Organization Lecture Dates Mobile Communications Wednesday, 13:30-15:00, in 5052 Material (Slide Copies and Video Recordings) http://www-i4.informatik.rwth-aachen.de/ content/teaching/lectures/sub/mobil/ws0506/index.html RWTH Aachen Dr. rer. nat. Dirk Thißen Prof. Dr. Otto Spaniol Literature J. Schiller: Mobile Communications. 2nd Edition, Addison Wesley, 2003 Contact Dirk Thißen, Room 4226 (Building E1) Phone: 0241 / 80-21450 E-Mail: thissen@informatik.rwth-aachen.de Seite 1 Seite 2 What is Mobile Communications? Why Wireless s? Two aspects of mobility: User mobility: a user communicates (wireless) anytime, anywhere, with anyone Device portability: A device can connect to the network anytime and anywhere Wireless vs. Mobile Example stationary computer notebook in a hotel Wireless LAN in buildings Personal Digital Assistants (PDA) The demand for mobile communication creates the need for integration of wireless networks into existing fixed networks: In the local range: standardization of IEEE 802.11, ETSI HIPERLAN In the Internet: Mobile IP as enhancement of normal IP In wide area range: e.g. internetworking of GSM and ISDN Characteristics Mostly radio transmission, new protocols for data transmission are needed Advantages Spatial flexibility in radio reception range Ad hoc networks without former planning No problems with wiring (e.g. historical buildings, fire protection, esthetics) Robust against disasters like earthquake, fire and careless users which remove connectors! Disadvantages Generally very low transmission rates for higher numbers of users Often proprietary, more powerful approaches, standards are often restricted Consideration of lots of national regulations, global regulations are evolving slowly Restricted frequency range, interferences of frequencies Seite 3 Seite 4
Applications I Typical Application: Road Traffic Vehicles Transmission of news, road condition, weather, music via DAB (Digital Audio Broadcasting) Personal communication using GSM Location tracking via GPS Local ad-hoc network with vehicles close-by to prevent accidents, guidance system, redundancy Vehicle data (e.g., from busses, high-speed trains) can be transmitted in advance for maintenance Emergencies Early transmission of patient data to the hospital, current status, first diagnosis Replacement of a fixed infrastructure in case of earthquakes, hurricanes, fire etc. Crisis, war,... UMTS, WLAN, DAB, GSM, TETRA,... ad hoc Personal Travel Assistant, DAB, PDA, Laptop, GSM, UMTS, WLAN, Bluetooth,... Seite 5 Seite 6 Applications II Location Dependent Services Traveling salesmen Direct access to customer files stored in a central location Consistent databases for all agents Mobile office Replacement of fixed networks Remote sensors, e.g., weather, earth activities Flexibility for trade shows LANs in historic buildings Entertainment, education,... Outdoor Internet access Intelligent travel guide with up-to-date location dependent information Ad-hoc networks for multi user games Location aware services What services, e.g., printer, fax, phone, server etc. exist in the local environment Follow-on services Automatic call-forwarding, transmission of the actual workspace to the current location Information services Push : e.g., current special offers in the supermarket Pull : e.g., where is the Black Forrest Cherry Cake? Support services Caches, intermediate results, state information etc. follow the mobile device through the fixed network Privacy Who should gain knowledge about the location? Seite 7 Seite 8
Mobile Devices Pager receive only tiny displays simple text messages Sensors, embedded controllers Mobile phones voice, data simple graphical displays PDA simple graphical displays character recognition simplified WWW Performance Palmtops tiny keyboard simple versions of standard applications Laptop fully functional standard applications Seite 9 Wireless s in Comparison to Fixed s Higher loss-rates due to interference Emissions of e.g. engines, lightning Restrictive regulations of frequencies Frequencies have to be coordinated, useful frequencies are almost all occupied Low transmission rates Local some Mbit/s, regional currently up to 384 Kbit/s with GPRS/UMTS/ Higher delays, higher jitter Connection setup time with GSM in the second range, several hundred milliseconds for other wireless systems Lower security, simpler active attacking Radio interface accessible for everyone, base station can be simulated, thus attracting calls from mobile phones Always shared medium Secure access mechanisms important Seite 10 Early Wireless Communication Many people in history used light for communication Heliographs, flags ( semaphore ),... 150 BC smoke signals for communication (Polybius, Greece) 1794: optical telegraph, Claude Chappe Here electromagnetic waves are of special importance: 1831 Faraday demonstrates electromagnetic induction J. Maxwell (1831-79): theory of electromagnetic fields, wave equations (1864) H. Hertz (1857-94): demonstrates with an experiment the wave character of electrical transmission through space (1888, in Karlsruhe, Germany, at the location of today s University of Karlsruhe) 1896 - Guglielmo Marconi First demonstration of wireless telegraphy (digital!) Long wave transmission, high transmission power necessary (> 200kw) 1907 - Commercial transatlantic connections Huge base stations (30 100m high antennas) 1915 - Wireless voice transmission New York - San Francisco 1920 - Discovery of short waves by Marconi Reflection at the ionosphere Smaller sender and receiver, possible due to the invention of the vacuum tube (1906, Lee DeForest and Robert von Lieben) 1926 - Train-phone on the line Hamburg - Berlin Wires parallel to the railroad track Seite 11 Seite 12
1928 - Many TV broadcast trials (across Atlantic, color TV, TV news) 1933 - Frequency modulation (E. H. Armstrong) 1958 - A-Netz in Germany Analog, 160MHz, connection setup only from the mobile station, no handover, 80% coverage, 1971 11000 customers 1972 - B-Netz in Germany Analog, 160MHz, connection setup from the fixed network too (but location of the mobile station has to be known) available also in Austria, Netherlands and Luxembourg, 1979 13000 customers in Germany 1979 - NMT at 450MHz (Scandinavian countries) 1982 - Start of GSM-specification Goal: pan-european digital mobile phone system with roaming 1983 - Start of the American AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System, analog) 1984 - CT-1 standard (Europe) for cordless telephones Seite 13 1986 - C-Netz in Germany Analog voice transmission, 450MHz, hand-over possible, digital signaling, automatic location of mobile device Was in use until 2000, services: FAX, modem, X.25, e-mail, 98% coverage 1991 - Specification of DECT Digital European Cordless Telephone (today: Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) 1880-1900MHz, ~100-500m range, 120 duplex channels, 1.2Mbit/s data transmission, voice encryption, authentication, up to several 10000 user/km2, used in more than 50 countries 1992 - Start of GSM In Germany as D1 and D2, fully digital, 900MHz, 124 channels Automatic location, hand-over, cellular Roaming in Europe - now worldwide in more than 170 countries Services: data with 9.6kbit/s, FAX, voice,... Seite 14 1994 - E-Netz in Germany GSM with 1800MHz, smaller cells As E-plus in Germany (1997 98% coverage of the population) 1996 - HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area ) ETSI, standardization of type 1: 5.15-5.30GHz, 23.5Mbit/s Recommendations for type 2 and 3 (both 5GHz) and 4 (17GHz) as wireless ATM-networks (up to 155Mbit/s) 1997 - Wireless LAN IEEE 802.11 IEEE standard, 2.4-2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s Already many (proprietary) products available in the beginning 1998 - Specification of GSM successors UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) as European proposals for IMT-2000 Iridium: 66 satellites (+6 spare), 1.6GHz to the mobile phone Seite 15 1999 - Standardization of additional wireless LANs IEEE standard 802.11b, 2.4-2.5GHz, 11Mbit/s Bluetooth for piconets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s Decision about IMT-2000 Several members of a family : UMTS, cdma2000, DECT, Start of WAP (Wireless Application Protocol) and i-mode Access to many (Internet) services via the mobile phone 2000 - GSM with higher data rates HSCSD offers up to 57,6kbit/s First GPRS trials with up to 50 kbit/s (packet oriented!) UMTS auctions/beauty contests Hype followed by disillusionment (approx. 50 B$ payed in Germany for 6 UMTS licences!) 2001 - Start of 3G systems Cdma2000 in Korea, UMTS in Europe, Foma (almost UMTS) in Japan 2002 Standardization of high-capacity wireless networks IEEE 802.16 als Wireless MAN Seite 16
Wireless Systems transmission rate (MBit/s) 100.0 10.0 1.0 0.1 0.01 wired devices WMAN WLAN CORDLESS (CT, DECT) Office Building stationary walk drive Indoor HIPERLAN UMTS CELLULAR (GSM) Outdoor mobility CT - Cordless Telephony (analogous predecessor of DECT) DECT - Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (Standard for wireless phones in a local range) GSM - Global System for Mobile Communication (cellular phone system) UMTS - Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (universal system, comprising several different access systems) WLAN - Wireless Local Area (Standard for wireless networking of (portable) computer) HIPERLAN alternative LAN to WLAN, wireless ATM enhancement WMAN Wireless MAN (Bridging the last mile between a fixed network and the end user, wireless alternative to DSL) And furthermore: Satellite systems, Bluetooth/IrDA in very short range Seite 17 Wireless Systems: Overview of the Evolution 1981: NMT 450 1986: NMT 900 cellular phones satellites cordless wireless LAN phones 1992: GSM analogue digital 1994: DCS 1800 1991: CDMA 2000: GPRS 1983: AMPS 1991: D-AMPS 1993: PDC 4G fourth generation: when and how? 1982: Inmarsat-A 1988: Inmarsat-C 2001: IMT-2000/UMTS 1992: Inmarsat-B Inmarsat-M 1998: Iridium 1980: CT0 1984: CT1 1987: CT1+ 1989: CT 2 1991: DECT 200?: Fourth Generation (Internet based) 199x: proprietary 1997: IEEE 802.11 1999: 802.11b, Bluetooth 2000: IEEE 802.11a 2002: IEEE 802.16 Seite 18 Contents of this lecture: Personal Area s Personal Area s (very small range) IrDA (Infrared Data Association) Standard for connecting devices using infrared light Data rate up to 4 Mb/s gross, used only 115 Kb/s Range of some meters, only line of sight Susceptible to disturbances IEEE 802.15 (WPAN, Bluetooth): Data rates up to 723 Kb/s Range up to ca. 10/15 meters (with higher transmission power, also 100 meters are no problem), forming of small radio cells Ad-hoc ing: spontaneous (automatically) connection of several devices (maximally 8) to an independent network Used with cellular phones, Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs),... Contents of this lecture: Wireless Local Area s Wireless LANs (small range) IEEE 802.11 (Wireless LAN, WLAN) The standard for supporting mobile computers High data rates: currently up to 54 MBit/s layer and MAC: often called wireless variant of Ethernet Base stations (Access Point, AP) connect WLAN with fixed Ethernet, additionally WLAN enables forming ad-hoc networks Transmission medium: radio and infrared IEEE 802.16 (WirelessMAN) 802.11 mainly supports mobility, 802.16 more focuses on connecting buildings Higher data rates (32-134 Mb/s), larger range HIPERLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area ) Several variants, from Type 1 with 23,5 Mb/s up to Type 4 with 155 Mb/s Range varies between 50 meter up to 5 kilometer No products Seite 19 Seite 20
Contents of this lecture: Telecommunication s Cordless Systems DECT (Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications) Standard for cordless telephony Transmission of voice and data in short range (at home) Cellular Systems (medium range) GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) Mainly designed for voice transmission, also used for data transmission (Wide Area ) Low data rates (9,6 Kb/s) Enhancements for data transmission (EDGE, GPRS, HSCSD) UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) Also: IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications) Integration of all types of data, rates up to 2 Mb/s Overlay s integration of heterogeneous fixed and mobile networks with varying transmission characteristics Vertical Handover campus metropolitan area Horizontal Handover regional and for word-wide coverage: satellites. Seite 21 indoor Seite 22 Areas of Research in Mobile Communication Simple Reference Model used here Wireless communication Transmission quality (bandwidth, error rate, delay) Modulation, coding, interference Media access, regulations... Mobility Location dependent services Location transparency Quality of Service support (delay, jitter, security)... Portability Power consumption Limited computing power, sizes of display,... Usability... Application Transport Radio Medium Application Transport Seite 23 Seite 24
Relation to OSI Reference Model Structure of the Lecture Application Layer Transport Layer Layer Layer Layer Service location Adaptive application New applications Congestion and flow control Quality of Service Addressing, routing Device location Handover Medium access control Multiplexing Authentication Frequencies, modulation Interferences, attenuation Encryption Chapter 2 Technical Basics: Layer 1 Methods for Medium Access: Layer 2 Chapter 3 Wireless s: Bluetooth, WLAN, WirelessMAN, WirelessWAN Mobile s: GSM, GPRS, UMTS Satellites and Broadcast s Chapter 4 Mobility on the network layer: Mobile IP, Routing, Ad-Hoc s Mobility on the transport layer: reliable transmission, flow control, QoS Mobility support on the application layer Seite 25 Seite 26