GURMA BILNI CHANGE YOUR LIFE A HOLISTIC SEX OFFENDER PROGRAM FOR ABORIGINAL MEN IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY CORRECTIONAL CENTRES
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1 GURMA BILNI CHANGE YOUR LIFE A HOLISTIC SEX OFFENDER PROGRAM FOR ABORIGINAL MEN IN THE NORTHERN TERRITORY CORRECTIONAL CENTRES Dr Sharon McCallum Sharon McCallum and Associates Pty Ltd, NT Ian Castillon Northern Territory Correctional Services Paper presented at the Best Practice Interventions in Corrections for Indigenous People Conference convened by the Australian Institute of Criminology in conjunction with Department for Correctional Services SA and held in Adelaide, October 1999
2 The Project - Intervention Research The Gurma Bilni - Change Your Life program is the outcome of an intervention research project funded by the Institutional Programs section of the Northern Territory Correctional Services, and conducted by consultant Dr Sharon McCallum. Intervention research incorporates a range of different methodologies, one facet of which is called Design and Development (Thomas & Rothman, 1994). There are six dynamic stages to Design and Development research, and this project is now at stage six, even though the program itself will continue to grow and develop. Stage 1 - Problem analysis and project planning: What was the problem and what could be done about it? The project which resulted in the Gurma Bilni - Change Your Life program was born of the frustration of Community Corrections Officers not having an appropriate intervention option for traditional Aboriginal men who had committed sex offences. The officers experience had been that interventions on offer may have suited non-indigenous men, but were not appropriate for Aboriginal men. Similarly, such programs were based heavily on an Anglo culture, and required participants to have a high level of literacy in English. Stage 2 - Information gathering and synthesis: What ideas were around and which of them seemed suitable? It was assumed that given the profile of those clients requiring intervention (traditional, non- English speaking Aboriginal men from remote locations), and the inability for existent intervention to cater for these people, that something new was going to have to be created. It was also known that there were alternative methods of working with sex offenders which had not yet been tried in the prisons, and with Aboriginal people. As a result, Dr Sharon McCallum was contracted as the consultant in the belief that she could offer an alternative to the standard cognitive-behavioural relapse prevention interventions being utilised by most sex offender programs. Stage 3 - Design: Okay, how do we do it? The Institutional Programs section of the Northern Territory Correctional Services were clear from the outset that they wanted a program which would suit indigenous men, from across the Territory, who were being detained in Darwin and Alice Springs prisons. Further, the program had to be accessible for all types of offenders and able to function with the resources, including staffing, already available within the organisation. It was also made clear that the consultant, Sharon, had the option of developing a program, which was quite different to standard sex offender programs, if that was what was required to meet the outcomes of the program. A time frame of two years was given to complete the project. Stage 4 - Early development and pilot testing: Right, let s get started As a beginning point, a philosophy and list of principles were established which was acceptable both to the consultant and to those department staff, which were involved in the project. Evaluation of the program was designed such that it could be conducted as an ongoing process, with a review at the end of the project. 2
3 It was decided that the best place to develop this program was with the offenders themselves and so a group was started at Darwin Correctional Centre drawing on those men who were known to facilitators and to whom they knew they could relate. Other Aboriginal men from within the prison were asked to assist with language and cultural barriers to ensure that facilitators were not making serious errors. Facilitators spent time at the end of each group discussing and deciding where to go next. This process continued for a period of six months or so with process notes being kept after each session and new ideas and techniques being trailed along the way. In that time, contact was made with other jurisdictions in order to determine whether anything was operating currently in Australia. These contacts provided little information. Sharon also travelled to Canada to examine sex offender programs, which were being run for indigenous Canadians. While this was heartening as it indicated that the direction was right, there was no program which fitted the needs and circumstances of the Territory Aboriginal men. Stage 5 - Evaluation and advanced development: How are we going and where to from here? At the six months stage, it was decided that the time was right to introduce the program to the Alice Springs Correctional Centre. An embryonic program outline and facilitators manual was developed based on the early work done in the Darwin Correctional Centre. This material was taken up by the designated facilitators in the Alice Springs Correctional Centre and contact between Sharon and the Alice Springs group leaders was maintained on a weekly basis to provide on-going evaluation and to continue to develop the program. Also in this stage Sharon made contact with internationally known researchers and sex offender facilitators. A series of electronic discussions with these people confirmed that the material being developed here was in line with the cutting edge of work being undertaken by in the revitalisation of practice with men who have committed sex offences. The process of development and evaluation of the Gurma Bilni - Change Your Life program continued over the last 18 months of the Project, with new facilitators being trained, the program being refined, interim reports being written, and the Manual reaching its final draft. Ian Castillon now takes primary responsibility for the Darwin Correctional Centre program, while Geoff Manu runs the program in Alice Springs Correctional Centre. Programs such as this one can never be seen as fully developed, especially one that is only two years old and working in a field about which little is known. As such the program will have to be continually monitored and reviewed as new information is revealed and the knowledge bank increases. Stage 6 - Dissemination: And now we have to tell everyone what we did The dissemination of information about this project began in the early stages. As soon as Community Corrections Offices started to raise it as an option in courts, magistrates and judges became interested and Sharon and departmental staff started to receive inquires. Similarly, when departmental staff talked about the project at interstate venues, they were often asked for more information about it. 3
4 More broadly, the media came to know about the project from the courts and several interviews were done with them. The material has been presented at a number of workshops and conferences, and will be written about for publication in scholarly journals. Principles/Philosophies of the Program Gurma Bilni does not aim to cure anyone - no program can. The program aims to provide an environment in which men from a range of different backgrounds (communities, language, offences etc) can come together in order to identify the reasons they offended, and to develop plans to prevent the offence occurring again. The program provides a process by which men can identify problems and find solutions to them. It is not about punishment. The program aims to provide an experience for the participants which is empowering, trusting, open and caring of the person, while not condoning the offence. The group operates in an environment of respect at all times. Clients, like everybody else, are most likely to talk about their behaviours, feelings, etc in a safe environment. The men in the program are clients, not prisoners. They may be prisoners with the prison system, but they are clients of the program. The program is voluntary, and participants may withdraw at any time. The program runs as process groups, around discussion topics, rather than an educative or cognitive-behavioural program, although it may cover topics, which relate to behaviour or cognition. The program is designed to be on-going, with new people joining as they enter the prison. Ideally, clients will join as soon as they are placed in prison as this maximises the opportunity to change. It is also useful for men to undertake, or re-visit, the program before release as a refresher. Further, on-going groups allow for participants to move at their own pace, rather than at the pace set by the facilitators. It also allows more experienced group members to encourage newer members into the program. On a practical note, there are not always enough men in the prison at any one time to run a complete close-ended group. The program is holistic in nature. It is designed to cover as many issues as the participants believe to be relevant to their offending. This may include alcohol abuse, domestic violence and so on. Sex offending does not usually happen in isolation of other problems men experience, and it is important that men be given the opportunity to see how the various pieces of their lives inter-connect. The client is the expert about his feelings, his specific offending patterns and so on. This is particularly so when we are working with a variety of different cultures and backgrounds (made more difficult about our lack of understanding about Aboriginal sex offenders). 4
5 Program Format The program is an open-ended one, which provides opportunities for men to move through at their own pace. This allows the program to cater for those men who are at different stages of readiness to address their offending behaviour. Each person coming into the program has a pre-group/assessment meeting with a facilitator. This meeting describes the program, gathers information from the client and reminds him that the choice to do the program is his alone. Should he then come into the group, he will be able to tell his story to the rest of the group, and the facilitator, at a time when he feel confident enough to do so. The program is designed as a series of discussion sessions, although each topic may be covered a number of times with often different issues and greater complexity emerging. Topics are many and include relationships, family, alcohol and drug use, assaults, effects of offence on victims and family, and cultural obligations. When it appears to the facilitators that a participant has addressed many of the factors related to his offending behaviour, he is invited to do a stick figure session. Sometimes a participant himself will ask for this to occur. This process allows the client to reflect on what himself in the past, now, and in the future. A participant leaves the program usually when they leave the prison. Sometimes this occurs before they reach the stick figure stage as their period of detention is less than the pace at which they have moved through the program. Occasionally, a participant may be asked to not come to the group anymore, however this is rare. There is no set time period, or number of sessions, which determines when a participant moves from the pre-group/assessment meeting to leaving the program. Some men progress quickly through the program, while others find it more difficult. The degree of difficulty is usually related to the participant s readiness to accept full responsibility for their offending and address it accordingly. Conclusion The Gurma Bilni - Change Your Life program will continue to develop as more is learnt about the sex offending behaviour of traditional Aboriginal men. This is a new field of endeavour and is highly complex and it will take time. Its success is largely dependent on the support which men receive on release from prison. At the moment such support is limited because of the remoteness of the communities to which many men return. Northern Territory Correctional Services is continuing to work on strategies, which would provide appropriate support to these men. 5
6 References Blanchard, G.T. (1998). The difficult connection: The therapeutic relationship in sex offender treatment. Brandon, Vermont: Safer Society Press. Freeman-Longo, R.E. & Blanchard, G.T. (1998). Sexual abuse in America: Epidemic of the 21 st Century. Brandon, Vermont: Safer Society Press. Thomas, E.J. & Rothwell, J. (1994). An integrative perspective on intervention research. In J. Rothman & Thomas E.J. (eds.) Intervention research: Design and development for human service. New York: Haworth. pp
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