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1 TEIN2 Measurement and Monitoring Workshop Netflow

2 Passive Measurements - Netflow Netflow Setting up Netflow on a router Using Netflow Establishing exports Configuring a collector Analysing the data

3 Netflow Netflow was developed by Cisco in response to demands by customers to have accessible detailed information about the IP traffic in the network Cisco IOS NetFlow efficiently provides a key set of services for IP applications, including network traffic accounting, usage-based network billing, network planning, security, Denial of Service monitoring capabilities, and network monitoring. NetFlow provides valuable information about network users and applications, peak usage times, and traffic routing.

4 Configuring Netflow on a router On the router: At interface level: ip route-cache flow ip flow ingress On switch/routers it is different: ip route-cache flow gives only supervisor routed packets Need to cover switched packets mls flow ip interface-full The router is now deploying Netflow but the data is not being exported but it is available local to the router.

5 sh ip cache flow Router> sh ip cache flow IP packet size distribution (10608M total packets): IP Flow Switching Cache, bytes active, inactive, added ager polls, 0 flow alloc failures Active flows timeout in 30 minutes Inactive flows timeout in 15 seconds IP Sub Flow Cache, bytes active, inactive, added, added to flow 0 alloc failures, force free 3 chunks, 1089 chunks added last clearing of statistics never

6 show ip cache flow Protocol Total Flows Packets Bytes Packets Active(Sec) Idle(Sec) Flows /Sec /Flow /Pkt /Sec /Flow /Flow TCP-Telnet TCP-FTP TCP-FTPD TCP-WWW TCP-SMTP TCP-X TCP-BGP TCP-NNTP TCP-Frag TCP-other UDP-DNS UDP-NTP UDP-TFTP UDP-Frag UDP-other ICMP IGMP IPv6INIP GRE IP-other Total:

7 sh ip cache flow SrcIf SrcIPaddress DstIf DstIPaddress Pr SrcP DstP Pkts Gi Gi C Gi Gi Gi Gi E Gi Gi C3A

8 sh ip cache flow Useful tips: For spotting large numbers of packets in a flow: Router>sh ip cache flow include K Gi Gi E3F K Gi Gi D K Gi Gi F 0AAF 12K Gi Gi D 0FAF 10K Gi Gi D86 15K Gi Gi F9F 26E4 12K

9 Top talkers Configure terminal ip flow-top-talkers Sort-by packets Cache-timeout 2000 top 5 Sample output: Router>show ip flow top-talkers SrcIf SrcIPaddress DstIf DstIPaddress Pr SrcP DstP Pkts Gi Local F K Gi Null E DC Gi Gi F Gi Gi D Gi Gi D

10 Sampled Netflow Sampling rates (if required): flow-sampler-map SAMPLE mode random one-out-of 100 exit

11 Configuring flow-export on a router Flow data can be exported as a UDP stream from the router to a collection machine The commands for enabling this are normally: ip flow-export source Loopback0 ip flow-export version 5 origin AS ip flow-export destination Configuring flow-export on a switch/router mls nde sender version 5

12 Now verify router export Router> show ip flow export Flow export v5 is enabled for main cache Exporting flows to (9991) Exporting using source interface Loopback0 Version 5 flow records, origin-as flows exported in udp datagrams 0 flows failed due to lack of export packet 0 export packets were sent up to process level 0 export packets were dropped due to no fib 0 export packets were dropped due to adjacency issues 0 export packets were dropped due to fragmentation failures 0 export packets were dropped due to encapsulation fixup failures 0 export packets were dropped enqueuing for the RP 0 export packets were dropped due to IPC rate limiting Router>

13 Configuring flow-export the receiver Many netflow tools available Many in-house developed solutions eg AARNet NFA Flowtools ( is a software package for collecting and processing NetFlow data from Cisco and Juniper routers

14 Flowtools Flow-tools is library and a collection of programs used to collect, send, process, and generate reports from NetFlow data. The tools can be used together on a single server or distributed to multiple servers for large deployments. The flow-toools library provides an API for development of custom applications for NetFlow export versions 1,5,6 and the 14 currently defined version 8 subversions. A Perl and Python interface have been contributed and are included in the distribution.

15 Flowtools Flows are exported from a router in a number of different configurable versions. A flow is a collection of key fields and additional data. The flow key is {srcaddr, dstaddr, input, output, srcport, dstport, prot, ToS}. Flow-tools supports one export version per file.

16 Formats.. Flows are exported from a router in a number of different configurable versions. A flow is a collection of key fields and additional data. The flow key is {srcaddr, dstaddr, input, output, srcport, dstport, prot, ToS}. Flow-tools supports one export version per file. Export versions 1, 5, 6, and 7 all maintain {nexthop, dpkts, doctets, First, Last, flags}, ie the next-hop IP address, number of packets, number of octets (bytes), start time, end time, and flags such as the TCP header bits.

17 Formats Version 5 adds the additional fields {src_as, dst_as, src_mask, dst_mask}, ie source AS, destination AS, source network mask, and destination network mask. Version 7 which is specific to the Catalyst switches adds in addition to the version 5 fields {router_sc}, which is the Router IP address which populates the flow cache shortcut in the Supervisor

18 Formats Version 6 which is not officially supported by Cisco adds in addition to the version 5 fields {in_encaps, out_encaps, peer_nexthop}, ie the input and output interface encapsulation size, and the IP address of the next hop within the peer. Version 1 exports do not contain a sequence number and therefore should be avoided, although it is safe to store the data as version 1 if the additional fields are not used. Version 8 IOS NetFlow is a second level flow cache that reduces the data exported from the router. There are currently 11 formats, all of which provide {dflows, doctets, dpkts, First, Last} for the key fields.

19 V8 Formats V8 8.1 Source and Destination AS, Input and Output interface Protocol and Port Source Prefix and Input interface Destination Prefix and Output interface Source/Destination Prefix and Input/Output interface ToS ToS ToS ToS ToS ports + ToS

20 Flowtools The following programs are included in the flow-tools distribution. flow-capture - Collect, compress, store, and manage disk space for exported flows from a router. flow-cat - Concatenate flow files. Typically flow files will contain a small window of 5 or 15 minutes of exports. Flow-cat can be used to append files for generating reports that span longer time periods. flow-fanout - Replicate NetFlow datagrams to unicast or multicast destinations. Flow-fanout is used to facilitate multiple collectors attached to a single router. flow-report - Generate reports for NetFlow data sets. Reports include source/destination IP pairs, source/destination AS, and top talkers. Over 50 reports are currently supported.

21 Flowtools flow-report - Generate reports for NetFlow data sets. Reports include source/destination IP pairs, source/destination AS, and top talkers. Over 50 reports are currently supported. flow-tag - Tag flows based on IP address or AS #. Flow-tag is used to group flows by customer network. The tags can later be used with flow-fanout or flow-report to generate customer based traffic reports. flow-filter - Filter flows based on any of the export fields. Flow-filter is used in-line with other programs to generate reports based on flows matching filter expressions. flow-import - Import data from ASCII or cflowd format. flow-export - Export data to ASCII or cflowd format.

22 FlowTools flow-send - Send data over the network using the NetFlow protocol. flow-receive - Receive exports using the NetFlow protocol without storing to disk like flow-capture. flow-gen - Generate test data. flow-dscan - Simple tool for detecting some types of network scanning and Denial of Service attacks. flow-merge - Merge flow files in chronoligical order. flow-xlate - Perform translations on some flow fields. flow-expire - Expire flows using the same policy of flow-capture. flow-header - Display meta information in flow file. flow-split - Split flow files into smaller files based on size, time, or tags.

23 Flow-capture flow-capture [-h] [-A AS0_substitution] [-b big little] [-C comment] [-c flow_clients] [-d debug_level] [-D daemonize] [-e expire_count] [-f filter_fname] [-F filter_definition] [-E expire_size] [-m privacy_mask] [-n rotations] [-N nesting_level] [-p pidfile] [-R rotate_program] [-S stat_interval] [-t tag_fname] [-T active_def active_def,active_def...] [-V pdu_version] [-z z_level] {-w workdir} {localip/remoteip/port}

24 Using flow-capture % flow-capture -z0 -N0 -V5 n95 -w/var/local/flows / /9991 This will create a flow capture file in the /var/local/flows directory It will initially by named tmp-v5.yyyy-mm-dd.hhmmss+0700 When the collection period (15 minutes) expires it will be renamed ft-v5.yyyy-mm-dd.hhmmss+tz00 % flowprint < ft-v5.yyyy-mm-dd.hhmmss+tz00 To anonymise use the m privacy_mask

25 flow-cat The flow-cat utility processes files and/or directories of files in the flow-tools format. The resulting concatenated data set is written to the standard output or file specified by -o. If file is a single dash (`-') or absent, flow-cat will read from the standard input. flow-cat [-aghmp] [-b big little] [-C comment] [-d debug_level] [-o filename] [-t start_time] [-T start_time] [-z z_level] [file directory...] % flow-cat ft-v * flow-print

26 flow-stat The flow-stat utility generates usage reports for flow data sets by IP address, IP address pairs, ports, packets, bytes, interfaces, next hops, autonomous systems, ToS bits, exporters, and tags. flow-stat [-hnppw] [-d debug_level] [-f format] [-S sort_field] [-s sort_field] [-t tally_lines] [-T title]

27 Formats 0 Overall Summary 1 Average packet size distribution 2 Packets per flow distribution 3 Octets per flow distribution 4 Bandwidth per flow distribution 5 UDP/TCP destination port 6 UDP/TCP source port 7 UDP/TCP port 8 Destination IP 9SourceIP 10 Source/Destination IP 11 Source or Destination IP 12 IP protocol 13 octets for flow duration plot data 14 packets for flow duration plot data 15 short summary 16 IP Next Hop 17 Input interface 18 Output interface 19 Source AS 20 Destination AS 21 Source/Destination AS 22 IP ToS 23 Input/Output Interface 24 Source Prefix 25 Destination Prefix 26 Source/Destination Prefix 27 Exporter IP 28 Engine Id 29 Engine Type 30 Source Tag 31 Destination Tag 32 Source/Destination Tag

28 Flow-filter The flow-filter utility will filter flows based on user selectable criteria. The IP address filters are defined in flow.acl or by the filename specified by -f. Other filters such as input interface and ports are defined on the command line. These filters accept range and negation operators, ie -i1-15 for input interfaces 1 through 15 or -i1,15 for input interfaces 1 and 15, or!1,15 for not input interfaces 1 and 15. flow-filter [-hko] [-a src_as_filter] [-A dst_as_filter] [-b big little] [-C comment] [-D dstaddr_filter_name] [-d debug_level] [-f acl_fname] [-i input_filter] [-I output_filter] [-p srcport_filter] [-P dstport_filter] [-r ipprot_filter] [-S srcaddr_filter_name] [-t tos_filter] [-T tcp_flags_filter] [-x nexthop_filter_name] [-z z_level]

29 Flow-tools are modular To produce a report on top source/destination AS using symbolic names: % flow-cat ft-v * flow-stat f20 n S4 To produce a report on top destination IP address report by outbound traffic: % flow-cat ft-v * flow-filter I 5 flow-stat -f8 -P -p -S3 To produce a report on top destination IP address report by outbound traffic: % flow-cat ft-v * flow-filter I 5 flow-stat f9 -P -p -S3

30 Flowscan FlowScan examines flow data and maintains counters reflecting what was found. Counter values are stored using RRDtool, a database system for time-series data. Finally, FlowScan uses visualization capabilities of both RRDtool and other frontends to report on the processed flow data.

31 Other tools flowscan ntop prtg flowd Netflow Monitor

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