A Human Factors Approach to understanding Slip, Trip and Fall Associate Professor Chui Yoon Ping Head of Programme BSc. Human Factors in Safety SIM University Change in Elevation 1
Hazardous Footwear Human Factors Approach Image from: http://mymds.bham.ac.uk/teamworkmatters/images/shutter_factors.jpg 2
Human Factors Approach Image from: https://plus.google.com/communities/116826987897058132757 Human Factors Approach: A SYSTEM APPROACH Organisation Workplace and Environment Tools and Technology Tasks human 3
Human Factors Approach: Total Human Approach Image from: http://erniemendes.com/yahoo_site_admin/assets/images/brain_ diagram_cover_copy.326174442.jpg Human Factors Approach: A SYSTEM APPROACH Organisation Workplace and Environment Tools and Technology Tasks human 4
Human Information Processing Receive: Sensing Perceive: Attend & Process Decide & RESPOND Cues: visual, auditory, tactile Attention Resources Environment Short term Perception Response Sensory Selection Register Thought/ Decision Making Working Memory Response Execution Long-term Memory What do you see? http://www.weirdoptics.com/dalmatian-camouflage-illusion/ 5
Perception Unable to perceive ALL information we are bombarded with brain is a filter We think we have all the information, but we don t. We may not get the picture because: They are too much information (noise) presented We are distracted and looking elsewhere We are not looking where we are supposed to be looking at Environment is working against us too dark, lack contrast, etc. Sometimes information presented are confusing Perception Image from: http://www.infusefive.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/perception.jpg 6
Is the cat going up or coming down? Image from: http://9gag.com Perception 7
Perception Why did he not see the missing panel? http://www.mom.gov.sg/workplace-safety-health/resources/factsheetscirculars/pages/work-heights-2008.aspx SLT Hazards often missed Damaged steps Uneven surfaces Damaged mats / floorings / carpets Images from: http://www.tidyplace.com.au/services/miscellaneous/ http://www.hse.gov.uk/slips/preventing.htm 8
SLT Hazards often missed Loose cables Wet floors Images from: https://ttusafety.wordpress.com/2013/09/23/office-safety/ www.colinstattoos.com http://www.continuingcaresafety.ca/resources/photo-gallery-2/ SLT Hazards often missed Poorly lit places Congested, distracting places Obstructions Images from: http://www.listen2unclejay.com/gallery/albums/userpics/10001/reason2.jpg http://www.canville.net/article.html?article=workplace-safety http://www.elcosh.org/image/279/i001199/1199.html 9
Attention Distractions Video at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k4wftx5zvu0 10
Do NOT text and drive Video at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=twsuwff4vku Distractions http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6266846/royal-mail-accused-of-misleadingcustomers-with-sorry-you-were-out-cards.html http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/file:royal_mail_postman2.jpg 11
Inattention in SLT Image from: https://www.flickr.com/photos/66944824@n05/11329514543/ Human Information Processing Receive: Sensing Comprehension: Perceive: Attend Sensemaking & Process Decide & RESPOND Cues: visual, auditory, tactile Attention Resources Environment Short term Perception Response Sensory Selection Register Thought/ Decision Making Working Memory Response Execution Long-term Memory 12
That seeing they may see, and not perceive; and hearing they may hear, and not understand Mark 4:12 Image from: http://wmumintl.org/category/word-alive/ Comprehension Experience Long Term Memory What are blue chip stocks? Training 13
Comprehension Experience Long Term Memory What is a Risk? What are the consequences of risk taking? Training Risk Perception http://teakdoor.com/laos-hotels-and-guesthouses/34987-laosvientiane-cheap-nice-hotel-2.html 14
Risk Perception Image from http://curazy.com/archives/46707 Risk Perception Image from: http://www.trekearth.com/gallery/asia/russia/volga/samara/samara/photo411222.htm 15
Risk Perception Image from:: http://binscorner.com/pages/w/worlds-most-dangerous-work-places.html Comprehension Image from: http://www.shutterstock.com/video/clip-1845031-stock-footage-library-catalog.html How do we help them build a library or a catalogue of hazards? 16
Situation Awareness The perception of the elements in the environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future Endsley, 1988 Perception Comprehension Projection Noticing events Understanding what is Predicting what will be What s going to happen here? Image from: http://gentexscaffolds.com/better-than-a-ladder 17
Situation Awareness : A working definition Continuous monitoring of environment, noticing what is going on and detecting changes in the environment. Forming a good mental picture of the current task and the surrounding work environment. Result Quick reaction and adaptation to changing situations. SA: What do you think will happen? What should you do? 18
SA: What do you think will happen? http://www.hse.gov.uk/press/2012/rnn-em-8412.htm What should you do? SA: What do you think will happen? What should you do? http://www.safetyrisk.net/safety-photos-funny-fails/ 19
Why do people take risk? Image from: http://www.laddersafetyhub.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/01/img_0609.jpg Why do people take risk? Image from http://www.laddersafetyhub.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/01/img_0609.jpg 20
Why do people take risk? Image from: http://news.domain.com.au/domain/diy/the-essentialdiy-painting-guide-20120215-1t4ya.html Why do people take risk? Individual Factors Too lazy? Too tired? Fatigue Inherently risk takers? Complacent attitude Work and Organisation Factors Rushing for time Penalty for delay / non-completion Tight Work/schedule Culture of speed Meeting deadlines Lack of training No risk awareness Laissez faire culture http://www.safetyposter.com/simpsons-posters/ 21
An information processing model for Slip, Trip and Fall Analysis Adapted from: Tim Bentley The role latent and active failure in workplace STF: AN information processing approach. Latent Failures Active Failures Exposure to hazards Tasks / Environmental Factors Hazard Perception No Activity / Task Footwear Plant Environment Equipment Design Workspace Layout Work and Organisation Factors Production Pressure Operational Decision Equipment decision Shift scheduling Safety culture Risk and safety management Individual Factors Age Fitness, health, vision Perceptual skills Risk taking tendency Fatigue Yes Hazard Cognition Yes Decision to avoid Yes Ability to avoid No No No Yes Natural/ Uncontrollable factors Weather condition Outdoor underfoot env Underfoot trip hazards Avoid Injury Tim Bentley., The role latent and active failure in workplace STF: AN information processing approach. Applied Ergonomics, 2009 Unsafe Behaviour Risk of STF Injury 22
Mitigate STF Hazards: Perception Scan for information update mental model Pay attention Detect changes Manage distractions Manage attention resources Images from: http://www.slideshare.net/wyominginspector/slips-trips-falls-working-surfaces-ppt http://okusoku.blog.jp/archives/20694446.html For mobile phone addicts Image from: http://www.china.org.cn/china/2014-09/13/content_33501513.htm 23
Maintaining SA : Comprehension Workers Seek appropriate training Identify hazards at work Look at past events and learn from it Ask if not sure Employers Provide appropriate training Establish a good housekeeping environment Establish a safe culture Images from: http://www.safetypostershop.com/category/ladder-safety-posters/ Consider likely outcomes Visualizing future events Ask what ifs Maintaining SA : Projection http://www.masterytech.com/ http://www.ccohs.ca/oshanswers/safety_haz/falls.html 24
Overcoming Organisation Barriers Image from: http://www.hazards.org/bs/bswillkill.htm Overcoming Organisation Barriers Data Driven Non punitive reporting All accidents and incidents should be reported, analyzed and recorded in the company health and safety data base. Analysis should in depth a and systematic Practice good record keeping Accident investigation followed by immediate rectification http://presnellonprivileges.com/2013/12/ 25
Human factors analysis and classification (HFACS) system Overcome Organisational Barriers Management commitment to safety Prioritisation of safety (over production) Monitoring and supervision Sufficient management care for vulnerable operators and conditions Proper communication Reward safe behaviours Joint participation in safety management Provide safety resources: Time, training, appropriate gears, equipment, etc. http://www.workcover.nsw.gov.au/healthand-safety/safety-representation/safetycommittees 26
BSc in Human Factors in Safety http://www.unisim.edu.sg/programmes/programmedetails/pages/bsc-human-factors-safety.aspx Thank you 27