Smart Sensor Systems Design for Smartphones, Tablets and IoT: New Advanced Design Approach

Transcription

1 Smart Sensor Systems Design for Smartphones, Tablets and IoT: New Advanced Design Approach Dr. Sergey Y. Yurish, R&D Director Excelera, S.L., Barcelona, Spain Tutorial, August 23, 2015, Venice, Italy

2 Outline Introduction: Markets and Definitions Modern Challenges Sensor Systems Design: Introduction Advanced Sensor Systems Design Sensors Systems Examples The Future and Summary 2 International Frequency Sensor Association

3 Outline Introduction: Markets and Definitions Modern Challenges Sensor Systems Design: Introduction Advanced Sensor Systems Design Sensors Systems Examples The Future and Summary 3 International Frequency Sensor Association

4 Internet of Things (IoT) Devices are focused on sensing and actuating of physical environment IoT represents the convergence in advances miniaturization, wireless connectivity, increased data storage capacity and batteries IoT wouldn t be possible without sensors A common requirement for IoT end nodes is the need for small size 4 International Frequency Sensor Association

5 Global Internet of Things (IoT) Market Grows at a compound annual growth rate CAGR of % over the period (Research and Markets) 50 billion devices are expected to be connected to the Internet by 2020 (Cisco's IBSG) By 2020, sensors will link 212 billion of objects through the Internet of Things (IoT): (IDC) Internet of Things market is on track to hit $7.1 trillion in 2020 (IT research agency, IDC) 5 International Frequency Sensor Association

6 Global Smartphone Shipments 6 International Frequency Sensor Association

7 Global Tablet Shipments 7 International Frequency Sensor Association

8 Global Sensor Markets Global Sensor Market will reach US $154.4 Billion by 2020 with a five-year compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10.1% (BCC Research) Global Microsensors Market (including MEMS, biochips and nanosensors) will reach US $15.8 Billion by 2018 with CAGR) of 10.0 % (BCC Research) Global Smart Sensors Market to reach US $6.7 Billion by 2017 (Global Industry Analysts, Inc.) European Smart Sensors Market expected to grow up to US $2, million till 2018 with a CAGR of %. 8 International Frequency Sensor Association

9 Application Market Niche Smartphone and Tablets Sensors Market will rise to US $6.5 billion in 2018 (IHS) Combo-sensor Market will growth to 1.5 Billion EUR by International Frequency Sensor Association

10 Smartphone Sensors Classification 10 International Frequency Sensor Association

11 Digital Sensors Number of physical phenomenon, on the basis of which direct conversion sensors with digital outputs can be designed, is essentially limited Angular-position encoders and cantilever-based accelerometers examples of digital sensors of direct conversion There are not any nature phenomenon with discrete performances changing under pressure, temperature, etc. 11 International Frequency Sensor Association

12 Angular-Position Encoder 12 International Frequency Sensor Association

13 Digital Accelerometer Toshihiro Itoh, Takeshi Kobayashi, Hironao Okada, A Digital Output Piezoelectric Accelerometer for Ultra-low Power Wireless Sensor Node, in Proceedings of IEEE Sensors 2008, October 2008, Lecce, Italy, pp International Frequency Sensor Association

14 6-Axis Motion Processing Solution (I) 14 International Frequency Sensor Association

15 6-Axis Motion Processing Solution (II) 15 International Frequency Sensor Association

16 Modern Challenges Introduction: Markets and Definitions Modern Challenges Sensor Systems Design: Introduction Advanced Sensor Systems Design Sensors Systems Examples The Future and Summary 16 International Frequency Sensor Association

17 Technological Limitations Below the 100 nm technology processes the design of analog and mixed-signal circuits becomes essentially more difficult Long development time, risk, cost, low yield rate and the need for very high volumes The limitation is not only an increased design effort but also a growing power consumption However, digital circuits becomes faster, smaller, and less power hungry 17 International Frequency Sensor Association

18 Signal- and Data Processing Limitations Sensor Fusion is a complex procedure deals with analog signals Only limited number of sensing elements can be integrated into a combosensors 18 International Frequency Sensor Association

19 Sensor Types Divided According to Outputs International Frequency Sensor Association (IFSA), Study, International Frequency Sensor Association

20 Analog and Quasi-Digital Sensors Analog sensor - sensor based on the usage of an amplitude modulation of electromagnetic processes Quasi-digital sensors are discrete frequency-time domain sensors with frequency, period, duty-cycle, time interval, pulse number or phase shift output Quasi-digital sensors combine a simplicity and universatility that is inherent to analog devices and accuracy and noise immunity, proper to sensors with digital output 20 International Frequency Sensor Association

21 Voltage output vs. Frequency Output V(t) V(t) V 2 V V (2 Bar) 5 V (4 Bar) (a) (b) V 1 < V 2 T x2 = 1/f x2 V(t) TTL T x1 = 1/f x1 V(t) TTL (4 Bar) (2 Bar) (a) (b) T x1 > T x2, f x1 < f x2 21 International Frequency Sensor Association

22 Quasi-Digital Sensors Quasi-digital sensor is a sensor with frequency, period, its ratio or difference, frequency deviation, duty-cycle (or duty-off factor), time interval, pulse width (or space) pulse number, PWM or phase shift output. f x τ T x N x D.c. φ PW M Q x f 1 /f 2 22 International Frequency Sensor Association

23 Quasi-Digital Sensors: Types International Frequency Sensor Association (IFSA), Study International Frequency Sensor Association

24 Informative Parameters Duty-cycle: D.C.= t p /T x Duty-off factor: 1/D.C. = T x /t p PWM signal: t s /t p ratio at T x = constant 24 International Frequency Sensor Association

25 Digital Output Sensors Binary code Serial interfaces RS232/485/422, USB Parallel interfaces (8-, 16-, 32-bits) Sensor buses: SPI, I2C, CAN, SMBus, LIN, etc Binary code 25 International Frequency Sensor Association

26 Frequency Advantages High Noise Immunity High Power Signal Wide Dynamic Range High Reference Accuracy Simple Interfacing Simple Integration and Coding Multiparametricity 26 International Frequency Sensor Association

27 Sensor Systems Design: Introduction Introduction: Markets and Definitions Modern Challenges Sensor Systems Design: Introduction Advanced Sensor Systems Design Sensors Systems Examples The Future and Summary 27 International Frequency Sensor Association

28 Smart Sensors Design Smart Sensor S V x (I x ) ADC BUS - Classical approach Smart Sensor S f x FDC BUS - Proposed approaches Smart Sensor S V x (I x ) VFC f x FDC BUS 28 International Frequency Sensor Association

29 Quasi-Digital Sensor Classification Quasi-Digital Sensors x(t) F(t) x(t) V(t) F(t) x(t) P(t) F(t) x(t) measurand; F(t) frequency; V(t) voltage, proportional to the measurand; P(t) parameter 29 International Frequency Sensor Association

30 Quasi-Digital and Digital Sensors in System Hierarchy 30 International Frequency Sensor Association

31 Quasi-Digital Sensors: Summary There are many quasi-digital sensors and transducers for any physical and chemical, electrical and non electrical quantities Various frequency-time parameters of signals are used as informative parameters: f x, T x, D.C., PWM, T, ϕ x, etc. The frequency range is very broad: from some parts of Hz to some MHz Relative error up to 0.01% and better 31 International Frequency Sensor Association

32 Advanced Sensor Systems Design Introduction: Markets and Definitions Modern Challenges Sensor Systems Design: Introduction Advanced Sensor Systems Design Sensors Systems Examples The Future and Summary 32 International Frequency Sensor Association

33 USTI-MOB Can measure all frequency-time parameters of signal Low relative error up ± % Wide frequency range: 0.25 Hz to 1.95 (31) MHz I2C, SPI and RS232 interfaces 2-channel + sensing element Supply voltage: 1.8 V Active supply current < 0.85 ma Packages: 5 x 5 mm MLF package (4 x 4 mm is coming), TQFP, PDIP 33 International Frequency Sensor Association

34 USTI-MOB Features Based on four patented methods for frequency, period, duty-cycle and phase shift measurements Constant relative error in all frequency range of measurements Non redundant conversion time Scalable resolution 34 International Frequency Sensor Association

35 USTI-MOB s Measuring Modes Frequency, f x, [Hz] Period, T X [s] Phase shift, ϕ X [ 0 ] Time interval between start and stop-pulse [s], Duty-cycle, D.C. and Duty-off factor, Q Frequency f X1 f X2 [Hz] and period T X1 T X2 [s] difference Frequency f X1 /f X2 and period T X1/ T X2 ratio Rotational speed, n X [rpm] Pulse width, t p and Space interval, t s [s] Pulse number (events) counting, N X Frequency deviation absolute DA [Hz] and relative DR [%] Resistance, R x [Ω] Capacitance, C x [F] Resistive bridges, B x Generating mode 2 MHz 35 International Frequency Sensor Association

36 USTI-MOB Block Diagram USTI-MOB 36 International Frequency Sensor Association

37 Comparison Performances of USTI-MOB and USTI Parameter USTI-MOB USTI Programmable relative error, % ±( ) ±( ) Frequency range of measurement, Hz Reference frequency, MHz 4 20 Generating mode, MHz 2 10 Supply voltage, V Current * consumption For custom design IC (active mode), ma Operation temperature range, 0 C International Frequency Sensor Association

38 USTI-MOB Evaluation Board Prototype 38 International Frequency Sensor Association

39 Evaluation Board s Circuit Diagram 39 International Frequency Sensor Association

40 USTI RS232 Interface (Master) 40 International Frequency Sensor Association

41 USTI RS232 Interface (Slave) 41 International Frequency Sensor Association

42 USTI I 2 C Interface 42 International Frequency Sensor Association

43 USTI SPI Interface 43 International Frequency Sensor Association

44 Software (Terminal V1.9b) 44 International Frequency Sensor Association

45 USTI-MOB Calibration Procedure >T ; set the IC into the calibration mode >F ; correction command >F ; check the correction value in the IC ; returned correction factor I. TEST f osc /2 II. TEST f osc /2 Calibrated USTI-MOB 45 International Frequency Sensor Association

46 Temperature Drift Calibration The USTI-MOB is working in the industrial temperature range: 40 о C о C Temperature drift error can be eliminated by the calibration in an appropriate working temperature ranges 46 International Frequency Sensor Association

47 No Calibrate If: Relative error of measurement > ±0.026 % Use a precision temperature-compensated integrated generator with ±1 ppm frequency stability over the -40 C to +85 C In this case a custom designed USTI-MOB should be ordered 47 International Frequency Sensor Association

48 Experimental Set-up: f x, T x, t x, its Ratio and Difference 48 International Frequency Sensor Association

49 Measuring Equipment 49 International Frequency Sensor Association

50 Results of 10 Hz Measurements 50 International Frequency Sensor Association

51 Results of 100 Hz Measurements 51 International Frequency Sensor Association

52 Results of 1.95 MHz Measurements 52 International Frequency Sensor Association

53 Frequency (Period) Ratio Measurement: f x1 /f x2 (T x1 /T x2 ) 53 International Frequency Sensor Association

54 Pulse Width Measurement, t x 54 International Frequency Sensor Association

55 Experimental Set-up for Phase Angle Measurements, ϕ x 55 International Frequency Sensor Association

56 Measuring Equipment for ϕ x Measurement 56 International Frequency Sensor Association

57 Rectangular Waveform Signals (120 0 ϕ x at 1 khz) 57 International Frequency Sensor Association

58 Phase Shift Measurement Absolute Error at 10 Hz and 100 Hz 58 International Frequency Sensor Association

59 Phase Shift Measurement Absolute Error at 1 khz and 4 khz 59 International Frequency Sensor Association

60 Sine Waveform Signals (90 0 ϕ x at 100 Hz) 60 International Frequency Sensor Association

61 Phase Shift Measurement Absolute Error at 100 Hz and 1 khz 61 International Frequency Sensor Association

62 Maximum Absolute Errors Waveform Frequency, Hz Max. Absolute Error, ± 0.17 Sine ± ± ± 0.06 Rectangular ± ± International Frequency Sensor Association

63 Commands for RS232, I2C and SPI Interfaces 63 International Frequency Sensor Association

64 Duty-Cycle and PWM Signal 64 International Frequency Sensor Association

65 Duty-Cycle Measurement at 100 khz and 500 Hz 65 International Frequency Sensor Association

66 Duty-cycle Values vs. Frequencies Frequency, khz Duty-cycle, % < > International Frequency Sensor Association

67 Multisensor System for Smartphones and Tablets 67 International Frequency Sensor Association

68 Analog Sensors Interfacing 68 International Frequency Sensor Association

69 Measurement Time Calculation T = t + t + meas conv comm t calc t t conv conv = = 1 f N f x δ 0 + if (0 N f δ 0 T x ) T if x N f δ 0 T x where Nδ =1/δ is the number proportional to the required programmable relative error δ The calculation time depends on operands and is as usually tcalc 20 ms 69 International Frequency Sensor Association

70 Communication Time For RS232 interface: t = 10 n comm t bit where tbit = 1/300, 1/600, 1/1200, 1/2400, 1/4800, 1/9600, 1/14400, 1/19200, 1/28800, 1/38400 or 1/76800 is the time for one bit transmitting; n is the number of bytes (n = for ASCII format). For SPI interface: t comm = 8 n f 1 SCLK where fsclk = 28 khz is the serial clock frequency; n=12 13 is the number of bytes: for BCD (n=13) or binary (n=12) formats 1 For I 2 C interface: tcomm = 8 n f SCL where fscl= 20 khz is the serial clock frequency n=12 13 is the number of bytes for measurement result: BCD (n = 13) or binary (n =12). 70 International Frequency Sensor Association

71 Dependence of t conv (δ x,f x ) in the frequency range from 0.5 to 1 MHz 71 International Frequency Sensor Association

72 Sensors Systems Examples Introduction: Markets and Definitions Modern Challenges Sensor Systems Design: Introduction Advanced Sensor Systems Design Sensors Systems Examples The Future and Summary 72 International Frequency Sensor Association

73 Smartphone based Weather Station Temperature sensors SMT172 MS54XX Miniature SMD Pressure Sensor Humidity Sensor 73 International Frequency Sensor Association

74 Commands for USTI-MOB (I2C Interface) 74 International Frequency Sensor Association

75 Measuring Channel Measuring Channel Sensor VFC USTI-MOB Relative Error s Components: ±δ s, % ±δ VFC, % ±δ q, % - quantization error ±δ o, % - reference error Main considerations: USTI-MOB s relative error (δ q ) must be in one order less (or at the lease in 5 times less than the sensor s error) The reference error for calibrated USTI-MOB is δ o =± % 75 International Frequency Sensor Association

76 Low Power Consumption Temperature Sensor Systems 76 International Frequency Sensor Association

77 Accelerometer Sensor Systems 77 International Frequency Sensor Association

78 Commands for RS232 Interface 78 International Frequency Sensor Association

79 Barometric Pressure Sensor (I) 79 International Frequency Sensor Association

80 Barometric Pressure Sensor (II) 80 International Frequency Sensor Association

81 USTI-MOB Custom Design Extended functionality New measuring modes Customized units of measurements Improved metrological performance and communication interfaces 81 International Frequency Sensor Association

82 The Future USTI-WSN ASIC or IC SoC/SiP 82 International Frequency Sensor Association

83 USTI-WSN The same metrological performance and functionality as USTI IC Includes RF-CMOS 2.4 GHz radio transceiver IEEE , ZigBee, IPv6/6LoWPAN, RF4CE, SP100, WirelessHART and ISM applications Supply voltage is 1.8 V Current consumption is less than 18.8 ma in active mode 64-pad QFN package 83 International Frequency Sensor Association

84 Traditional Approach Analog sensors with voltage or current outputs Analog multiplexer Multichannel ADC 84 International Frequency Sensor Association

85 Sensor Node Interface A. Bayo, N. Medrano, B. Calvo, S. Celma, A Programmable Sensor Conditioning Interface for Low-Power Applications, Proc. of the Eurosensors XXIV, 5-8 September, 2010, Linz, Austria, Procedia Engineering, Vol. 5, 2010, pp International Frequency Sensor Association

86 Wireless Telemetry Pulse Acquisition Module T24-PA Frequency range: 0.5 Hz 3 khz Relative error: 0.15 % 0.25 % Frequency, time and RPM measuring modes 86 International Frequency Sensor Association

87 Pulse-to-Wireless Converters 87 International Frequency Sensor Association

88 Sensor Node Architecture Sensing Sub-system Processing Sub-system Communication Sub-system Power Management Sub-system 88 International Frequency Sensor Association

89 Sensor Node Architecture Sensing Sub-system Processing Sub-system Communication Sub-system Power Management Sub-system 89 International Frequency Sensor Association

90 Node on Chip 90 International Frequency Sensor Association

91 Comparative Performances Parameter T24-PA Relative error, % USTI-MOB IC Frequency Range, Hz Min.Time interval, s 333E E RPM range (presuming 1 pulse/rev), rpm unlimited Active Supply Current, ma International Frequency Sensor Association

92 Price Comparison ICs ADS1278, 24-bit, 8 channels, SPI USTI-MOB, 3 channels, SPI, I2C, RS232 + any digital multiplexer (8 channels or more) Manufacturers Price, $ US (in quantities of 1, 000) Texas Instruments Excelera, S.L Saving: = International Frequency Sensor Association

93 Series of UFDC and USTI ICs Universal Sensors and Transducer Interface (USTI) Universal Frequency-to-Digital Converter (UFDC-1 & 1M-16) Evaluation boards USTI-EXT for Auto, Aerospace & Defense applications USTI MOB for ultra-low power applications 93 International Frequency Sensor Association

94 Current Consumption Comparison IC Active Supply Current, ma USTI-MOB 0.85 USTI 11 USTI-EXT 11 USTI-WSN * ~ 18.8 UFDC UFDC-1 20 * - coming soon 94 International Frequency Sensor Association

95 Conclusions Quasi-digital sensors and digital sensors on its basis are more attractive for mobile devices and IoT because of they let to eliminate current technological limitations Proposed advanced design approach lets significantly increase a sensor system integration level and metrological performance A lot of different sensors can be integrated by the same way in any mobile devices and IoT without complex sensor fusion algorithms 95 International Frequency Sensor Association

96 Reading and Practice International Frequency Sensor Association

97 Contact Information Excelera, S.L. Parc UPC-PMT, Edifici RDIT-K2M C/ Esteve Terradas, Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain Tel.: SYurish@excelera.io Web: 97 International Frequency Sensor Association

98 Questions & Answers 98 International Frequency Sensor Association