THE ROLE OF SOCIOGRAMS IN SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS. Maryann Durland Ph.D. EERS Conference 2012 Monday April 20, 10:30-12:00

Transcription

1 THE ROLE OF SOCIOGRAMS IN SOCIAL NETWORK ANALYSIS Maryann Durland Ph.D. EERS Conference 2012 Monday April 20, 10:30-12:00

2 FORMAT OF PRESENTATION Part I SNA overview 10 minutes Part II Sociograms Example 1-25 minutes Part III History & Development 10 minutes Part IV Sociograms Example 2 25 minutes Part V Questions &Answers 20 minutes

3 PART I - WHAT IS SNA? Methodology for analyzing relational data Uses matrix data for analysis (graph theory, matrix algebra) Uses sociograms or maps for visualization and data (graph theory, visualization of data) Uses both simple & complex algorithms (matrix algebra, graph theory) Is focused on the whole -structure, patterns, systems (history) Looks at both the whole & parts within context of whole (history) Has multiple applications aligned with theories (support, structural holes, leadership, diffusion) 3

4 RELATIONAL DATA Relational data means that in some form or another the data measures a connection between two points. The two points might be cities and the connection could be railroad lines, or one way streets, or stop lights, or friendships, co-memberships, support, etc. SNA begins with the connection or absence of a connection between two points Points might be towns, street corners, staff, a classroom, members of a group, a team, an organization, etc.

5 TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS People to people, but also: Activities Actions Events Materials & Resources Ideas etc. 5

6 Communities of practice RELATIONAL DATA COMES FROM RELATIONSHIPS coaching exchange kinship Diffusion of methods power Teams innovation Leadership groups trust gossip mentoring Matrix org communication Working Relationships Knowledge networks conflict Sharing info friendship Communities of Practice advice Club membership influence Research 6

7 RELATIONSHIPS Defining Relationships Based on theory support, leadership Based on behavior defined by program or project Combination of both Measuring Relationships Align measure to behavior Use multiple measures Look at all levels (as results indicate, or aligned to theory) Network Sub-groups Individual 7

8 IMPORTANCE OF SOCIOGRAMS IN SNA Foundation for SNA - History Has features or characteristics that can and cannot be measured (graph theory) Adds context to measures (graph theory, program theory, social science theory) Locates the position within a network, based on a measure, which is different from a rank or score.

9 PART II READING SOCIOGRAMS Nodes & lines Direction/or not Coded by attributes or measurement This line is a bridge This is a tree Person 2, 3, and 1 form a clique Person 2 is a cutpoint Square Nodes Non-directional lines No attribute or measurement info One network (person 1-5) Person 2 has an Indegree of 3. Persons 3, and 1 have an Indegree of 2. Who is in a better or more critical position? 9

10 EXAMPLE 1: COLLABORATION AND SPREAD OF TEAMS WITHIN NETWORK Frequency of connections How are teams connected What is the structure of connections (pairs, cliques, ego network, etc.) How is the overall structure organized? (grade levels, peers, across grades) 10

11 SOCIOGRAMS Sociograms are created by software programs that use algorithms to plot the nodes and ties or lines. Among other elements in the formulae, these algorithms include four basic rules for creating a sociogram; push unconnected nodes away from each other, pull connected nodes closer together, adjust for line length, so that lines are not too long or too short, and position nodes and connections to minimize line crossings.

12 SCHOOL 1 THE BIG PICTURE Team members are yellow Highly connected to each other, and central to the network (connected to others as well) Edges of sociogram nonrespondents, few choices, etc. 12

13 RECIPROCAL VIEW CODED BY AREAS The bold lines indicate mutual connections. Square nodes are team members, within their grade levels. This map is by grade levels (Primary, elementary and middle). Many reciprocals are by grade level, but not all. 13

14 60-61 Pre-k, K 98 Other 99 AP 100 Principal 14

15 CLIQUE DATA 1:00 ORG1 ORG2 ORG5 ORG3 ORG4 2:00 ORG1 ORG2 ORG3 ORG4 ORG6 3:00 ORG1 ORG4 ORG6 ORG7 4:00 ORG1 ORG4 ORG8 5:00 ORG1 ORG11 ORG12 6:00 ORG1 ORG12 ORG13 7:00 ORG1 ORG14 ORG15 ORG15 8:00 ORG1 ORG14 ORG16

16 CLIQUE OVERLAP Cliques are at least three people, and almost all of them talk to each other. School 1 has 94 cliques from size 3 to 7 members 16

17 EGO NETWORKS FOR TEAM-

18 RECIPROCATED BY FORMAL GROUP 18

19 PART III. HISTORY Jacob Moreno developed the sociogram. In the beginning it was a piece of paper, with people as the points, and their connections to each other as lines. (1930 s) Additions to the field were from many fields including anthropology, sociology, matrix algebra New fields developed such as graph theory During the middle 1980 s computer technology and speed prompted interest 2012, now at a heightened level of interest, from data analysis to visualization

20 GRAPH THEORY The mathematical study of the properties of the formal mathematical structures called graphs. Simple Graphs Trees Gear Graphs

21 DIFFERENCES NETWORK ANALYSIS VS. STUDY Network Analysis Whole structure Structural features, Structural characteristics, Subsets of the whole and/or Individuals within the whole Sociograms Data Analysis Some statistical analysis Network Studies A network measure is used as an attribute Generally only one measures, as an individual score, but not connected to the whole 21

22 ATTRIBUTE DATA Case Gender School age Club1 Teacher Club2 Club3 Grade Bus Suzy F GW 11 1 Scott A 47 Casey M GW 11 1 Scott 1 C 47 JT M IP 10 1 Scott 1 1 B 47 Tommy M IP 9 Smith 1 1 A 47 Isabel F IP 10 1 Jones A 47 Rose F GW 11 1 Jones 1 D 47 Spring F GW 9 Maple 1 A 47

23 MATRIX DATA Read left to right; 1 st Row is the chooser and their choices Outdegre Simplest Measures 1. Freeman s Indegree- who choose me is the column total. 2. Freeman s Outdegree who I chose is the row total Indegree 23

24 SEPARATED OUT BY AREA 24

25 EXAMPLE 2. HOW Defining relationships Based on theory support, leadership Based on behavior defined by program or project Combination of both Measuring relationships Align measure to behavior Use multiple measures Look at all levels (as results indicate, or aligned to theory) Network Sub-groups Individual 25

26 Sample from Internet Component 1: Develop a network of strategically placed and financially viable community health centers in Clark County for the uninsured/ underserved to access their primary health care needs. Resources Activities Outputs Outcomes Impact Descriptions Appropriate physical Determine the best sites Target population will The perception that Will eliminate the locations that through research obtain quality quality health care use of provide ready of target primary health care for the poor/ emergency access and are populations and at the centers. uninsured/ room visits free of barriers through consensus underserved is for primary of CCHAC available only in care services Appropriately members Target population will hospital in Southern equipped and Secure funding to utilize referrals from emergency rooms Nevada. staffed facilities equip and staff the centers to will be dispelled. The overall health facilities medical specialists The health and wellbeing and well Maximize funding and other needed of members being of through an health care and to of the target Southern effective RFPbased needed social population will Nevadans in selection of services. improve. general will MIS that allows providers who will CCHAC s improve. effective run the centers Client use of the centers understanding of CCHAC s oversight, data Secure funding to build and their satisfaction the target mission will gathering, an appropriate will be effectively population will evolve to tracking, MIS system tracked, recorded, improve. include the reporting, and Maximize funding by reported on, and, as CCHAC s ability to entire range appropriate building, testing appropriate, shared effectively meet of sharing of and refining the among centers. the primary health healthcarerelated patient MIS system care needs of the and information among existing target population social among clinics centers, and by will improve. services. hiring competent MIS staff. 26 Assumptions CCHAC continues CCHAC MIS committee Selected providers will Quality primary health Once it ends,

27 EXAMPLE FROM A LOGIC MODEL Target population will utilize referrals from the centers to medical specialists and other needed health care and to needed social services. Use referrals is an anticipated behavior that will occur as a result of this project. This implies a connection, or a relationship Center Client Medical Specialist This connection is the behavior 27

28 QUESTIONS TO ASK: GO BEYOND THE ASSUMPTIONS OF THE STATED What program components indicate a relationship? (target population use referrals from health centers, to specialists, other services?) Can you define the relationship(s)? (From direct relationship with health centers to new relationships; also the centers to the specialists ) Who are the actors, groups, etc in the relationship(s)? (target population, health centers, specialists, other.) What behaviors, actions, and activities would you expect in this relationship and by whom? (Target population initiates new relationships, what is role of centers? How does the relationship(s) contribute to the success of the project or to understanding the project 28

29 INFORMAL NETWORKS Defined by theory of relationships & questions Mentoring relationship Work with Do research and write with Consider important to career Respect and would ask for work related help from Would like to work on a committee with 29

30 FREEMAN S INDEGREE Number of times a person is chosen by others / n-1 (column total/n-1) 30

31 DEGREE CENTRALITY 31

32 NODES BY INDEGREE

33 FREEMAN S BETWEENNESS How much an individual is indirectly linked to others, and to what extent an individual is between two others C b(i) = SSb ijm, across all n's. b ijm = g ijm/ jm; g ijm is equal to the number of geodesics containing i that are linked to both j and m; jm is equal to the number of geodesics linking j to m. 33

34 COMPLETE SOCIAL NETWORK Top 3 Choices Old Group and New Group are NOT integrated 34

35 PC2 - DECLINING Principal 36

36 PC1 - IMPROVING Principal 37

37 CLIQUE OVERLAP

38 COMPONENTS

39 WHAT TO MEASURE?

40