Upper Nile State COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT SOUTH SUDAN. Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control

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1 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT Upper Nile State SOUTH SUDAN Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission United Nations Development Programme Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands

2 The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control under the Ministry of Interior is the Government agency of South Sudan mandated to address the threats posed by the proliferation of small arms and community insecurity to peace and development. The South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission is mandated to promote peaceful co-existence amongst the people of South Sudan and advises the Government on matters related to peace. The United Nations Development Programme in South Sudan, through the Community Security and Arms Control Project, supports the Bureau strengthen its capacity in the area of community security and arms control at the national, state and county levels. The consultation process was led by the Government of South Sudan, with support from the Government of the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Cover photo: A senior chief from Upper Nile. UNDP/Sun-ra Lambert Baj

3 COMMUNITY CONSULTATION REPORT Upper Nile State South Sudan Published by South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission United Nations Development Programme MAY 2012 JUBA, SOUTH SUDAN

4 CONTENTS Acronyms... i Foreword....ii Executive Summary... iv 1. Introduction Background on Upper Nile State Methodology 3.1. PRA training of facilitators County consultation process The Validation Meeting Summary of Findings Nature of insecurity... 6 Insecurity dynamics... 7 Conflict affecting women... 9 Causes of insecurity County-Specific Findings 5.1. Akoka County Bailet County Fashoda County Longochuk County Maban County Maiwut County Makal County Manyo County Melut County Nasser County Panyikang County Renk County Ulang County Observations and Conclusions Next Steps Maps Map of Upper Nile State... 3 Seasonal grazing areas... 8 Annex 1. Summary of Proposed Conflict-Sensitive Projects in Upper Nile... 54

5 i ACRONYMS BCSSAC CAP CPA CRMA CSAC DDR FAO GoSS HIV IDP NGO JIU PRA RCO RRA SAF SPLA/M ToT UN UNDP UNHCR UNMISS UNS WFP Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control Community Action Plan Comprehensive Peace Agreement Crisis Risk and Mapping Analysis Community Security and Arms Control Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration Food Agricultural Organization Government of South Sudan Human Immunodeficiency Virus Internally Displaced Person Non- Governmental Organization Joint Integrated Units Participatory Rural Appraisal Resident Coordinator s Office Rapid Rural Appraisal Sudan Armed Forces Sudan People s Liberation Army/Movement Training of Trainers United Nations United Nations Development Programme United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees United Nations Mission in South Sudan Upper Nile State World Food Programme

6 ii FOREWORD At the core of peacebuilding and development in South Sudan is the achievement and sustainability of security among communities who stand to benefit most from peace dividends. However, small arms and light weapons (SALW) continue to proliferate amongst civilians, posing a threat to community safety and largely, to the political stability and economic development of the country. The Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) is addressing this threat by mobilising and building bridges between communities and the government towards peaceful disarmament. The Bureau also leads the process of formulating small arms control policies and regulations as well as develops rule of law and conflict-sensitive development measures to address the root causes of community insecurity. The Bureau works in partnership with the United Nations Development Programme s (UNDP) Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project and other regional and international bodies to foster a collective action that will address the larger issues around the illicit proliferation of small arms. The Bureau has been leading the process towards conducting community consultations, with technical and financial assistance from UNDP. This approach is part of our long-term agenda of creating an enabling environment within communities, by extending state authority to the grassroots. The consultations allow the Bureau to effectively gather communities knowledge and opinions of community security in 55 counties thus far, thereby facilitating for an evidence-backed process for programming and policy formulation. Going down to the county level provides communities most affected by insecurity the opportunity to voice their concerns. In turn, it provides authorities inroads to the perception and attitudes of their communities. County authorities and community members are empowered to identify the root causes of conflict and create a county action plan that will address these issues. The Bureau subscribes to this dynamic, bottom-up approach which is a proven methodology that brings the Government to the people and has the ability to triangulate the governance, security and socio-economic aspects of conflict in South Sudan. We are therefore pleased to disseminate the outcomes of community consultations to other stakeholders, decision-makers and policy-makers. The Bureau recognizes the valuable partnership it has with UNDP through the CSAC Project, the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC), other UN agencies and programmes, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), state and county governments, and most of all the community members who were actively involved in the consultations. Major General Daniel Deng Lual Chairperson Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control Ministry of Internal Affairs South Sudan

7 iii FOREWORD Following South Sudan s independence in July 2011, communities most affected by conflict have made security their chief priority. The Government and communities recognized that security is a pre-requisite for service delivery, economic activity and growth. In the process of state-building, it is equally important that the Government interface with communities to understand their needs and concerns. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) in South Sudan supports the country s statebuilding process by focusing, among others, on peacebuilding and community security efforts. We work with the Government and communities to ensure that conflict sensitivity and responsiveness are mainstreamed into state and county planning. The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project is the cornerstone of UNDP s peacebuilding efforts. Since 2009, CSAC has supported the Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC) to address the root causes of armed violence and implement conflict-sensitive development projects and peacebuilding measures at the county level. CSAC supports the extension of state authority by supporting county consultations to understand the needs of the community and give the local government the opportunity to deliver services that meet these needs, thus undermining the demand or civilian use of small arms. UNDP has supported the Government address the security priorities that communities identified during the consultations, through conflict-sensitive projects being implemented in six states in South Sudan. While current CSAC projects on the ground are limited to address the communities top-most security needs, these projects complement other government initiatives whose programmes have been supporting conflict prevention at the state and county levels. UNDP fully supports the Government s key priorities as it moves forward to establishing community security and development. We value our partnerships with our national counterparts and will continue to support their initiatives towards providing greater stability for communities most affected by conflict. George Conway Country Director, a.i. United Nations Development Programme South Sudan

8 iv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Following the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) in January 2005, the Government of South Sudan has focused on peacebuilding, conflict prevention and recovery. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) supports the Government and national partners secure peace and stability through targeted crisis prevention and recovery projects. UNDP s Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project works with the state agencies, namely the Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control (BCSSAC) and the South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission (SSPRC) to conduct extensive consultations in counties across the states. The consultations support conflict-sensitive initiatives identified at the county level. The strategy is tailored to enhance the visibility and legitimacy of government especially at lower levels. By fostering extensive dialogue and engagement between the communities and the state government, both parties can find solutions to existing insecurity. Community consultations in Upper Nile State were conducted to identify key insecurity issues and priorities, as well as assess the challenges of county governments in addressing insecurity. Most importantly, the exercise aimed to identify a wider peacebuilding and stabilisation framework for Upper Nile. The Upper Nile region bore the burden of violence during the civil war primarily due to militia groups living and operating in the area. It has become one of the most marginalised states in South Sudan; humanitarian aid started to increase only in Despite a number of private oil companies in the state, Upper Nile s development indicators remain negligibly low for education, health, sanitation and access to clean drinking water. Further, communities in the southwestern border suffered from violence following elections and the political defeat of the renegade army commander George Athor, later captured and killed by the Sudan People s Liberation Army (SPLA). Upper Nile State also faces external threats from the bordering Gambella region in Ethiopia which is dominated by armed groups and plagued with inter-communal disputes and competition for scarce natural resources. The consultation process employed Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) methods to collect data, i.e. community mapping, seasonal calendars, trend lines and semi-structured interviews in each of the 13 counties. Consultations were held in May 2010 to get an in-depth understanding of community members perceptions on the different security issues affecting their respective counties. To facilitate a more open discussion, respondents were at times consulted in different groups, namely women, youth, traditional leaders/elders, security organs/law enforcement teams and county administrators. In summary, participants identified economic and sociocultural influences, land and/or boundaries, and arms trading as the key causes of conflict across Upper Nile. Majority of the participants expressed that cattle raiding stems from both the economic need and the desire for prestige. Closely related to this is conflict from unclear land demarcation between counties or between a county and its neighboring states. As pastoralists herd their cattle, crossing borders can become violent as herders and communities fight over their historical territories, or over scarce water and pastureland. Clashes also occur between communities that use land for agriculture and those that use land for cattle grazing. Community participants perceived that the presence of gangs possessing small arms are crucial to their safety. Communities particularly cited the marginalized and disenfranchised youth who have no tribal affiliations and operate across tribes as a threat to their security. Detailed findings were documented per county, including a conflict analysis matrix, prioritisation of security issues and a Community Action Plan. These are presented in detail in Section 5. Findings from the consultations were used to feed into state government projects, with support from CSAC, which will address the top-most insecurity priorities of communities. A map of Upper Nile on Section 7 illustrates the various locations of these projects. The findings will also serve as an important base information for Government programming and policy making, as well as for other organizations working towards building community security in South Sudan.

9 1 1. INTRODUCTION The Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) signed in January 2005 marked a critical juncture for Sudan, and especially for South Sudan, the area most affected by Africa s longest running civil war. The prolonged conflict has left South Sudan with development conditions among the lowest to be found anywhere in the world, as measured by almost any indicator. Some of the challenges include enormous and urgent social and economic recovery as well as the need to mitigate the risks of both man-made and natural crises further impacting the development prospects of the region. UNDP, through its Crisis Prevention and Recovery Unit (CPRU), carries out programmes that support national partners to secure peace and stability. More specifically, UNDP implements targeted crisis prevention and recovery projects. Localized conflicts, internally displaced people and the mass return of refugees illustrate that continued efforts to promote peace and stability in South Sudan are essential. The Community Security and Arms Control (CSAC) Project supports the Government to strengthen its capacity in the area of community security and arms control at the national, state, and county levels. Government leadership or engagement in all activities is essential in all CSAC projects. CSAC works through the Government agencies, the CSSAC Bureau and the SSPRC, formerly the Ministry of Peace and CPA Implementation. Since 2009, CSAC has been providing capacity building support to both agencies, as well as to state and county governments to conduct extensive consultations in counties across six states in South Sudan, including Eastern Equatoria, Jonglei, Lakes, Unity, Upper Nile and Warrap. The consultations support conflict prevention initiatives identified at the county level. Through a developed strategy of engagement between state-civil actors, a process is initiated where communities have an opportunity to voice their concerns and set priorities that feed into decisionmaking and state planning. The force multipliers are conflict-sensitive projects which are implemented based on the Community Action Plans and priorities set by community members during the consultations. Consultations done in Upper Nile in May 2010 aimed to determine the causes of conflict and develop action plans that would address these issues, as prioritised by members themselves. Specifically, the consultations aimed to: Identify key insecurity concerns affecting community members with a focus on key priorities in addressing and mitigating insecurity; Provide information on the trends and levels of community insecurity and conflict in a regional state; Identify components of a wider peacebuilding and stabilisation framework for the regional state; and Identify priority areas based on consultation with local communities, which can then feed into the eventual state and county planning process.

10 2 2. BACKGROUND ON UPPER NILE STATE Upper Nile State is located in South Sudan s north-eastern region. It has a total area of 77,283 sq km and an estimated population of 964, The state is composed of 13 counties which include Akoka, Bailet, Fashoda, Longochuk, Maban, Maiwut, Makal, Manyo, Melut, Luakpiny/Nasser, Panyikang, Renk and Ulang. The state s dominant tribe is Shilluk but also has residents from the Nuer and Dinka tribes, the Bari-speaking groups as well as Arabs. The Upper Nile region is among the areas that bore a disproportionate burden of violence and unrest during Sudan s civil war due to the preponderance of militia groups living and operating in the region. Upper Nile State has since become one of the most marginalised and devastated regions in South Sudan because of the presence and activities of militias, harsh environmental conditions and the state s proximity to the cultural and military population of the North. Perhaps due to these seemingly insurmountable difficulties, the region only began to experience a significant increase in the presence of humanitarian agencies in Agriculture is the primary economic activity in Upper Nile. People are nomadic agro-pastoralists who engage in both agriculture and the rearing of livestock, primarily cattle. Local farmers are particularly susceptible to the vagaries of the area s unpredictable weather patterns, a factor which greatly affects their productivity from year to year. Even when rains come, its patterns are unreliable and sparse, making it difficult for farmers to plan effective crop rotations. Combined with other environmental deterrents such as the outbreak of pests, disease and flooding, farming in Upper Nile has become a complex and difficult endeavour with little promise of a successful crop yield or food security. Floods have become particularly pronounced in recent years. Farmers have refused to plant in some areas, especially in the lowlands, for fear of loss of agricultural capital. Despite the number of private industry-based oil drilling sites in Upper Nile, the region remains extremely poor with negligible service levels in basic development indicators such as education, health, sanitation, and access to clean drinking water. The meager and contractually obligated community development initiatives carried out by Petrol Dar, one of the area s most prominent oil companies, have done little to affect the quality of life of local communities. Instead, these initiatives generally benefit the local militias which have reportedly terrorized the regional communities and perpetuate patterns of forced displacement. 2 There has been some violence in the communities along Upper Nile s southwestern border following elections and the political defeat of the renegade army commander George Athor. Despite his electoral loss in 2009, he continued to challenge the ruling party and the South Sudan army by demanding that the then-elected state Governor and now the President of South Sudan, and the man who bested him in the election, Salva Kiir Mayardit, step down while issuing both threats to attack and somewhat fatuously offering to negotiate further. Athor was later captured and killed by the SPLA in December In addition to internal disputes, Upper Nile faces external threats. After years of war and instability, many areas of the state s border with the Gambella region in Ethiopia are prone to security issues and are dominated by armed groups, unresolved inter-communal disputes, multiple waves of displacement, and competition for land, water, services and citizenship. 1 5th Sudan Population and Housing Census In Statistical Yearbook for Southern Sudan Southern Sudan Centre for Census, Statistics and Evaluation, p Oil and Violence in Sudan Drilling, Poverty and Death in Upper Nile State. European Coalition on Oil in Sudan (ECOS)

11 3 During the dry season, local water sources dry up and the area s various ethnic groups, including the Nuer-Lao, Nuer-Jikany and the Muerle, drive their cattle toward the Sobat and Pibor rivers in Akobo County. The seasonal concentration of cattle, combined with the multitude of tribes and armed groups in a small area often results in increased tension and inter-ethnic fighting, continuing well into the rainy season, until the Muerle moves south toward their rainy season pastures. There are also issues in the region s constantly shifting cattle raiding practices. 3 As stated by an officer in charge of Ulang County, Traditional cattle raiding have always taken place, but we have traditional ways of dealing with that. What we are seeing now are youth gangs with no tribal affiliation and are operating across tribal affiliations we refer to them as the Niggas. According to the majority of the region s traditional mores, women must carry out solely reproductive and domestic roles in the community rather than political ones. This perception is shared by the majority of the population including the women themselves - and undermines efforts to increase their representation and participation in politics. The conservative attitudes of both men and women, coupled with a general lack of female education, information about female rights, limited advocacy initiatives for female empowerment and the general dearth of self-confidence and self-esteem hinder women s capacity to participate in local politics. Thus far, this has resulted in the marginalisation, if not the complete exclusion of women from decisionmaking processes. Participants in the consultations often referred to the political initiatives which influence violence and insecurity in their communities as an area of primary concern. This state of affairs is mostly the result of the ingrained concentration of power along ethno-military lines using political structures as a vehicle for domination. This tendency has been employed to support groups such as the so-called Niggas mentioned earlier at the expense of all other state residents. Such an ill-conceived policy further divides communities along an ideological fault line based on political ideologies. This divisive pattern has been modelled on the power dynamics of political actors in Juba and has been propagated by those in positions of power at all levels of government. 3 Ulang Administrative Officer

12 4 3. METHODOLOGY 3.1. PRA training of facilitators A four-day Training of Trainers (ToT) workshop on Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) program methodology was conducted for UNDP staff, Government staff members and volunteers participating in the consultations from 30 April - 3 May County consultations were subsequently held on May The overall objective of the training was to increase the knowledge and skills of all participating field staff, partner representatives and county community representatives in applying PRA methods and techniques to better inform both consultation leaders and members of the local government in the PRA dynamics. This training was geared toward preparing local teams to facilitate county consultations, identify community security needs and key conflict-sensitive projects that the local communities believe would reduce instability in the 13 counties of Upper Nile State. Key tools discussed in the workshop included: Community mapping: enables participants to identify conflict and areas of insecurity in their respective counties, as well as local level insecurity issues, parties involved and possible conflict-sensitive projects to address the problems identified. Trend lines: allow PRA facilitators to explore changes in security dynamics and the evolving incidence of violence in the years since the signing of the CPA, directly address factors that influenced the increase and decrease in county security, analyse community perceptions of security issues, and encourage the exploration of possible interventions to prevent and/or manage instability. Seasonal calendars: map out the seasonality of security issues, enables discussions on the factors contributing to conflict patterns and the exploration of possible interventions to prevent or manage insecurity. Data organisation tools: allow for the presentation of all emerging security issues and suggests solutions to prepare for the participating stakeholders validation process. The data in this specific study was compiled in a cause/effect matrix. Prioritisation process: allows county stakeholders to identify the most pressing instability issues, opportunities for increased diversity of priorities by gender (men, youth and women) and an understanding of the rationale behind the different rankings by participants in each of the above categories. Semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions: enable participants and stakeholders to cross-check issues which emerge as a result of utilising the various PRA tools discussed above County consultation process The county consultation process was designed to be as inclusive as possible and brought together community representatives and key stakeholders such as members of the Government on the local and county levels, and regional interest groups. Makal County, by virtue of being the host, was the first to undergo the county consultation process and proved to be an excellent venue for pre-testing

13 5 the facilitators newly learnt PRA methodology. Consultation leaders from the UN and its government counterparts were divided into four groups and each had an opportunity to visit three counties. The team proceeded with the consultation process through the following phases: Phase 1: Setting the pace Teams were introduced to participating community members and the objectives of the county consultations were shared. This was to refresh everyone on the purpose of the discussion and create a common understanding. Phase 2: Isolation and mapping out of conflict issues and areas Participants used the appropriate PRA tools including community mapping, seasonal calendars, and trend lines to map out what they believed to be areas of insecurity and conflict areas. They identified and described the dynamics of specific issues and the parties involved, and discussed the causes of those insecurities more fully in a shared forum. Participants also sketched a county map to identify the critical issues which affect stability to capture evidence-based concerns. The map was sketched on the ground in an open space, using locally available materials. These critical issues were translated to a set of priorities, or key issues, analysed and put in the context of localised patterns of insecurity. Phase 3: Semi-structured interviews PRA facilitators conducted semi-structured interviews with leaders/county administrators, chiefs, youth and women. Situations and results differed from county to county. Phase 4: Data organization and presentation The PRA team reviewed, summarized, presented and confirmed the results with community members before sharing them to the state and national governments. Based on the conclusions from the focus groups, communities were able to build consensus on conflict issues and assign a priority level to each, analyzing the causes, primary actors, and effects/impact each has on community life. Phase 5: Preference ranking Communities identified the most integral needs to their safety and quality of life, using the preference ranking tool, one being the highest priority. Phase 6: Community Action Plan (CAP) This was the most tangible result of the community consultations and is intended to delineate the following: Development priorities as agreed upon by the community; Proposed actions and requirements; Duties and responsibilities of individuals and groups, work schedules; Identification of areas where the community requires external assistance. Phase 7: Steering committees Participants created a county steering committee in each county with representatives from the local youth, women, elders, chiefs, security forces and the Government. Steering committees are responsible for initiating project coordination to managing projects in the community.

14 The Validation Meeting The validation meeting, held two days after the consultations, brought together community members, state government representatives, county commissioners, members of the SSPRC, the CSSAC Bureau, Upper Nile State security personnel, NGOs, donors and UN technical staff including UNDP, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS). The meeting intended to share the outcomes of the comprehensive county-level consultations widely to all relevant authorities and stakeholders. The meeting was also an opportunity to validate the agreements made with the communities to ensure that their priorities would be addressed. 4. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS This section provides an overview of the key findings and discussions which emerged from the county consultations. Outcomes from the CSAC consultations are complemented by results from community consultations on socioeconomic threats and risks, through the Crisis Risk and Mapping Analysis (CRMA) Project of UNDP, in partnership with the South Sudan Bureau for National Statistics. CSAC and CRMA collaborated in developing their methodologies and information to provide a layered and indepth community perception database. As such, some of the CRMA socioeconomic risks and threats data complement the issues discussed in this report, as a context for the conflict drivers identified in the CSAC consultations. Nature of insecurity in Upper Nile The specific nature of insecurity varied from county to county. Despite their localised contexts, all of the participating counties expressed consistently recurring issues, underscoring major security problems in the state. Below is a summary of the observations made by the consultation team. Youth are considered to be a major determining factor in the stability of individual communities. If disenfranchised, they can be a destabilizing threat. Many also participate in conflicts either in self-defence or to avenge attacks on their communities. Boundary/land disputes remain a key security issue common to almost all the counties visited. The presence of military barracks within the township posed a number of security problems for women and girls with reported cases of rape and harassment allegedly conducted by drunken soldiers. The lack of water during the dry season and cattle raiding are inter-related. Cattle-raiding peaks during the dry season when nomads migrate to river banks in search of water and pasture for their animals. Competing for such limited resources often led to clashes. Cattle raiding was also often done for quick inflow of capital and to pay high dowries.

15 7 Differing political ideologies increased security concerns in some counties which were considered to be strong bases for the Sudan People s Liberation Movement-Democratic Change (SPLM-DC). Clashes occur between supporters of SPLM-DC and the more centralized SPLM, and often go unreported in the international community. Violence against women occurs regularly but gets little attention. Women are responsible solely for domestic concerns and are often violated when performing actions related to these roles. The so-called Niggas, or the marginalised and disenfranchised youth on the margins of society, are the primary threat to community security. These youths are seen as lawless and are often distinguished by their distinct dress code adopted from neighbouring countries and movies. They are associated with the majority of rape and theft cases. Uncontrolled natural wildlife is a security threat to a number of communities. Snakes and lions are a significant concern to daily productivity, especially among women and girls who search for firewood and water. Border issues and the competition for resources have become increasingly problematic, especially in the southwestern counties like Ulang County bordering Jonglei State. The Nuer- Luo ethnic group also occupy land used by Nuer-Jikany along the Sobat River. Insecurity dynamics Upper Nile is something of a unique entity when compared to the rest of states in South Sudan. Having been under the control of the Government of Sudan for many years, and due to its location bordering South Sudan and Ethiopia, it has constantly been under siege from some hostile threat. As a consequence, it has adopted a multi-dimensional and complex outlook on the nature and dynamics of instability. Over the course of the two civil wars in Sudan (from and from ), Upper Nile has experienced a multitude of parallel local conflicts, the legacies of which still impact human security today. It continues to suffer from ongoing violence, with organised rebels, ethnic militias, and bandits responsible for the bulk of the violence. Despite that consultation participants routinely acknowledged that the state is part of South Sudan, facilitators observed a divided loyalty between the two regions and conflicted perceptions which, if not well managed, indicate a serious possibility of increased current and future conflicts. There was a strong sense of neglect among the participants, as well as lack of assurance from the Government, both at the state and national levels, which could easily become a sense of profound alienation and anger. Chronic underdevelopment in Upper Nile, the lack of investment in state infrastructure, and the influx of large numbers of returnees have led some residents to react violently to the uncontrolled unrest in their areas and the subsequent increased competition over resources. A closer inspection of the causes of insecurity at the county, payam and boma levels reveal an increased pressure on individual actors to meet their own basic needs, making local residents more desperate. The changes in demographic profiles at this level might mask more complex political dimensions. The level of civilian small arms possession remains extremely high in the post-cpa period. Widespread access to arms is undeniably a fundamental factor in the high levels of fatal violence and general insecurity in the region. Any attempts at civilian disarmament would be unrealistic in the region s current state, as the size of the task, local insecurities, cross-border threats and conflicts and the earlier failure of previous accords (Addis Ababa and 1997 Khartoum Peace Agreement 4 ) would make such interventions both ill-conceived and close to impossible. In fact, following a more recent

16 8 Seasonal grazing areas Upper Nile

17 9 attempt at disarmament accomplished very little; instead of surrendering their weapons, many locals hid them to retain as a security measure. Conflict affecting women Women were affected twice as much by security issues. Most local women were widowed during the protracted war and have been conspicuously marginalised by traditional practices. The persistent pressures from drought have also worsened the food security situation and adversely affected the ease of female work. In most of the communities in Upper Nile, women were seen as hunters and gatherers, responsible for providing for their families. Whenever the female household heads were unable to provide, the incidence of domestic violence greatly increased, primarily Semi structured interview with women in Fashoda County. UNDP wife beating. Most of the groups highlighted increased food production as a priority area which would address the issue of insecurity. Causes of insecurity Insecurity in Upper Nile is multi-faceted and constantly evolving. Violence is far more complicated, prevalent and threatening than mere cattle rustling, as is common in other areas. Violent clashes are still fuelled by quarrels over resources but also remain bound in historical group issues and hostilities. The main causes of the conflicts include: Economic and sociocultural influence Cattle and resources The main threats to security in Upper Nile are killings, robbery, and loss of livelihoods through looting or crop theft. Most incidents are connected to cattle rustling, a source of relatively easy income for many of the area s pastoralist inhabitants. Cattle are a highly valued commodity: They are our bank account, said one resident. Cattle rustling is not only an expression of economic need but also of inter-tribal rivalry over resources and grazing. Land and boundary conflicts Land is a major concern throughout South Sudan as a whole and Upper Nile is not an exception, as land issues remain at the heart of tensions between bordering communities. Traditionally, land has been owned by communities and administered under customary law, but there is currently no clear framework for dealing with these issues following the CPA. The Land Act, aimed at establishing a framework for land administration and mandating the South Sudan Land Commission, has yet to be 4 Brief history of modern Sudan. Valentino Achak Deng Foundation. Accessed May

18 10 passed into law. According to community members, the set boundaries in the state remain hotly contested such that new county boundaries have threatened to cause havoc. Participants claimed that land-related conflicts emerge primarily as a result of 1) the constant migration of pastoralist communities in search of water and pasture, 2) competition over land use for agricultural versus grazing Upper Nile State Consultation Validation Meeting. UNDP purposes, and 3) the drying up of wells and water points, which are perceived as a threat among neighbouring communities. Arab nomadic goat herders had reportedly set fire to neighbouring fields to ease the movement of their animals while on their seasonal migrations, delaying harvests by the local Shilluk (Chollo) farmers. In the past, this has caused many groups to migrate in search of water points and has often led to collision and violence. Competition over water The dearth of clean water sources remains a central concern for nearly all of the participating communities. Attempts to access and use potable water have led to intense conflicts and security problems among bordering communities in Upper Nile. Social factors There are multiple social factors that have either caused or led to escalating insecurity including widespread alcoholism and the pervasive appeal of social groups such as the so-called Niggas. Local and international boundaries Upper Nile has a high number of both national and international boundaries which permit the proliferation of small arms from multiple sources, making it difficult to control arms flow into the state. Counties bordering Ethiopia and Sudan are particularly unstable. Widespread access to arms remains a fundamental factor in the high levels of fatal violence and the general levels of insecurity in this region. In addition, armed barracks located along inter-county and international borders often caused more harm than good to domestic security. Barracks are strategically located to best cope with external insurgence yet they threaten the domestic safety of the very states which they are supposed to protect. Arms trading Small arms are prevalent across borders and among pastoral communities. They are widespread and a major deterrent to local safety. These arms are typically in the unsafe hands of thugs and criminals who terrorize villages and communities, causing fear and unrest. Their discursive role in society has become so widespread that both community members and security personnel freely acknowledged that these malcontents would deal arms in public forums and were responsible for arms prevalence throughout Upper Nile and other states of South Sudan. Others reportedly rent out their weapons to earn a living.

19 11 5. COUNTY-SPECIFIC FINDINGS All 13 counties in Upper Nile were visited for the consultation: Akoka, Bailet, Fashoda, Longochuk, Maban, Maiwut, Makal, Manyo, Melut, Luakpiny/Nasser, Panyikang, Renk and Ulang. The summary of each county provided here is based on the analysis of problems and priorities collected and discussed during each consultation. The Community Action Plan for each county was developed to include the priorities established during the plenary presentation of the consultations. It is then intended to inform the Government's conflict-sensitive projects with support from UNDP Akoka County Akoka is the newest county in Upper Nile and is composed of four payams. Despite the presence of a number of powerful oil drilling companies in the area, the county is underdeveloped and the environment is highly polluted. Agricultural activities have been affected by the residual effects of pollution and local residents have associated an increased number of health problems with the oil industry s practices, including a high level of miscarriages in pregnant women. The lack of clean drinking water is also a major concern in Akoka County. Boreholes and water points are limited and there are often clashes over limited available clean drinking water, especially among the women who are responsible for providing for their families and grow the crops. Some community members claimed that some people lost body parts in Mayom Payam after drinking polluted water. The main economic activities in Akoka are rearing animals and growing crops such as maize and sorghum using traditional agricultural farming methods. Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions - Akoka Conflict issues Border disputes Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Land ownership Revenue collection SPLM DC Government of Sudan Akoka community Loss of lives and property Constant fear Cattle raiding Diseases Hunger Disarm the Shilluk Clear demarcation of borders Government protection for civilians Reconciliation after GoSS has disarmed the Fashoda people Lack of clean drinking water Few water points Drought Far distance from the Nile GoSS UNS Akoka community Diseases No harvests Hunger Loss of animals Migration Construct more dams and boreholes Diseases (calazar) Lack of potable water Few and inadequate health centres Sun flies GoSS Akoka community Animals Death Disability Poverty Provide clean water Establish health centres Provide drugs and trained medical personnel Cont...

20 12 Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Akoka County Conflict issues Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Competition over agricultural land Petrol Dar Chinese Canadians Malazianes Indians Akoka Loss of lives, animals and plants Incidence of miscarriage Soil pollution Disabilities (in Mayom people lost body parts after using polluted water) Water pollution Diseases, e.g. cancer Compensate the community Petrol Dar should put the social and environmental aspects of their drilling into consideration or the practice should be stopped Petrol Dar should be sued in court Police posts No funds to construct posts Inadequate police personnel Lack of communication equipment GoSS UNS NGOs Insecurity due to increased crime levels Reduced law and order Construct more police posts Increase the number of police personnel Communication equipment Cattle raiding Acquire wealth Tribal clashes Dowry Border disputes Akoka community Fashoda community Loss of lives and property Constant fear among the people Establish police posts in the area Disarm the Fashoda Unemployment Poor education Few jobs No NGOs and private firms to offer jobs Tribal conflicts Youth Women Men GoSS UNS Crime Poverty Street children Insecurity Vocational training for youth and women Education Lack of qualified teachers No educational infrastructure Poor meals in schools GoSS UNS Community Youth Children Poverty Unemployment Illiteracy Underdevelopment Construct schools Employ more teachers Improve meals in schools Transportation infrastructure Poor roads Very few vehicles Akoka community GoSS Loss of lives due to inability to rescue Unable to access basic services such as health centres Construct roads Establish passenger transport companies Prioritisation of security issues Akoka Security issue Women Youth Elders Authority Total Rank 1-Highest 9-Lowest Lack of clean drinking water Diseases Police posts Education Competition over pastoral land Transport issues Border disputes Cattle raiding Unemployment

21 13 Community Action Plan Akoka PROBLEM 1: Lack of clean drinking water Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Follow up actors Construction of boreholes Land Construction materials Hire a water drilling company Local Government Donors GoSS NGOs UNDP December 2010 GoSS UNS County council Community leaders Local steering committee PROBLEM 2: Diseases Construction of health centres Land Building materials Hire a construction company Local Government GoSS Donors UNDP UNS NGOs December 2010 GoSS UNS County council Community leaders Local steering committee

22 Bailet County Bailet County is approximately 25,000 sq km in size and has six payams. It borders Panyikang, Makal, and Fashoda Counties to the west; Manyo and Melut Counties to the north; Maban, Longochuk and Nasser Counties to the east; and Jonglei State and the Ulang and Nyirol Counties to the south. Bailet City is the capital of the county and its most populous area. The county has an estimated population of 48, There are 11 different sub-clans from the Ngok, Lual and Yak-Dinka. 6 The main economic activities in Bailet are growing crops and fishing all areas typically deemed to be in the realm of male work. Security issues facing Bailet are based on external threats. Coupled with the area s lack of development, community members revealed their lack of confidence in the Government and its ability to disburse resources and implement projects at the grassroots level. Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Bailet Conflict issues Land disputes Cattle raiding Poor health Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Friendship (freeloaders) Competition over water Lack of respect for borders Migration of cattle Attempts to prevent others access to water during dry season Displacement Diseases Poverty Wealth Food Presence of firearms Dowry Compensation Tax payments Business Death/fighting Scattered families Broken relationships Cause insecurity Poverty War Few doctors and nurses No lab equipment or medical storage facilities No ambulance or transport for patients No salary for medical personnel No GoSS or state budget for building and maintaining hospitals No hospital beds High incidence of maternal death and disease 5 Ibid, p Upper Nile State Strategic Plan Politicians (from Shilluk) Communities Militia Arab politicians Lou-Nuer Jikany-Nuer Matia Youth Men Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) SPLA Tribal and clan clashes Government and state Displacement Killing Hunger Fear Loss of property Death Insecurity Constant fear Preventable deaths High death rates Miscarriages among women Malnutrition Decrease in population Poor food production Government intervention Peace conference Unity among the politicians Border demarcation Deploy enough police on cattle raiding routes Government-created job opportunities Create water points in their places, e.g. Lou Bring perpetrators of crimes to justice Identify raiders through community reporting Public death sentence for criminals (shoot in front of people) Deploy qualified doctors Government must build hospitals, wards and accommodation for doctors Provide drugs and medical equipment Peace within the community Cont...

23 Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Bailet County Conflict issues Poor education Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Migration Large number of disabled people Death of youngest generation Poverty Maternal health War No teachers, school buildings, offices or residences to attract potential teachers Lax parents Remote locations Criminals Lack of development Migration SAF SPLA Government High illiteracy Unemployment High dropout rates Increase in criminal gangs and activities Early marriages Lack of skilled manpower Build schools Deploy teachers Ensure salaries and workers Construct boarding schools with provided meals 15 Inadequate law enforcement Lack of stability and security No well-trained police No prisons and custodies Few police transportation vehicles No judge or court structures Frustration No equality, justice State government Community Convicts High crime rates Fear Injustice Killing Abduction of girls Early/forced marriage High abuse of women rights Drunkards Child abuse Lack of trust Insecurity Provide prison buildings and custodies Construct offices and residences for legal consultants and police Transport and communication infrastructure for police Community can help build houses with government assistance Lack of communication facilities Government (State) Ministry of Transport and Communication (MOTC) County authority MOTC County authority Zain Company Lack of access to correct information Mistrust Provision of new networks such as Zain Violence against women Women not doing housework or tending to children Male lack of responsibility Polygamy Drinking wine (men and women) Little respect between couples Prostitution (women) Laziness (men) No participation of women in county structures (CPA 25%) Women and men Unemployed Drunkards Relatives Divorce Killing Fighting Trauma Distrust Hopelessness Illiteracy Poor health Miscarriages among women in reproductive ages State government and GoSS should provide jobs Family and marriage laws Prevent the making of alcohol Increase dialogue between community members Cont...

24 16 Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Bailet County Conflict issues Unemployment Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions No job opportunities No laws for unemployed youth Nepotism and clanism (sector) No local companies, industries, factories or businesses Thieves, cattle raiding, criminals, robbery Drunkards Prostitution Hunger Death Early marriage Youth Women and men State government GoSS Ministry of Labor Food insecurity Cattle raiding Youth gangs activities Fighting/killing Children not going to school Poor health Early/forced marriages Create an agricultural scheme Government-created job opportunities (for those having certificates) Legal process for labor office (selection process) Vocational training schools Create laws governing unemployment Provide opportunity for investment in communities Competition over water Lack of water in some areas, such as for the Lou Nuer The river Grazing Theft Violence and death Fear of losing crops Presence of small arms and light weapons (SALW) Poverty Activities in conflict areas Lou Nuer Cattle keepers Jikany Fighting Killing Cattle raiding Seasonal migration Government should provide water to communities Raiders should be disarmed A meeting should be conducted between communities Clean water for all payams Community issues should be resolved with government intervention Complete disarmament Child abduction Causes are not fully known by community Childless parents Depression and hard feelings Discomfort in the family Caretakers for elderly Death, suicide Murle Trauma Killing Displacement Government should take care of children and solve this problem Community will go to the Murle to resolve the issue as the government does nothing Early or forced marriage Girls and women No forced marriage in Bailet Not responsible to themselves Mothers not taking care of their daughters Delivery is hard and the mother and child often die No respect for customary laws in the new generation Silence in community about issue although well known Boys and girls Death during child birth Trauma High rate of illiteracy Unstable families/fighting Divorce Poverty Mothers should supervise their daughters and sons Government should pass laws regulating marriage and give six months prison for violators Boys and girls should not be allowed out at night (curfew)

25 17 Prioritisation of security issues Bailet County Security issue Women Youth Elders Authority Total Rank 1-Highest 10-Lowest Cattle raiding Unemployment Health Lack of law enforcement Land disputes Communication Competition over water Child abduction Early or forced marriage Violence against women Community Action Plan Bailet PROBLEM 1: Insecurity Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Follow up actors Cattle raiding Deploy police and army along strategic border areas (create police posts) Unemployment (agricultural and vocational training) Agricultural tools Manpower Engineers Fencing and barbed wire Water pumps GoSS Community State County GoSS Community State County 1 June June 2010 UNDP Community GoSS County State UNDP Community GoSS County State NGOs Health (improving health service) Hospitals Doctors Technicians Ambulance Vehicles Medical instruments Training of medical assistants and midwives Drugs GoSS Community State County NGO 20 June 2010 UNDP Community GoSS County State NGO Lack of law enforcement (judicial and legal advisors) Offices and accommodations Government should provide trained personnel Transport Trained judiciary GoSS State Community June 2010 County GoSS State

26 Fashoda County Fashoda County borders Manyo, Akoka and Makal Counties, as well as the Southern Kordofan State in Sudan. It is composed of three payams and has a population of approximately 36, Its ethnic groups are primarily the Shilluk, Dinka, Nuer and the Arab tribes from Southern Kordofan. The county s most lucrative economic activities include agriculture through traditional methods, pastoralism, fisheries whose products are exported to Sudan, and the harvesting of gum Arabic. In terms of trade, most shops are owned by Arabs and very few South Sudanese participate in such organized commercial endeavours. Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Fashoda Conflict issues Land disputes Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Political manipulation Lack of respect for individual rights by the government Tribalism Presence of arms No social co-existence Migration Armed clashes Shilluk and Dinka (from Akoka County) Distrust Displacement Fighting Killing Loss of property Restriction of movement Fear Food insecurity Disarmament Respect for individual right to property Clear border demarcation for counties Peace and reconciliation conferences Border disputes Unclear border demarcation Extension of territories Occupation policy Insecurity No social co-existence Migration Armed clashes Shilluk and Dinka (from Akoka County) Fighting Killing Displacement Distrust Border demarcation for counties Peace and reconciliation conferences Establish mutual respect between the two tribes Competition over water and pasture Lack of enough water Seasonal migration by the Arab nomads Armed conflicts Migrations, general instability Community Arab nomads Food insecurity Fighting Killing Cattle raiding Seasonal migration Provision of water sources Unemployment Lack of institutions to employ disenfranchised youth Low salary scale offered by GoSS discourage youth from contributing to legal activities Insecurity Arabic education Primarily the youth Women Early/forced marriages Youth gangs Street children Drunkards Creation of developmental projects Improve security at the river Migration to other parts of South Sudan Establish vocational centres Intensify formal education Establish small scale industries Cont... 7 Ibid, p. 15.

27 19 Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Fashoda County Conflict issues Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Alcohol abuse Need for jobs Migration to north Slow repatriation from the north Cattle raiding Food insecurity Violence against women Prostitution Alcohol abuse Peer influence Cultural inheritance Lure of imported alcohol (beer) Unemployment Family breakdowns Poverty Youth Women Men Fighting Divorce Death Lawlessness Poor health Create employment opportunities Prohibit alcoholic drinks in the county Encourage self-discipline Violence against women Alcoholism Cultural influence Polygamy Early and forced marriage Poverty Poor health Divorce Broken families Youth ( Niggas ) Armed exsoldiers Prostitution Traditional male attitudes Early/forced marriages Polygamy Divorce Fighting Killing Poor health Malnutrition Anaemia Trauma Raping Employ youth Sensitize community on the issue of female education Polygamy should be discouraged Policy on drinking it should be discouraged Military barracks located within the civilian population SPLA leadership decision Clashes with civilians SPLA soldier Civilians Raping Fighting Killing Prostitution Abuse of alcohol Distrust Fear Relocate military barracks outside town Encourage mutual respect between soldiers and civilians Soldiers should not carry guns in public places such as markets Violent youth groups ( Niggas ) Western influence Unemployment Peer pressure Youth Killing Fighting Raping Fear Insecurity Stealing Trauma Illiteracy Create laws to ban these groups Parental guidance Vocational centres Sensitize youth to pertinent issues

28 20 Prioritisation of security issues Fashoda Security issue Youth Women Elders/ admin Total Land disputes Competition over water Border disputes Alcohol abuse Location of military barracks Violence against women Unemployment Competition over water (pasture) Violent youth groups ( Niggas ) Rank 1-Highest 9-Lowest Community Action Plan Fashoda PROBLEM 1: Insecurity Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Follow up actors Establish four police stations Community mobilization Community can provide land Provide local materials Provide building materials Labor County authority Community leaders GoSS UNDP 1 June 2010 GoSS County authority County steering committee UNDP Create an agricultural scheme and fishing project Community mobilisation Land Tractors Fishing supplies: boats, nets, hooks County authority Community leaders GoSS UNDP 1 June 2010 GoSS County authority County steering committee UNDP Create nine water stations Mobilisation of the community Site allocation Building materials Labor Pipes County authority Community leaders GoSS UNDP 1 June 2010 GOSS County authority County steering committee UNDP

29 Longochuk County Longochuk County stretches 6,972 sq km and is bordered by Ethiopia and five counties in South Sudan: Bahet, Nasir, Malut, Maban and Maiwut. It is composed of seven payams, namely Malual, Guelguk, Wudier, Dajo, Jangok, Pamach and Mathiang, the county capital. Its total population is estimated at 63, Longochuk County contains a high population of returnees from neighbouring countries and other areas. The county itself is underdeveloped with poor roads and little development of infrastructure. Respondents claimed that they preferred to stay in the capital town in Mathiang which they deemed to be better developed as it had health care facilities. The main economic activities in Longochuk are growing crops such as maize and sorghum using traditional methods and tools. Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Longochuk Conflict issues Cattle raiding Competition over water Poor roads Diseases 8 Ibid, p. 16. Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Hunger Revenge Recovery of dowry in case of divorce Unemployment No water points and catchments Newly established county Political interference from Northern Sudan Poor hygiene Little potable water Lack of food Few health centres Consumption of dead animals Early pregnancies Youth from the Jonglei State, Nasser and other border countries such as Ethiopia Former soldiers and men from other security organs not re-integrated into society Other community members (elders inclusive) All community members but mostly women Government Community members Government Killings Hunger Disputes among counties, payams and family members Migration Prevents border trade Family disputes Diseases Miscarriages Poor sanitation Humanitarian support delayed or unable to reach its destination Migration to Ethiopia No/reduced trade Inaccessibility of health centres Deaths Mental problems Disabilities such as blindness, deafness and paralysis Agriculture scheme/ project Deploy army/police at the county border line Employment opportunities for the educated and schools for the uneducated Establish water points throughout the county Construct boreholes for people and water catchments for animals Construct a canal from the River Nile to Longochuk County Re-open the Machal stream from the Sobat river Government should construct roads Humanitarian donors should support the government Government should construct health centres in each of the payams Households should construct latrines Education sessions on sanitation for the community Cont...

30 22 Cont Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Longochuk County Conflict issues Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Diseases Poor hygiene Little potable water Lack of food Few health centres Consumption of dead animals Early pregnancies Lack of rain and infrastructure to deal with drought Lack of tools and equipment Laziness Insecurity Poor roads Community members Government Deaths Mental problems Disabilities such as blindness, deafness and paralysis Government should construct health centres in each of the payams Households should construct latrines Education sessions on sanitation for the community Famine and food security Community members Government Natural factors Deaths Inter-community fighting Alcoholism Migration Lack of productivity Human reproductivity is low Government should provide tools and equipment to each payam Construct irrigation facilities People should involve themselves in agricultural production Government should provide security in the county Practice monogamy Raise awareness on the dangers of violence against women Women should seek redress in courts Violence against women Women who refuse advances from men are raped Presence of often violent unmarried soldiers Polygamy Alcoholism Family conflicts Men Security personnel Divorce Trauma Family and community conflicts Death Affects children of the parties involved Communication Poor road networks Newly established county Government has no capacity to provide necessary equipment Government Difficult to inform the appropriate authorities about security issues or the outbreak of diseases Government should provide communications equipment Education No salaries for teachers No permanent school structures Government Community Cattle raiding when people are unable to secure employment due to poor education Teachers migrate to urban centres or other countries where they are paid Migration of some children to secure better education Early marriages Government should pay the salaries of teachers Construct permanent schools structures Community should be involved in the construction of the schools.

31 23 Prioritisation of security issues Longochuk Security issue Women Youth Admin/ elders Total Competition over water Poor roads Famine and hunger Education Diseases Cattle raiding Unemployment Communication Violence against women Rank 1-Highest 12-Lowest Inter-clan and tribal clashes Armed robbery Abductions Community Action Plan Longochuk PROBLEM 1: Competition over water Project Action and resources Possible partners Start date Follow up actors Construct boreholes in each of the following seven payams: Jangok, Pamach, Dajo, Mathiang, Malual, Guelguk and Udier Land Construction materials Contract a water drilling company Local government UNDP Other donors November 2010 Local steering committee Construction of water catchments for animals in each of the seven payams Land Machinery for construction Fencing materials Local government UNDP Other donors November 2010 Local steering committee PROBLEM 2: Poor roads Construct roads connecting all of the payams Hire a road construction company Government November 2010 Local authority Local steering committee

32 Maban County The name Maban derives from the designation given to the local indigenous people meaning people of the land. Geographically, Maban is in the northeast area of Upper Nile and stretches 11,854 sq km. 9 It is bordered by the Blue Nile region to the northeast, Renk County to the west, and Maluth and Longochuk Counties to the south. It has an estimated population of 45,238 and is composed of five payams: Boung, Banshowa, Khor-Elhamer, Jin-magda and Jin-Kowata. Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions - Maban Conflict issues Border disputes Famine and food security Transportation infrastructure Poor Education Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Caused by political opportunists who want to benefit from the chaos Some communities do not respect established boundaries (Dinkas from Malut and Renk) Need to collect more revenue by Malut and Renk Counties Presence of gum Arabic (Done by the Dinkas. These trees are only found in Maban.) Laziness Weather fluctuations sometimes bring floods Lack of modern tools for agriculture Misuse of harvested food Fires set by nomads Big families Insufficient county budget for materials and machines to construct roads and bridges Lack of state budget to actually construct roads and bridges Untrained and unqualified teachers - currently working as volunteers, no salaries Shortage of teachers in some payams Inconsistencies - syllabus in English and teaching in Arabic Maban community Dinkas in Malut and Renk Nual of Longochuk Weather Community members Children Women Men Youth Community members Government Conflicts Death Prevented the county s last census Causes the unofficial change of names in different areas throughout the county Women are in danger during the disputes Migration Deaths of people and animals Food theft Death, especially among children Prevents accessibility of health centres, especially for pregnant women High illiteracy Early marriage Poor development Seek dialogue among the conflicting counties Establish county border demarcation committees Bring in experts to assist local committees in officially defining borders WFP should supply food Introduce advanced farming methods and equipment Construct water canals for irrigation Government should construct roads and bridges Donors should provide financial capital to construct roads and bridges Provide materials and equipment to the county to encourage local initiatives Government should pay teachers salaries Teachers should be able to speak English Employ more teachers Laws encouraging childhood school attendance should be created 9 Ibid, p. 11. Cont...

33 25 Cont Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Maban County Conflict issues Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions No teacher accommodation Few to no preschools and female teachers Few available teaching materials Little adult education Parents prevent their children from attending school Community members Government High illiteracy Early marriage Poor development Boarding schools should be created for students from distant communities Construct more schools within the payams for easier access Form parent-teacher associations to monitor progress in schools Violence against women Common traditional practices such as polygamy Women who refuse the advances of men are raped Presence of many unmarried men Women are beaten for refusing to support men and complete domestic tasks Men Women Divorce Death Affects the children of the involved parties Mass sensitization to the rights of women Encourage gender mainstreaming Encourage female education Encourage good malefemale relationship by promoting communication in the home Raise awareness of women s rights and issues surrounding violence against women Unemployment Poor health services Few jobs Lack of education and experience in general public Tribalism determines hiring practices No budget allocation for employment by county Illiteracy especially among women State government does not supply drugs Few students enroll in medical school NGOs are not actually supplying drugs as mandated Lack of coordination between the community and state on medical issues Youth Women Employers - oil companies Men Local authorities Government Community Crimes increase -theft Increased drunkenness Beggars and poverty Hunger Family conflicts Death Provide loans to youth Establish vocational training centres Create environments conducive to encouraging outside investment and thus provide job opportunities Create income generating activities Government should assign medical personnel and lab technicians to county health centres Construct drug storage facilities Government should supply necessary drugs Establish a medical training centre in midwifery

34 26 Prioritisation of security issues Maban Security issue Women Youth Admin/ elders Total Famine/food security Competition over water for people and animals Rank 1-Highest 8-Lowest Education Border disputes Health Transportation infrastructure Unemployment Violence against women Community Action Plan Maban PROBLEM 1: Famine/ food security Project Action/Resources Possible partners Start Date Follow up actors Advanced agricultural farming practices in Jinmada and Bugaya Agricultural materials: seeds, pesticides, tools, irrigation, tractors, land and labor Agricultural experts to teach improved farming methods Community State GoSS UNDP Donors PROBLEM 2: Competition over water for animals and people Construction of boreholes in each of the four payams Construction of water catchments for animals in each of the five payams PROBLEM 3: Poor education Construction of boarding schools in each of the five payams PROBLEM 4: Border disputes Dialogue meeting for conflicting counties (to take place in Malakal) Land Contract a water drilling company Land Machinery for constructing the catchments Fencing materials Construction materials: land, labor Contract a construction company Mobilization of delegates Transportation Accommodation Meals (cows) Local government UNDP Other donors State Local government Community UNDP Other donors State Local government UNDP Other donors August 2010 November 2010 November 2010 November 2010 Local government Local steering committee Local government Local steering committee 11 Koch commissioner, Police commissioner, South Sudan Wildlife service, South Sudan People s Liberation Army, and South Sudan People s Liberation Movement secretary

35 Maiwut County Maiwut County is located in the eastern area of the Upper Nile State. Its total population is estimated at 45,238 and has a surface area of approximately 3,788 sq km 10 and shares borders with Ethiopia and Maban, Nasir and Longochuk Counties. Maiwut has nine payams: Maiwut, Jotome, Wuor, Malek, Uleng, Kigile, Pagak, Turnur and Jekow. Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Maiwut Conflict issues Cattle raiding Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Hunger Lack of water Presence of arms (Ethiopians) Ethiopians Sudanese Killings Increase the number of police stations in all nine payams (one station in each payam) Peace talks between Ethiopia and Sudan Competition over water No boreholes Little to no rainfall Migration Family disputes Construct boreholes for people and water catchments for animals Crime (theft and homicide) Competition for fertile land Poverty Revenge Community members Loss of lives and property Construct police posts with prisons in each payam Vehicles Provide communication equipment Poor roads Wars in Sudan destroyed roads Government s refusal to construct roads in the county Government Community Deaths by animal attack Little to no business Accessibility difficult in times of invasion Government should construct roads Violence against women Lack of water, leading to women being raped when they go in search of water Poor roads which lead to women being ambushed Men Animals Loss of lives Unwanted pregnancies Construct water points, such as boreholes with distribution networks Unemployment No jobs Lack of qualifying education Tribalism No budget allocation for counties to employ locals Illiteracy, especially among women Little job experience Youth Women Employers (oil companies) with tribalistic practices Men Local authorities (tribalism), especially at county level Crime increases (theft) Drunkenness Beggars Hunger Family conflicts Provide loans to youth Establish vocational training centres Create environments conducive to encouraging outside investment that provides job opportunities Create income-generating activities. 10 Ibid, p. 15.

36 28 Prioritisation of security issues Maiwut Security issue Women Youth Admin/ elders Total Rank 1-Highest 9-Lowest Unemployment Poor roads Competition for water Diseases Cattle raiding Lack of clarity on who governs the county Crime Violence against women Wild animals Community Action Plan Maiwut PROBLEM: 1 Unemployment Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Who will follow up Construction of vocational training centres in each payam PROBLEM 2: Poor Roads Construction of road network from Mathiang Fagak Maiwut, to include all payams Construction materials: labour, bricks, sand, roofing materials, cement, metal bars, poles, general equipment and tools Salaries for instructors Instruction in vocational skills: tailoring, weaving, masonry, carpentry, soap making, pottery, metal works Contract a road construction company PROBLEM 3: Competition for water by animals and people Construction of two water catchments in each payam for animals Land Machinery for construction Fencing materials Government Community UNDP Other donors November 2010 Government County council Community leaders Local steering committee Government November 2010 Government Local leaders Community Local government UNDP Other donors November 2010 Government Local leaders Community Construction of boreholes and water distribution networks in each payam Land Labour Construction materials Local government Community UNDP Other donors November 2010 Government Local steering committee PROBLEM 4: Diseases Establishment of health centres in each payam Land Labour Construction materials Drugs Hospital equipment Health personnel Government

37 Makal County Makal County contains the capital of Upper Nile State, Malakal. It has a surface area of 737 sq km and a total population of 126, It is composed of five payams: Lelok, Central and the Northern, Eastern and Southern payams. The presence of SPLA in the south, SAF in the north and the Joint Integrated Unit (JIU) in the central payams poses a number of security concerns for the local community. The presence of arms is widespread throughout all levels of society from civilian to soldier and has led to a high level of violence and death in the county. There are often conflicts between civilians and soldiers in the Malakal markets. Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Makal Conflict issues Competition over water Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Widespread water shortages One particular community does not have its own source of water All members of the community are involved Youth Elders Men Loss of human life and property Women and children abducted Water dams Water catchments, Boreholes Attempt reconciliation between the Lou and Jikany so that the Lou can peacefully graze their cattle in the Jikany area Small arms Attacks on Jikany during the dry season because of their natural water sources Lou Nuer Youth Men Loss of human life in conflicts, especially youth and men Abduction of children Loss of assets Peaceful disarmament with the involvement of those who own weapons Government and community involvement, responsibility Tribal clashes Ownership of land contested Improper use of land Perceived absence of respect for land boundaries Dinka and Shilluk tribes Residents of Akoka, Fashoda, Melut, Manyo, Bailet and Panyikang Counties Loss of human life and property Destruction of relationships Animals and homes destroyed Mobilize and educate people on the issues surrounding boundaries Lobby the Upper Nile State and GoSS authorities to redefine and delineate boundaries Boundary conflicts Land disputes and tribal conflicts Use of force/ power Dinka Collo/Shilluk Displacement Death Fear, food security No free movement 11 Ibid, p. 11.

38 30 Prioritisation of security issues - Makal Security issue Women Youth Admin/ elders Total Rank 1-Highest 10-Lowest Presence of firearms Child abduction Border disputes Unemployment Competition over water Presence of Niggas and street children Cattle Raiding Land disputes Violence against women Tribal clashes Presence of land mines Community Action Plan Makal PROBLEM 1: Army barracks Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Follow up actors Construction of army barracks out of town Construct new barracks Council for Defence of Arms State GoSS USA Community 1 Nov 2010 GoSS State government County council Community leaders PROBLEM 2: Militias Disarmament of small armies and militias Awareness mechanism Policies on disarmament and disposal 1 June 2010 GoSS All Army JUIC (Joint Defence Force) County committee Cont...

39 31 Cont Community Action Plan Makal County PROBLEM 3: Land Border/land demarcation Government should set clear boundaries through maps Form dispute management committee Transport Money Sign post State authority University Administration officers UNDP 1 Nov 2010 State authority Local administration Agricultural project Tractors Seeds Workers Land Tree clearing Spare parts Tools Water pumps UNDP Agriculture Community GoSS UNDP NGOs 15 June 2010 County committees Ministry of Agriculture Vocational training centre Carry out survey/ assessment Trainees Teachers Land around industrial area Building materials: iron sheets, generator, machines, equipment, generator and diesel Money for a computer centre GoSS UNDP 1 Nov 2010 Local authority County council PROBLEM 4: Water Extension of water pipes Water station in eastern towns Survey for establishing the extension practically Water drawing times defined by each station Pipes Generator Water cooperation State 1 June 2010 Water cooperation County committees NGOs Chiefs

40 Manyo County Manyo County is bordered by the White Nile to the north and Southern Kordofan State to the east. It is composed of five payams: Wadakona, Kak, Magenis, Athidhway, and Kwalo. The population of the county is approximately 38, people, the majority of whom are of the Shilluk (Chollo) ethnic group. There are also members of the Arab tribes originating from the White Nile and Southern Kordofan States, the Nuer, the Dinka and the Brun. The area s primary economic activities are fishing, agriculture, charcoal burning, gum Arabic production and the rearing of livestock. Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Manyo Conflict issues Border disputes Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Unclear border demarcation Conflicts over limited resources Instability Politicians GoSS Upper Nile State Southern Kordofan White Nile State Conferences between the three states Newer demarcation of borders than the previous decision of January 1956 Land disputes Encroachment into others territory Rivalry over resources Death Conflicts Dinka Shilluk (Chollo) Meetings should be held between the elders of the two warring tribes Competition over water Water scarcity Drought and the subsequent movement of nomads Migration High cost of water Disease Pollution Nomads Citizens Dig boreholes, hand pumps, dams and reservoirs Water stations Competition for pasture Scarcity of pasture and grass Setting fire to fields Late harvest of crops Conflicts between farmers and nomads Deaths of animals Migration Nomads Farmers Hunters Charcoal makers Fire lines Enlighten nomads Farmers in tree control Awareness of issues Cattle theft Unemployment Hunger Greed Loss of property Poverty Conflicts Death Frustration Some members of the youth Butchers Cattle traders Issue passes and permits Cattle raiding Institute checkpoints at the border Armed robbery Presence of arms culture Violence Insecurity Fear Hunger Ex-combatants Creating security apparatus Disarmament Patrolling Land mines War Death Danger SAF SPLA De-mine throughout the county Cont Ibid, p. 15

41 33 Cont Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Manyo County Conflict issues Presence of Sudan Armed Forces (SAF) Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions No implementation of Security Protocol Agreement Instability Fear SAF Demobilization Border demarcation Conflicts between farmers and cattle owners Disputes related to taxes Agriculture Lack of pasture Fire Gum Arabic Tax collection Conflicts Death Insecurity Overlapping administration between counties Farmers Nomads Administration of three states: Upper Nile, White Nile and Southern Kordofan Fire lines Demarcate farming areas with input of elders and chiefs Border demarcation Joint taxation teams Presence of popular defense forces (Northern Sudan) Presence of firearms Strengthen the positions of Arab nomads Tribal conflicts Political manipulation Social instability Fear Death Instability NIF/Government of Sudan Silem Tribe Awlad Hamid Arab tribes Disarmament Border demarcation Disarmament Formulation of laws controlling the ownership of weapons Competition over gum Arabic Wealth Natural Scarcity Little production Owners and traders Prioritisation of security issues Manyo Security issue Women Youth Admin/ elders Total Border disputes Presence of armed groups Competition over water Land/border disputes Violence against women Tribalism Presence of landmines and UXOs Rank 1-Highest 9-Lowest Tax/revenue disputes Conflict over gum Arabic

42 34 Community Action Plan Manyo PROBLEM 1: Water and security infrastructure Project Action/Resources Possible partners Start date Follow up actors Establish fifteen water stations (water pumps, boreholes and reservoirs) Build 10 police posts PROBLEM 2: Agriculture Agriculture scheme Mobilization of community Map water points Provide materials, tools and equipment Labor Machines for drilling Land Local building materials Engineers Law enforcement, police Labor Land Tractors and equipment Bulldozers Tippers Puklin Irrigation pumps Community elders and chiefs Engineers GoSS State County UNDP Community County State UNDP State County Community May 2010 Community Local steering committee May 2010 May 2010 Community Local steering committee Government Community Local steering committee Government Local leaders PROBLEM 3: Land Fire lines and/or roads for cattle Construction of schools in the following locations: Jangok, Pamach, Dajo, Mathiang, Malual, Guelguk, and Udier payams Survey Dig boreholes Land Labour Construction materials Contract a construction company GoSS State County Community UNDP Local government State June 2010 November 2010 Community Local steering committee Local leaders GoSS County Local steering committee Government PROBLEM 5: Health Construction of health centres in each payam Land Labour Contract a construction company Drugs Salaries for medical personnel Community Local government November 2010 Local government Local steering committee

43 Melut County Melut County has a total surface area of 6,950 sq km and an estimated population of 49, The city of Maluth is the largest and most populous in the county. The region is bordered by Manyo County to the west, Renk County to the north, Maban and Longochuk Counties to the east and Bailet County to the south. Melut is composed of six payams and a total of 39 bomas. The area s ethnic structure is 90 percent Dinka, 3 percent Cholluk, 2 percent Nuer and 5 percent are from other tribes. The county s economic activities include fishing, agriculture, charcoal burning, gum Arabic production and livestock raising. Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Melut Conflict issues Border and land disputes Police posts Tax/revenue collection disputes Pollution Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Land ownership Need 2% from oil revenue Arabs offer large quantities of money to buy grazing land Presence of nomads in the area No funds to construct posts No communication equipment or vehicles Need to increase revenue in a number of counties No clear demarcation of borders Little border control Abuse of power Harmful practices of the Petrol Dar Company, especially in Gakbeny, Mayom, Pabuny and Nyangeu The Arabs Petrol Dar company Melut community Government of Sudan SPLM- DC GoSS UNS Melut County administration Melut community Melut County Maban County Akoka County Renk County Petrol Dar Chinese Canadians Malazianes Indians Community Loss of lives Constant fear Displacement No unity within the community Constant fear Increased crime Little to no law enforcement Lack of development Constant insecurity Displacement Instability Reduced economic activity Loss of lives, crops and animals High incidence of miscarriages Soil pollution Disabilities - in the Mayom Payam people lost body parts after using polluted water Water pollution Diseases such as cancer Separate the North and South Promote unity within the South Train people in conflict and security issues GoSS should close or expel the Petrol Dar company Construct more police posts Increase the number of police personnel Outfit police with communication equipment and vehicles Organize training workshops for police in the fields of conflict management, resolution and transformation Strengthen laws governing tax collection Create a clear revenue collection policy Respect and implement the CPA Compensate the community for damages Petrol Dar should consider the social and environmental aspects of their activities or be expelled Petrol Dar should be sued in court 13 Ibid, p. 15

44 36 Cont Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Melut County Conflict issues Presence of JIU in town Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions The SAF barracks are currently located in the town limits Melut County community SAF Death Theft House burning Relocate the JIU army outside the town limits Separate Northern and Southern Sudan SAF and SPLA should also be in barracks located outside of the town Cattle raiding Presence of nomads in the county Acquisition of wealth Arab nomads County Community Death Loss of property Constant fear Establish police posts in the area Disarm Arab nomads Poor roads Heavy vehicles carrying oil destroy the roads Petrol Dar has not constructed roads according to their CPA obligations GoSS did not establish roads as priority in Melut County Petrol Dar UNS Melut County GoSS Low economic activity Increased accidents Increased insecurity Inaccessibility of basic services, such as health centres Government and Petrol Dar should construct roads for civilian use Presence of pits dug by road construction companies Dug by companies in need of soil, did not cover the pits when finished with their projects Road construction companies Melut County Community Diseases Loss of lives - both people and animals Disabilities Pits should be covered Compensation should be given to those injured by the presence of the pits Competition for clean water by people and animals The most utilized river is far from the area Borehole water is salty due to presence of oil Few vehicles to transport water Melut County Community Petrol Dar Animals Local unrest Diseases Migration Provide adequate clean water for community members and animals Decision to demand compensation from offending companies (petrol, road construction etc.) Loss of land Loss of fields Diseases caused by pollution Melut County Community Petrol Dar Government of Sudan Conflict between the community and Petrol Dar company Destruction of Petrol Dar property Loss of lives in the course of violence Petrol Dar should adequately compensate the community for damages caused by their presence and work Mistreatment of county residents by Petrol Dar Marginalization of people in South Deliberate denial of development initiatives in the South Melut County Community Petrol Dar Poverty common in the Melut community Fighting between the community and Petrol Dar personnel Constant dismissal of employees from South Sudan Promote equality Compensate those affected and unable to gain employment Sensitize all involved to concepts surrounding universal human rights

45 37 Prioritisation of security issues Melut Security issue Women Youth Elders Authority Total Rank 1-Highest 9-Lowest Environmental pollution Competition over clean water Decision to demand compensation from offending companies (petrol, road construction, etc.) Mistreatment of county community by Petrol Dar Poor roads Border/land disputes Presence of pits dug by road construction companies Presence of JIU in town Dispute over collection of taxes/revenue Cattle raiding by pastoralists Community Action Plan Melut PROBLEM 1: Environmental degradation Project Water Truck Vehicles and Tankers Action and resources Vehicles Tanker Drivers Possible partners Start date Follow up actors UNDP/ other donors/goss/ngos July 2010

46 Nasser County Nasser County is bordered by Ulang, Bailet, Longochuk, and Maiwut Counties and Ethiopia to the south. The county has a number of natural water sources, including the Sobat River which runs east to west throughout the region and the Nile which lies further north. It is composed of 15 payams and has an estimated population of approximately 700, people, primarily from the Nuer ethnic group. The region s economic activities include traditional agriculture, pastoralism, fishing and inter -county trading. Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Nasser Conflict issues Border/land disputes Police posts Dispute over collection of taxes/revenue Environmental pollution 14 Ibid, p. 15 Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Land ownership The need for 2% from oil revenue Arabs who offer big money to buy grazing land Presence of nomads in the areas Lack of funds to construct the posts Lack of equipment like communication gadgets and vehicles The need to increase revenue by different counties No clear demarcation of the borders Lack of border control Abuse of power Existence of the Petroleum company-petrol Dar especially in Gakbeny Mayom Pabuny Nyangeu The Arabs Petrol Dar company Melut community Government of Sudan SPLM- DC GoSS UNS Melut County Administration Melut community Melut county Maban County Akoka county Renk county Petrol Dar Chinese Canadians Malazianes Indians The community Loss of lives Constant fear Displacement Disunity among the community Constant fear among the people Increased crimes Lack of enforcement of laws Lack of development Constant insecurity Instability Reduced economic activity Displacement of people Loss of lives of animals Loss of lives of people Plants are destroyed women get miscarriages Soil pollution Disabilities in Mayom people lost body parts after use of polluted water) Water pollution Diseases e.g. cancer Separation between the North and South Promote unity among the people in the South Training in conflict and security issues GoSS should get rid of Petrol Dar company Construction of more police posts Increase police personnel Equip police with communication gadgets and vehicles Organize training workshops for the police in the field of conflict management, resolution and transformation Strengthening the laws that govern tax collection Clear revenue collection policy Respecting and implementing the CPA Compensate the community Petrol Dar should put the social and environmental aspects into consideration or else it should be expelled. Petrol Dar should be sued in court Cont...

47 39 Cont Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Nasser County Conflict issues Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Presence of JIU in town The barracks of SAF is in the town Melut community - SAF Loss of lives Stealing Burning of houses Relocate the JIU army Separation between the North and South SAF and SPLA should be in barracks Cattle raiding The presence of nomads in the county Acquisition of wealth Arab nomads County community Loss of lives Loss of property Constant fear among the people Establish police posts in the area Disarming the Arab nomads Poor roads Heavy vehicles carrying oil destroy the roads Petrol Dar has not constructed roads according CPA GoSS did not put roads as priority in Melut Petrol Dar UNS Melut county administration GoSS Low economic activity Increases accidents Increases insecurity Inaccessibility to basic services such as health centres Government and Petrol Dar should construct roads Presence of pits dug by road construction companies Companies in need of soil Companies not covering the pits Road Construction companies Melut community Diseases Loss of lives of people and animals Disabilities Pits should be covered Compensation of the affected people Competition over clean water by for human animal consumption The river is far from the area Borehole water is salty due to oil Few vehicles transporting water to various places Melut community Petrol Dar Animals Fighting/ clashes in the community Diseases Migration Provision of enough clean water to community and animals The demand for compensation from different companies e.g. Petrol company, road construction companies etc. Loss of land Loss farm fields Diseases caused pollution Melut community Petrol Dar company Government of Sudan Conflict between the community and Petrol Dar company Destruction of petrol Dar property Loss of lives in course of clashing Petrol Dar should adequately compensate the community Discrimination of county community by Petrol Dar company Marginalization of people in south Deliberate denial of the south to develop Melut community Petrol Dar Poverty among the Melut community Fighting between the community and Petrol Dar personnel Constant dismissal of employees from the South Promote equality among the people Compensate the affected people. Respect the rights of the people

48 40 Prioritisation of security issues Nasser Security issue Women Youth Elders Authority Total Rank 1-Highest 9-Lowest Environmental pollution Competition for clean, potable water Decision to demand compensation from offending companies (petrol, road construction, etc.) Mistreatment of county community by Petrol Dar Poor roads Border/land disputes Presence of pits dug by road construction companies Presence of JIU in town Dispute over collection of taxes/ revenue Cattle raiding by pastoralists Community Action Plan Nasser PROBLEM 1: Insecurity Project Action/resources Possible partners Water trucks and tankers Vehicles Tankers Drivers UNDP Other donors GoSS NGOs Start sate July 2010 Follow up actors GoSS UNS County council Community leaders Local steering committee

49 Panyikang County Panyikang County has a surface area of 5,107 sq km and an estimated population of 45, people. Panyikang is composed of six payams and 40 bomas.it is dominated by members of the Shilluk (Chollo) ethnic group which constitutes the majority of the county s population (95 percent), followed by the Nuer (2 percent), and other groups (3 percent). In general, the tribal groups in Panyikang have normal relations and co-exist peacefully, but on the western bank of the county s primary river, the Shilluk (Chollo) and the Dinka fight over border and land issues. There are also clashes between county residents and those from Bentiu in Unity State, primarily over cattle raiding practices. Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions - Panyikang Conflict issues Boundary conflicts Land disputes Cattle raiding Tribal conflicts Presence of firearms 15 Ibid, p. 15 Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Lack of water and resources prompting nomadic behavior War Firearms Taxes (local revenue collectors) Advocacy and claim disputes Little fertile land Unregistered land Illegal settlements Taxes Wealth Culture Marriage Few laws actually implemented Politics Illiteracy Presence of firearms Land Few applicable laws Tribal conflicts Guns imported from outside the county Politicians Army generals Politicians Leadership Shilluk (Chollo) Dinka Nuer Different tribes Arab animal keepers (nomads) Politicians Power abuse Culture Different tribes Behaviour of Arab nomads Militias Nuer from Bentiu and Jonglei State Conflicts arise Instability Migration Lack of development Poverty Death Migration Instability Fear Poverty Sickness Death Instability Poverty Death War Poverty Instability Death Anarchy Tribal conflicts Insecurity Border disputes Create a series of conferences for community elders Clearly demarcate borders Police stations should be established Establish women s associations Establish conferences and meetings on the issue Encourage role of police and local authorities (chiefs) Clearly demarcate borders Employ forces to discourage raiding Create conferences between counties to address the issue Government intervention Formulate laws concerning land issues Disarmament Community leaders Formulate appropriate laws Education Development projects Disarmament Cont

50 42 Cont Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions - Panyikang County Conflict issues Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Violence against women Polygamy Social norms Forced marriage Economic reasons Alcoholism Men Women Rape Poor health Psychological torture Divorce Financial instability Social isolation Domestic violence Early marriage Form women s associations Encourage female education children and adults Disarmament Encourage control in alcohol consumption Peace and reconciliation Preserve cultures and traditions of the Shilluk Sensitize community to issues surrounding violence against women Alcohol abuse Unemployment Unemployment Poverty Illiteracy Imported alcoholic beverages Limited business opportunities Few employment opportunities in government and NGOs The majority of the population was educated in Arabic - making their qualifications irrelevant Fishing and cattle raising has become dangerous Idleness Men Youth Women Men Youth Poor health of men, youth and women Breakdown of social and family dynamics Loss of social status Death Violence Unemployment Emergence of the water pipe Theft Cattle raiding Possession of firearms Alcoholism Create employment opportunities Educate community on the dangers of alcohol Formulate laws regulating alcohol use Provide job opportunities Build vocational training centres to teach necessary skills Agricultural projects Provide loans Politicians should not exploit youth for their own gain Street children Few governmentcreated job opportunities Urbanization Poor quality of orphanage life Lack of parental responsibility Children not adequately provided for by parents Orphans Children Alcoholics Children Niggas Youth The unemployed Women Government should create jobs for the unemployed Create reputable orphanages Develop counties and payams economically and socially Create agricultural schemes to encourage employment Build vocational centres for women and youth Build schools in each of the payams Presence of landmines Competition over water War Scarcity of water in farming areas SAF Farmers Restricted movement Difficult to effectively use land Poor crop yields De-mine Dig boreholes to assist farmers in better irrigation

51 43 Prioritisation of security issues Panyikang Security issue Women Youth Elders Authority Total Rank 1-Highest 9-Lowest Border disputes Presence of firearms Tribalism Land disputes Cattle raiding Competition for water Unemployment Drunkenness Violence against women Community Action Plan - Panyikang PROBLEM 1: Insecurity Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Food security project Agricultural tools (tractor, seeds, pesticide) Community mobilization Dig boreholes in each of the county s six payams Grinding mills (appropriate machinery) Land Community leaders Community GoSS State County UNDP NGOs June 2010 Follow up actors Community Local steering committee UNDP Government Build six police posts Clear Lol River Community and law enforcement mobilization Land Building materials Movement of ferry boats, cranes and labor Security committee Chiefs/elders Community Government UNDP Government Financial stakeholders UNDP Community June 2010 June 2010 Community Local steering committee UNDP Government Community Local steering committee UNDP Government

52 Renk County Renk County has a total surface area of 10,031 sq km and an estimated population of 137, The city of Renk is the largest and most populated in the county. It is bordered by Jodah City to the north, Maban County to the east, Melut County to the south and Manyo County and the White Nile to the west. The state is composed of four payams and the majority of its inhabitants are members of the Dinka ethnic group (5 percent), the Chollo (20 percent), the Nuer (15 percent) and other groups (15 percent). The area s most lucrative economic activities include fishing, agriculture, charcoal burning, gum Arabic production and livestock raising. Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Renk Conflict issues Border/land disputes Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Need for arable land Conflicts over land ownership Government of Sudan needs to create a buffer zone between north and south by forcefully giving the border land to its supporters from north Little representation of Renk County residents on the border commission Government of Sudan Egyptians Renk County community members Food security Social/ psychological unrest Low economic activity Displacement Disregard of CPA commitments GoSS and a border commission should demarcate the border according to CPA Create and strengthen a new border commission Educate community on issues surrounding the CPA and its proper implementation Elect members of the Renk County community for the border commission. Inadequate police posts Insufficient funds to construct posts No communication equipment or vehicles for police use GoSS UNS Renk County administration Renk County community Increased crimes Constant fear Insecurity Little enforcement of laws Little progress made in development Construct more police posts Increase the number of police Provide the police with communication equipment and vehicles Organize training workshops for police in conflict management, resolution and transformation Taxes and revenue collection disputes Lack of border control Need to increase the revenue of different counties Abuse of power Renk county, Blue Nile State and White Nile State Traders Government of Sudan GoSS UNS Reduced economic activity Instability Internal displacement Clear revenue collection policy Strengthen laws governing tax collection Respect and implement the CPA Cont Ibid, p. 15

53 45 Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Renk County Conflict issues Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Land mines Wars in Sudan SAF SPLA Renk County community Deaths of civilians Disabilities, especially physical trauma Displacement De-mine affected areas Land disputes Northern Sudanese residents encroaching on Southern Sudanese territory Armed nomads Renk County community Northern nomads Government of Sudan Loss of lives Food security Internal displacement Lack of development Disarm nomads Demarcate land for grazing and cultivation Establish police posts in affected, conflict-prone areas Crime Presence of the army/ SPLA in town Drunkenness Unemployed former service men and youth SPLA Youth Former service men Community Death Loss of property Constant fear Rape of women Trauma Low economic activity Increased accidents Increased insecurity Inaccessibility of basic services, such as health centres Diseases Pollution, especially in soil Establish police posts Remove the army from within the town Frequent police night patrols Poor roads and communication Heavy vehicles carrying oil which destroy the roads GoSS has not constructed roads GoSS did not establish new roads as a priority for Renk County GoSS UNS Renk County administration Local government, GoSS, and UNS should construct roads Presence of electric and petrol lines in the area not for local use GoSS has not compensated the community Government of Sudan Petrol Dar Community National Electricity Corporation Compensate the community for damages and use of land Disputes over islands located between Renk and Manyo Counties Valuable grazing land Fishing areas Arable land for cultivation especially vegetables Renk County community Manyo County community Loss of lives Poor relations between the communities of Renk and Manyo Counties Little productive economic activity GoSS should clearly demarcate the two counties borders Strengthen law and order

54 46 Prioritisation of security issues Renk Security issue Women Youth Elders/ admin Security Total Rank 1-Highest 11-Lowest Border/land disputes Inadequate police posts, no communication equipment or vehicles Tribal clashes between Arab palatas and the county residents regarding arable land Poor media network Tax and revenue collection disputes Crime Poor roads Dispute over islands located between Renk and Manyo counties (potential issue for escalation of pre-existing community tensions) Land mines Presence of petrol lines passing underneath farm land - the community is requesting compensation Presence of electric lines that passing over farm land the community is requesting compensation Community Action Plan Renk PROBLEM 1: Security Project Action/Resources Possible partners Construction of police posts in Kumbhuer, Tibin, Gongbar, Smara, Dungkern and Latham payams Provide police with communication tools, necessary equipment and vehicles Land Building materials: bricks, sand, roofing materials, cement, metal bars, equipment and tools Labour Basic furniture and equipment Communication equipment Vehicles Local government Community UNDP Other donors UNPD GoSS Other donors NGOs Start ate July 2010 July 2010 Follow up actors Community leaders County council GoSS Local steering committee UNS GoSS

55 Ulang County Conflict issues Insecurity / cattle raiding Land mines and small arms and light weapons (SALW) Land disputes Ulang County has an estimated population of 85,044 and a surface area of 4,773 sq km. 17 It is bordered by Bailet County to the north and Nasser County to the east, as well as Jonglei State s Akobo and Nuirol Counties to the south and west, and Ethiopia to the south. The county has a number of natural water sources, including the Sobat River which runs east to west throughout the region and the Nile which lies further north. It is composed of eight payams: Kurmut, Barmach (Gonyar), Duma, Nyangora, Ulang (Joka), Yomding, Kierchot, Makak. Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Ulang 17 Ibid, p. 16. Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Presence of armed robbers House burnings Violence against women Prevalence of firearms Tribal clashes which often end in death Incidence of psychological problems Hunger Little security Pursuit of wealth Little desire for development in community Death Theft/crime Internal displacement Tribal clashes Destruction of personal property No security or development During attempted DDR, many simply hid their arms Some communities have not been officially disarmed Politicians of the Jonglei State are to blame for the flow of weapons into the county Chiefs must be blamed for not attempting to control the issue Displacement of resources Zones created by SPLA Poverty (hunger) Presence of firearms Death Little education Youth from Akobo and Jikany payams Elders Luo (Akobo) Youth (Luo and Jikany) SPLA / SAF in Nyayin, Lony and Ying bomas Jonglei State Lou Nuer Politicians Akobo Armed groups Some SPLA support Loss of lives Fear Distrust Malnutrition Limited movement Food insecurity Disable people No free movements Fear Loss of life Fighting Death Hunger Displacement Distrust Deploy army to patrol cattle raiding routes Disarmament Provide transport and communication equipment to army and police Deploy police units to ensure security Establish a peace initiative within the community Provide machinery to disarm De-mine Begin a total disarmament Soldiers should stop supplying arms to civilians Community initiatives should be established to report civilians with arms to authorities Government, UNS and the Jonglei State should solve problems and encourage peace Commissioner should involve all tribes in the peace process Joint reports and documentation GoSS should clearly demarcate borders Governors and police should work as one unit Cont...

56 48 Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Ulang County Conflict issues Unemployment, street children Violence against women No law enforcement Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Fallout from conflicts between Luo and Jikany Insecurity Displacement, leading to no food production Increasing cooperation between criminal groups Bad roads limit trading Widespread disappointment due to lack of support Hunger Armed groups committing crimes Drunkenness, fighting, depression, divorce Street children Irresponsible men unable to provide for their families Unemployed women Male misconceptions regarding female responsibilities Depression Alcoholism No start-up business capital Domestic conflicts No basic infrastructure: hospital, school, government institutions The Akobo routinely take neighboring lands Fear of violence Routine ambushing of workers Cattle raiding Little respect for women in traditional structures Choose mates based on wealth No police headquarters or prison Community only able to access traditional courts and SPLA refuses to respect judgment from such structures No cooperation between police and community elders chiefs not paid for their work, not respected by law enforcement officials Corruption in law enforcement and prisons Excessive use of force by army and law enforcement officials Lou Nuer Gajak Men Women Prison Police Chiefs SPLA State and local authority Low income Hunger Malnutrition Cattle raiding Raping Prostitution Drunkards Forced /early marriages Divorce Frequent fighting Polygamy Trauma Fear Violence Injustice Human rights abuse Corruption Power abuse Disarmament Loans to local traders State government, GoSS and NGOS should create job opportunities for residents of both the Jonglei State and the Upper Nile State Build a school for children Control the sale of alcohol State, GoSS and NGOs should create job opportunities for unemployed community members Supply community with an official judge and lawyers, train chiefs to serve as official delegates in law enforcement Deploy additional police forces Construct a concrete prison Government should address the issue of cattle raiding Disarmament must be undertaken in all communities Cooperation between traditional authorities and official government should be encouraged Cont...

57 49 Cont...Conflict Analysis / Community Perceptions Ulang County Conflict issues Competition for water Famine and food security Causes Actors Effects Possible solutions Conflicts regarding ownership of river bank, water, and pastures for grazing Intensity of conflicts varies by season No water distribution network Conflicts especially common between women Displacement Death Fear of Lou Nuer attack Unemployment Post-conflict destruction has increased internal displacement Diseases Plant pests Lack of resources Few arable fields and poor agricultural skills Little industry No peace, stability Death Lou Nuer Jikany Nuer State and local authority Punishment from God Drought War Armed groups Robbery State and local authority Seasonal migration Fights Loss of life Cattle raiding Diseases Displacement High food prices Malnutrition Poor health Death Theft Abuse of poor Migration Government should control water use and distribution A canal should be built to supply Lou Nuer with water Dig boreholes near community for easier access Government should increase the deployment of police officers Training in modern agricultural methods and tools should be provided by government Government should construct a canal Encourage industry through outside investment Officially separate Northern and Southern Sudan Encourage security and stability

58 50 Prioritisation of security issues Ulang Security issue Women Youth Elders Authority Total Rank 1-Highest 12-Lowest Health problems Unemployment Presence of firearms and mines Education No mobile network Land disputes Cattle raiding Competition for water Hunger No law enforcement Violence against women Early or forced marriage Community Action Plan Ulang PROBLEM 1: Insecurity Project Action/resources Possible partners Start date Follow up actors Build police posts Engineers Identify site Construction materials: sand, roof, sheets, gravel, cement, wood, bricks and timber Government NGOs Community Women Youth 15 June 2010 County commissioner Community leaders UNDP State GoSS Land and border demarcation (roads and bridges) Engineers and surveyors Sign posts Security to protect process Government UNDP NGOs Community 15 June 2010 County commissioner Community leaders UNDP State GoSS UNMIS Education Building materials Human resources (teachers) Land Government NGOs UN Community 15 June 2010 County commissioner Community State Ministry of Education UNDP Health Facilities Building materials Medical equipment Visiting doctors and nurses Government NGOs UN Community 15 June 2010 County commissioner Community Government Ministry of Health UNDP

59 51 6. OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS Although violence is undoubtedly a pervasive and destructive force, it is merely a symptom of the area s true underlying instability issues. Instead, the majority of the region s insecurity stems from its lack of natural resources the violence being merely a manifestation of the constant battle for said resources. All of the interviewed community members understood this situation clearly and aimed their suggested development projects appropriately: choosing to address the root cause of instability. Generally, the security problems from county to county are quite similar and interrelated in both cause and methodology. However, despite the number of similarities, there are also a few features which are unique and localized in nature and justify a program of context-based and individualized conflict-sensitive projects for the benefit of the state s counties and payams. For example, the counties that border Sudan and Jonglei State tend to require police reinforcement-oriented projects. The influence of the Government is almost non-existent in many parts of Upper Nile due to logistical shortcomings. It has not yet reached out to the majority of the area s counties, payams and bomas. During the interview and consultation process, a number of county authorities expressed discontent from their state government. At the county level, the South Sudan Police Service (SSPS) remains unfunded, under-equipped and under-manned and with very limited capacity to provide basic services. There are a number of oil fields in this state, making it a potential conflict zone. Traditional leadership is valued across all of the major communities in Upper Nile. Unlike the Government, their active participation in community stabilization and local conflict mitigation is seen as central to sustainable community stability. However, in eastern Upper Nile the general disquiet related to insufficient fertile land and water, which has led to a questioning of traditional ways of life, particularly amongst the youth who would prefer to explore more modern lifestyles and approaches to agriculture. Although such explorations could potentially become positive steps for these communities, their geographical remoteness makes them difficult to achieve. The underemployment and subsequent disenfranchisement of the state s youth is a major concern for stability. Without incomes or the means of creating private enterprise, there is little hope for their livelihoods and potential for productively contributing to society in the short/medium term. In the consultations, it became clear that many were frustrated and unrealistically expected the referendum and possible secession to solve their problems almost immediately. A programme of public awareness should be conducted to adjust expectation and provide a basis for preparation in the communities. More information is needed on the reported youth groups referred to by community members as Niggas, which were seen as a serious threat to local residents and the larger stability of the state. Their reported activities dramatically reveal the insufficient capabilities of the local police forces and challenge traditional methods of conflict mitigation. Pollution of water sources from oil was a significant issue in Melut County (block 3/7) and requires immediate intervention. These communities have been expected to bear an unfair burden and their livelihoods have been both threatened and degraded while oil revenue and its benefits are diverted to other communities.

60 52 During the consultations, participating communities uniformly expressed that this was the first time they felt that their opinions had been included in governmental decision-making process. They were very positive about the nature and methodology of the consultations, particularly the consultations female participants, who were mostly well-represented. They were open, honest and communities had a general willingness to discuss issues affecting women. Throughout the consultation, participants doubted that any concrete action would be taken on their suggested reform programmes. Although many community members were thrilled to be included in the discussion of positive steps to address local security concerns, they also had trepidations about whether or not any of those suggestions would actually be implemented. Constant engagement with the communities and the timely completion of identified projects would partially address this concern. For maximum efficacy, Government stakeholders should also be checked to ensure they do not only value the information-gathering aspect of the process, but also deliver on the ground. Five years into the CPA, the security and conflict situation in the state still remains very fluid and potentially volatile. It has historically existed as an entity of both Sudan and South Sudan, a fact which has affected both the psychology and expectations of its inhabitants. The adjustment between the two has not been easy, particularly on the dynamics of referendum and the citizen s need for reassurance that their concerns can be addressed under the leadership of the new Government. Any positive action in this area must begin by addressing security issues (and their underlying causes), as well as provide access to rule of law. This is undoubtedly the most efficient way to begin a course of progressive and effective development programming.

61 53 7. NEXT STEPS Across Upper Nile State, communities proposed conflict-sensitive projects that will address insecurity in their respective counties. Police posts Communications equipment and vehicles Army deployment/barracks Dialogues on border demarcation Boreholes Water catchments Water pipe extension Water truck vehicles and tankers Schools Vocational training centres Roads Health centres Agriculture project Food security project State capital White Nile Sennar Southern Kordofan Manyo Renk Blue Nile Melut Fashoda Maban Panyikang Makal Bailet Akoka Longochuk Ulang Nasser Maiwut Jonglei Ethiopia

62 54 Annex 1 Summary of Proposed Conflict-Sensitive Projects in Upper Nile County Nature of project Rationale/comments Akoka Bailet Fashoda Longochuk Maban Maiwut Makal Manyo Construct boreholes Construct health centres Deploy police and army along strategic border areas, create police post Agricultural tools, manpower, engineers, tools fencing and barbed wire, and water pumps Construct four police posts on the eastern bank of the river Establish an agricultural scheme and fishing project Construct nine water stations in the following locations: Akuc, Dobe, Olam, Padekur, Abynay, Atar, Kalagany, Pabo and Oriny Create water sources such as boreholes and catchments in each of the county s seven payams; Jangok, Pamach, Dajo, Mathiang, Malual, Guelguk and Udier Construction of roads from Malut to Maiwut Counties, Mathiang and to every payam Establish an agricultural scheme using advanced farming tools Establish an agricultural scheme using advanced farming tools in Jinmada and Bugaya Construct boreholes and water catchments in each of the county s five payams Construct boarding schools in each of the county s five payams Dialogue meeting among conflicting counties (to take place in Malakal) and establish border demarcation committees Construct vocational training centres in each payam Construct roads from Mathiang Fagak to Maiwut County and extending to all payams Construct water catchments for animals - two in each payam Construct boreholes and create a distribution network in each payam Construct army barracks out of town Small army disarmament Demarcate borders/land Agricultural project Vocational training center Extend water pipes Establish fifteen water stations (water pumps, boreholes and reservoirs) Build 10 police posts Agricultural scheme Fire lines or roads for cattle Akoka is a new county and is underdeveloped, which explains the highly prioritized issues of borehole construction and health centres. This county borders Makal and Fashoda Counties to the west, Manyo and Melut to the north, Maban, Longochuk and Nasser Counties to the east, Ulang County to the south and Nyirol County in Jonglei State to the south. Due to the large number of contested borders, its residents clearly expressed the need to deal with external threats before other development projects. Fashoda is one of the oldest counties. It is underdeveloped and has no reliable source of revenue. The construction of police posts was prioritized because the county s major issue is the prevalence of land/border disputes with their neighbors. The majority of conflicts occur during the dry season. It is hoped that if boreholes and water catchments are provided, conflict between communities will decrease. Socioeconomic factors, and livelihood considerations dominated in this county. Job creation for the youth and the poor, as well as infrastructural development dominated discussion in this county. Persistent harassment of civilians by the military and incidence of armed robberies concerned most residents of this county. Socioeconomic factors and livelihood considerations dominated in this county. Melut Water truck vehicles and tankers Lack of water is severe; reaching water tables is also difficult during the construction of boreholes. Nasser Panyikang Renk Ulang Food security projects School construction Clear border/land demarcation Establish industries, vocational training and schools Provide meals for children Food security projects Build six police posts Clearing of Lol River Construct police posts in: Kumchuer, Tibin, Gongbar, Samara, Dungkem and Latham payams Equip police with communication tools and vehicles Construct police posts Demarcate land and borders Construct schools Construct health centres Socioeconomic factors and livelihood considerations dominated in this county. Socioeconomic factors and livelihood considerations dominated in this county. Insecurity is a major concern and the reason why police posts were requested. Insecurity resulting from land/border disputes and poor infrastructural facilities explains their prioritized issues.

63

64 South Sudan Bureau for Community Security and Small Arms Control Hai Kuwai, Bilpam, Juba, South Sudan South Sudan Peace and Reconciliation Commission United Nations Development Programme UNDP Compound, Ministries Road, PO Box 410, Juba, South Sudan Phone/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs Government of the Netherlands European Union Compound Juba, South Sudan