GERMAN INTERGROUP RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE DIAGNOSTIC

Page 1 of 32 GERMAN INTERGROUP RECOMMENDATIONS ON THE DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE PROMYELOCYTIC LEUKEMIA (APL) Version: Final V3.0 30.06.2015

Page 2 of 32 Steering committee: Prof. Dr. U. Platzbecker PD Dr. E. Lengfelder Prof. Dr. R. F. Schlenk Dresden, for the SAL group Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Technische Universität Dresden Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik I Fetscherstr. 74 01307 Dresden, e mail: uwe.platzbecker@uniklinikumdresden.de Mannheim, for the AML CG group Universitätsklinikum Mannheim der Universität Heidelberg III. Medizinische Klinik Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie Theodor Kutzer Ufer 1 3 68167 Mannheim, e mail: eva.lengfelder@umm.de Ulm, for the AML SG group Universitätsklinikum Ulm Klinik für Innere Medizin III Albert Einstein Allee 23 89081 Ulm, e mail: Richard.Schlenk@uniklinik ulm.de Review committee: Prof. Dr. M. Bornhäuser PD Dr. Ch. Röllig Prof. Dr. G. Ehninger Prof. Dr. H. Serve Prof. Dr. H. Döhner Prof. Dr. K. Döhner Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus Dresden Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik 1 Klinikum der J.W. Goethe Universität, Medizinische Klinik II Universitätsklinikum Ulm Klinik für Innere Medizin III Prof. Dr. M. Lübbert Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Medizinische Klinik 1 Prof. Dr. U. Germing Prof. Dr. D. Niederwieser Prof. Dr. W. Hiddemann Prof. Dr. K. Spiekermann Heinrich Heine Universität Düsseldorf Klinik für Hämatologie, Onkologie u. Klinische Immunologie Universitätsklinikum Leipzig Abteilung für Hämatologie und Internistische Onkologie Klinikum der Universität München, Campus Großhadern Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik III Prof. Dr. A. Ganser Klinik für Hämatologie und Onkologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover Prof. Dr. T. Büchner Prof. Dr. W. Berdel Prof. Dr. F. Lo Coco Universitätsklinikum Münster Medizinische Klinik A University of Tor Vergata Rome, Italy

Page 3 of 32 Glossary AML APL aptt Ara C ATO ATRA BMP CD CR CRF CRm DIC FAB FISH Gpt hcr ITD MRD NUMA OS PML RAR POX QoL/ QLQ RDM RT PCR HSCT WBC WHO acute myeloid leukemia acute promyelocytic leukemia activated partial prothrombin time cytarabine arsenic trioxide all trans retinoic acid Bone marrow puncture cluster of differentiation complete remission Case report forms molecular complete remission disseminated intravascular coagulation French American British classification fluorescence in situ hybridization gigaparticles hematological complete remission internal tandem duplication minimal residual disease nuclear mitotic apparatus overall survival promyelocytic retinoid acid receptor peroxidase quality of life/ quality of life questionnaire molecular resistant disease reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction hematopoietic stem cell transplantation white blood counts World Health Organization

Page 4 of 32 TABLE OF CONTENT 1 DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH APL... 5 1.1 Definition of APL... 5 1.2 Diagnostics of APL... 5 1.3 Therapeutic approaches in APL... 6 1.3.1 ATRA-based induction therapy... 6 1.3.2 Consolidation therapy... 7 1.3.3 Maintenance therapy... 7 1.3.4 Treatment of minimal residual disease (MRD) or relapse... 7 1.3.5 ATO in APL... 8 1.4 Intergroup guidelines for the treatment of APL... 8 1.4.1 Treatment recommendation for high-risk APL (WBC >10 Gpt/l at initial diagnosis) according to AIDA... 11 1.4.1.1 Induction therapy (high-risk APL) 5... 11 1.4.1.2 Consolidation therapy (high-risk APL)... 11 1.4.1.3 Maintenance therapy (high-risk APL)... 13 1.4.1.4 Dose modifications... 14 1.4.2 Treatment recommendation for non-high-risk APL (WBC 10 Gpt/l at initial diagnosis) according to AIDA... 14 1.4.2.1 Induction therapy... 14 1.4.2.2 Consolidation therapy... 15 1.4.2.3 Maintenance therapy... 16 1.4.2.4 Dose modifications... 16 1.4.3 Treatment recommendation for non-high-risk APL (WBC 10 Gpt/l at initial diagnosis) according to the APL0406 study... 17 1.4.3.1 Induction therapy... 17 1.4.3.2 Consolidation therapy... 18 1.4.3.3 Dose modifications... 19 1.4.4 Salvage therapy... 19 2 SUPPORTIVE MANAGEMENT OF APL... 20 2.1 Treatment of leukocytosis... 20 2.2 Treatment of coagulopathy... 20 2.3 Differentiation syndrome (formerly ATRA syndrome )... 21 2.4 Pseudotumor cerebri with ATRA therapy... 21 2.5 Hepatotoxicity with ATO/ATRA... 21 2.6 QT prolongation with ATO therapy... 22 3 EVALUATION OF RESPONSE... 23 3.1 Hematological remission criteria... 23 3.2 Molecular remission criteria... 23 4 DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION PROGRAM... 24 5 LITERATURE... 27

Page 5 of 32 1 DIAGNOSTIC AND THERAPEUTIC MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH APL 1.1 Definition of APL Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is considered a rare disease with estimated 200 to 300 newly diagnosed cases per year in Germany. According to the FAB classification APL is designated as"m3 leukemia" and assigned to the WHO defined type of AML with recurrent cytogenetic abnormalities, "acute promyelocytic leukemia with t(15;17)(q22;q12), (PML/RARα) and variants". Detection of PML RARα fusion is carried out by conventional cytogenetics including fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and/or RT PCR. Alternative fusion partners are the zinc finger (PLZF), the nucleophosmin gene (NPM), the nuclear mitotic apparatus (NUMA) or the STAT5b gene. These fusion partners may be of therapeutic relevance, e.g. for the sensitivity to all trans retinoic acid (ATRA), which does not exist with the involvement of the PZLF gene [t(11;17)(q23;q21)]. APL is often clinically characterized by the presence of coagulative abnormalities 1, including disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hyperfibrinolysis and unspecific proteolysis. In up to 45 % of cases mutations of the FLT3 gene with an internal tandem duplication (ITD) of the juxtamembranous domain and point mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain II can be detected 2, although their independent prognostic impact has not been demonstrated. Both mutations are correlated with higher leukocyte counts while a FLT3 ITD mutation is associated with the M3v subtype and the S type PML/RARαprotein. In addition to age, the most important prognostic factor is the leucocyte count at diagnosis which divides patients into a high risk (> 10 Gpt / l) and a non high risk group ( 10 Gpt / l). Through use of a risk guided therapeutic approach the outcome of patients within both groups including risk of relapse has become almost comparable 3 5. 1.2 Diagnostics of APL The vast majority of APL cases mostly display a characteristic abnormal hypergranulation of blasts 6 8. The nuclei of the cells vary in shape and size, being often bilobulated and kidneyshaped. Cytoplasm of the cells is completely filled with densed and partially condensed granulation. In some cells the cytoplasm is filled with dust granulation. Cells with characteristic bundles of Auer rods are found in the bone marrow or in the peripheral blood, the so called Faggot cells. The M3v, however, contains fewer cells with hypergranulations or bundles of Auer rods. Hypergranulated promyelocytes strongly react with POX, SSB und chloracetate esterase. The expression of CD33, CD117 and absence of HLA DR and CD34 on the surface of APL blasts is characteristic of the disease. The t(15;17) translocation and the respective PML RAR fusion transcript are diagnostically conclusive and represent definitive hallmarks of APL diagnosis 7 9. According to the current WHO classification cases with specific cytogenetic and molecular genetic aberrations e.g. t(15;17)(q22;q11 12) resulting in the fusion transcript PML/RAR are classified as AML independently of the percentage of blasts in the bone marrow and peripheral blood 9.

Page 6 of 32 The molecular analysis for the detection of the promyelocytic retinoic acid receptor (PML RAR ) fusiongene is carried out by a reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT PCR). This method provides a fast and a highly sensitive verification of the initial diagnosis and of minimal residual disease (MRD) in the course of APL therapy. The results of several independent studies have shown that a positive detection of PCR transcripts for PML RAR hybrid gene during cytomorphological remission within consolidation cycles is a predictive factor for an early hematological recurrence, whereas an abiding negative PCR in the bone marrow is usually associated with long term survival and cure after therapy (also in patients with relapse) 10;11. 1.3 Therapeutic approaches in APL APL disease must be classified as an emergency with immediate initiation of supportive therapy. In the case of morphological and clinical suspicion of APL, therapy must be started immediately before a genetic diagnosis is available because of the potential lethal complications and the possibility of a curative therapy. Prior to therapy a bone marrow and blood diagnostic is essential. First line treatment recommendations differ for patients of the high risk group and the non high risk group according to the Sanz Score which are defined as follows 5 : WBC in high risk group WBC in non high risk group > 10 Gpt / l 10 Gpt / l 1.3.1 ATRA based induction therapy Anthracycline and Ara C based combination chemotherapy were used until the 1980s and complete remission rates (CR) of up to 80 % were achieved. However, disease recurrences were observed in two thirds of the patients. Furthermore, this therapy was associated with a high rate of early death due to toxicity and bleeding 12 15. The introduction of all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) significantly changed therapeutic success in APL patients. ATRA causes differentiation of abnormal promyelocytes to mature neutrophils in vitro and in vivo. Complete remission rates were achieved with single agent ATRA in up to 80 90 % of newly diagnosed and relapsed patients with APL 16 21. Furthermore, ATRA rapidly alleviates the disturbed coagulation cascade. However, the accelerated differentiation to mature neutrophils often induces a rapid increase of leukocytes. In fact, in 15 20 % of patients an ATRA or better differentiation syndrome can occur which is associated with a high mortality rate 22 25. The duration of remission with single agent ATRA therapy however was often not enduring 16;17. Therefore, concepts with combined and concomitant administration of ATRA and intensive chemotherapy were explored 26;27. These studies consistently showed a higher CR rate (>95 %) compared to conventional chemotherapy as well as prolonged remission

Page 7 of 32 duration in either randomized or historical comparisons 28 37. The most widely used combination for induction therapy irrespective of APL risk is the combination of ATRA plus Idarubicin (AIDA). 1.3.2 Consolidation therapy Molecular remissions can be achieved in more than 90 % of patients if at least two anthracycline containing consolidation therapies are used. Therefore, this is considered the present therapeutic standard for all patients with APL in CR after induction chemotherapy 38. There is no comparative study on the efficacy of ATRA in addition to chemotherapy during consolidation. However, historical comparisons have demonstrated that incorporation of ATRA contributed to improved outcome 27;39. The role of Ara C in APL has long been controversial. However, comparative cohort studies in high risk patients (WBC > 10 Gpt / l) show a clearly positive effect with a significant higher remission rate, better disease free and overall survival rate in favour of Ara C based therapy during consolidation 6;27;35. 1.3.3 Maintenance therapy In the European APL 93 study it was shown that a three fold maintenance therapy with ATRA, 6 mercaptopurine and methotrexate results in a lower recurrence rate, especially in patients with high white blood cell count at diagnosis. However, this study did not differ between patients according to the PCR status after consolidation 31. Furthermore, no advantage of maintenance therapy in patients who tested negative after consolidation was observed by the Italian GIMEMA group 40. Therefore, maintenance therapy is based on a relatively low level of evidence. Despite these controversial results, maintenance therapy is still included in the most ATRA plus chemotherapy based protocols. Due to the high cure rate with ATRA and chemotherapy in APL, there is no indication for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in patients who are in first molecular remission after completion of consolidation therapy. 1.3.4 Treatment of minimal residual disease (MRD) or relapse Despite successful first line treatment approximately 10 15 % of patients relapse. In case of persistence of minimal residual disease (MRD) with PML/RARa detection or molecular or hematological relapse, treatment with arsenic trioxide (ATO) +/ ATRA for induction and consolidation therapy is the treatment of choice. This should be followed by further post consolidation therapy. Autologous HSCT after high dose therapy probably contributes to the stabilization of remission, provided that PML/RARα is negative by PCR in the autologous graft and in the patient bone marrow prior to transplantation 41 46. In patients not achieving clearance of MRD by conventional therapy including ATO an allogeneic HSCT should be considered.

Page 8 of 32 1.3.5 ATO in APL ATO is the most effective single agent in APL 47. ATO acts via complex mechanism in APL that is not yet fully explained. At a high concentration (0.5 to 2.0 μmol/l) ATO induces apoptosis in vitro, while at lower concentrations (0.1 to 0.5 μmol/l) it induces partial differentiation of leukemic promyelocytes through PML/RARα degradation and inhibits angiogenesis 48 51. ATO is licensed for the treatment of relapsed and refractory APL in the USA and Europe 44;45;52 58 and can achieve remission rates in up to 90 % of patients. Concerning its toxicity profile, ATO is usually well tolerated and its use is associated with a series of manageable adverse events (hyperleucocytosis, increase of liver enzymes, APL differentiation syndrome, prolongation of the QT interval 59 ). Most of the adverse events mentioned above are usually mild and manageable 44;58. The antileukemic efficiency of ATO is increased when combined with ATRA. ATO as single agent is able to induce durable molecular remission after two cycles in the majority of patients treated for disease recurrence 57. Results of various studies conducted with ATO as single agent or combined with ATRA for newly diagnosed APL patients reported CR rates of 86 95 %, molecular remission rates after two cycles of 76 100 % and survival rates of 86 88 %, with significantly better responses being obtained in patients with non high risk disease as compared to high risk patients 60 64. Recent data of the APL0406 Intergroup Study (GIMEMA AML SG/SAL) showed that ATO plus ATRA is at least as effective as AIDAbased therapy as first line treatment in non high risk APL patients 65. In particular, early mortality was almost absent in the experimental treatment arm combining ATO and ATRA. In addition, the results of a recent published randomized trial evaluating ATO in first line therapy during consolidation demonstrated that ATO further reduced the risk of recurrence and improved survival 66. 1.4 Intergroup guidelines for the treatment of APL APL is a highly curable malignancy. Once regarded as the most aggressive and rapidly fatal human leukemia, APL has become over the past 2 decades a curable disease, with more than 80% of patients now being long term survivors. However, treatment of APL is still challenging, in particular during induction therapy, and high rates of cure can only be achieved in centers with well trained staff. Therefore, treatment in highly specialized and experienced centers is mandatory including standardized procedures. The recommendations on APL diagnostics and therapy of newly diagnosed and relapsed APL are based on national (http://www.dgho onkopedia.de/de/onkopedia/leitlinien/akute promyelozytaereleukaemie) and European (ELN) guidelines 38 (http://www.leukemianet.org/content/leukemias/aml/apl/apl_recommendations/index_eng.html). The detailed German intergroup treatment guidelines are provided below (Figure 1) and depend on the leukocyte counts at initial diagnosis (see 1.3).

FIGURE 1: OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT RECOMMENDATIONS FOR NEWLY DIAGNOSED APL Page 9 of 32

Page 10 of 32 FIGURE 2: OVERVIEW OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR MOLECULAR RESISTANT OR RELAPSED PATIENTS * for details of consolidation and postconsolidation therapy and list of options see ELN website: http://www.leukemia net.org/content/leukemias/aml/apl/apl_recommendations/index_eng.html

Page 11 of 32 1.4.1 Treatment recommendation for high risk APL (WBC >10 Gpt/l at initial diagnosis) according to AIDA 1.4.1.1 INDUCTION THERAPY (HIGH RISK APL) 5 Standard induction therapy high risk APL Drug Dose Route Administration Comments ATRA 45 mg/m 2 p.o. in two single doses daily until CR, max. 60 days; doses will be rounded up to next 10 mg increment Idarubicin 12 mg/m 2 i.v. day 1, 3, 5, 7 only 3 days in elderly and comorbid patients prophylaxis of APL differentiation syndrome with prednisone 0.5 mg / kg / day p.o. from day 1 of ATO application to the end of induction therapy and possibly hydroxyurea (see 2.1) when leucocytes further raise up to > 10 Gpt / l bone marrow puncture on day 28 induction therapy should be terminated on the basis of morphological criteria (if CR or CRi is reached on day 28) in case of not achieving CR or CRi on day 28, ATRA therapy should be continued up to max. day 60 until terminal differentiation is reached; this should be accompanied by serial bone marrow assessments to definitively demonstrate CR cytogenetic and molecular assessment at the end of induction therapy has no value in case of CR. Molecular responses should be assessed after consolidation only 1.4.1.2 CONSOLIDATION THERAPY (HIGH RISK APL) After achieving a hematological CR after induction therapy, 3 courses of ATRA plus chemotherapy are intended. Start of consolidation cycles is considered after hematological recovery with neutrophils 1.0 Gpt / l and platelets 100 Gpt / l. In case of morphological CR and regenerated blood counts, consolidation therapy should be started within 4 weeks after documented CR. Each course of therapy should be initiated at hematological recovery from the previous course. The PCR status after the end of consolidation is an important stratification parameter for the subsequent therapy.

Page 12 of 32 1. Consolidation therapy high risk APL Drug Dose Route Administration Comments ATRA 45 mg/m 2 p.o. in two single doses days 1 15 doses will be rounded up to next 10 mg increment Idarubicin 5 mg/m 2 i.v. day 1, 2, 3, 4 prior to Ara C administration Ara C 1000 mg/m² i.v. over 3h day 1, 2, 3, 4 after the end of Idarubicin 2. Consolidation therapy high risk APL Drug Dose Route Administration Comments ATRA 45 mg/m 2 p.o. in two single doses days 1 15 Mitoxantrone 10 mg/m 2 i.v. day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 doses will be rounded up to next 10 mg increment 3. Consolidation therapy high risk APL Drug Dose Route Administration Comments ATRA 45 mg/m 2 p.o. in two single doses days 1 15 doses will be rounded up to next 10 mg increment Idarubicin 12 mg/m 2 i.v. day 1 prior to Ara C administration Ara C 150 mg/m 2 /8h i.v. day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 During all consolidation cycles (1 3) the following diagnostics are recommended: bone marrow samples should be collected with regenerated blood counts before the start of second and third consolidation cycle as well as after the last consolidation cycle and should be tested for morphology and by RT PCR for assessment of molecular remission

Page 13 of 32 patients without molecular remission at the end of the entire consolidation program will be considered as molecularly resistant (see 1.4.4) Intracranial prophylaxis before each consolidation cycle is not recommended in general, but may be considered in high risk patients, according to local guidelines. 1.4.1.3 MAINTENANCE THERAPY (HIGH RISK APL) The clinical benefit of maintenance therapy is of lower evidence according to recent studies 28;33;40 and should be initiated only in patients who are in a molecular remission (PML RARα negative in the bone marrow). The start of maintenance therapy is one month (up to a maximum of 3 months) after consolidation therapy if neutrophils are 1.0 Gpt / l and platelets are 100 Gpt / l. The duration of maintenance therapy is a total period of 2 years. During this time, patients receive 7 courses with 6 mercaptopurine and methotrexate (each lasting 3 month) and 6 courses of ATRA for 15 days. The last cycle ends with the administration of 6 mercaptopurine and methotrexate. Maintenance therapy high risk APL Drug Dose Route Administration Comments 6 Mercaptopurine 50 mg/m 2 p.o. daily (day 1 91) followed by 15 days of rest for 7 cycles; rounded down to the nearest 10 mg increment Methotrexate 15 mg/m 2 i.m./p.o. once weekly for 91 days followed by 15 days of rest for 7 cycles ATRA 45 mg/m 2 p.o. in two single doses daily for 15 days (prior to day 1 or after day 91) every 3 month for a total of 6 cycles; during ATRA therapy treatment break of 6 MP und MTX Consider cotrimoxazol as pneumocystis prophylaxis

Page 14 of 32 bone marrow samples should be collected with regenerated blood counts at the beginning of each maintenance cycle as well as after the last maintenance cycle and should be tested for morphology and by RT PCR for assessment of molecular remission 1.4.1.4 DOSE MODIFICATIONS Dose modifications of ATRA and conventional chemotherapeutic agents (mitoxantrone, idarubicine, methothrexate and 6 mercaptopurine) should be performed according to the SMPC. In case of ATRA induced non hematological toxicities (grade 3/4 according to CTCAE Version 4.0) the following dose modifications are recommended: Dose level 0 (Start level) 1 2 3 ATRA [mg/m 2 ] 45 37.5 25 20 In general, as soon as the symptoms and the patients clinical conditions improve, the treatment with conventional chemotherapeutic agents should be resumed at 50 % of the previous dose. Thereafter, in the absence of worsening of the previous toxicity, conventional chemotherapeutic agents should be resumed at full dosage. In the case of the reappearance of symptoms, conventional chemotherapeutic agents should be reduced to the previous dosage. 1.4.2 Treatment recommendation for non high risk APL (WBC 10 Gpt/l at initial diagnosis) according to AIDA 1.4.2.1 INDUCTION THERAPY The induction therapy will be conducted according to the treatment recommendations for patients of the high risk group.

Page 15 of 32 Induction therapy non high risk APL Drug Dose Route Administration Comments ATRA 45 mg/m 2 p.o. in two single doses daily until CR, max. 60 days; doses will be rounded up to next 10 mg increment Idarubicin 12 mg/m 2 i.v. day 2,4,6, 8 only 3 days in elderly and comorbid patients prophylaxis of APL differentiation syndrome with prednisone 0.5 mg / kg / day p.o. from day 1 of ATO application to the end of induction therapy and possibly hydroxyurea (see 2.1) when leucocytes raise up to > 10 Gpt / l bone marrow puncture on day 28 induction therapy should be terminated on the basis of morphological criteria (if CR or CRi is reached on day 28) in case of not achieving CR or CRi on day 28, ATRA therapy should be continued up to max. day 60 until terminal differentiation is reached; this should be accompanied by serial bone marrow assessments to definitively demonstrate CR cytogenetic and molecular assessment at the end of induction therapy has no value in case of CR. Molecular responses should be assessed after consolidation only 1.4.2.2 CONSOLIDATION THERAPY After achieving a hematological CR after induction therapy, 3 courses of ATRA plus chemotherapy are intended. Start of consolidation cycles is considered after hematological recovery with neutrophils 1.0 Gpt / land platelets 100 Gpt / l. In case of morphological CR and regenerated blood counts, consolidation therapy should be started within 4 weeks after documented CR. Each course of therapy should be initiated at hematological recovery from the previous course. The PCR status after the end of consolidation is an important stratification parameter for the subsequent therapy.

Page 16 of 32 1. Consolidation therapy non high risk APL Drug Dose Route Administration Comments ATRA 45 mg/m 2 p.o. in two single doses days 1 15 Idarubicin 5 mg/m 2 i.v. day 1, 2, 3, 4 doses will be rounded up to next 10 mg increment 2. Consolidation therapy non high risk APL Drug Dose Route Administration Comments ATRA 45 mg/m 2 p.o. in two single doses days 1 15 Mitoxantrone 10 mg/m 2 i.v. day 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 doses will be rounded up to next 10 mg increment 3. Consolidation therapy non high risk APL Drug Dose Route Administration Comments ATRA 45 mg/m 2 p.o. in two single doses days 1 15 Idarubicin 12 mg/m 2 i.v. day 1 doses will be rounded up to next 10 mg increment During all consolidation cycles (1 3) the following diagnostics are recommended: bone marrow samples should be collected with regenerated blood counts before the start of second and third consolidation cycle as well as after the last consolidation cycle and should be tested for morphology and by RT PCR for assessment of molecular remission patients without molecular remission at the end of the entire consolidation program will be considered as molecular resistant (see 1.4.4) An intracranial prophylaxis before each consolidation cycle is not recommended in general. 1.4.2.3 MAINTENANCE THERAPY Maintenance therapy is provided in section 1.4.1.3 1.4.2.4 DOSE MODIFICATIONS Dose modifications are provided in section 1.4.1.4.

Page 17 of 32 1.4.3 Treatment recommendation for non high risk APL (WBC 10 Gpt/l at initial diagnosis) according to the APL0406 study Recently, the APL0406 study provided evidence that the combination of ATO and ATRA is at least as effective as the AIDA regimen 65, while sparing mainly hematological toxicity. In fact, there was even an improvement in survival with the ATO/ATRA arm. Therefore, this regimen was included here since physicians might consider it for their patients although ATO has only marketing authorization in the EU for relapsed APL. 1.4.3.1 INDUCTION THERAPY Induction therapy non high risk APL Drug Dose Route Administration Comments ATO 0.15 mg/kg i.v. over 2 h daily starting on day 1; until CR, max. 60 days ATRA 45 mg/m 2 p.o. in two single doses daily starting on day 1; until CR, max. 60 days; doses will be rounded up to next 10 mg increment prophylaxis of APL differentiation syndrome with prednisone 0.5 mg / kg / day p.o. from day 1 of ATO application to the end of induction therapy and possibly hydroxyurea (see 2.1) when leucocytes raise up to > 10 Gpt / l bone marrow puncture on day 28 induction therapy should be terminated on the basis of morphological criteria (if CR or CRi is reached on day 28) in case CR or CRi is not achieved by day 28, ATO/ATRA therapy should be continued up to max. day 60 until terminal differentiation is reached; this should be accompanied by serial bone marrow assessments to definitively demonstrate CR cytogenetic and molecular assessment at the end of induction therapy has no value in case of CR. Molecular responses should be assessed after consolidation only

Page 18 of 32 1.4.3.2 CONSOLIDATION THERAPY ATO/ATRA based induction therapy is followed by 4 courses of ATO/ATRA based consolidation. Start of consolidation cycles is considered after hematological recovery with neutrophils 1.0 Gpt / land platelets 100 Gpt / l. In case of morphological CR and regenerated blood counts, consolidation therapy should be started within 4 weeks after documented CR. Each course of therapy should be initiated at hematological recovery from the previous course. The PCR status after the end of consolidation is an important stratification parameter for the subsequent therapy. Consolidation therapy non high risk APL Drug Dose Route Administration Comments ATO 0.15 mg/kg i.v. over 2 h daily for 5 days a week; treatment break on day 6 and 7 ATRA 45 mg/m 2 p.o. in two single doses daily 4 weeks on 4 weeks off for a total of 4 courses; last cycles will be administered on week 25 28 14 days on, 14 days off for a total of 7 courses; doses will be rounded up to next 10 mg increment Dose modifications in case of toxicities (e.g. liver, QTc time) should be made according to SmPC (attached in section 1.4.3.3). During all consolidation cycles (1 4) the following diagnostics are recommended: bone marrow samples should be collected with regenerated blood counts before the start of second, third and fourth consolidation cycle as well as after the last consolidation cycle and should be tested for morphology and by RT PCR for assessment of molecular remission patients without molecular remission at the end of the entire consolidation program will be considered molecularly resistant and should be offered conventional chemotherapy (e.g. AIDA) followed by an autologous or allogeneic HSCT (see figure 2).

Page 19 of 32 1.4.3.3 DOSE MODIFICATIONS In case of non hematological toxicities (grade 3/4 toxicities according to CTCAE Version 4.0) of ATO and ATRA (e.g. QT prolongation, differentiation syndrome, hepatotoxicity, pseudotumor cerebri) the following dose modifications are recommended: Dose level 0 (Start level) 1 2 3 ATO [mg/kg] 0.15 0.11 0.10 0.075 ATRA [mg/m 2 ] 45 37.5 25 20 As soon as the symptoms and the patients clinical conditions improve, the treatment with ATRA and/or ATO should be resumed at 50 % of the previous dose during the first 7 days after the disappearance of the symptoms. Thereafter, in the absence of worsening of the previous toxicity, ATRA and/or ATO should be resumed at full dosage. In the case of the reappearance of symptoms, ATRA and ATO needs to be reduced to the previous dosage. 1.4.4 Salvage therapy Patients with molecular resistance or relapse (hematological or molecular) should be treated according to the European recommendation for salvage therapy of relapsed APL (Figure 2), which is available via the website of the European LeukemiaNet (http://www.leukemianet.org/content/leukemias/aml/apl/apl_recommendations/index_eng.html). In fact, due to its high anti leukemic efficiency and low toxicity profile ATO is currently considered to be the treatment of choice in molecular or hematological relapse of APL or primary refractory patients. Concerning molecular or hematological relapse or persistence or reappearance of PCR positive after frontline therapy with ATRA plus chemotherapy, an early intensified ATO/ATRA based salvage is the treatment of choice. Usually induction therapy should be performed by a course of ATO, followed by one to 4 cycles of consolidation and should be combined with ATRA. Whether this applies as well to patients with previous ATO exposure (e.g. within the APL0406 study) is unknown. Limited data suggest a loss of efficacy of ATO salvage after ATO frontline 67. Therefore an ATRA plus chemotherapy based salvage (see 1.4.1.1) might be considered. Patients with subsequent molecular remission in the bone marrow and the stem cell graft probably benefit from an autologous transplantation while an allogeneic transplantation should be performed in case of persistence of PML RARα MRD. However, long term remissions are observed with prolonged ATO treatment as well.

Page 20 of 32 2 SUPPORTIVE MANAGEMENT OF APL APL is an acute vital threat to the patient often caused by a severe plasma coagulation disorder that can be increased by the introduction of conventional therapy 68. 2.1 Treatment of leukocytosis Guidelines for administering hydroxyurea in patients who develop sustained leukocytosis (>10 x 10 9 /l) after initiation of therapy are detailed below: Hydroxyurea should be continued at a given dose to keep the WBC count <10 x 10 9 /l and subsequently tapered. Recommendation for initiation of hydroxyurea: WBC 10 50 x 10 9 /l WBC > 50 x 10 9 /l 500 mg four times a day 1000 mg four times a day 2.2 Treatment of coagulopathy The pathogenesis of hemorrhagic complications of APL is complex and in particular includes factors of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. The coagulopathy is biochemically conspicuous manifesting as a severe hypofibrinogenemia, increased levels of fibrin degradation products, a prolonged prothrombin time, a prolonged partial thromboplastin and thrombin time and thrombocytopenia. It must be noted that the combination with ATRA can result in a reversion of the clotting disorder into a thrombophilic constellation with thromboembolic complications. Administration of fibrinogen (2 g i.v.) is recommended if fibrinogen levels are below 1 g / l. In case of unavailability of pure fibrinogen preparation, a substitution with fresh frozen plasma (FFP) is indicated. We recommend to keep platelet counts around 30 50 Gpt / l in the initial phase of therapy and Hb values should be maintained at > 8 g/dl. Treatment with tranexamic acid (antifibrinolytic agent such as cyklopkapron 3 x 1000 mg i.v. / d), fibrin stabilizing factor (Factor XIII, e.g. Fibrogammin 1250 E) and AT III (e.g. Cybernin HS) at values below 50 % of normal range can be considered individually although not supported by randomized trials 69. The prophylactic administration of heparin has no proven benefit.

Page 21 of 32 2.3 Differentiation syndrome (formerly ATRA syndrome ) During treatment with all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and ATO a differentiation syndrome can develop rapidly. It s diagnosis should be clinically established by the presence of at least three of the following signs, but it is suspected already at presence of only one symptom: weight gain respiratory distress unexplained fever interstitial pulmonary infiltrates pleural or pericardial effusions with or without leukocytosis No single sign or symptom may be considered per se as diagnostic for the syndrome. The release of cytokines leads to this syndrome, which can become fatal if untreated. Prophylaxis with prednisone is recommended. In case of diagnosis of an APL differentiation syndrome the administration of APL therapy should be stopped in time. Early transfer of patients to an ICU for improved monitoring of vital signs should be considered. Immediate administration of dexamethasone (10 mg) i.v. every 12 hours for at least 3 days should be started at the first suspicion and a concomitant diuretic therapy are recommended until the disappearance of symptoms and signs. As soon as the patients clinical condition improve and the symptoms have disappeared and the WBC count is sustainably lowered to <10 x 10 9 /l, the APL treatment with ATRA and/or ATO can be resumed at 50 % of the previous dose during the first 7 days. Thereafter in the absence of worsening of the previous toxicity, ATRA and/or ATO might be resumed at full dosage. In the case of the reappearance of symptoms, ATRA and ATO will be reduced at the previous dosage. 2.4 Pseudotumor cerebri with ATRA therapy Particularly in younger patients a "pseudotumor cerebri" may occur during ATRA therapy, manifesting by headaches, nausea, vomiting and blurred vision. It is recommended to discontinue ATRA treatment temporarily and to administer opiates. As soon as the symptoms and the patients clinical conditions improve, the treatment with ATRA will be resumed at 50 % of the previous dose during the first 7 days after the amelioration of pseudotumor cerebri. Thereafter, in the absence of worsening of the previous toxicity, ATRA should be resumed at full dosage. 2.5 Hepatotoxicity with ATO/ATRA Hepatotoxicity requires temporary suspension of ATRA and/or ATO. As soon as serum bilirubin and/or SGOT and/or alkaline phosphatase have been reduced to < 4 times the normal upper level, the treatment with ATRA and/or ATO will be resumed at 50 % of the

Page 22 of 32 previous dose during the first 7 days. Thereafter, in the absence of worsening of the previous toxicity, ATRA and/or ATO should be resumed at full dosage. 2.6 QT prolongation with ATO therapy Prolongation of the QT interval in the ECG has been observed during treatment with ATO. This can lead to ventricular tachycardia (torsade de pointes) with a fatal outcome. In this context, possible interaction with other drugs that prolong the QT interval must also be taken into account. For this reason, close monitoring of the ECG and of the electrolytes is necessary during treatment with ATO. In particular, the Mg++ and K+ levels should always be kept in the high normal range, taking in consideration possible concomitant treatments that deplete electrolyte levels (e.g. amphotericin B, furosemide etc.). In ECG the QT interval is represented by the QRS complex, the ST segment and the T wave. Its measurement starts from the deepest point of Q wave to the end of T wave. This interval greatly depends on the heart rate and several formulas have been proposed to adjust the QT interval for heart rate in order to obtain the corrected QT interval (QTc); however, no one of these proposed formulas is satisfactory. Despite that, data from medical literature indicate that one of the most simple method for adjusting the QT interval for heart rate is the Fridericia formula: QTc = QT/cube root of RR For increased accuracy, the QT interval should be measured on serial ECGs and several successive beats and averaged for each ECG. The averaged QT value obtained should be used in the above formula in which all measurement must be expressed in msec (i.e.: 0,470 sec=470msec). Applying this formula, a QTc interval > 500 msec must be considered prolonged (both genders). ATO should be discontinued together with any medication known to prolong the QTc interval and electrolytes should be repleted. The time between discontinuing ATO and normalization of the QTc interval may be several days. Once QTc is normalized, resume ATO at 0.075 mg/kg (50%) for the first 7 days, and then if no further prolongation occurs, resume at 0.11 mg/kg for a second week. Thereafter, if no prolongation occurs, resume ATO at full dose.

Page 23 of 32 3 EVALUATION OF RESPONSE For the evaluation of treatment response the following hematological and molecular remission criteria are used as basis for the documentation sheet (CRF). 3.1 Hematological remission criteria Hematological complete remission (CR) 70 5 % blasts without atypical promyelocytes in the bone marrow Neutrophils 1,0 Gpt/l platelets 100 Gpt/l Hematological incomplete remission (CRi) 5 % blasts without atypical promyelocytes in the bone marrow Neutrophils < 1,0 Gpt/l platelets < 100 Gpt/l Non Response 5 % blasts and atypical promyelocytes up to 60 days after beginning of induction therapy Hematological Relapse After a pre existing documented morphological CR there is a relapse if: 0,1 Gpt/l of blasts in the peripheral blood percentage of blasts / atypical promyelocytes > 10 % in the bone marrow at any time during follow up meningeosis leucemica bioptic verifiable extramedullary relapse 3.2 Molecular remission criteria Molecular Complete Remission (CRm) absence of the PML RAR hybrid transcript by RT PCR in bone marrow samples Molecular Resistant Disease (RDm) persistence of PML RAR hybrid transcript in the bone marrow cells at the end of the last consolidation cycle it should be always confirmed in two consecutive bone marrow samples taken 2 weeks apart

Page 24 of 32 Molecular relapse conversion from RT PCR negative to positive PML RAR hybrid transcript in the bone marrow samples collected at any time after the 3 rd consolidation cycle or recurrent PML RAR PCR positivity of two successive bone marrow samples in distance of 2 4 weeks after the last consolidation therapy conversion/ relapse should be always confirmed in two consecutive bone marrow samples taken 2 weeks apart 4 DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION PROGRAM The general diagnosis of APL is based on the local standards. Close monitoring of the following lab parameters should be carried out especially during induction therapy: Quick, PTT, fibrinogen, hemoglobin, leukocytes, neutrophils, platelets, ATIII, factor XIII and D dimers (depending on the severity of the bleeding disorders up to three times daily). An ECG, echocardiographic examination (ejection fraction and valve abnormalities) is recommended before each induction therapy and after completion of treatment. Diagnostic examination schedule Molecular analyses (PCR) and morphological analyses of the bone marrow and peripheral blood are recommended at initial diagnosis after induction prior to the second and following consolidation therapy after the last consolidation therapy quarterly during maintenance therapy after therapy quarterly during a 5 year follow up from the start of therapy suspicion of relapse Cytogenetic and immunophenotype analyses should be performed at the initial diagnosis and in suspicion of relapse. For patients with a relapsed APL an equal sample collection is also recommended. A detailed diagnostic examination schedule is below mentioned.

Page 25 of 32 Diagnosis/ or suspicion of relapse during induction day 28/ prior cons. 1 prior cons. 2 prior cons. 3 prior cons. 4 (if appropr.) after last cons. maintenance (if appropr.) Follow up (1 st 5 th year) Physical examination * (incl. comorbidities) daily, including body weight * * * * * monthly every 3 months Blood Counts (1) * daily during 1 st week, afterwards 3 x/week * * * * * monthly every 3 months BM for morphology * *(6) * * * * every 3 months every 3 months BM for molecular biology (2) * * * * * * every 3 months every 3 months BM for cytogenetics * BM for immunophenotyping (3) * Coagulation tests (4) * Serum biochemistry (5) * daily until normalization, 2 x a week thereafter 2 3 x/ week during the first 3 weeks, then weekly until CR * * * * * monthly * * * * * monthly every 3 months every 3 months

Page 26 of 32 Diagnosis/ or suspicion of relapse during induction day 28/ prior cons. 1 prior cons. 2 prior cons. 3 prior cons. 4 (if appropr.) after last cons. maintenance (if appropr.) Follow up (1 st 5 th year) Electrocardiogram * * * * * * once ayear once ayear Echocardiography (7) * * * * * * once a year once ayear Urine analysis * Hepatitis and HIV serology * ChestX ray * Pregnancy test (if appropriate) * (1) haemoglobin, leukocytes, platelets, neutrophils, blasts (2) PML RARA incl. isoforms, FLT3 ITD, FLT3 TKD (3) HLA DR, CD2, CD7, CD9, CD11b, CD13, CD14, CD15, CD19, CD33, CD34, CD56, CD117 FIGURE 3: DIAGNOSTIC EXAMINATION RECOMMMENDATION (4) Quick, aptt, fibrinogen, factor XIII, AT III, and D dimers (5) glucose, creatinine, uric acid, bilirubin, transaminases, alkaline phosphatase, LDH, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, total proteins, albumin, cholesterol and triglycerides (6) if not evaluable, repeat bone marrow on a serial basis until achievement of CR or failure (7) incl. L VEF

Page 27 of 32 5 LITERATURE Reference List 1. Tallman MS, Kwaan HC. Reassessing the Hemostatic Disorder Associated with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Blood 1992;79:543 553. 2. Thiede C, Steudel C, Mohr B et al. Analysis of FLT3 activating mutations in 979 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia: association with FAB subtypes and identification of subgroups with poor prognosis. Blood 2002;99:4326 4335. 3. Lo Coco F, Avvisati G, Vignetti M et al. Front line treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with AIDA induction followed by risk adapted consolidation for adults younger than 61 years: results of the AIDA 2000 trial of the GIMEMA Group. Blood 2010;116:3171 3179. 4. Sanz MA, Lo Coco F. Modern Approaches to Treating Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011;29:495 503. 5. Sanz MA, Lo Coco F, Martin G et al. Definition of relapse risk and role of nonanthracycline drugs for consolidation in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: a joint study of the PETHEMA and GIMEMA cooperative groups. Blood 2000;96:1247 1253. 6. Ades L, Sanz MA, Chevret S et al. Treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL): a comparison of French Belgian Swiss and PETHEMA results. Blood 2008;111:1078 1084. 7. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT et al. Proposals for Classification of Acute Leukemias. British Journal of Haematology 1976;33:451. 8. Bennett JM, Catovsky D, Daniel MT et al. Variant Form of Hypergranular Promyelocytic Leukemia (M3). British Journal of Haematology 1980;44:169. 9. Harris NL, Jaffe ES, Diebold J et al. World Health Organization classification of neoplastic diseases of the hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues: Report of the Clinical Advisory Committee Meeting Airlie House, Virginia, November 1997. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1999;17:3835 3849. 10. Burnett AK, Grimwade D, Solomon E, Wheatley K, Goldstone AH. Presenting white blood cell count and kinetics of molecular remission predict prognosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia treated with all trans retinoic acid: Result of the randomized MRC trial. Blood 1999;93:4131 4143. 11. Mandelli F, Diverio D, Avvisati G et al. Molecular remission in PML/RAR alpha positive acute promyelocytic leukemia by combined all trans retinoic acid and Idarubicin (AIDA) therapy. Blood 1997;90:1014 1021. 12. Cunningham I, Gee TS, Reich LM et al. Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Treatment Results During A Decade at Memorial Hospital. Blood 1989;73:1116 1122. 13. Fenaux P, Pollet JP, Vandenbosschesimon L et al. Treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia A Report of 70 Cases. Leukemia & Lymphoma 1991;4:239 248.

Page 28 of 32 14. Head DR, Kopecky KJ, Willman C, Appelbaum FR. Treatment Outcome with Chemotherapy in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia the Southwest Oncology Group (Swog) Experience. Leukemia 1994;8:S38 S41. 15. Rodeghiero F, Avvisati G, Castaman G, Barbui T, Mandelli F. Early Deaths and Antihemorrhagic Treatments in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia A Gimema Retrospective Study in 268 Consecutive Patients. Blood 1990;75:2112 2117. 16. Castaigne S, Chomienne C, Daniel MT et al. All Trans Retinoic Acid As A Differentiation Therapy for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia.1. Clinical Results. Blood 1990;76:1704 1709. 17. Chen ZX, Xue YQ, Zhang R et al. A Clinical and Experimental Study on All Trans Retinoic Acid Treated Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Patients. Blood 1991;78:1413 1419. 18. Chomienne C, Ballerini P, Balitrand N et al. All Trans Retinoic Acid in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemias.2. Invitro Studies Structure Function Relationship. Blood 1990;76:1710 1717. 19. Degos L, Chomienne C, Daniel MT et al. Treatment of 1St Relapse in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with All Trans Retinoic Acid. Lancet 1990;336:1440 1441. 20. Huang ME, Ye YC, Chen SR et al. Use of All Trans Retinoic Acid in the Treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Blood 1988;72:567 572. 21. Warrell RP, Frankel SR, Miller WH et al. Differentiation Therapy of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with Tretinoin (All Trans Retinoic Acid). New England Journal of Medicine 1991;324:1385 1393. 22. Fenaux P, Castaigne S, Chomienne C, Dombret H, Degos L. All Trans Retinoic Acid Treatment for Patients with Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Leukemia 1992;6:64 66. 23. Frankel SR, Eardley A, Heller G et al. All Trans Retinoic Acid for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Results of the New York Study. Annals of Internal Medicine 1994;120:278 286. 24. Frankel SR, Eardley A, Lauwers G, Weiss M, Warrell RP. The Retinoic Acid Syndrome in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Annals of Internal Medicine 1992;117:292 296. 25. Warrell RP, Maslak P, Eardley A et al. Treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia with All Trans Retinoic Acid An Update of the New York Experience. Leukemia 1994;8:929 933. 26. Fenaux P, Chastang C, Chevret S et al. A randomized comparison of all transretinoic acid (ATRA) followed by chemotherapy and ATRA plus chemotherapy and the role of maintenance therapy in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 1999;94:1192 1200. 27. Sanz MA. Risk adapted treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with AIDA derived regimens: The Pethema experience. Annals of Hematology 2006;85:98 99. 28. de Botton S, Dombret H, Sanz M et al. Incidence, clinical features, and outcome of all trans retinoic acid syndrome in 413 cases of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 1998;92:2712 2718.

Page 29 of 32 29. Fenaux P, Castaigne S, Dombret H et al. All Trans Retinoic Acid Followed by Intensive Chemotherapy Gives A High Complete Remission Rate and May Prolong Remissions in Newly Diagnosed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia A Pilot Study on 26 Cases. Blood 1992;80:2176 2181. 30. Fenaux P, Chastang C, Chomienne C, Degos L. Tretinoin with Chemotherapy in Newly Diagnosed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Lancet 1994;343:1033. 31. Fenaux P, Ledeley MC, Castaigne S et al. Effect of All Transretinoic Acid in Newly Diagnosed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Results of A Multicenter Randomized Trial. Blood 1993;82:3241 3249. 32. Fenaux P, Wattel E, Archimbaud E et al. Prolonged Follow Up Confirms That All Trans Retinoic Acid Followed by Chemotherapy Reduces the Risk of Relapse in Newly Diagnosed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Blood 1994;84:666 667. 33. Kanamaru A, Takemoto Y, Tanimoto M et al. All Trans Retinoic Acid for the Treatment of Newly Diagnosed Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Blood 1995;85:1202 1206. 34. Tallman MS, Andersen JW, Schiffer CA et al. All trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 1997;337:1021 1028. 35. Lengfelder E, Haferlach C, Saussele S et al. High dose ara C in the treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia: long term results of the German AMLCG. Leukemia 2009;23:2248 2258. 36. Lengfelder E, Hanfstein B, Haferlach C et al. Outcome of elderly patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: results of the German Acute Myeloid Leukemia Cooperative Group. Annals of Hematology 2013;92:41 52. 37. Schlenk RF, Germing U, Hartmann F et al. High dose cytarabine and mitoxantrone in consolidation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2005;19:978 983. 38. Sanz MA, Grimwade D, Tallman MS et al. Management of acute promyelocytic leukemia: recommendations from an expert panel on behalf of the European LeukemiaNet. Blood 2009;113:1875 1891. 39. Lo Coco F, Avvisati G, Vignetti M et al. Front line treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with AIDA induction followed by risk adapted consolidation for adults younger than 61 years: results of the AIDA 2000 trial of the GIMEMA Group. Blood 2010;116:3171 3179. 40. Avvisati G, Lo Coco F, Paoloni FP et al. AIDA 0493 protocol for newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia: very long term results and role of maintenance. Blood 2011;117:4716 4725. 41. Lo Coco F, Diverio D, Avvisati G et al. Therapy of molecular relapse in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 1999;94:2225 2229. 42. Meloni G, Diverio D, Vignetti M et al. Autologous bone marrow transplantation for acute promyelocytic leukemia in second remission: Prognostic relevance of pretransplant minimal residual disease assessment by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction of the PML/RAR alpha fusion gene. Blood 1997;90:1321 1325.

Page 30 of 32 43. Sanz MA. Treatment of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. American Society of Hematology Education Program 2006147 155. 44. Shen ZX, Chen GQ, Ni JH et al. Use of arsenic trioxide (As2O3) in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APE).2. Clinical efficacy and pharmacokinetics in relapsed patients. Blood 1997;89:3354 3360. 45. Soignet SL, Maslak P, Wang ZG et al. Complete remission after treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide. New England Journal of Medicine 1998;339:1341 1348. 46. Thomas X, Dombret H, Cordonnier C et al. Treatment of relapsing acute promyelocytic leukemia by all trans retinoic acid therapy followed by timed sequential chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. Leukemia 2000;14:1006 1013. 47. Lengfelder E, Hofmann WK, Nowak D. Impact of arsenic trioxide in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 2012;26:433 442. 48. Chou WC, Dang CV. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: recent advances in therapy and molecular basis of response to arsenic therapies. Current Opinion in Hematology 2005;12:1 6. 49. Miller WH, Schipper HM, Lee JS, Singer J, Waxman S. Mechanisms of action of arsenic trioxide. Cancer Research 2002;62:3893 3903. 50. Roboz GJ, Dias S, Lam G et al. Arsenic trioxide induces dose and time dependent apoptosis of endothelium and may exert an antileukemic effect via inhibition of angiogenesis. Blood 2000;96:1525 1530. 51. Shao WL, Fanelli M, Ferrara FF et al. Arsenic trioxide as an inducer of apoptosis and loss of PML/RAR alpha protein in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1998;90:124 133. 52. Au WY, Lie AKW, Chim CS et al. Arsenic trioxide in comparison with chemotherapy and bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of relapsed acute promyelocytic leukaemia. Annals of Oncology 2003;14:752 757. 53. Lazo G, Kantarjian H, Estey E et al. Use of arsenic trioxide (AS(2)O(3)) in the treatment of patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia The M. D. Anderson experience. Cancer 2003;97:2218 2224. 54. Niu C, Yan H, Yu T et al. Studies on treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide: Remission induction, follow up, and molecular monitoring in 11 newly diagnosed and 47 relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia patients. Blood 1999;94:3315 3324. 55. Raffoux E, Rousselot P, Poupon J et al. Combined treatment with arsenic trioxide and all trans retinoic acid in patients with relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2003;21:2326 2334. 56. Shigeno K, Naito K, Sahara N et al. Arsenic trioxide therapy in relapsed or refractory Japanese patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia: Updated outcomes of the phase II study and postremission therapies. International Journal of Hematology 2005;82:224 229.

Page 31 of 32 57. Soignet SL, Frankel SR, Douer D et al. United States multicenter study of arsenic trioxide in relapsed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2001;19:3852 3860. 58. Zhang P, Wang SY, Hu XH. Arsenic trioxide treated 72 cases of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Chinese Journal of Hematology 1996;17:58 62. 59. Sanz MA, Lo Coco F. Arsenic Trioxide. American Journal of Cancer 2006;5:183 191. 60. Estey E, Garcia Manero G, Ferrajoli A et al. Use of all trans retinoic acid plus arsenic trioxide as an alternative to chemotherapy in untreated acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 2006;107:3469 3473. 61. George B, Mathews V, Poonkuzhali B et al. Treatment of children with newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide: a single center experience. Leukemia 2004;18:1587 1590. 62. Ghavamzadeh A, Alimoghaddam K, Ghaffari SH et al. Treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia with arsenic trioxide without ATRA and/or chemotherapy. Annals of Oncology 2006;17:131 134. 63. Shen ZX, Shi ZZ, Fang J et al. All trans retinoic acid/as(2)o(3) combination yields a high quality remission and survival in newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 2004;101:5328 5335. 64. Mathews V, George B, Lakshmi KM et al. Single agent arsenic trioxide in the treatment of newly diagnosed acute promyelocytic leukemia: durable remissions with minimal toxicity. Blood 2006;107:2627 2632. 65. Lo Coco F, Avvisati G, Vignetti M et al. Retinoic Acid and Arsenic Trioxide for Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 2013;369:111 121. 66. Powell BL, Moser B, Stock W et al. Arsenic trioxide improves event free and overall survival for adults with acute promyelocytic leukemia: North American Leukemia Intergroup Study C9710. Blood 2010;116:3751 3757. 67. Ghavamzadeh A, Alimoghaddam K, Rostami S et al. Phase II Study of Single Agent Arsenic Trioxide for the Front Line Therapy of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 2011;29:2753 2757. 68. Lo Coco F. ED in APL: tip of the iceberg? Blood 2011;118:1188 1189. 69. Avvisati G, Buller HR, Tencate JW, Mandelli F. Tranexamic Acid for Control of Hemorrhage in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia. Lancet 1989;2:122 124. 70. Cheson BD, Cassileth PA, Head DR et al. Report of the National Cancer Institute Sponsored Workshop on Definitions of Diagnosis and Response in Acute Myeloid Leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology 1990;8:813 819.

Page 32 of 32 Further Literature Link, H. Akute Promyelozytenleukämie: APL; M3 Leukämie. ONKODIN 2008 http://www.onkodin.de/zms/content/e2/e51675/e53188/e54107/index_ger.html Lengfelder, E.; Platzbecker, U.; Niederwieser, D.; Schlenk, R. F.; Wörmann, B. Leitlinie Akute Promyelozyten Leukämie, Dokumentenstand Februar 2012 http://www.dgho onkopedia.de/de/onkopedia/leitlinien/akute promyelozytaere leukaemie European PROMYSE registry for relapsed APL http://www.leukemianet.org/content/leukemias/aml/apl/apl_recommendations/index_eng.html