inventory and establishing a climate action plan to support campus-wide sustainability. Valencia Community College signed this agreement in 2009. Study Area Valencia Community College is located in the Orlando Metropolitan Area in Central Florida. Valencia is one of the largest community colleges in Florida, with over 63,000 students enrolled across seven campuses in Orange and Osceola Counties. Methodology Greenhouse gas accounting is the process of taking an inventory of all greenhouse gases sources and sinks. Sources can be described as operations or activities that result in a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions while sinks are operations or activities that result in a net decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. The net greenhouse gas emissions of an entity are quantified by subtracting total greenhouse gas reductions from greenhouse gas emissions. Baseline greenhouse gas inventories are intended to provide a summary of all GHG emissions for a given year in order to provide a point of comparison for the attempted future reductions of such emissions. Valencia Community College selected Calendar Year 2006 as its baseline year. This year was chosen because it was the earliest year for which sufficient data was available. The following years, 2007 and 2008, were chosen as comparative years of study. This allows Valencia to track their emissions over time and monitor the activities that could lead to any fluctuations. The Local Government Operations (LGOP), developed by The Climate Registry, 10

California Air Resources Board, California Climate Action Registry, and the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI), was used to quantify the majority of greenhouse gas emissions for Valencia Community College. In order to provide March 19, a complete 2010 analysis of all emissions, it was necessary incorporate methodologies from other published protocols, including the United States Department of Energy (DOE), United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and Clean Air Cool Planet. Results In 2006, Valencia Community College emitted a total of 52,785 metric tons of CO 2 e. Of all the sources of greenhouse gases in 2006, electricity consumption and employee/student commuting were responsible for 50% and 47% of total emissions, respectively. Solid waste, fugitive emissions from refrigerant use, natural gas consumption, vehicle fleet emissions from the campus vehicle fleet and fertilizer application made up the remaining 3% of the emissions. for air travel were not included in the analysis due to lack of data. Absolute CO 2 e from Valencia Community College (2006) 11

The top emitters of greenhouse gases in 2006 were East and West Campus, which were responsible for 39% and 37% of the total emissions, respectively. Commuting emissions were not included in the campus and center analysis, due to instances of students March and 19, employees 2010 travelling to more than one campus in a given week. Percent Absolute CO 2 e by Valencia Community College Campus (2006) 12

From 2006 to 2007, GHG emissions at Valencia Community College increased to 53,891 metric tons of CO 2 e, a 2% rise from the baseline year. In 2008, GHG emission levels still remained at 2% above 2006 levels. A drop in electricity and natural gas consumption in 2008 March was 19, offset 2010 by an increase in commuting emissions. A total of 53,863 metric tons of CO 2 e were emitted in 2008. Absolute CO 2 e from Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emissions comprised 53% of the Valencia Community College s total emissions in 2006 yet dropped to 47% by 2008. For this study, Scope 1 emissions included greenhouse gases emitted as a result of natural gas consumption, refrigerant use, and fertilizer application while Scope 2 emissions represented indirect emissions from electricity consumption. Scope 3 emissions from solid waste and commuting continued to rise between 2006 and 2008. Absolute CO 2 e from Valencia Community College by Scope (2006-2008) Year Scope 1 [tonnes CO 2 e] Scope 2 [tonnes CO 2 e] Scope 3 [tonnes CO 2 e] All Scopes [tonnes CO 2 e] 2008 763.13 24,454.30 28,646.06 53,863.49 2007 1,096.37 26,518.84 26,275.77 53,890.98 2006 1,363.40 26,509.99 24,911.62 52,785.01 13

Comparing the baseline year 2006 to 2008, the following observations were made: from employee and student commuting climbed 15% with March rising 19, 2010 student population from building electricity consumption dropped 8% as a result of energy efficiency projects across multiple campuses Natural gas emissions dropped 65% due to the removal of a large boiler on West Campus Campus vehicle fleet emissions increased by 9% due to an increase in the size of the fleet and vehicle miles traveled from solid waste decreased by 10% with the implementation of a recycling program that reduced mixed municipal solid waste Converting to organic fertilizer reduced fertilizer application emissions by 87% on East Campus Even with significant reductions across many categories, total emissions increased by 2%. from increased commuting exceeded the large emission reductions in electricity and natural gas consumption. Change in CO 2 e by Source Category at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) 14

1.0 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to present the results of a college-wide greenhouse gas inventory for Valencia Community College in Central Florida. The greenhouse gas inventory provides an estimate of the school s greenhouse gas emissions for the baseline year of 2006 as well as for 2007 and 2008. The study is the first of two actions that Valencia Community College needs to complete as part of the American College and University President s Climate Commitment (ACUPCC). The inventory will be used as a tool to measure the College s future greenhouse gas reductions and to develop a broader climate action plan for Valencia Community College. This study was completed by EcoAsset Solutions, LLC, a wholly owned subsidiary of Lykes Brothers Inc. based in Tampa, Florida. EcoAsset Solutions is a professional services firm that specializes in sustainability management, advisory and analysis for government, corporations, higher education institutions, and large landowners. The company combines technical analysis and planning, stakeholder engagement and education, and data management to help organizations achieve their sustainability goals. EcoAsset Solutions has conducted greenhouse gas inventories for local and state governments in Florida and Maryland. This inventory was commissioned by Valencia Community College s Sustainability Committee, which was established in 2007. 1 1.1 Study Area Valencia Community College is located in the Orlando Metropolitan Area in Central Florida. Valencia is one of the largest community colleges in Florida, with over 63,000 students enrolled and seven campuses and centers in Orange and Osceola Counties (Figure 1.1). Opened in 1967 as Valencia Junior College, Valencia has 2,800 employees with an operating budget of $141,335,305. 2 Colleges all across the nation have been increasingly aware of how their anthropomorphic greenhouse gas emissions impact the globe. Many schools have adopted comprehensive plans for reducing emissions and improving their energy efficiency. As a reflection of this trend, the American College and University President s Climate Commitment (ACUPCC) was established in 2006. Institutions that sign this agreement commit to performing a greenhouse gas inventory and establishing a climate action plan to support campus-wide sustainability. Valencia Community College signed this agreement in 2009. 1 http://acupcc.aashe.org/report.php?id=968, Retrieved April 6, 2010 2 http://www.valenciacc.edu/ir/documents/fact_sheet_master0809-rev.pdf, Retrieved April 6, 2010 15

Figure 1.1 Valencia Community College Campuses 16

1.2 Greenhouse Gas Basics Greenhouse gases (GHGs) are gases that encourage the trapping of heat in the atmosphere that contributes to global climate change. GHGs are typically released through the combustion of fossil fuels, but some can be released through the handling of certain chemical substances, the decomposition of biogenic material, and the combustion of other fuels. Greenhouse gases that are regulated under the Kyoto Protocol include carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), methane (CH 4 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O), hydroflurocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ). Of these, the most commonly reported and abundant greenhouse gases are CO 2, CH 4, and N 2 O. Each of the six greenhouse gases has a different potential to warm the atmosphere. To reflect this difference, each GHG is assigned a global warming potential (GWP). Since CO 2 is the largest component of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions, it is used as the standard for measuring greenhouse gas emissions. It has a GWP of 1. With a GWP of 21, methane has the potential to trap 21 times more heat than carbon dioxide. That is, 1 metric ton (tonne) of CH 4 emissions has the same global warming potential (GWP) as 21 tonnes of CO 2. Likewise, 1 tonne of N 2 O (GWP of 310) is equivalent to 310 tonnes of CO 2 emissions. These GWP factors are used to convert all non-co 2 emissions into carbon dioxide equivalents (CO 2 e), the standard unit of measurement for greenhouse gas emissions. 3 2.0 METHODOLOGY Greenhouse gas accounting is the process of taking an inventory of all greenhouse gases sources and sinks. Sources can be described as operations or activities that result in a net increase in greenhouse gas emissions while sinks are operations or activities that result in a net decrease in greenhouse gas emissions. The net greenhouse gas emissions of an entity are quantified by subtracting total greenhouse gas reductions from greenhouse gas emissions. This section outlines the criteria used to define and measure greenhouse gas emissions for Valencia Community College, including the determination of the baseline year, description of the boundaries, identification of greenhouse gas sources, and selection of protocols used for the analysis. 2.1 Baseline Year Determination and Comparative Years Baseline greenhouse gas inventories are intended to provide a summary of all GHG emissions for a given year in order to provide a point of comparison for the attempted future reductions of such emissions. Valencia Community College selected Calendar Year 2006 as its baseline year. This year was chosen because it was the earliest year for which sufficient data was available. 3 Local Government Operations Protocol, Appendix E 17

The following years, 2007 and 2008, were chosen as comparative years of study. This allows Valencia to track their emissions over time and monitor the activities that could be leading to any fluctuations. 2.2 Boundary definition This greenhouse gas inventory evaluates all campuses and centers within Valencia Community College, including West, East, Osceola, Downtown Center, Winter Park, Sand Lake, and the Criminal Justice Institute, for which data was available. The inventory also analyzes commuting data from both students and employees. 2.3 Greenhouse Gas Sources For Valencia Community College, the key sectors and categories of greenhouse gas emissions were identified before data collection and analysis. Table 2.1 presents the key categories of greenhouse gas emissions organized by sector. Table 2.1 Greenhouse Gas Sources for Valencia Community College Sector Energy Key Categories Electricity Consumption Natural Gas Consumption Vehicle Fleet Fuel Consumption Commuter Fuel Consumption Refrigerants Fugitive from refrigerants Waste Solid Waste Fertilizer from applications of fertilizer While Valencia Community College does have vegetated land that is acting as a carbon sink, the analysis was not part of the scope of the current inventory. 2.4 Greenhouse Gas Protocols and Methodologies The Local Government Operations (LGOP) was used to quantify the majority of greenhouse gas emissions for Valencia Community College. Developed through a partnership between The Climate Registry, California Air Resources Board, California Climate Action Registry, and the International Council for Local Environmental Initiatives (ICLEI), the stated purpose of the protocol is to encourage greenhouse gas inventories that are based on international guidelines, to enable consistent reporting, and to help track the success of various sustainability programs. In order to provide a complete analysis of all emissions, it was necessary to incorporate 18

methodologies from other published protocols, as well as additional information needed for specific analysis of Valencia Community College (Table 2.2). Table 2.2 Greenhouse Gas Protocols and Methodologies for Valencia Community College Greenhouse Gas Category Electricity, Natural Gas, Refrigerants, and Vehicle Fleet Solid Waste Protocol The Local Government Operations Protocol (LGOP) was used to calculate emissions from Valencia Community College electricity usage, natural gas consumption, and vehicle fleet. Local Government Operations Protocol (2008): http://www.theclimateregistry.org/downloads/2009/05/lgop_protocol.pdf from Solid Waste were estimated using emission factors developed by the US EPA s 2006 Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life Cycle Assessment of and Sinks report. EPA (2006): http://epa.gov/climatechange/wycd/waste/swmghgreport.html from fertilizer were not included in the LGOP. Equations were used from the Department of Energy (DOE) 1605 (b) Program. Fertilizer Commuter Technical Guidelines - Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (1605(b)) Program (2007): http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/1605/january2007_1605btechnicalguidelines.pdf from student and faculty commuting to and from campus were calculated using the Clean Air-Cool Planet Campus Carbon Calculator. Clean Air-Cool Planet Campus Carbon Calculator: http://www.cleanair-coolplanet.org/toolkit/inv-calculator.php 2.5 Data Organization and Management Data for the greenhouse gas inventory and AutoCAD files were requested directly from Valencia Community College s facilities managers and collected in electronic format. All data was organized by greenhouse gas category and analyzed in Microsoft Excel. All data was then imported into ArcGIS 9.3 to create a geospatial database, a computer database for storing, manipulating, querying, displaying, and analyzing geographic data. 2.6 Results The results of the 2006 baseline inventory for Valencia Community College and the comparative years of 2007 and 2008 are presented in the following sections, separated by emission source. All sections include an introduction, the source of activity data, step-by-step data analysis, a summary of results, and any assumptions or uncertainties regarding the data or 19

methodology utilized. All GHG emissions from Valencia Community College were summarized in the final section. 3.0 GREENHOUSE GAS ANALYSIS The key categories of greenhouse gases for the Valencia Community College college-wide inventory include electricity, natural gas, municipal solid waste, vehicle fuel consumption, employee and student commuting, refrigerants and fertilizer application. This section presents the analysis and results for each source category. 3.1 ELECTRICITY Many different Valencia Community College operations depend on electricity. In 2006 and 2007, electricity was used in 43 facilities across six campuses. In 2008, electricity was used in 44 facilities. Since Valencia Community College did not produce its own electricity in this period, all electricity was purchased from Orlando Utilities Commission, Kissimmee Utilities Authority, Progress Energy and Winter Park Utilities (Table 3.1). For the baseline year of 2006, Valencia Community College consumed a total of 44,116,360 kilowatt-hours (kwh) of electricity. Table 3.1 Electricity Utility Providers for Valencia Community College by Campus Utility Orlando Utilities Commission Description West Campus, Downtown Center Kissimmee Utilities Authority Progress Energy Winter Park Utilities Osceola Campus East Campus, Criminal Justice Institute, and Sand Lake Campus Winter Park Campus 3.1.1 Data Sources Valencia Community College facilities managers provided monthly kilowatt-hour (kwh) usage for all campuses and centers. All records were based on invoices from Orlando Utilities Commission, Kissimmee Utilities Authority, Progress Energy and Winter Park Utilities. 20

3.1.2 Data Analysis The generation of electricity by utilities results in CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O emissions March at the 19, power 2010 plant, where fossil fuels such as coal and natural gas are combusted on site. Between 2006 and 2008, the College s consumption of this electricity through campus operations resulted in indirect CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O emissions. The Local Government Operations Protocol was used to quantify the emissions from Valencia Community College electricity for all three years. To calculate greenhouse gas emissions from electricity consumption, the following steps were followed: Step 1: Configure electricity data by campus and year Step 2: Identify emission factors and calculate emissions for CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O Step 3: Calculate CO 2 e emissions Step 1: Configure electricity data by campus and year Electricity use was compiled for each campus for the years 2006, 2007, and 2008. Table 3.2 summarizes Valencia Community College electricity use by campus. Table 3.2 Valencia Community College Electricity Consumption by Campus (2006-2008) Campus 2006 Electricity Use [kwh] 21 2007 Electricity Use [kwh] 2008 Electricity Use [kwh] West 15,750,385 16,134,332 14,370,722 Downtown 660,680 685,280 616,320 Osceola 6,120,060 6,068,300 5,812,820 East 17,377,915 17,280,862 15,354,919 Criminal Justice Institute 2,612,420 2,655,720 2,959,700 Winter Park 1,268,500 1,306,600 1,183,600 Sand Lake 326,400 N/A 397,320 Total 44,116,360 44,150,603 40,695,401 Step 2: Identify emission factors and calculate emissions for CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O Emission factors for the Florida Reliability Coordination Council (FRCC) subregion were identified using EPA s 2007 egrid data. 4 Total electricity use was converted to megawatt hours (MWh) and multiplied by the individual emission factors to obtain tonnes of CO 2, N 2 O, and CH 4 (Equation 3.1). Tables 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5 present CO 2, N 2 O, and CH 4 emissions by campus for years 2006, 2007 and 2008, respectively. 4 EPA s egrid 2007 data set: http://cfpub.epa.gov/egridweb/ghg.cfm

Equation 3.1 Greenhouse Gas Calculations for Electricity GHG electricity = ((Electricity use * Unit Conversion A) * EF CO2 / Unit Conversion B) + ((Electricity use * Unit Conversion A) * EF CH4 / Unit Conversion B) * GWP CH4 + ((Electricity use * Unit Conversion A) * EF N2O / Unit Conversion B) * GWP N20 Variable Description Value Units Source Electricity use Total electricity consumed by Valencia Community College See Table 3.2 kwh Valencia Community College Facilities EF CO2 Electricity emission factor for CO 2 1318.57 lbsco 2 /MWh egrid 2007 IPCC, EF CH4 Electricity emission factor for CH 4 0.046 lbs CH 4 / MWh egrid 2007 EF N2O Electricity emission factor for N 2 O 0.017 lbs N 2 O/ MWh egrid 2007 Unit Conversion A kwh to MWh 10-3 kwh/mwh Standard Unit Conversion B GWP CH4 GWP N20 GHG electricity lbs to tonnes Global warming potential of CH 4 Global warming potential N 2 O Tonnes of CO 2 e emissions from electricity consumption 2204.62 lbs/tonne Standard 21 None IPCC 310 None IPCC Calculated mtco 2 e Calculated 22

Table 3.3 CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O from Electricity Consumption (2006) Campus 2006 Electricity Use [kwh] 2006 CO 2 2006 CH 4 2006 N 2 O West 15,750,385 9,420.21 0.328 0.121 Downtown Center 660,680 395.15 0.014 0.005 Osceola 6,120,060 3,660.37 0.127 0.047 East 17,377,915 10,393.63 0.362 0.133 Criminal Justice Institute 2,612,420 1,562.47 0.054 0.020 Winter Park 1,268,500 758.68 0.026 0.010 Sand Lake 326,400 195.22 0.007 0.003 Total 44,116,360 26,385.73 0.919 0.339 Table 3.4 CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O from Electricity Consumption (2007) Campus 2007 Electricity Use [kwh] 2007 CO 2 2007 CH 4 2007 N 2 O West 16,134,332 9,649.85 0.336 0.124 Downtown Center 685,280 409.86 0.014 0.005 Osceola 6,068,300 3,629.41 0.126 0.047 East 17,280,862 10,335.58 0.360 0.133 Criminal Justice Institute 2,655,720 1,588.37 0.055 0.020 Winter Park 1,306,600 781.47 0.027 0.010 Sand Lake N/A N/A N/A N/A Total 44,131,094 26,394.54 0.919 0.339 23

Table 3.5 CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O from Electricity Consumption (2008) Campus 2008 Electricity Use [kwh] 2008 CO 2 2008 CH 4 2008 N 2 O West 14,370,722 8,595.04 0.299 0.110 Downtown Center 616,320 368.62 0.013 0.005 Osceola 5,812,820 3,476.61 0.121 0.045 East 15,354,919 9,183.68 0.320 0.118 Criminal Justice Institute 2,959,700 1,770.18 0.062 0.023 Winter Park 1,183,600 707.90 0.025 0.009 Sand Lake 397,320 237.63 0.008 0.003 Total 40,695,401 24,339.68 0.848 0.312 Step 3: Calculate CO 2 e emissions CO 2, N 2 O, and CH 4 emissions were converted to metric tons and N 2 O and CH 4 were multiplied by their respective GWPs. Table 3.6 summarizes the total CO 2 e emissions from electricity use for each year by campus. Table 3.6 CO 2 e from Electricity Consumption (2006-2008) Campus 2006 CO 2 e 2007 CO 2 e 2008 CO 2 e West 9,464.57 9,695.29 8,635.52 Downtown Center 397.01 411.79 370.35 Osceola 3,677.61 3,646.51 3,492.99 East 10,442.57 10,384.25 9,226.93 Criminal Justice Institute 1,569.83 1,595.85 1,778.52 3.1.3 Summary of Results Winter Park 762.26 785.15 711.24 Sand Lake 196.14 N/A 238.75 Total 26,509.99 26,518.84 24,454.30 From the baseline year 2006, overall emissions from electricity consumption increased slightly in 2007 before decreasing by 8% in 2008. This large drop in 2008 can be attributed to energy efficiency projects that were implemented by Valencia Community College Facilities Department at multiple campuses. It is also worth mentioning that the drop occurred despite the fact that two new facilities, the Chiller Plant and Building 10, came on line and began consuming 24

electricity. Overall, the West and East campuses used the most electricity while the Downtown Center and Sand Lake Campuses used the least (Figure 3.1). Figure 3.1 CO 2 e by Campus from Valencia Community College Electricity Consumption (2006-2008) 3.1.4 Key Assumptions and Uncertainties The 2005 electricity emission factors used in the analysis represent an average for the majority of the State of Florida and may not accurately reflect the local energy supplied to Valencia Community College. 25

3.2 NATURAL GAS Valencia Community College consumed a total of 173,778 therms of natural gas in 2006 for space and water heating. West Campus was the biggest user of natural gas, consuming 86% of the total therms purchased (Figure 3.2). Natural gas consumption decreased by 30% between 2006 and 2007, followed by a 65% drop the next year. The drop in 2008 was attributed to the removal of a large natural gas boiler on West Campus. Figure 3.2 Natural Gas Consumption by Valencia Community College Campus (2006-2008) 3.2.1 Data Sources Valencia Community College Facilities Managers provided natural gas consumption in therms per month for West, East, Criminal Justice and Winter Park Campuses. Natural gas was purchased from TECO Peoples Gas and Florida Power and Light. 3.2.2 Data Analysis The combustion of natural gas releases CO 2, N 2 O, and CH 4 emissions to the atmosphere. Using the Local Government Operations Protocol, greenhouse gas emissions from natural gas consumption were quantified (Equation 3.2). To calculate greenhouse gas emissions from natural gas consumption, the following steps were followed: Step 1: Configure data by campus 26

Step 2: Calculate CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O emissions Step 3: Calculate CO 2 e emissions Step 1: Configure data by campus Total therms of natural gas consumption per campus were compiled and summed for years 2006 through 2008. Table 3.7 presents the total therms per campus. Table 3.7 Natural Gas Consumption by Campus and Year (2006-2008) Campus 2006 2007 2008 West 149,534.80 104,015.90 36,669.20 East 12,497.80 11,547.40 12,945.20 Criminal Justice Institute 598.60 926.70 599.70 Winter Park 11,146.30 9,867.40 9,343.90 Total 173,777.50 126,357.40 59,558.00 Step 2: Calculate CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O emissions Total natural gas consumption was converted to MMBtu and multiplied by the emission factors for CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O (Equation 3.2). Table 3.8 summarizes total emissions for carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. 27

Equation 3.2 Greenhouse Gas Calculation for Natural Gas GHG natural gas = ((Fuel use * Unit Conversion A) * EF CO2 * Unit Conversion B) + ((Fuel use * Unit Conversion A) * EF CH4 * Unit Conversion C) * GWP CH4 + ((Fuel use * Unit Conversion A) * EF N2O * Unit Conversion C) * GWP N20 Variable Description Value Units Source Fuel use Natural gas consumption See Table 3.7 therms Valencia Community College Facilities EF CO2 EF CH4 EF N2O Natural gas emission factor for CO 2 Natural gas emission factor for CH 4 Natural gas emission factor for N 2 O 53.06 (Weighted US Average) kg CO 2 /MMBtu 5 (Commercial/Institutional) g CH 4 /MMBtu 1 (Commercial/Institutional) g N 2 O/MMBtu LGOP, Table G.1 IPCC, LGOP, Table G.3 LGOP, Table G.3 Unit Conversion Therms to MMBtu 10-1 therms/mmbtu Standard A Unit Conversion Kilograms to tonnes 10-3 kg/tonnes Standard B Unit Conversion Grams to tonnes 10-6 g/tonnes Standard C GWP CH4 Global warming potential of CH 4 21 None IPCC GWP N20 Global warming potential N 2 O 310 None IPCC GHG natural gas Tonnes of CO 2 e emissions from natural gas combustion Calculated mtco 2 e Calculated 28

Campus Table 3.8 CO 2, CH 4 and N 2 O from Natural Gas (2006-2008) MMBtu CO 2 Emission Factor CH 4 Emission Factor N 2 O Emission Factor CO 2 CH 4 N 2 O 2006 West 14,953.48 53.06 5 0.1 793.43 0.075 0.00150 East 1,249.78 53.06 5 0.1 66.31 0.006 0.00012 Criminal Justice Institute 59.86 53.06 5 0.1 3.18 0.000 0.00001 Winter Park 1,114.63 53.06 5 0.1 59.14 0.006 0.00011 Total 17,377.75 922.06 0.087 0.002 2007 West 10,401.59 53.06 5 0.1 551.91 0.05201 0.00104 East 1,154.74 53.06 5 0.1 61.27 0.00577 0.00012 Criminal Justice Institute 92.67 53.06 5 0.1 4.92 0.00046 0.00001 Winter Park 986.74 53.06 5 0.1 52.36 0.00493 0.00010 Total 12,635.74 670.45 0.0632 0.001 2008 West 3,666.92 53.06 5 0.1 194.57 0.01833 0.00037 East 1,294.52 53.06 5 0.1 68.69 0.00647 0.00013 Criminal Justice Institute 59.97 53.06 5 0.1 3.18 0.00030 0.00001 Winter Park 934.39 53.06 5 0.1 49.58 0.00467 0.00009 Total 5,955.8 316.01 0.0298 0.0006 Step 3: Calculate CO 2 e emissions CH 4 and N 2 O emissions were multiplied by their GWP and added to the CO 2 emissions to arrive at the total CO 2 e emissions. Table 3.9 summarizes the total CO 2 e emissions from natural gas consumption. 29

Table 3.9 CO 2 e from Natural Gas Consumption at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Campus CO 2 2006 CH 4 N 2 O CO 2 e West 793.43 0.075 0.00150 795.47 East 66.31 0.006 0.00012 66.48 Criminal Justice Institute 3.18 0.000 0.00001 3.18 Winter Park 59.14 0.006 0.00011 59.29 Total 922.06 0.087 0.002 924.43 2007 West 551.91 0.05201 0.00104 553.32 East 61.27 0.00577 0.00012 61.43 Criminal Justice Institute 4.92 0.00046 0.00001 4.93 Winter Park 52.36 0.00493 0.00010 52.49 Total 670.45 0.0632 0.001 672.17 2008 West 194.57 0.01833 0.00037 195.07 East 68.69 0.00647 0.00013 68.86 Criminal Justice Institute 3.18 0.00030 0.00001 3.19 Winter Park 49.58 0.00467 0.00009 49.71 Total 316.01 0.0298 0.0006 316.82 3.2.3 Summary of Results In 2006, Valencia Community College s natural gas consumption emitted a total of 924 tonnes of CO 2 e across all the campuses, which proceeded to drop in years 2007 and 2008 (Figure 3.3). As explained in the introduction, a large reason for the fall was the removal of a central natural gas boiler on West Campus. Since then, new high efficiency boilers were installed in three buildings. 30

Figure 3.3 CO 2 e from Natural Gas Consumption at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) 3.2.4 Key Assumptions and Uncertainties For the natural gas analysis, the weighted U.S. average CO 2 emission factor was used to quantify CO 2 emissions and default emission factors for methane and nitrous oxide emissions were used for commercial and institutional facilities. 3.3 VEHICLE FLEET Valencia Community College operates a highway fleet of light trucks, vans, and SUVs and a non-highway fleet consisting of groundskeeping mowers and a tractor to serve the East and West campuses. Table 3.10 summarizes the highway vehicle fleet by vehicle type and year for Valencia Community College. Table 3.10 Highway Vehicle Fleet of Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Vehicle Type 2006 2007 2008 Light trucks 12 12 12 Vans 4 5 6 SUVs 3 4 4 Total 19 21 22 In 2006, the highway vehicle fleet consumed over 14,000 gallons of gasoline while the nonhighway fleet consumed roughly 1,000 gallons of diesel fuel. Between 2006 and 31

2008, gasoline consumption increased 16% percent while diesel fuel consumption dropped by 65% (Figure 3.4). In this same time period, while the fuel economy of the fleet improved from 4.9 to 6.8 miles per gallon, the total vehicle miles traveled increased by 20%. Figure 3.4 Fuel Consumption of Valencia Community College Vehicle Fleet (2006-2008) 3.3.1 Data Sources Vehicle fleet data was acquired separately from the facilities managers at the West and East Campuses. For East Campus, fuel use was tracked through the fuel purchase orders for the given year and mileage was captured by subtracting the total miles driven per vehicle at the end of each year from the total miles recorded at the beginning of each year. Due to the lack of similar data for West Campus, total fuel purchased and mileage was estimated per vehicle and year by Facilities Management. 3.3.2 Data Analysis The Local Government Operations Protocol was used to quantify vehicle fleet emissions for Valencia Community College for years 2006-2008. To calculate greenhouse gas emissions generated for Valencia Community College s vehicle fleet, the following steps were followed: Step 1: Calculate CO 2 emissions for highway and non-highway vehicles Step 2: Calculate CH 4 and N 2 O emissions for highway vehicles 32

Step 3: Calculate CH 4 and N 2 O emissions for non-highway vehicles Step 4: Calculate CO 2 e emissions Step 1: Calculate CO 2 emissions for highway and non-highway vehicles Fuel consumption in gallons was multiplied by the appropriate CO 2 emission factors for gasoline and diesel fuel (Equation 3.3). Total kilograms of CO 2 were then converted to metric tons of CO 2 emissions. Table 3.11 summarizes the total CO 2 emissions per year. Equation 3.3 CO 2 Calculation for Vehicle Fleets CO 2 vehicles = (Fuel gasoline * EF gasoline * Unit Conversion) + (Fuel diesel * EF diesel * Unit Conversion) Variable Description Value Units Source Fuel gasoline Fuel diesel Gasoline consumed by vehicle fleet Diesel consumed by vehicle fleet Table 3.11 Table 3.11 Gallons Gallons Valencia Community College Facilities Department Valencia Community College Facilities Department EF gasoline EF diesel CO 2 emission factor for gasoline CO 2 emission factor for diesel 8.81 (Motor Gasoline) 10.15 (Diesel) kg CO 2 /gallon kg CO 2 /gallon LGOP, Table G.9 IPCC, LGOP, Table G.9 Unit Conversion Kilograms to tonnes 10-3 kg/tonnes Standard 33

Table 3.11 CO 2 from Valencia Community College Vehicles by Campus (2006-2008) Year Gasoline [gallons] Diesel [gallons CO 2 West Campus 2008 9600 0 84.58 2007 8800 0 77.53 2006 7200 0 63.43 East Campus 2008 6868.4 427.4 64.85 2007 5753.7 402.1 54.77 2006 6942.3 1208 73.42 Step 2: Calculate CH 4 and N 2 O emissions for highway vehicles Emission factors for CH 4 and N 2 O emissions were assigned to each highway vehicle based on the vehicle type and model year. Total vehicle miles traveled per vehicle were multiplied by the emission factors and converted to metric tons (Table 3.12). Table 3.12 CH 4 and N 2 O from Valencia Community College Highway Vehicles (2006-2008) Year CH 4 emissions N 2 O emissions 2008 0.00277 0.00342 2007 0.00262 0.00326 2006 0.03765 0.00318 Total 0.04304 0.00986 Step 3: Calculate CH 4 and N 2 O emissions for non-highway vehicles Emission factors for CH 4 and N 2 O emissions were assigned to the groundskeeping equipment and tractor and multiplied by total gallons of diesel fuel consumed. Total grams of methane and nitrous oxide were then converted to tonnes (Table 3.13). 34

Table 3.13 CH 4 and N 2 O from Valencia Community College Non-Highway Vehicles (2006-2008) Step 4: Calculate CO 2 e emissions CH 4 emissions N 2 O emissions 2008 0.00298 0.00353 2007 0.00282 0.00337 2006 0.03825 0.00349 Metric tons of CH 4 and N 2 O emissions were multiplied by their respective GWP to calculate CO 2 e emissions. All emissions were added together to obtain total CO 2 e emissions from vehicles (Table 3.14). Table 3.14 CO 2 e from Valencia Community College Vehicles by Year and Campus (2006-2008) Campus CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 CO 2 e West Campus 2008 84.58 0.0025 0.0020 85.39 2007 77.53 0.0024 0.0019 78.33 2006 63.43 0.0023 0.0370 64.93 East Campus 2008 64.85 0.0010 0.0010 65.19 2007 54.77 0.0009 0.0009 55.08 2006 73.42 0.0012 0.0013 73.81 3.3.3 Summary of Results Total CO 2 e emissions from the Valencia Community College vehicle fleet were 138 tonnes in 2006, which increased by 8.5% in 2008 (Figure 3.5). The increase is due to both the expansion of the highway fleet and increase in vehicle miles traveled. 35

Figure 3.5 CO 2 e for Valencia Community College Vehicle Fleet (2006-2008) 3.3.4 Key Assumptions and Uncertainties West Campus vehicle fleet data was based on mileage and fuel consumption estimates rather than exact records. In cases where CH 4 and N 2 O emission factors were not available for certain highway vehicle models, vehicles were assigned the emission factor closest to their model year. 3.4 EMPLOYEE AND STUDENT COMMUTING Without on-campus housing, students and employees of Valencia Community College must commute to and from campus on a daily basis. In 2006, there were 42,859 enrolled Credit students and 1,207 full time employees. Between 2006 and 2008, the student population increased 8% annually while the number of employees rose by 2-3% per year (Figures 3.6 and 3.7). 36

Figure 3.6 Student Enrollment at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Figure 3.7 Full Time Employees at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) 37

3.4.1 Data Sources At the time of the study, no data was available to estimate emissions from employee and student commuting. EcoAsset Solutions developed an online survey for current students March and 19, employees 2010 using SurveyMonkey, and Valencia Community College delivered the survey to the student body and staff via email. All survey responses were collected between March 22 and April 2, 2010. The survey template is available in Appendix A. All analysis for the commuting section was based on the data collected from the survey, which represents a small sample of the overall population. Of the 1270 employees, 446 individuals responded to the survey, a 35% response rate. Likewise, 426 students responded to the survey. Using enrollment figures for Spring 2009, the student response rate was 1%. 3.4.2 Data Analysis The Clean Air-Cool Planet Campus Carbon Calculator tool was used to estimate total greenhouse gas emissions for employees and students. To calculate emissions from student and employee commuting, the following steps were taken: Step 1: Calculate average miles per trip for each transportation source and average number of trips per week Step 2: Break down the percentage of total miles traveled by transportation source Step 3: Extrapolate total vehicle miles driven by all students and employees Step 4: Calculate total gallons consumed through commuting Step 5: Calculate CO 2 emissions Step 1: Calculate average miles per trip for each transportation source and average number of trips per week Average trips per week and miles per roundtrip were calculated based on the responses provided by current students and employees that responded to the survey. Table 3.15 summarizes the results. Table 3.15 Average Commuting Data for Valencia Community College (2009-2010) Transportation Source Trips/Week [average] Miles/trip [average] Students Personal Vehicles/Carpool 2.69 20.84 Bus 2.69 4.60 Employees Personal Vehicles/Carpool 4.74 24.7 Bus 4.74 2.40 38

Step 2: Break down the percentage of total miles traveled by transportation source Total vehicle miles were separated into three categories: driving alone, carpool and bus. A percentage was calculated based on the mileage per transportation source relative to the total vehicle miles traveled (Table 3.16). Table 3.16 Percentage of Miles by Transportation Source for Valencia Community College (2009-2010) Category Drive Alone [%] Carpool [%] Bus [%] Employees 96.7 3.0 0.3 Students 86.7 12.6 0.7 Step 3: Extrapolate total vehicle miles driven by all students and employees Average miles per week for each study group were multiplied by the number of trips per week, the total weeks per year, and total population per semester to arrive at total annual vehicle miles. Tables 3.17 and 3.18 summarize vehicle miles traveled in personal vehicles by students and employees, respectively. Table 3.19 and Table 3.20 report bus vehicle miles traveled by students and employees, respectively. Table 3.17 Annual Personal Vehicle Miles Traveled by Valencia Community College Students (2006-2008) Semester Student Enrollment Trips/Week Weeks/Year Miles/Trip Total Distance [Miles] 2008 Fall 35,433 2.69 15 21 28,079,182 Summer 20,451 2.69 12 21 12,794,660 Spring 31,077 2.69 15 21 23,979,148 Total 64,852,990 2007 Fall 32,648 2.69 15 21 25,872,185 Summer 18,039 2.69 12 21 11,285,652 Spring 28,429 2.69 15 21 21,935,940 Total 59,093,777 2006 Fall 30,037 2.69 15 21 23,803,076 Summer 17,037 2.69 12 21 10,658,775 Spring 27,575 2.69 15 21 21,276,990 Total 55,738,841 39

Table 3.18 Annual Personal Vehicle Miles Traveled by Valencia Community College March Employees 19, 2010 (2006-2008) Year Employees Trips/Week Weeks/Year Miles/Trip Total Distance [miles] 2008 1,270 4.74 42 26 6,317,579 2007 1,230 4.74 42 26 6,118,600 2006 1,207 4.74 42 26 6,004,187 Table 3.19 Annual Bus Vehicle Miles Traveled by Valencia Community College Students (2006-2008) Semester Trips/Week Weeks/Year Miles/Trip Total Distance [miles] 2006 Fall 2.69 15 4.6 46,651 Summer 2.69 12 4.6 21,257 Spring 2.69 15 4.6 39,839 Total 107,747 2007 Semester Trips/Week Weeks/Year Miles/Trip Total Distance [miles] Fall 2.69 15 4.6 42,984 Summer 2.69 12 4.6 18,750 Spring 2.69 15 4.6 36,444 Total 98,179 2008 Semester Trips/Week Weeks/Year Miles/Trip Total Distance [miles] Fall 2.69 15 4.6 39,547 Summer 2.69 12 4.6 17,709 Spring 2.69 15 4.6 35,350 Total 92,605 40

Table 3.20 Annual Bus Vehicle Miles Traveled by Valencia Community College Employees (2006-2008) Year Employees Trips/Week Weeks/Year Miles/Trip Total Distance [miles] 2008 1,270 4.75 42 26 19,569 2007 1,230 4.75 42 26 18,953 2006 1,207 4.75 42 26 18,598 Step 4: Calculate total gallons consumed through commuting Total miles traveled were multiplied by the fuel efficiency of each transportation source to quantify total gallons of fuel consumed through commuting. Tables 3.21 and 3.22 present the results for gasoline and diesel fuel consumed for 2006 through 2008. Table 3.21 Commuting Gasoline Consumption at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Population Total miles Fuel efficiency [mpg] Gasoline consumption [gallons] 2008 Employees 6,317,579 22.10 285,863.30 Students 64,852,990 22.10 2,934,524.42 2007 Employees 6,118,600 22.10 276,859.74 Students 59,093,077 22.10 2,673,926.55 2006 Employees 6,004,187 22.10 271,682.68 Students 55,738,841 22.10 2,522,119.51 41

Table 3.22 Commuting Diesel Consumption at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Category Total miles Fuel efficiency [mpg] Gasoline consumption [gallons] 2008 Employees 19,569 39.67 493.30 Students 107,747 39.67 2716.08 2007 Employees 18,953 39.67 477.76 Students 98,179 39.67 2474.88 2006 Employees 18,598 39.67 468.83 Students 92,605 39.67 2334.38 Step 5: Calculate CO 2 e emissions Total gallons of gasoline and diesel were multiplied by the appropriate emission factors and summed. Table 3.23 presents the total CO 2 e emissions for employee and student commuting. Table 3.23 CO 2 e from Employee and Student Commuting at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) CO 2 e from Gasoline CO 2 e from Diesel Total CO 2 e Category 2008 Employees 2,518.46 5.01 2,523.46 Students 25,853.16 27.57 25,880.73 Total 28,371.62 32.58 28,404.19 2007 Employees 2,439.13 4.85 2,443.98 Students 23,557.29 25.12 23,582.41 Total 25,996.42 29.97 26,026.39 2006 Employees 2,393.52 4.76 2,398.28 Students 22,219.87 23.69 22,243.57 Total 24,613.39 28.45 24,641.85 42

3.4.3 Summary of Results Tonnes of CO 2 e emissions from commuting at Valencia Community College continue to rise with the increase in employee and student population. Between 2006 and 2008, total emissions from commuting increased 16% with the 16% rise in total population (Figure 3.8). Since the student population rose faster than the employee population, students contributed more to the increase in GHG emissions. Figure 3.8 CO 2 e from Valencia Community College Commuting (2006-2008) 3.4.4 Key Assumptions and Uncertainties The small sample sizes (i.e. 35% for employees and 1% for students) of the survey limit the strength of the data analysis and accuracy of the results. Data was only available from current students and thus does not represent the commuting behavior of previous years. However, the commuting data from 2009-2010 were used to estimate emissions for 2006-2008. Only full time employees and credit students were included in the commuting analysis since they were the main respondents to the survey. Therefore, the total emissions from commuting will be higher than the results presented in this report. Average miles per gallon ratings for personal vehicles and buses were taken directly from the Clear Air Cool Planet tool, which used factors derived from the DOE s GREET model. The calculation for total CO 2 e emissions did not include methane and nitrous oxide. However, these 43

emissions generally represent a very small fraction of the overall CO 2 e emissions. The Clean Air Cool Planet methodology does not differentiate between miles driven in the city versus the highway. Since Valencia Community College is located in an urban area, emissions March are 19, likely 2010 to be higher than a rural campus due to the fact that it takes more time and thus more gas to drive a mile in the city than on the highway. 3.5 MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE Municipal solid waste (MSW) generated by the various campuses and centers of Valencia Community College is transported to the Orange County Landfill. In 2006, about 912 tons of waste were transported to the landfill, whereas 918 and 943 tons of waste were generated in 2007 and 2008, respectively. East and West campuses are responsible for over 65% of all waste generated by Valencia Community College for all three years of this study (Figure 3.9). The majority of waste is classified as municipal solid waste, with some commercial and demolition (C&D) and yard waste generated every year. Figure 3.9 Solid Waste by Valencia Community College Campus (2006-2008) 3.5.1 Data Sources The annual solid waste generated by Valencia Community College campuses were provided by the facilities managers and categorized waste by type and campus location. 44

3.5.2 Data Analysis The methodology used to estimate greenhouse gas emissions from solid waste placed in landfills from Valencia Community College in 2006, 2007, and 2008 was adapted from the US EPA s 2006 Solid Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life Cycle Assessment of and Sinks report. The EPA methodology considers greenhouse gas emissions generated from the decomposition of the waste, the fuel consumed in transporting the waste, and the carbon sequestration rate of waste in the landfill. When municipal solid waste is buried in landfills, significant amounts of methane (CH 4 ) are produced. Upon burial, landfill waste begins to decompose and will continually emit methane as it decomposes. Additionally, transportation of the waste to the landfill via highway vehicles requires diesel consumption, which generates greenhouse gas emissions. The EPA analysis also incorporates the carbon sequestration rate of waste that has been placed in a landfill. Carbon sequestration, or storage, happens when the landfill environment slows down the decomposition of certain kinds of waste and prevents carbon from being released. It is considered a sink because that carbon would otherwise contribute to total greenhouse gas emissions had that waste not been placed in a landfill. To calculate greenhouse gas emissions from the landfill, the following steps were followed: Step 1: Organize data Step 2: Calculate CO 2 e emissions Step 1: Organize data The data provided by Valencia Community College was categorized by dumpster on each campus (West, Osceola, Sand Lake, Downtown Center, East, Winter Park, and Criminal Justice Institute), year (2006, 2007, and 2008), and type of waste (mixed municipal solid waste, construction and demolition, and yard waste). This data was then aggregated to provide tons of waste by type for each campus over the years 2006, 2007 and 2008 (Table 3.24). Table 3.24 Valencia Community College Solid Waste by Type (2006-2008) Waste Type Tons Solid Waste 2006 Tons Solid Waste 2007 Tons Solid Waste 2008 Yard Waste 48.65 88.03 57.32 Construction and Demolition 144.78 172.62 246.52 Mixed Municipal Solid Waste 718.62 657.43 639.3 Total 912.05 918.08 943.14 45

Step 2: Calculate CO 2 e emissions The tons of waste generated by each campus were multiplied by the emissions March factor 19, provided 2010 by the EPA 2006 study (Table 3.25) Table 3.25 Emission Factors from Landfilling Type Net GHG from Landfilling [CO 2 e/wet tons] Yard Waste 0.05 C&D 0.01 Mixed MSW 0.37 Table 3.26 presents the total methane emissions for all years and the total CO 2 e emissions. Table 3.26 CO 2 e from Solid Waste at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) 2006 Total CO 2 e 2007 Total CO 2 e 2008 Total CO 2 e West 93.68 72.13 69.24 Osceola 37.49 37.49 37.48 Sand Lake 12.43 12.43 12.43 Downtown Center 12.43 12.43 12.43 East 77.47 77.59 73.00 Winter Park 24.86 24.86 24.86 Criminal Justice Institute 11.40 12.43 12.43 Total 269.77 249.38 241.87 3.5.3 Summary of Results Figure 3.10 and Table 3.27 summarizes CO 2 e emissions generated from solid waste taken to the Orange County Landfill. Although the total tons of waste increased, total CO 2 e decreased from the baseline year of 2006, largely from the decrease in mixed MSW from the West campus. The decrease in mixed MSW was attributed to the expansion of the recycling program on Valencia Community College s campus to include cardboard, aluminum cans and plastic bottles. There was an overall increase in Construction and Demolition Waste, mainly from the East 46

campus, but this had a negligible impact on total emissions due to the absence of CH 4 generation from materials like concrete. West and East campuses were the largest contributors to emissions from solid waste disposal, while Sand Lake, Downtown, and the Criminal Justice Institute were consistently the smallest contributors. Figure 3.10 CO 2 e from Solid Waste at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Table 3.27 Total CO 2 e from Valencia Community College Solid Waste (2006-2008) 2006 Total CO 2 e 2007 Total CO 2 e 2008 Total CO 2 e All Campuses 269.77 249.38 241.87 47

3.5.4 Key Assumptions and Uncertainties EPA 2006 emissions factors are based on assumptions regarding landfill conditions March such 19, 2010 as waste composition, moisture present, and temperature. As such, the exact conditions in the Orange County Landfill are likely to be different than the assumptions made by the EPA. The emission factor for mixed MSW is likely to contain some element of error, due to the wide variance of the actual composition of this type of waste. It was also assumed that transport of waste has the same emission factor of 0.01 tonnes CO 2 e/ wet ton of waste, a rate that would most likely change if fuel usage and mileage were known for the waste transport vehicles. This analysis also assumed the provided solid waste data is a complete and accurate snapshot of all waste disposed of in a landfill for the years 2006, 2007, and 2008. 3.6 REFRIGERANTS Refrigerants are used in Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems, chillers, refrigerators, and vehicle air conditioning units throughout Valencia Community College campuses to regulate temperature. Refrigerant use was assessed for the East (including the Criminal Justice Institute and Winter Park) and West campuses for 2006-2008 (Table 3.28). Table 3.28 Refrigerant Use by Activity for Valencia Community College Campuses (2006-2008) Campus 3.6.1 Data Sources Refrigerant Amount 2006 [kg] 48 Refrigerant Amount 2007 [kg] Refrigerant Amount 2008 [kg] East 1,367.27 1,355.86 1,337.73 West 27.27 27.27 22.73 Total 1,394.55 1,383.14 1,360.45 Data on the refrigerant usage for 2006 through 2008 were provided by the facility managers from Valencia Community College operations. All refrigerant data collected was for facility use only. 3.6.2 Data Analysis The use of refrigerants contributes to the College s total greenhouse gas emissions by fugitive emissions that occur during their handling and disposal. While these emissions may be small, the global warming potential of these compounds are often very high and may result in significant emissions. The methodology used for estimating GHG emissions from refrigerants was the 2008 Local Campuses Operations Protocol. In this analysis, the emissions from five different

refrigerants were analyzed. Each refrigerant has a different global warming potential value. Many protocols do not call for the accounting of refrigerants such as Freon (R-22), R-11, and R- 123 due to their inclusion in the Montreal Protocol for a gradual phase out of usage. March However, 19, 2010 in order to provide a comprehensive profile of emissions and due to the extensive usage of R-22 in Valencia Community College, these refrigerants were included in this analysis. The following steps were taken to quantify greenhouse gas emissions from refrigerant use: Step 1: Compile refrigerant use by type and equipment Step 2: Calculate tonnes of fugitive emissions Step 3: Calculate CO 2 e emissions Step 1: Compile refrigerant use by type and equipment All refrigerant use was compiled by type of refrigerant and estimated by equipment type. Table 3.29 presents the refrigerant usage data by equipment type. Step 2: Calculate tonnes of fugitive emissions Fugitive emissions from refrigerants were calculated by multiplying each refrigerant type by the operating efficiency of the equipment type and converting to metric tons (Equation 3.8). All emissions are presented in Table 3.29. Table 3.29 Fugitive by Refrigerant and Equipment Type at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Refrigerant Type 2006 2007 2008 Amount [kg] Type Amount [kg] Type Amount [kg] Type East Campus Fugitive R-22 654.55 Chiller 654.55 Chiller 654.55 Chiller 1963.64 R-22 28.64 HVAC 28.64 HVAC 28.64 HVAC 85.91 R-12 5.45 Chiller -- -- -- -- 5.45 R-134A 654.55 Chiller 654.55 Chiller 654.55 Chiller 1963.64 R-404A 11.82 Chiller -- -- -- -- 11.82 R-409 12.27 Chiller -- -- -- -- 12.27 R-502 -- -- 18.14 Chiller -- -- 18.14 West Campus R-134A 13.64 HVAC 13.64 HVAC -- -- 27.27 R-22 13.64 HVAC -- -- 13.64 Chiller 27.27 R-404A -- -- 13.64 HVAC 9.09 Chiller 22.73 49

Equation 3.4 CO 2 e from Refrigerants Calculation GHG refrigerants = C * x * T * Unit Conversion Variable Description Value Units Source C Amount of refrigerant used by equipment type Table 3.27 kg Valencia Community College Facilities Department X Operation emission factor 15% (Chillers) 10% (Commercial A/C) 20% (Mobile A/C) Percent LGOP, Equation 6.33 Time equipment was in LGOP, T 1 year use Equation 6.33 Unit Conversion kg to tonnes 10-3 grams/tonnes IPCC GHG refrigerants Annual CO 2 e emissions from refrigerants Calculated mt CO 2 e Calculated Step 3: Calculate CO 2 e emissions Total tonnes of fugitive emissions for each refrigerant were multiplied by the appropriate emission factors. Table 3.30 through 3.32 present the CO 2 e emissions per refrigerant per year. 50

Table 3.30 CO 2 e per Refrigerant Type at Valencia Community College (2006) Refrigerant Type Fugitive emissions East Emission Factor CO 2 e R-22 0.10104545 1500 151.57 R-12 0.00081818 8100 6.63 R-134A 0.09818182 1300 127.64 R-404A 0.00177273 3260 5.78 R-409 0.00184091 0 0.00 West R-134A 0.00136364 1300 1.77 R-22 0.00136364 1500 2.05 Total East 0.10114807 291.61 West 0.00000273 3.82 Total 295.43 Table 3.31 CO 2 e per Refrigerant Type at Valencia Community College (2007) Refrigerant Type Fugitive emissions East Emission Factor CO 2 e R-22 0.10104545 1500 151.57 R-134A 0.09818182 1300 127.64 R-502 0.00272045 0 0.00 West R-134A 0.001363636 1300 1.77 R-404A 0.001363636 3260 4.45 Total East 0.20194773 279.20 West 0.00272727 6.22 Total 285.42 51

Table 3.32 CO 2 e per Refrigerant Type at Valencia Community College (2008) Refrigerant Type Fugitive emissions East Emission Factor CO 2 e R-22 0.10104545 1500 151.57 R-134A 0.00009818 1300 127.64 West R-22 0.00000136 1300 1.77 R-404A 0.00000136 1500 2.05 Total East 0.10114364 279.20 West 0.00000273 3.82 Total 283.02 3.6.3 Summary of Results Fugitive emissions from refrigerant use at Valencia Community College dropped by 5% between 2006 and 2008 (Figure 3.11). Refrigerants R-22 and R-134A were the largest contributors to the total CO 2 e emissions and the East Campus was responsible for the majority of emissions across all of Valencia s campuses. 52

Figure 3.11 CO 2 e from Refrigerant Use at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) 3.6.4 Key Assumptions and Uncertainties The recommended approach to assessing emissions from refrigerants is to first determine the baseline inventory of each type of refrigerant at each facility, quantify the changes to this inventory throughout the year through the purchase, sale, or disposal of the refrigerant, then track the capacity, time in use, and type of each piece of equipment and/or vehicle that uses refrigerants, along with any old equipment and/or vehicle that was drained of refrigerant. 5 This study used data detailing the use of refrigerants from the East (including the Criminal Justice Institute and Winter Park) and West Campuses, and estimates were made for type of equipment the refrigerant had been used for. Additionally, data was not readily available on refrigerators and fire suppression equipment. As a result, the actual emissions from refrigerants will be higher. 3.7 FERTILIZER As part of its groundskeeping and landscaping operation, Valencia Community College applied fertilizer on various campuses. While there are many land use activities that generate greenhouse gas emissions such as fire, farming and agriculture, these activities were non-existent on Valencia Community College lands and thus excluded from the analysis. Only fertilizer application was analyzed for this source category. 5 LGOP 2006: http://www.theclimateregistry.org/resources/protocols/local-campuses-operations-protocol/ 53

3.7.1 Data Sources Facilities managers provided fertilizer application data for the East Campus (which includes the Criminal Justice Institute, and the Winter Park Campus) from 2006-2008. Fertilizer data from West Campus were only provided for 2008. 3.7.2 Data Analysis The use of nitrogen-based fertilizer contributes to nitrous oxide (N 2 O) emissions through the processes of nitrification and denitrification, fertilizer runoff and volatilization. In nitrification and denitrification, microbes break down nitrogen in the soil and release N 2 O to the atmosphere (DOE 2007). from fertilizer applications were determined using the 2007 Department of Energy Technical Guidelines for the Voluntary Reporting of Greenhouse Gases (Equations 3.10 and 3.11) for 2006 through 2008. To calculate greenhouse gas emissions from fertilizer application, the following steps were followed: Step 1: Determine total nitrogen content of fertilizer applied Step 2: Calculate Direct N 2 O emissions Step 3: Calculate Indirect N 2 O emissions Step 4: Calculate CO 2 e emissions for all fertilizer Step 1: Determine total nitrogen content of fertilizer applied The mass of nitrogen in each fertilizer was calculated by multiplying the proportion of nitrogen in each fertilizer by the total mass of fertilizer applied. Table 3.33 summarizes the mass of nitrogen per fertilizer type by year. 54

Table 3.33 Mass of Nitrogen by Fertilizer Type (2006-2008) Fertilizer Type Amount Applied [lbs] 2008 East Campus Percent Nitrogen Nitrogen [kg] 3-1-5 (Organic Fertilizer) 4800 0.03 65.45 West Campus 9-0-24 6000 0.09 245.45 16-0-8 5000 0.16 363.64 9-0-24 6000 0.09 245.45 2007 East Campus 20-0-20 1000 0.2 90.91 9-2-24 4400 0.09 180.00 18-0-9 3250 0.18 265.91 5-10-31 500 0.05 11.36 2006 East Campus 19-3-7 1500 0.19 129.55 19-3-8 500 0.19 43.18 19-3-9 1500 0.19 129.55 19-3-10 1000 0.19 86.36 8-2-10 40 0.08 1.45 8-10-10 2750 0.08 100.00 Step 2: Calculate Direct N 2 O emissions Direct N 2 0 emissions were calculated by multiplying the mass of nitrogen by the fraction of nitrogen that is directly emitted followed by conversion to tonnes of N 2 O emissions (Equation 3.10). Table 3.34 summarizes the direct N 2 O emissions by fertilizer type by year. 55

Equation 3.5 Direct N 2 0 from Nitrogen Fertilizer Direct N 2 0 =N applied * fraction direct * Conversion Variable Description Value Units Source N applied fraction direct Proportion of nitrogen in fertilizer Fraction of Nitrogen that is directly emitted See Data Analysis kg 0.9 N/A Conversion Converting N to N 2 0 0.02 kg N 2 O/kg N Valencia Community College Facility Management 1605 (b), Table 1.H.16 IPCC, 1605 (b), Section 1.H.4.2.3.1.1 Direct Amount of direct N 2 O emissions Calculated mtco2e Calculated Table 3.34 Direct N 2 0 from Fertilizer Use at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Year Campus Nitrogen [kg] Fraction [direct] Direct Conversion [kg N 2 O/kg N] Direct N 2 O 2008 West 854.55 0.8 0.02 0.014 2008 East 65.45 0.9 0.02 0.001 2007 East 548.18 0.9 0.02 0.010 2006 East 490.09 0.9 0.02 0.009 Step 3: Calculate Indirect N 2 O emissions Indirect N 2 O emissions from nitrogen volatization and runoff were calculated by multiplying the mass of nitrogen in the fertilizer by the appropriate fraction (Equation 3.11). Each total was then converted to tonnes of N 2 O emissions. Tables 3.35 summarizes the indirect N 2 O emissions by fertilizer type by year. 56

Equation 3.6 Indirect N 2 O from Nitrogen Fertilizer Indirect N 2 0 =(N applied * fraction volatized * Conversion A) + (N applied * fraction runoff * Conversion B) Variable Description Value Units Source N applied fraction volatized Amount of nitrogen in fertilizer Fraction of Nitrogen that is volatized See Data Analysis kg 0.1 N/A Conversion A Converting N to N 2 0 0.016 kg N 2 O/kg N Valencia Community College Facility Management 1605 (b), Table 1.H.16 IPCC, 1605 (b), Section 1.H.4.2.3.1.1 fraction runoff Fraction of Nitrogen that runs off 0.3 N/A Conversion B Converting N to N 2 0 0.04 kg N 2 O/kg N 1605 (b), Table 1.H.16 IPCC, 1605 (b), Section 1.H.4.2.3.1.1 Indirect N 2 0 Total indirect emissions from volatization and runoff Calculated mtco2e Calculated Year Table 3.35 Indirect N 2 O emissions by Fertilizer Type at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Campus Nitrogen [kg] Fraction [volatilization] Volatilization Conversion [kg N2O /kgn] Fraction [run-off] Run-off Conversion [kg N2O /kgn] Indirect N 2 0 2008 West 854.55 0.1 0.016 0.30 0.04 0.012 East 65.45 0.1 0.016 0.30 0.04 0.001 2007 East 548.18 0.1 0.016 0.30 0.04 0.007 2006 East 490.09 0.1 0.016 0.30 0.04 0.007 Step 4: Calculate CO 2 e emissions for all fertilizer Finally, direct and indirect N 2 O emissions were summed and converted to metric tonnes of CO 2 e. Table 3.36 summarizes the total CO 2 e emissions from fertilizer application by year. 57

Table 3.36 Fertilizer CO 2 e emissions for Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Year Campus Nitrogen [kg] Direct N 2 0 Indirect N 2 0 Total N 2 0 2008 West 854.55 0.014 0.012 0.025 2008 East 65.45 0.001 0.001 0.002 2007 East 548.18 0.010 0.007 0.017 2006 East 490.09 0.009 0.007 0.015 3.7.3 Summary of Results Fertilizer application on East Campus accounted for 4.8 tonnes of CO 2 e emissions in 2006 and increased to 5.37 tonnes in 2007 (Table 3.37 and Figure 3.12). In 2008, the decision of East Campus to reduce fertilizer use and switch to organic fertilizer resulted in a significant drop in overall emissions. However, overall emissions went up in 2008 due to the inclusion of West Campus data. Table 3.37 CO 2 e from Fertilizer Use at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) Year Campus Total CO 2 e 2008 West 7.84 2008 East 0.64 2007 East 5.37 2006 East 4.80 58

Figure 3.12 CO 2 e from Fertilizer Use at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) 3.7.4 Key Assumptions and Uncertainties from fertilizer application rely upon complete and accurate tracking of the nitrogen content of the fertilizer and the amount of fertilizer used. In this case, the data provided was best available for the two larger campuses, West Campus, and East Campus (including the Criminal Justice Institute, and Winter Park Campus), while other campuses were unable to be collected. 59

4.0 RESULTS The purpose of this section is to summarize CO 2 e emissions for all greenhouse gas sources calculated in Section 3.0 4.1 Total Greenhouse Gas In 2006, Valencia Community College emitted 52,785 tons of CO 2 e emissions across seven different sources (Table 3.38). The largest sources were electricity, which comprised 50.22% of the total 2006 emissions, and commuting, which contributed 46.68%. Natural gas was the third largest source, accounting for 1.75% of the total emissions. from fertilizer application and the Valencia vehicle fleet were the smallest component. The relative emissions for each category are displayed in Figure 3.13. Table 3.38 Total CO 2 e by Source at Valencia Community College (2006) Source Category Total CO 2 e Percent CO 2 e Electricity 26,509.99 50.22% Solid waste 269.77 0.51% Fertilizer 4.80 0.01% Refrigerants 295.43 0.56% Fleet 138.74 0.26% Natural gas 924.43 1.75% Commuting 24,641.85 46.68% Total CO 2 e 52,785.01 100% 60

Figure 3.13 Percent Total CO 2 e by Source Category at Valencia Community College (2006) The top emitters of greenhouse gases in 2006 were East campus (Table 3.39 and Figure 3.14), which was responsible for 39% of all emissions in 2006, and West campus (37%). Note that commuting emissions were not included in this analysis, due to instances of students and employees travelling to more than one campus in a given week. Table 3.39 Total CO 2 e by Valencia Community College Campus (2006) Campus Total CO 2 e Percent CO 2 e West 10,422.47 37.03% Osceola 3,715.10 13.20% Sand Lake 208.57 0.74% Downtown Center 409.44 1.45% East 10,956.75 38.93% Winter Park 846.41 3.01% Criminal Justice Institute 1,584.41 5.63% Total CO 2 e 28,143.16 100% 61

Figure 3.14 Percent Total CO 2 e by Valencia Community College Campus (2006) These trends continue for 2007 (see Tables 3.40 and 3.41 and Figures 3.15 and 3.16) and 2008 (see Tables 3.42 and 3.43 and Figures 3.12 and 3.13), with electricity and commuting by far being the largest sources of emissions, and the West and East campuses being the largest contributors. From 2006 to 2007, there is a 2% increase in overall GHG emissions, while from 2007 to 2008, there is a nominal decrease in GHG emissions from 53,890 metric tons of CO 2 e to 53,863 metric tons of CO 2 e. 62

Table 3.40 Total CO 2 e by Source at Valencia Community College (2007) Source Category Total CO 2 e Percent CO 2 e Electricity 26,530.57 49.21% Solid waste 249.38 0.46% Fertilizer 5.37 0.01% Refrigerants 285.42 0.53% Fleet 133.40 0.25% Natural gas 672.17 1.25% Commuting 26,026.39 48.29% Total CO 2 e 53,890.98 100% Figure 3.15 Percent Total CO 2 e by Source Category at Valencia Community College (2007) 63

Table 3.41 Total CO 2 e by Valencia Community College Campus (2007) Campus Total CO 2 e Percent CO 2 e West 10,405.29 37.34% Osceola 3,684.00 13.22% Sand Lake 12.43 0.04% Downtown Center 424.22 1.52% East 10,862.92 38.98% Winter Park 862.50 3.10% Criminal Justice Institute 1,613.21 5.79% Total CO 2 e 27,864.59 100% Figure 3.16 Percent Total CO 2 e by Valencia Community College Campus (2007) 64

Table 3.42 Total CO 2 e by Source at Valencia Community College (2008) Source Category Total CO 2 e Percent CO 2 e Electricity 24,454.30 45.40% Solid waste 241.87 0.45% Fertilizer 9.00 0.02% Refrigerants 286.72 0.53% Fleet 150.58 0.28% Natural gas 316.82 0.59% Commuting 28,404.19 52.73% Total CO 2 e 53,863.49 100% Figure 3.17 Percent Total CO 2 e by Source Category at Valencia Community College (2008) 65

Table 3.43 Total CO 2 e by Valencia Community College Campus (2008) Campus Total CO 2 e Percent CO 2 e West 9,001.10 35.35% Osceola 3,530.46 13.87% Sand Lake 251.19 0.99% Downtown Center 382.79 1.50% East 9,713.83 38.15% Winter Park 785.81 3.09% Criminal Justice Institute 1,794.14 7.05% Total CO 2 e 25,459.30 100% Figure 3.18 Percent Total CO 2 e by Valencia Community College Campus (2008) 66

4.2 Greenhouse Gas Comparison: 2006-2008 From 2006 to 2007, GHG emissions at Valencia Community College increased March to 53,891 19, 2010 metric tons of CO 2 e, a 2% rise from the baseline year. In 2008, GHG emission levels still remained at 2% above 2006 levels. A drop in electricity and natural gas consumption in 2008 was offset by an increase in commuting emissions. A total of 53,863 metric tons of CO 2 e were emitted in 2008. Figure 3.19 Absolute CO 2 e from Valencia Community College (2006-2008) 67

Comparing the baseline year 2006 to 2008, the following observations were made: from employee and student commuting climbed 15% with March rising 19, 2010 student population from building electricity consumption dropped 8% as a result of energy efficiency projects across multiple campuses Natural gas emissions dropped 65% due to the removal of a large boiler on West Campus Campus vehicle fleet emissions increased by 9% due to an increase in the size of the fleet and vehicle miles traveled from solid waste decreased by 10% with the implementation of a recycling program that reduced mixed municipal solid waste (MSW) Converting to organic fertilizer on East Campus reduced fertilizer application emissions by 87% Even with significant reductions across many categories, total emissions increased by 2%. from increased commuting exceeded the emission reductions in electricity and natural gas consumption. Figure 3.20 Change in CO 2 e by Source Category at Valencia Community College (2006-2008) 68

Scope 1 and 2 greenhouse gas emissions comprised 53% of the Valencia Community College s total emissions in 2006 yet dropped to 47% by 2008. For this study, Scope 1 emissions included greenhouse gases emitted as a result of natural gas consumption, refrigerant use, and fertilizer application while Scope 2 emissions represented indirect emissions from electricity consumption. Scope 3 emissions from solid waste and commuting continued to rise between 2006 and 2008. Table 3.44 Absolute CO 2 e from Valencia Community College by Scope (2006-2008) Year Scope 1 [tonnes CO 2 e] Scope 2 [tonnes CO 2 e] Scope 3 [tonnes CO 2 e] All Scopes [tonnes CO 2 e] 2008 763.13 24,454.30 28,646.06 53,863.49 2007 1,096.37 26,518.84 26,275.77 53,890.98 2006 1,363.40 26,509.99 24,911.62 52,785.01 69

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5.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 5.1 Greenhouse Gas Inventory Analysis 5.1.1 Develop Protocol for Future Data Collection Future greenhouse gas inventories can be improved upon by developing a data collection protocol. Templates could be provided to the facility manager of each campus to standardize the data collection process and a central data manager could be assigned to receive all the templates and organize the data into one database. The geospatial database that was developed for the 2006 study could be used for this task as well as to provide geographic representation of the data. The second option is to implement a software program that automatically imports electricity, natural gas, fuel, and waste data into a database. Either option will allow for analysis at shorter timescales (e.g., quarterly or monthly) and will prove to be useful when measuring the effectiveness of specific mitigation initiatives. 5.1.2 Improve Data Analysis with More Complete Data Collection For each category, there are multiple ways to quantify emissions depending on the data that is available. More complete data and higher quality data collection result in fewer assumptions and will improve the accuracy of the greenhouse gas inventory. The following recommendations have been made for each emissions category: Electricity Due to the fact that not all buildings had their own meter, it was not possible to estimate greenhouse gas emissions per building for electricity. Breaking down electricity consumption at the building level will allow Valencia Community College to assess greenhouse gas emissions per building, identify the largest individual consumers of electricity, and better focus mitigation measures. Natural Gas Breaking down natural gas consumption at the building level will allow Valencia Community College to assess greenhouse gas emissions per building, identify the largest individual consumers of natural gas, and better focus mitigation measures. Vehicle Fleet Collecting annual mileage per vehicle on Valencia Community College s West Campus will improve the accuracy of the fleet analysis. Tracking fuel use per vehicle will permit more in depth analysis on individual vehicle fuel economy and yield more accurate emission results. 71

Employee and Student Commuting To collect more responses, the commuting survey could be incorporated into the evaluations organized by the Office of Institutional Research that students fill out at the end of each semester. Additionally, there could a mandatory commuting survey that students and employees must fill out to receive their parking decal. Questions pertaining to commuting between campuses on a given day would be valuable in measuring the demand for a shuttle service. Refrigerants Measuring refrigerant levels at the beginning and end of each year and recording instances where refrigerants and dates were drained will improve the quality of refrigerant data and analysis. A more complete inventory of equipment using refrigerants including refrigerators and fire suppression equipment will improve the accuracy of the analysis. Fertilizer A more systematic way to track fertilizer applications across all campuses will improve the accuracy of future analysis. Air Travel Tracking sky miles or at a minimum a list of destinations will allow Valencia Community College to measure air travel emissions in future years. 5.1.3 Conduct Annual Inventories Now that the baseline inventory has been completed, a greenhouse gas inventory should be conducted on an annual basis and updated to reflect the advancement of methodologies and programs. 72

APPENDIX A 73

1. Welcome Welcome to the Valencia Community College Employee Green Survey! The entire survey should only take about 5-10 minutes to complete and is divided into two sections: 1) Commute Survey and 2) Campus Sustainability Your input will help Valencia Community College improve campus life, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and devise a plan for the future. All those who take the survey will remain completely anonymous. We would like to encourage your participation, but it is completely voluntary. If you have any questions about this survey or the purpose of the results, please contact Winsome Bennett at wbennett5@valenciacc.edu.

2. Commute Survey Valencia Community College is collecting data on your commuting habits to help the university improve the transportation options available to you. The survey should only include information about your commuting habits to and from Valencia Community College. * 1. What years have you worked at Valencia Community College? Check all that apply. 2008 2009 2010 * 2. At which campus do you work? Criminal Justice Institute Osceola Campus West Campus East Campus Downtown Center Sand Lake Center Winter Park Campus * 3. Describe your employee status for 2009/2010. nmlkj nmlkj Full time (40 hours/week) Part time (less than 40 hours/week) * 4. Answer the following questions regarding your commute. What city do you live in? What is the zip code of your home address? How many miles do you commute to college each day (include both directions)?

* 5. How did you travel to Valencia Community College each day last week? (Check only ONE answer for each day) Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Drove Alone Motorcycle/Moped Carpool (2 or more persons in a vehicle) Linx Bus Bicycle Walked Did not come to VCC this day Other If other, please specify the form of transportation 6. If you DRIVE ALONE to work, check up to THREE reasons why you drive alone (If you DON'T DRIVE ALONE, move to Question 8). Saves time Irregular work schedule (e.g. work at nights) Want car for emergencies No one to carpool with Saves money No bus where I live Buses don't run frequently enough or during the hours I commute Bus takes too long Not interested in carpooling Drive children to/from destinations Other (please specify)

7. If you DRIVE ALONE to work, what benefits would encourage you to try an alternative? (check up to THREE options) Help finding carpool partners Incentives for carpools Discounts on Linx Bus More bike racks More information on bus schedules Reserved parking for carpools Showers for bike riders and walkers No benefits would encourage me to try an alternative Other (please specify) 8. If you drive to work, please describe your vehicle (If you don't drive to work, SKIP TO THE NEXT PAGE). nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj Full-size car (e.g. Ford Crown Victoria, Chevrolet Impala, Lincoln Town Car) Mid-size car (e.g. Honda Accord, Buick Regal, Mazda 626) Compact car (e.g. Ford Focus, Toyota Corolla, Honda Civic) Mid-size pickup truck (e.g. Toyota Tacoma, Dodge Dakota, Chevrolet Colorado) SUV Full-size pickup truck (e.g. Dodge Ram, Ford F-150, GMC Sierra) Motorcycle/moped Minivan nmlkj Other (please specify) 9. Is the vehicle in Question 8 a hybrid? nmlkj nmlkj Yes No 10. Enter the model year of your vehicle (e.g. 1999)

3. Campus Sustainability Sustainability can be defined as meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. For this survey, sustainability and green initiatives refer to programs, policies, and practices on campus that aim to reduce energy use, water consumption, vehicle traffic, and solid waste. 1. Rate how well you think Valencia Community College is doing in implementing green initiatives and policies. nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj Very well Well Average Fair Poor Please Explain 2. What kind of actions do you think Valencia Community College should undertake in order to become more sustainable? Please indicate the level of importance of each of the following activities: 1. Increasing use of renewable energy on campus 2. Retrofitting existing buildings to make them "greener" 3. Increasing recycling on campus 4. Promoting alternative transportation options for staff, faculty and students 5. Expanding sustainability education and community service opportunities at Valencia Community College 5 6 Somewhat Very important Important Not very important Unimportant important nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

3. Please answer the following questions? 1. Would you be interested in attending educational sessions regarding sustainability issues? 2. Would you be interested in participating in campus focus group meetings to improve Valencia Community College's sustainability program? Yes No Optional: Provide your name and email address if interested in being contacted for the Sustainability Committee and/or focus group. If you don't want to disclose your name on this survey, you can also email Winsome Bennett at wbennett5@valenciacc.edu with your contact information. 4. Please provide any other suggestions on making Valencia Community College more sustainable (or green). 5 5. Please provide any other suggestions on making Valencia Community College more sustainable (or green). 6 5 6

1. Welcome Welcome to the Valencia Community College Green Survey! The entire survey should only take about 5-10 minutes to complete and is divided into two sections: 1) Commute Survey and 2) Campus Sustainability Your input will help Valencia Community College improve campus life, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and devise a plan for the future. All those who take the survey will remain completely anonymous. We would like to encourage your participation, but it is completely voluntary. If you have any questions about this survey or the purpose of the results, please contact Winsome Bennett at wbennett5@valenciacc.edu.

2. Commute Survey Valencia Community College is collecting data on your commuting habits to help the university improve the transportation options available to you. The survey should only include information about your commuting habits to and from school. * 1. What semesters have you been enrolled at Valencia Community College? Check all that apply. Summer 2009 Fall 2009 Spring 2010 * 2. At which campus do you attend the majority of your classes? Criminal Justice Institute Osceola Campus West Campus East Campus Sand Lake Center Winter Park Campus * 3. What is your status as a student for 2009/2010? nmlkj nmlkj Full time Part time * 4. Answer the following questions regarding your commute. What city do you live in? What is the zip code of your home address? How many miles do you commute to college each day (include both directions)?

* 5. How did you travel to Valencia Community College each day last week? (Check only ONE answer for each day) Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday Drove Alone Motorcycle/Moped Carpool (2 or more persons in a vehicle) Linx Bus Bicycle Walked Did not come to VCC this day Other If other, please specify the form of transportation 6. If you DRIVE ALONE to campus, check up to THREE reasons why you drive alone (If you DON'T DRIVE ALONE, move to Question 8). Need car to travel between Valencia Community College and work Saves time Irregular school schedule or night classes Want car for emergencies No one to carpool with Saves money No bus where I live Buses don't run frequently enough or during the hours I commute Bus takes too long Not interested in carpooling Drive children to/from destinations Other (please specify)

7. If you DRIVE ALONE to campus, what benefits would encourage you to try an alternative? (check up to THREE options) Help finding carpool partners Incentives for carpools Discounts on Linx Bus More bike racks More information on bus schedules Reserved parking for carpools Showers for bike riders and walkers No benefits would encourage me to try an alternative Other (please specify) 8. If you drive to campus, please describe your vehicle (If you don't drive to campus, SKIP TO THE NEXT PAGE). nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj Full-size car (e.g. Ford Crown Victoria, Chevrolet Impala, Lincoln Town Car) Mid-size car (e.g. Honda Accord, Buick Regal, Mazda 626) Compact car (e.g. Ford Focus, Toyota Corolla, Honda Civic) Mid-size pickup truck (e.g. Toyota Tacoma, Dodge Dakota, Chevrolet Colorado) SUV Full-size pickup truck (e.g. Dodge Ram, Ford F-150, GMC Sierra) Motorcycle/moped Minivan nmlkj Other (please specify) 9. Is the vehicle in Question 8 a hybrid? nmlkj nmlkj Yes No 10. Enter the model year of your vehicle (e.g. 1999)

3. Campus Sustainability Sustainability can be defined as meeting the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. For this survey, sustainability and green initiatives refer to programs, policies, and practices on campus that aim to reduce energy use, water consumption, vehicle traffic, and solid waste. 1. Rate how well you think Valencia Community College is doing in implementing green initiatives and policies. nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj Very well Well Average Fair Poor Please Explain 2. What kind of actions do you think Valencia Community College should undertake in order to become more sustainable? Please indicate the level of importance of each of the following activities: 1. Increasing use of renewable energy on campus 2. Retrofitting existing buildings to make them "greener" 3. Increasing recycling on campus 4. Promoting alternative transportation options for staff, faculty and students 5. Expanding sustainability education and community service opportunities at Valencia Community College 5 6 Somewhat Very important Important Not very important Unimportant important nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj nmlkj

3. Please answer the following questions? 1. Would you be interested in attending educational sessions regarding sustainability issues? 2. Would you be interested in participating in campus focus group meetings to improve Valencia Community College's sustainability program? Yes No Optional: Provide your name and email address if interested in being contacted for the Sustainability Committee and/or focus group. If you don't want to disclose your name on this survey, you can also email Winsome Bennett at wbennett5@valenciacc.edu with your contact information. 4. Please provide any other suggestions on making Valencia Community College more sustainable (or green). 5 5. Please provide any other suggestions on making Valencia Community College more sustainable (or green). 6 5 6