Assessing the indirect impacts of energy efficiency improvements in the UK building stock

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1 Assessing the indirect impacts of energy efficiency improvements in the UK building stock Niall Kerr I-Build Infrastructure business models, valuation and innovation for local delivery Sustainability Research Institute University of Leeds

2 UK buildings and energy Buildings responsible for around 45% of carbon emissions 1 ; entire building stock to be net carbon neutral by 2050, 80% of 2050 stock estimated to have already been built Oldest building stock in Europe: only stock in Europe where the majority of buildings were built pre Some of the lowest gas and electricity prices in the EU-15 3 The highest levels of fuel poverty in the EU-15 4 One of the most energy inefficient building stocks in Europe 4 Ref. 1: DECC, : Buildings Performance Institute Europe, : VassaETT, : Association for the Conservation of Energy, 2013

3 UK buildings and energy policy Motivation for improving the energy efficiency of the UK building stock, a policy priority by the UK Government Carbon emission reduction targets (CERT): legally binding reduction targets for energy suppliers Fuel poverty reduction: eradication target for 2016 Energy security: concerns over gas supply, declining North Sea reserves, building new power stations, dealing with nuclear waste, and the potential exploitation of shale gas.

4 Energy Efficiency Improvements (EEI) UK National Energy Efficiency Action Plan 2014: bringing as many residential and commercial buildings as possible up to a high level of energy performance is a priority for the UK Government Association. Conservation of Energy: energy efficiency is the best long-term solution to tackling fuel poverty. Association for Decentralised Energy: 14 fewer power stations required due to energy efficiency of the last 30 years David Cameron, we are in a global race and the countries that succeed in that race..are those that are the most energy efficient

5 European energy prices Ref VassaETT, Global Energy Think Tank, 2013 UK households are currently paying the lowest retail gas prices and among the lowest retail electricity prices in the EU 15. Department for Energy and Climate Change (DECC), 2013

6 Energy prices rise

7 Expenditure share (%) Expenditure 16% 14% 12% 10% 8% 6% 4% 2% 0% Food & non-alcoholic beverages Alcoholic beverages & tobacco Clothing & footwear Furnishings Health Communication Recreation & culture Education Restaurants & hotels Miscellaneous goods & services Electricity Gas Other fuels Other housing Vehicle fuels & lubricants Other transport

8 European gas price

9 UK energy bill Ref: British Gas, 2012

10 Energy taxes

11 Energy Supplier Obligations (ESO) Large electricity and gas suppliers required to reduce the energy consumption of their customers Certain amount of savings have to be achieved on properties receiving income support Most cost effective measures implemented i.e. Cavity Wall insulation and Loft insulation Cost of implementation passed on to energy prices

12 Financial mechanism of ESOs Tax/levy on the price of energy All energy consumers fund energy efficiency of some energy consumers Levy is non-tradable

13 Energy consumption

14 Energy Efficient Retrofit (EER) Pre 2013 Energy Supplier Obligations 70% of all Cavity Walls (CWI) and all Lofts (LI) that can be insulated, have been insulated High uptake of new efficient boilers, with cumulative uptake by 2013, 1.8 million above forecast Post 2013 Green Deal and ECO Collapse in CWI and LI installations Solid wall insulation, only 3% of homes that can be insulated are.

15 The Green Deal Move cost of energy efficient retrofit to private property owner receiving the work Innovative finance - no upfront cost for recipient, a loan is repaid through the energy bill Very low take-up.

16 Revolving Fund business model 10 year agreement 50% of savings to revolving fund 50% to home owner More cost-effective measures funding less c-e measures

17 Policy criticism Energy Company Obligation (ECO) cut get rid of all the green crap Creating financial products: bundled loans as securities Middle class subsidy: lack of focus on fuel poor Private debt: UK has second highest level in the world Investors require returns of 11 15%: benefits only go to investors rather than occupants

18 Future policy Present day New Energy Supplier Obligation: Labour Party focus on fuel poor Minimum Energy Performance Standards: regulation of private rental market Fund work through direct taxation: support form energy suppliers and energy eff market The Future Pay as you save/revolving fund Energy Service Company

19 Questions..

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