CHAPTER IV CAUSALITY AND CONVERGENCE OF RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS DISTRICTS IN ASSAM
|
|
- Carmel Jenkins
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 CHAPTER IV CAUSALITY AND CONVERGENCE OF RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT ACROSS DISTRICTS IN ASSAM IV.1 Having explored and depicted the status of development and infrastructure in rural Assam across districts and over time, the background is now set up for proving whether there is a link between level of rural development and the state of rural infrastructure in the state. The present chapter is an attempt for such an exercise. IV.2 Interconnection between Rural Infrastructure and Rural Development At priori, it can be argued that improvement in rural infrastructure facilities influences rural development positively. At the same time, rural infrastructure provision may also be influenced by rural development achieved in both current and past periods. This mutually reinforcing nature of relationship between rural infrastructure and rural development gives scope of formulating a simultaneous equation model as described in the next section. The regression analysis on the simultaneous equation model may be of use in establishing the inter-relation between these two areas. Another question pertinent in the dynamics of rural infrastructure and rural development inter-dependence is whether there is a tendency towards convergence 1 in both these two aspects. Hence, a section in this chapter has also 1 In Economics, the idea of convergence indicates to the perception that the per capita income of the poorer economies will tend to grow at faster rates than that in the richer economies as result of which all 86
2 been devoted to exploring the signs and significance of convergence or otherwise in rural infrastructure improvement and overall rural development. IV.2.1 Formulation of Simultaneous Equation Model In context of the present study, indices of rural development and rural infrastructure have been formulated following broadly the principles outlined in the UNDP Human Development Report, 2010 (UNDP 2010) for construction of the Human Development Index. For this purpose, districts are given scores for any attainment out of the scale of difference between the maximum attainment and the minimum attainment among the districts recorded in the reference period of 2001 to However, attainment indicators have to be changed because of non-availability of comparable data for the two time points of the present exercise. For instance, in the rural development index, instead of life expectancy rural sex-ratio in 0-6 age group has been taken as the health indicator and rural literacy rate has been taken as the indicator of educational attainment. As per UNDP methodology, log value of per capita agricultural district domestic product at constant prices of a district rather than the per capita agricultural district domestic product itself has been taken as the indicator of standard of living. Component indices have been compiled to a rural development index by taking their geometric mean (refer annexure IV.A for technical notes). As for rural infrastructure, the focus of the present exercise was on rural roads, rural economies would ultimately converge in terms of per capita income. Such convergence may be of two types. While σ-convergence refers to the countries converging to the same rate of growth, β- Convergence refers to countries converging to their own steady state long run growth rate. 87
3 electricity supply and rural tele-connectivity the critical non-specific components of infrastructure. However, the final index have to be based on only roads as reliable and comparable data on the other two components could not be obtained for both the time points. The process of construction of the rural road-cum-infrastructure index has been elaborated in Chapter III (Section III.3.1). To investigate the inter-relationship between rural infrastructure and rural development, the following simultaneous equation model has been formulated. Y 1i = F(X 1i, X 0i, Y 0i )...(1) X 1i = ψ(y 1i, Y 0i, X 0i )...(2) Where Y 0i and Y 1i are rural development indices for the i-th district at the starting and the end time points respectively and X 0i and X 1i respectively are the corresponding rural infrastructure indices. The rational for including the lagged dependent variable as regressors arises from the fact that a district which was relatively more developed in either rural infrastructure or rural development status can be expected to retain the higher value of the respective dependent variables. Since the dependent variables are bounded in the range 0 to 1, a linear specification of the equations (1) and (2) will not be appropriate. Hence, the following Logistic functional forms have been adopted: 88
4 = = ( )...(3) ( )...(4) where, α i and γ i s are the parameters to be estimated and u i and v i are the disturbances. Applying logit transformation, equations (3) and (4) can be linearised in parameters. Carrying out the transformation, we get the following two equations: =log = + +! + " +#...(5) $ =log % % =& +& +&! +& " +'...(6) After the transformation, the model does not strictly remain a simultaneous equation model and hence can be estimated by OLS. However, as Z 1i has been constructed entirely on the value of the original dependent variable Y 1i and W 1i has been constructed on the value of the other original dependent variable X 1i, the inherent simultaneity in equations (5) and (6) cannot be ruled out. Therefore the equations have been estimated by both OLS and 2SLS methods but the results of both the methods have been found similar. IV.2.2 Formulation of Convergence Model In order to investigate whether convergence is taking place in both rural infrastructure improvement and rural development process in Assam, the following two equations have been formulated as done by Young et al (2008): 89
5 log % % =( +( )*+( )+,...(7) log =(!+( " )*+( )+-...(8) where, β i s are the parameters to be estimated and µ i and ε i are the disturbances. The sign and significance of the estimated coefficients of the explanatory variables will give idea whether β-convergence is taking place. If the estimated coefficient is negative and significant, β-convergence is said to take place. On the other hand, positive and significant estimated coefficient would suggest divergence instead of convergence to take place. However, insignificant coefficient of either sign would suggest neither convergence nor divergence. IV.3 Status of Rural Infrastructure and Rural Development in Assam IV.3.1 Status of Rural Infrastructure Table 4.1 presents the availability of rural infrastructure as indicated by the overall infrastructure index across districts of Assam. The road index and the electricity index have been taken from chapter III (sections III.3.1 & III.3.2). The Overall infrastructure index has been calculated using the following formula:.'/01)) 345/6= 78*15345/6 :)/;<0=;=<> 345/6 Inter-district variations in rural infrastructure facility across districts in Assam can be easily observed from the table below. As per the overall infrastructure index, rural infrastructure facilities have been found the highest in Jorhat followed by Kamrup, Nagaon and Golaghat districts. The district of Kokrajhar has been found at the 90
6 bottom in terms of rural infrastructure availability. The status of rural infrastructure in the Barak valley districts is also not encouraging. Table 4.1: Indices of Rural Infrastructure across Districts of Assam District Road Index Electricity Index Overall Index Dhubri Kokrajhar Bongaigaon Goalpara Barpeta Nalbari Kamrup Darrang Sonitpur Lakhimpur Dhemaji Morigaon Nagaon Golaghat Jorhat Sibsagar Dibrugarh Tinsukia Karbi Anglong N. C. Hills Karimganj Hailakandi Cachar Source: Basic data taken from Statistical Hand Book Assam, 2011, Economic Survey, Assam, 2011 IV.3.2 Status of Rural Development The current status of rural development especially in terms of health, education and living standard attained by different districts of Assam can be observed in the table below: 91
7 Table 4.2: District-wise status of Rural Development in Assam Districts Index of Rural Child Sex Ratio Rural Literacy Index Rural Income Index Overall Rural Development Index Dhubri Kokrajhar Bongaigaon Goalpara Barpeta Nalbari Kamrup Darrang Sonitpur Lakhimpur Dhemaji Morigaon Nagaon Golaghat Jorhat Sibsagar Dibrugarh Tinsukia Karbi Anglong N. C. Hills Karimganj Hailakandi Cachar Source: Basic data have been taken from Statistical Handbook Assam, 2011, Economic Survey Assam, 2011 & Office of the Census of India The health indicator measured by under-6 rural sex ratio is found the highest in Tinsukia district while the district of Karbi Anglong comes last in this regard. The educational attainment measured by the rural literacy index is the highest in Jorhat while N C Hills tops the list in terms of achievement in standard of living as shown by the rural income index calculated from per capita agricultural district domestic product. Dhubri and Darrang lag behind the other districts in these two attainments respectively. The overall rural development index is found to be the highest in 92
8 Jorhat and lowest in Darrang district. A comparison of the districts can be made in terms of the rural infrastructure and rural development index values which are depicted in the following figure: Figure 4.1: 1: Rural Infrastructu Infrastructure re and Rural Development Index Values across Districts of Assam, 2011 Rural Infrastructure Index Rural Development Index Source: Table 4.1 and Table 4. 2 The figure represents almost a positive linkage between rural infrastructure and rural development. However, Darrang and Karbi Anglong depict a different picture where rural infrastructure levels are higher than their achievements in rural development. The upper Assam districts indicate to have better rural infrastructure facilities and rural development standards than most of the lower Assam districts. While N C Hills has been found to attain very high level of rural development, the position of Karbi Anglong, the other hill district, has been found very discouraging disco in this regard. But both the hill districts are having significant rural infrastructure 93
9 facilities. The Barak Valley districts possess more or less comparable infrastructure and development standards in their rural areas. IV.4 Inter-dependence between Rural Infrastructure and Rural Development In order to examine the rural infrastructure-rural development inter-relationship, both OLS and 2SLS regressions have been estimated on the equations constructed as mentioned in section II above. However, results of both types of regression have been found the same. The results of the regressions have been presented in the tables below: Table 4.3: Results of Regression of Current Development Index Variable/Items Estimated Coefficients/Values Lagged Development 1.102** Index (Y 0i ) (1.778) Current Infrastructure Index (X 1i ) (0.877) Lagged Infrastructure * Index (X 0i ) (-1.682) Constant (-1.361) R F (3, 19) 2.146* Note: Values in brackets represent t values. *, ** & *** represent significance at 10%, 5% and 1% level respectively. The current rural infrastructure has not been found to have any significant influence on current rural development (The result is not much convincing because of limitation of data used). However, the current rural development process is found to be positively and significantly influenced by lagged rural development. Thus, the districts with higher rural development attainments in the earlier periods have 94
10 experienced higher rural development status in the current period. However, a negative relationship is found between current rural development and lagged rural infrastructure which suggests that the districts deficient in rural infrastructure facilities in the earlier periods have succeeded in improving their rural development status in the present period. Table 4.4: Results of Regression of Current Infrastructure Index Variable/Items Estimated Coefficients/Values Lagged Infrastructure 2.286** Index (X 0i ) (3.039) Current Development 0.632* Index (Y 1i ) (1.493) Lagged Development Index (Y 0i ) (0.646) Constant *** (-6.341) R F (3, 19) 6.185** Note: Values in brackets represent t values. *, ** & *** represent significance at 10%, 5% and 1% level respectively. The current improvement in rural infrastructure across districts in Assam is positively and significantly influenced by both the rural infrastructure in the earlier periods and the current rural development process. Therefore, the districts with higher rural development attainments in the present period and higher levels of rural infrastructure in the earlier periods are found to possess better provisions of rural infrastructure in the current period. Here no significant relationship is found between current provision of rural infrastructure and rural development attained in the past. Thus current improvement in rural infrastructure of the districts of Assam is not 95
11 found to significantly influence upon current rural development process though it is positively influenced by the current rural development process. Moreover, rural development and rural infrastructure in the present period are positively depended upon their past achievements. To state more specifically, districts which are already developed rural areas have improved more in their rural development achievements and districts with already developed rural infrastructure in the past have added more to their rural infrastructure provision indicating divergence to take place in both the rural infrastructure and rural development process. Though significant negative dependence is found between current rural development and lagged rural infrastructure, no such significant dependence is found between current rural infrastructure and lagged rural development. To examine the presence or absence of convergence more formally, a regression analysis is done on the equations constructed as described in section II. The regression results are shown below: The negative and highly significant coefficients of the explanatory variables in both the tables above indicate occurrence of strong β-convergence in both the rural development process and the process of rural infrastructure improvement among the districts of Assam. It is a good sign for the state economy as the less developed districts have succeeded in improving their pace of rural development and adding more rural infrastructure facilities over time. It would help minimising the gap between the districts in terms of rural development and rural infrastructure provision in due course of time. 96
12 Table 4.5: Convergence in Development Process Variable/ Estimated Items Coefficients/Values Lagged Development Index (Y 0i ) ** (-2.792) Constant ** (-2.090) Table 4.6: Convergence in Infrastructure Progress Variable/ Estimated Items Coefficients/Values Lagged Infrastructure Index (X 0i ) * ( ) Constant ** (-3.402) R R F (1, 21) 7.793* F (1, 21) * Note: Values in brackets represent t values *, ** & *** represent significance at 10%,5% and 1% level respectively Note: Values in brackets represent t Values *, ** & *** represent significance at 10%, 5% and 1% level respectively IV.5 Conclusion There is considerable difference in rural development attainment and status of rural infrastructure across districts in Assam. Further, there is a distinct but less than perfect correspondence between status of rural infrastructure and the level of rural development attainment. While rural development has been found to positively influence rural infrastructure provision, no such relation has been found in the other way round. Thus, while higher rural development creates more rural infrastructures, improved rural infrastructure has not found to have significant impact assisting the rural development process across districts of Assam. In case of both rural development and state of rural infrastructure across districts there is evidence of convergent tendency. However in view of wide disparities in 97
13 both rural development attainments and the state of rural infrastructure among districts, natural convergence may require a fairly long time. Hence state interventions are warranted to help relatively backward regions within the state to break the nexus of low rural development attainment and poor state of rural infrastructure. In view of the positive influence of rural infrastructure on rural development process, a case for intervention through provision of rural infrastructure can be made. The case arises from the public good element inherent in most of the basic infrastructure facilities, which makes market provision of such facilities not only very uncertain but indeed very unlikely in backward areas. Having explored the infrastructure-development inter-relationship in the rural areas across districts of Assam on the basis of available secondary data in this chapter, the relationship between the two has been re-examined on the basis of collected primary data in the subsequent chapters. Apart from examining the impact of rural infrastructure on rural development, attempts have also been made to find out the role played by some village level institutions especially the gaon panchayats in improving status of rural infrastructure provision and accelerating the pace of development of the rural areas of Assam. Before going to that exercise, the next chapter has been designed to incorporate a brief outline of the structure of local governments in the state along with a few related issues with such self-governing bodies in the rural areas of the state. 98
14 ANNEXURE IV.A TECHNICAL NOTES INDEX CONSTRUCTION Index of Rural Development The index of rural development has been constructed as a composite index of three dimension indices under 6 age rural sex ratio index, rural literacy index and rural income index. For this, district-wise data on under 6 age rural sex ratio and rural literacy at the two reference periods of 2001 and 2011 have been taken. To construct the rural income index, per capita agricultural district domestic product has been used as a proxy of rural income since district-wise income data are not found available in rural-urban break-up. Moreover, agriculture is the primary source of income of most of the rural people. Following the UNDP (2010) methodology, log value of per capita district domestic product has been taken instead of per capita district domestic product itself. The dimension indices measure district-wise attainment of the three basic dimensions of rural development namely a good attitude towards girl child, knowledge and a decent standard of living. In the first step, dimension indices have been calculated by taking the actual maximum and minimum attainments among the districts in the respective dimensions in the reference period of 2001 and The maximum and minimum values in the three dimensions in the reference period are as follows: 99
15 Dimension Maximum Value Minimum Value 1. Under 6 age Rural Sex Ratio (Tinsukia, 2011) (Karbi Anglong, 2011) 2. Rural Literacy (Jorhat, 2011) (Dhubri, 2001) 3. Agricultural DDP Per Capita (in Rs.) (N C Hills, 2001) (Darrang, 2007) After deriving the maximum and minimum values, dimension indices have been calculated using the following equation:?=@/4a=*4 345/6= BCDEFG HFGE IJKEK HFGE IFLKEK HFGE IJKEK HFGE.(1) The values of the dimension indices so calculated would be within the range 0 1. To make the values conformable for further calculations, the 0 s and 1 s have been replaced by and respectively. Then the geometric mean of the three dimension indices of each district has been derived which has been considered as the final rural development index of the respective districts. For instance, the actual values of the dimensions in the district of Dhubri in 2011 are: Dimension Actual Value 1. Under 6 age Rural Sex Ratio Rural Literacy Agricultural DDP Per Capita (Lakh Rs.)
16 Using equation (1), Rural under 6 age Sex Ratio Index= Z[\Z] Z^!Z] =0.779 Rural Literacy Index= f[.]z]".[! ^."[]".[! =0.341 Rural Income Index= klm(!^^!)klm (!!f) klm("")klm (!!f) = #01)?/'/)*n@/4< 345/6=o/*@/<0=; p/14 *q <h/?=@/4a=*4 345=;/A = = Index of Rural Infrastructure The rural infrastructure index has also been calculated as a composite index of two dimension indices of rural road index and rural electricity index. The dimension indices measure availability of rural road connectivity and status of rural electricity supply, the two basic components of infrastructure services in the rural areas across districts in Assam. The rural road index is consisted of two indicators of rural roads per lakh of rural population and rural roads per hundred square kilometer of rural geographical area of each district. Rural roads per lakh of rural population may overstate the rural road availability in the thinly populated districts whereas rural road per hundred square kilometer of rural geographical area may understate the rural road availability in the thickly populated districts. Therefore the two indicators have been taken to get a more reliable index of rural road availability. The rural electricity index has been constructed from data on percentage of villages electrified across districts in Assam. Initially, the observed maximum and minimum values regarding rural roads per lakh of rural population and rural roads per hundred square kilometer of rural 101
17 geographical area have been found out among the districts in the two reference periods of 2004 and Then the dimension indices of rural roads per lakh of rural population and rural roads per hundred square kilometer of rural geographical area have been constructed by applying equation (1) mentioned above. The geometric mean of these two dimension indices has been taken as the final rural road index. The 0 and 1 values in the indices have been replaced by and respectively to make them conformable for calculation of the road index using geometric mean. The maximum and minimum values regarding villages electrified have also been derived in the two reference periods and equation (1) has been applied to arrive at the rural electricity index. 0 and 1 s have again been replaced by and respectively. The maximum and minimum values of the corresponding dimensions in the reference periods are: Dimension Maximum Value Minimum Value 1. Rural Roads per Lakh of Rural Population (in km) (N C Hills, 2011) (Dhubri, 2004) 2. Rural Roads per Hundred sq km of Rural Geographical Area (in km) (Jorhat, 2011) (Dhemaji, 2004) 3. Percentage of Electrified Villages (Nalbari, 2004) (Dhemaji, 2004) The geometric mean of rural road index and rural electricity index has been considered as the final rural infrastructure index. For instance, the actual values of the dimensions in the district of Goalpara in 2011 are: 102
18 Dimension Actual Value 1. Rural Roads per Lakh of Rural Population (in km) Rural Roads per Hundred sq km of Rural Geographical Area(in km) Percentage of Electrified Villages 93 Using equation (1), 345/6 *q 8#01) 8*15A n/0 t1uh *q 8#01) v*n#)1<=*4= = /6 *q 8#01) 8*15A n/0 00 Ay *q 8#01) o/*+01nh=;1) z0/1= = #01) 8*15 p/14 *q <h/ 1{*'/ < 345=;/A = #01) :)/;<0=;=<> 345/6= = #01) 34q01A<0#;<#0/ 345/6 =o/*@/<0=; p/14 *q 345=;/A *q 8#01) 8* #01) :)/;<0=;=<> = =
Quality of Education in India: A Case Study of Primary Schools of Assam
Bangladesh e-journal of Sociology. Volume 10 Number 1, January 2013. 71 Quality of Education in India: A Case Study of Primary Schools of Assam Sahidul Ahmed * Abstract: The global community is giving
More informationCurrent Bank Accounts Information and Status
Accounts Information and 1 Director of Fisheries, 30082139295 SBI Pan Bazar 30.12.2013 Assam 2 D. C. Kamrup(R) 30082139295 SBI Pan Bazar Amingaon 3 ----Ditto--- 10823631903 SBI 4 ----Ditto--- 006050003513
More informationSTATUS REPORT LEATHER, FOOTWEAR, LEATHER GOODS AND SPORTS GOODS INDUSTRIES ASSAM STATE ********* ******* ***** *** * *** ***** ******* *********
STATUS REPORT ON LEATHER, FOOTWEAR, LEATHER GOODS AND SPORTS GOODS INDUSTRIES OF ASSAM STATE ********* ******* ***** *** * *** ***** ******* ********* PREPARED BY LEATHER FOOTWEAR DIVISION OF SMALL INDUSTRIES
More informationGOVERNMENT OF ASSAM OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER OF TAXES, ASSAM DISPUR, GUWAHATI -6
GOVERNMENT OF ASSAM OFFICE OF THE COMMISSIONER OF TAXES, ASSAM DISPUR, GUWAHATI -6 Dated Dispur the th July/2014 CORRIGENDUM Kindly refer to tender notice No CT/COMP-17/2010/pt/174 dated 19/06/2014 for
More informationSatellite images for extraction of flood disaster footprints and assessing the disaster impact: Brahmaputra floods of June July 2012, Assam, India
Satellite images for extraction of flood disaster footprints and assessing the disaster impact: Brahmaputra floods of June July 2012, Assam, India C. M. Bhatt*, G. Srinivasa Rao, Asiya Begum, P. Manjusree,
More informationChapter 5: Bivariate Cointegration Analysis
Chapter 5: Bivariate Cointegration Analysis 1 Contents: Lehrstuhl für Department Empirische of Wirtschaftsforschung Empirical Research and und Econometrics Ökonometrie V. Bivariate Cointegration Analysis...
More informationJRNA Report- Second Phase of ASSAM FLOODS, SEPTEMBER 2015
Joint Needs Assessment Report on JRNA Report- Second Phase of ASSAM FLOODS, SEPTEMBER 2015 Joint Rapid Needs Assessment Report This report contains the compilation of the JRNA Phase 02 w.e.f 1 st September
More information5. Factoring by the QF method
5. Factoring by the QF method 5.0 Preliminaries 5.1 The QF view of factorability 5.2 Illustration of the QF view of factorability 5.3 The QF approach to factorization 5.4 Alternative factorization by the
More information11. Analysis of Case-control Studies Logistic Regression
Research methods II 113 11. Analysis of Case-control Studies Logistic Regression This chapter builds upon and further develops the concepts and strategies described in Ch.6 of Mother and Child Health:
More informationCHAPTER-VI ECONOMIC GROWTH, POVERTY AND SOCIAL SERVICES EXPENDITURE. In this chapter, the impact of social services expenditure on economic
CHAPTER-VI ECONOMIC GROWTH, POVERTY AND SOCIAL SERVICES EXPENDITURE 6.1 Introduction: In this chapter, the impact of social services expenditure on economic development and poverty reduction is analysed.
More informationHUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN INDIA: A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT FOR AGRICULTURAL SECTOR IN INDIA: A DYNAMIC ANALYSIS S. K. Nanda, Senior Scientist D. Rama Rao, Principal Scientist National Academy of Agricultural Research Management, Rajendranagar,
More informationInternational Research Journal of Interdisciplinary & Multidisciplinary Studies (IRJIMS)
International Research Journal of Interdisciplinary & Multidisciplinary Studies (IRJIMS) A Peer-Reviewed Monthly Research Journal ISSN: 2394-7969 (Online), ISSN: 2394-7950 (Print) Volume-I, Issue VI, July
More informationThe Effect of Neighborhood Watch. Programs on Neighborhood Crime in. Medford Oregon
The Effect of Neighborhood Watch Programs on Neighborhood Crime in Medford Oregon Economics 419: Honors Thesis - Draft May 25th, 2014 Abstract: Over the past decade Medford Oregon has expanded their Neighborhood
More informationRequest for Proposal for Implementation and Maintenance of Solution for Tele-Radiology Services under NRHM, Assam NON TRANSFERABLE
Request for Proposal for Implementation and Maintenance of Solution for Tele-Radiology Services NON TRANSFERABLE OFFICE OF THE MISSION DIRECTOR NATIONAL RURAL HEALTH MISSION, ASSAM SAIKIA COMMERCIAL COMPLEX
More informationMobile Money in Developing Countries: Common Factors. Khyati Malik
Mobile Money in Developing Countries: Common Factors Khyati Malik Abstract In this paper, we address many questions related to the adoption of mobile money in developing countries. Is mobile money being
More informationEconomic Development and the Gender Wage Gap Sherri Haas
Economic Development and the Gender Wage Gap I. INTRODUCTION General wage inequality within countries is a topic that has received a great deal of attention in the economic literature. Differences in wages
More informationTHE CONTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM TO WORLD ECONOMIC GROWTH, 1980 99
THE CONTRIBUTION OF ECONOMIC FREEDOM TO WORLD ECONOMIC GROWTH, 1980 99 Julio H. Cole Since 1986, a group of researchers associated with the Fraser Institute have focused on the definition and measurement
More informationImpact Factor 0.348 E- ISSN - 2349-6746 ISSN -2349-6738
BUYING BEHAVIOUR OF INVESTORS OF SMALL TOWNS WITH RESPECT TO INSURANCE POLICIES: A STUDY ON BARPETA DISTRICT OF ASSAM Dr. Bidyut Jyoti Bhattacharjee Assistant Professor, Department of Commerce, B.H.College,
More information16 : Demand Forecasting
16 : Demand Forecasting 1 Session Outline Demand Forecasting Subjective methods can be used only when past data is not available. When past data is available, it is advisable that firms should use statistical
More informationCHAPTER 5: CONSUMERS ATTITUDE TOWARDS ONLINE MARKETING OF INDIAN RAILWAYS
CHAPTER 5: CONSUMERS ATTITUDE TOWARDS ONLINE MARKETING OF INDIAN RAILWAYS 5.1 Introduction This chapter presents the findings of research objectives dealing, with consumers attitude towards online marketing
More informationIndia Project Portfolio
India Project Portfolio ANDHRA PRADESH... 4 1. Andhra Pradesh Rural Poverty Reduction Project... 6 2. AP Community Forestry Project... 7 3. AP District Poverty Initiative Project... 8 4. Andhra Pradesh
More informationLOGIT AND PROBIT ANALYSIS
LOGIT AND PROBIT ANALYSIS A.K. Vasisht I.A.S.R.I., Library Avenue, New Delhi 110 012 amitvasisht@iasri.res.in In dummy regression variable models, it is assumed implicitly that the dependent variable Y
More informationIntegrated Resource Plan
Integrated Resource Plan March 19, 2004 PREPARED FOR KAUA I ISLAND UTILITY COOPERATIVE LCG Consulting 4962 El Camino Real, Suite 112 Los Altos, CA 94022 650-962-9670 1 IRP 1 ELECTRIC LOAD FORECASTING 1.1
More informationChapter 6. Inequality Measures
Chapter 6. Inequality Measures Summary Inequality is a broader concept than poverty in that it is defined over the entire population, and does not only focus on the poor. The simplest measurement of inequality
More informationThe Internal Rate of Return Model for Life Insurance Policies
The Internal Rate of Return Model for Life Insurance Policies Abstract Life insurance policies are no longer seen solely as a means of insuring life. Due to many new features introduced by life insurers,
More informationAdditional sources Compilation of sources: http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/tseportal/datacollectionmethodologies/jin-tselink/tselink.htm
Mgt 540 Research Methods Data Analysis 1 Additional sources Compilation of sources: http://lrs.ed.uiuc.edu/tseportal/datacollectionmethodologies/jin-tselink/tselink.htm http://web.utk.edu/~dap/random/order/start.htm
More informationA Short review of steel demand forecasting methods
A Short review of steel demand forecasting methods Fujio John M. Tanaka This paper undertakes the present and past review of steel demand forecasting to study what methods should be used in any future
More informationImpact of Corporate Governance on Corporate Financial Performance
IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM) e-issn: 2278-487X, p-issn: 2319-7668. Volume 13, Issue 3 (Sep. - Oct. 2013), PP 01-05 Impact of Corporate Governance on Corporate Financial Performance
More informationFORECASTING DEPOSIT GROWTH: Forecasting BIF and SAIF Assessable and Insured Deposits
Technical Paper Series Congressional Budget Office Washington, DC FORECASTING DEPOSIT GROWTH: Forecasting BIF and SAIF Assessable and Insured Deposits Albert D. Metz Microeconomic and Financial Studies
More informationEconomic Growth, Inequality and Poverty Reduction in China
Economic Growth, Inequality and Poverty Reduction in China Sangui Wang Renmin University of China Economic Growth, Poverty and Inequality in China 1 China has achieved remarkable economic growth since
More informationREGIONAL DISPARITIES IN GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
Working Paper No: 2012/05 REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA Satyaki Roy ISID September 2012 ISID WORKING PAPER 2012/05 REGIONAL DISPARITIES IN GROWTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT IN
More informationI. Basic concepts: Buoyancy and Elasticity II. Estimating Tax Elasticity III. From Mechanical Projection to Forecast
Elements of Revenue Forecasting II: the Elasticity Approach and Projections of Revenue Components Fiscal Analysis and Forecasting Workshop Bangkok, Thailand June 16 27, 2014 Joshua Greene Consultant IMF-TAOLAM
More informationGender Equality and Economic Development
Gender Equality and Economic Development The Role for Information and Communication Technologies Derek H. C. Chen * The Knowledge for Development Program The World Bank Washington DC 20433 Abstract This
More informationPredicting Successful Completion of the Nursing Program: An Analysis of Prerequisites and Demographic Variables
Predicting Successful Completion of the Nursing Program: An Analysis of Prerequisites and Demographic Variables Introduction In the summer of 2002, a research study commissioned by the Center for Student
More informationESTIMATION OF LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH
CHAPTER V ESTIMATION OF LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH 5.1 Introduction Life expectancy at birth (e 0 0) is one of the most preferred indicators in demographic and health analysis. Life expectancy at birth reflects
More informationSimple linear regression
Simple linear regression Introduction Simple linear regression is a statistical method for obtaining a formula to predict values of one variable from another where there is a causal relationship between
More informationYew May Martin Maureen Maclachlan Tom Karmel Higher Education Division, Department of Education, Training and Youth Affairs.
How is Australia s Higher Education Performing? An analysis of completion rates of a cohort of Australian Post Graduate Research Students in the 1990s. Yew May Martin Maureen Maclachlan Tom Karmel Higher
More informationIt is important to bear in mind that one of the first three subscripts is redundant since k = i -j +3.
IDENTIFICATION AND ESTIMATION OF AGE, PERIOD AND COHORT EFFECTS IN THE ANALYSIS OF DISCRETE ARCHIVAL DATA Stephen E. Fienberg, University of Minnesota William M. Mason, University of Michigan 1. INTRODUCTION
More informationSTATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF UBC FACULTY SALARIES: INVESTIGATION OF
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF UBC FACULTY SALARIES: INVESTIGATION OF DIFFERENCES DUE TO SEX OR VISIBLE MINORITY STATUS. Oxana Marmer and Walter Sudmant, UBC Planning and Institutional Research SUMMARY This paper
More informationCHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND DESIGN OF THE STUDY
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION AND DESIGN OF THE STUDY INTRODUCTION Working capital is the cash available for day to day functions of a business. It is the cash that can be used to foot expected and unplanned
More informationCOMPARISONS OF CUSTOMER LOYALTY: PUBLIC & PRIVATE INSURANCE COMPANIES.
277 CHAPTER VI COMPARISONS OF CUSTOMER LOYALTY: PUBLIC & PRIVATE INSURANCE COMPANIES. This chapter contains a full discussion of customer loyalty comparisons between private and public insurance companies
More informationWhen to Use a Particular Statistical Test
When to Use a Particular Statistical Test Central Tendency Univariate Descriptive Mode the most commonly occurring value 6 people with ages 21, 22, 21, 23, 19, 21 - mode = 21 Median the center value the
More informationACCELERATED LEARNING PROGRAM
ACCELERATED LEARNING PROGRAM An End line Evaluation Study July 2004 Conducted Jointly By RVEC and The Azim Premji Foundation 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background Azim Premji Foundation is a not for profit organization
More informationTrends in Private and Public Investments in Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure in India
Agricultural Economics Research Review Vol. 21 (Conference Number) 2008 pp 371-376 Trends in Private and Public Investments in Agricultural Marketing Infrastructure in India M.S. Jairath* National Institute
More informationFactors Influencing Price/Earnings Multiple
Learning Objectives Foundation of Research Forecasting Methods Factors Influencing Price/Earnings Multiple Passive & Active Asset Management Investment in Foreign Markets Introduction In the investment
More informationThe North Carolina Health Data Explorer
1 The North Carolina Health Data Explorer The Health Data Explorer provides access to health data for North Carolina counties in an interactive, user-friendly atlas of maps, tables, and charts. It allows
More informationIs Urban Growth Good For Rural India?
Is Urban Growth Good For Rural India? Future Capital Research Roopa Purushothaman Saurabh Bandyopadhyay Anindya Roy Two Parts to the Story 3 Urban Myths About Contemporary Rural India Myth 1: Faster Economic
More informationUsing Geographical Information Systems (GIS) To Establish Access To Aged Care Residential Services In Non-Metropolitan Australia
Using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) To Establish Access To Aged Care Residential Services In Non-Metropolitan Australia Graeme Hugo, Rachel Aylward 5th National Rural Health Conference Graeme
More informationINCREASING COMPLETE IMMUNIZATION IN RURAL UTTAR PRADESH
INCREASING COMPLETE IMMUNIZATION IN RURAL UTTAR PRADESH The Government of India has recommended that a child must be vaccinated against six vaccine-preventable diseases (polio, tuberculosis [TB], diphtheria,
More informationProfiles and Data Analysis. 5.1 Introduction
Profiles and Data Analysis PROFILES AND DATA ANALYSIS 5.1 Introduction The survey of consumers numbering 617, spread across the three geographical areas, of the state of Kerala, who have given information
More informationFactors Affecting Students Academic Performance: A case study in Agartala Municipal Council Area
34 Factors Affecting Students Academic Performance: A case study in Agartala Municipal Council Area Amitava Raychaudhuri *, Manojit Debnath **, Saswata Sen *** and Braja Gopal Majumder **** Abstract: Number
More informationTesting for Granger causality between stock prices and economic growth
MPRA Munich Personal RePEc Archive Testing for Granger causality between stock prices and economic growth Pasquale Foresti 2006 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/2962/ MPRA Paper No. 2962, posted
More informationOver-Age, Under-Age, and On-Time Students in Primary School, Uganda
Primary School Net and Gross Attendance Rates, Uganda More than three quarters of primary school age children in Uganda attend school and gender parity in attendance has been achieved. of children ages
More informationEducation as a Determinant of Economic Growth
Education as a Determinant of Economic Growth Robert J. Barro Since the late 1980s, much of the attention of macroeconomists has focused on long-term issues, notably the effects of government policies
More informationAnalysis Concept and Methodology for Market Selection for IDE India Projects
Analysis Concept and Methodology for Market Selection for IDE India Projects Eric Weiss IDE M&E and MER Consultant October, 2002 Delhi, India Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction...2 2.0 Methodology Concept...2
More informationDOES A STRONG DOLLAR INCREASE DEMAND FOR BOTH DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED GOODS? John J. Heim, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
DOES A STRONG DOLLAR INCREASE DEMAND FOR BOTH DOMESTIC AND IMPORTED GOODS? John J. Heim, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA ABSTRACT Rising exchange rates strengthen the dollar and lower
More informationSocial protection and poverty reduction
Social protection and poverty reduction Despite the positive economic growth path projected for Africa, the possibility of further global shocks coupled with persistent risks for households make proactive
More informationFDI as a source of finance in imperfect capital markets Firm-Level Evidence from Argentina
FDI as a source of finance in imperfect capital markets Firm-Level Evidence from Argentina Paula Bustos CREI and Universitat Pompeu Fabra September 2007 Abstract In this paper I analyze the financing and
More informationNew Insights into the Impact of the Doha Round on the Indian Economy Results of a Recent CUTS Study
New Insights into the Impact of the Doha Round on the Indian Economy Results of a Recent CUTS Study 5/2010 Negotiators from developing countries at the WTO are often hampered by the lack of rigorous research
More informationRESULT, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
Chapter 6 RESULT, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION As we have already mentioned that our proposed methodology works in two phases, i.e., i) Application development when there is no in the database/application (First
More informationESTIMATES OF MORTALITY INDICATORS
CHAPTER 4 ESTIMATES OF MORTALITY INDICATORS Mortality is one of the basic components of population change and related data is essential for demographic studies and public health administration. It is the
More informationSocial Security Eligibility and the Labor Supply of Elderly Immigrants. George J. Borjas Harvard University and National Bureau of Economic Research
Social Security Eligibility and the Labor Supply of Elderly Immigrants George J. Borjas Harvard University and National Bureau of Economic Research Updated for the 9th Annual Joint Conference of the Retirement
More informationG.A. Pavliotis. Department of Mathematics. Imperial College London
EE1 MATHEMATICS NUMERICAL METHODS G.A. Pavliotis Department of Mathematics Imperial College London 1. Numerical solution of nonlinear equations (iterative processes). 2. Numerical evaluation of integrals.
More informationADVANCED FORECASTING MODELS USING SAS SOFTWARE
ADVANCED FORECASTING MODELS USING SAS SOFTWARE Girish Kumar Jha IARI, Pusa, New Delhi 110 012 gjha_eco@iari.res.in 1. Transfer Function Model Univariate ARIMA models are useful for analysis and forecasting
More information9.2 Summation Notation
9. Summation Notation 66 9. Summation Notation In the previous section, we introduced sequences and now we shall present notation and theorems concerning the sum of terms of a sequence. We begin with a
More informationChapter 3 LITERACY AND EDUCATION
Chapter 3 LITERACY AND EDUCATION Coverage Literacy Rates in Post-Independence India Literacy Rates of SC/ST by Sex and Urban-Rural Distribution State-wise Literacy Rates in last 3 decades State-wise Gap
More informationDeterminants of Stock Market Performance in Pakistan
Determinants of Stock Market Performance in Pakistan Mehwish Zafar Sr. Lecturer Bahria University, Karachi campus Abstract Stock market performance, economic and political condition of a country is interrelated
More informationTRENDS IN LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT AND THEIR IMPACT ON PROFITABILITY: A CASE STUDY. Kartik Chandra Nandi Banwarilal Bhalotia College, West Bengal
Abstract: TRENDS IN LIQUIDITY MANAGEMENT AND THEIR IMPACT ON PROFITABILITY: A CASE STUDY Kartik Chandra Nandi Banwarilal Bhalotia College, West Bengal This paper makes an attempt to assess the trends in
More informationOver-Age, Under-Age, and On-Time Students in Primary School, Tanzania
Primary School Net and Gross Attendance Rates, Tanzania More than three quarters of primary school age children in Tanzania attend school and gender parity in attendance has been achieved. 1 of children
More informationMORE ON LOGISTIC REGRESSION
DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Posc/Uapp 816 MORE ON LOGISTIC REGRESSION I. AGENDA: A. Logistic regression 1. Multiple independent variables 2. Example: The Bell Curve 3. Evaluation
More informationPrimary School Net and Gross Attendance Rates, Kenya. Over-Age, Under-Age, and On-Time Students in Primary School, Kenya
Primary School Net and Gross Attendance Rates, Kenya Nearly of primary school age children in Kenya attend school with slightly more females than males attending. of children ages - attend primary school.
More informationSolving Insurance Business Problems Using Statistical Methods Anup Cheriyan
Solving Insurance Business Problems Using Statistical Methods Anup Cheriyan Ibexi Solutions Page 1 Table of Contents Executive Summary...3 About the Author...3 Introduction...4 Common statistical methods...4
More informationRegression III: Advanced Methods
Lecture 4: Transformations Regression III: Advanced Methods William G. Jacoby Michigan State University Goals of the lecture The Ladder of Roots and Powers Changing the shape of distributions Transforming
More informationparent ROADMAP MATHEMATICS SUPPORTING YOUR CHILD IN HIGH SCHOOL
parent ROADMAP MATHEMATICS SUPPORTING YOUR CHILD IN HIGH SCHOOL HS America s schools are working to provide higher quality instruction than ever before. The way we taught students in the past simply does
More informationCity District Government Faisalabad Strategic Policy Unit
City District Government Faisalabad Strategic Policy Unit Whole School Development: A Holistic Approach to Education The trouble with education (GUIDANCE NOTE) In 2000 the Dakar Conference in Senegal rallied
More informationKauffman Dissertation Executive Summary
Kauffman Dissertation Executive Summary Part of the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation s Emerging Scholars initiative, the Kauffman Dissertation Fellowship Program recognizes exceptional doctoral students
More informationThe IBIS Education for Change strategy states the overall objective
CONCEPT PAPER: YOUTH EDUCATION & TRAINING 1 Concept Paper youth education & training Photo: Ricardo Ramirez The IBIS Education for Change strategy states the overall objective of IBIS work with education
More informationON THE DEATH OF THE PHILLIPS CURVE William A. Niskanen
ON THE DEATH OF THE PHILLIPS CURVE William A. Niskanen There is no evidence of a Phillips curve showing a tradeoff between unemployment and inflation. The function for estimating the nonaccelerating inflation
More informationGOVERNMENT OF ASSAM OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR, TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING, ASSAM DISPUR : GUWAHATI 781036.
RFP for preparation of GIS based maps :: January 2016 :: Directorate of Town and Country Planning, Assam GOVERNMENT OF ASSAM OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR, TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING, ASSAM DISPUR : GUWAHATI 781036.
More informationPEER REVIEW HISTORY ARTICLE DETAILS VERSION 1 - REVIEW. Nahyuha Chomi, Eunice United Kingdom 03-Jul-2015
PEER REVIEW HISTORY BMJ Open publishes all reviews undertaken for accepted manuscripts. Reviewers are asked to complete a checklist review form (http://bmjopen.bmj.com/site/about/resources/checklist.pdf)
More informationDo Supplemental Online Recorded Lectures Help Students Learn Microeconomics?*
Do Supplemental Online Recorded Lectures Help Students Learn Microeconomics?* Jennjou Chen and Tsui-Fang Lin Abstract With the increasing popularity of information technology in higher education, it has
More informationTHE EFFECTIVENESS OF LOGISTICS ALLIANCES EUROPEAN RESEARCH ON THE PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AND CONTRACTUAL SUCCESS FACTORS IN LOGISTICS PARTNERSHIPS
CIIL An IESE-Mecalux Initiative STUDY-62 February, 2008 THE EFFECTIVENESS OF LOGISTICS ALLIANCES EUROPEAN RESEARCH ON THE MEASUREMENT AND CONTRACTUAL SUCCESS FACTORS IN LOGISTICS PARTNERSHIPS Joan Jané
More informationChapter VIII Customers Perception Regarding Health Insurance
Chapter VIII Customers Perception Regarding Health Insurance This chapter deals with the analysis of customers perception regarding health insurance and involves its examination at series of stages i.e.
More informationEconomic Development and Gains from Trade
Economics Education and Research Consortium Working Paper Series Economic Development and Gains from Trade Georgi Trofimov Working Paper No 98/06 This project (No 96-161) was supported by the Economics
More informationLessons Learned from MDG Monitoring From A Statistical Perspective
Lessons Learned from MDG Monitoring From A Statistical Perspective Report of the Task Team on Lessons Learned from MDG Monitoring of the IAEG-MDG United Nations March 2013 The views expressed in this paper
More informationTerms of Reference Concurrent Monitoring of Mid Day Meal (MDM) in Odisha
Terms of Reference Concurrent Monitoring of Mid Day Meal (MDM) in Odisha 1. Background The Government of India has initiated a number of social welfare flagship schemes to enable improving status of human
More informationIn mathematics, there are four attainment targets: using and applying mathematics; number and algebra; shape, space and measures, and handling data.
MATHEMATICS: THE LEVEL DESCRIPTIONS In mathematics, there are four attainment targets: using and applying mathematics; number and algebra; shape, space and measures, and handling data. Attainment target
More informationSchools Value-added Information System Technical Manual
Schools Value-added Information System Technical Manual Quality Assurance & School-based Support Division Education Bureau 2015 Contents Unit 1 Overview... 1 Unit 2 The Concept of VA... 2 Unit 3 Control
More informationGraciela N. Borsato, Jenny Nagaoka, and Ellen Foley. 1 See www.corestandards.org.
College Readiness Indicator Systems Framework Graciela N. Borsato, Jenny Nagaoka, and Ellen Foley A new framework from the CRIS initiative provides guidance for schools and districts to implement a system
More informationThe Elasticity of Taxable Income: A Non-Technical Summary
The Elasticity of Taxable Income: A Non-Technical Summary John Creedy The University of Melbourne Abstract This paper provides a non-technical summary of the concept of the elasticity of taxable income,
More informationPoverty and income growth: Measuring pro-poor growth in the case of Romania
Poverty and income growth: Measuring pro-poor growth in the case of EVA MILITARU, CRISTINA STROE Social Indicators and Standard of Living Department National Scientific Research Institute for Labour and
More informationFriday, January 29, 2016 9:15 a.m. to 12:15 p.m., only
ALGEBRA /TRIGONOMETRY The University of the State of New York REGENTS HIGH SCHOOL EXAMINATION ALGEBRA /TRIGONOMETRY Friday, January 9, 016 9:15 a.m. to 1:15 p.m., only Student Name: School Name: The possession
More informationAnswers in the Toolbox
For online access, copy this URL into your browser address box: http://www.aft.org/pubs-reports/american_educator/spring2004/tellthekids.html http://www.ed.gov/pubs/toolbox/index.html Answers in the Toolbox
More informationExport Pricing and Credit Constraints: Theory and Evidence from Greek Firms. Online Data Appendix (not intended for publication) Elias Dinopoulos
Export Pricing and Credit Constraints: Theory and Evidence from Greek Firms Online Data Appendix (not intended for publication) Elias Dinopoulos University of Florida Sarantis Kalyvitis Athens University
More informationEducation: The Secret to Crime Reduction?
Education: The Secret to Crime Reduction? Abstract The battle for crime control is a constant one. Researchers from various branches sociology, political science, and economics have attempted to assess
More informationIN THE COURT OF THE MOTOR ACCIDENT CLAIMS TRIBUNAL, GOLAGHAT
IN THE COURT OF THE MOTOR ACCIDENT CLAIMS TRIBUNAL, GOLAGHAT PRESENT: Smti. I. Barman, A.J.S. Member, Motor Accident Claims Tribunal, Golaghat, Assam MAC CASE NO. 48/2010 (Under Section 166of the MV Act)
More informationIntegrated Regional Development Planning in. Ethiopia: the case of Oromiya regional state
Integrated Regional Development Planning in Ethiopia: the case of Oromiya regional state Teshome Negussie Oromiya Finance and Economic Development Bureau May, 2013 Nagoya Ethiopia is a country of 1.059
More informationTestimony before the Basic Education Funding Commission October 21, 2014
Testimony before the Basic Education Funding Commission October 21, 2014 Good morning. My name is Patrick Dowd and I am the executive director of Allies for Children, a nonpartisan, child advocacy nonprofit
More informationSmall Bank Comparative Advantages in Alleviating Financial Constraints and Providing Liquidity Insurance over Time
Small Bank Comparative Advantages in Alleviating Financial Constraints and Providing Liquidity Insurance over Time Allen N. Berger University of South Carolina Wharton Financial Institutions Center European
More informationAlum Rock Elementary Union School District Algebra I Study Guide for Benchmark III
Alum Rock Elementary Union School District Algebra I Study Guide for Benchmark III Name Date Adding and Subtracting Polynomials Algebra Standard 10.0 A polynomial is a sum of one ore more monomials. Polynomial
More information