EVOLUTION OF THE MARKET A ZAMBIAN CASE STUDY

Transcription

1 EVOLUTION OF THE MARKET A ZAMBIAN CASE STUDY 1

2 AGENDA 1)USAID/PROFIT: The History of Market Based Interventions in Zambia 2)ZAMACE: Progress made so far and Glimpses of the Future 3)World Food Programme: Public Procurement and ZAMACE 4)Grain Traders Association of Zambia: The Zambian Commodities Market and ZAMACE

3 A ZAMBIAN CASE STUDY The History of Market Based Interventions in Zambia Rob Munro Senior Market Development Advisor

4 USAID s Role in Market Development USAID Zambia has been engaged in commodity market development since 2001 Support to Zambian Agricultural Commodities Agency to 2006 Now technical and financial support to Zambian Agricultural Commodities Exchange via PROFIT Programme: 5 year market facilitation programme Integration of smallholders into commercial input and output markets

5 ZACA The Background ZACA - a non-government inspection and certification agency Started in 2001 to promote warehouse receipting system support from NRI, CFC, USAID, IFAD Certified warehouses for public deposit Peak of activity in : - Certified 105,000t of capacity - 65,000 of grain deposits (incl. 1,500t smallholder origin) - $2m of finance advanced against receipts for 58,000t

6 ZACA The Background The Facts Behind the Figures: 92% of storage certified for operators own deposits 60% of financing from offshore via single trader Largest financed deposit was donor-imported grain Smallholder deposits and financing donor engineered So did ZACA make a difference to the market?

7 ZACA What went wrong? Management and reputational issues brought early end to donor funding Focus on financing but limited buy in from financial sector Donor focus on smallholder warehouse receipting chasing the smallholder WHR financing dream Never found a place in the Zambian commodities market:

8 ZACA Lessons Learnt Opaque market environment Unpredictable Government Market Intervention Low levels of critical agricultural information Poor current and no future price discovery High risk, high margin trade Unpredictable Production Boom Bust Cycles No incentives to store and speculate High risk lending profile for banks Difficult to establish warehouse receipt system

9 ZACA Lessons Learnt Strong and transparent market environment Volume-based trade with long term outlook Stimulation of storage industry Need to increase trading efficiency Demand for warehouse receipting system Warehouse receipts recognised by trade Warehouse receipts recognised by banks Enabling Legislation WHR financing in commercial sector WHR financing in smallholder sector

10 ZAMACE Starting with the Market.. USAID refocused efforts to start at the beginning and assisted private sector to establish ZAMACE Over time, ZAMACE will create incentives for constructive, high volume, low margin trade Acknowledge critical role of large scale farming and trading sectors in driving the process of market evolution smallholder trade can t shape a commercial market Ultimately ZAMACE will lead to strong and inclusive agricultural market, in which warehouse receipts play a critical role A warehouse receipt system doesn t create an orderly market. It is a product of one.

11 A ZAMBIAN CASE STUDY Progress Made So Far Brian Tembo Executive Director 11

12 What is ZAMACE? ZAMACE provides, through its member- brokers, a structured, transparent trading environment for buyers and sellers, governed by a comprehensive set of rules to ensure integrity in the market place Established in May, 2007 Response to demand for a market mechanism that addresses the market imperfections that have stifled growth in the agricultural sector Private limited liability company currently owned by 13 Member-Brokers (2 applicants currently recommended to Members for admission) Members governed by Exchange Rules & Regulations

13 ZAMACE SERVICES 1. Commodity Trading Platform Promoting transparent, efficient and secure trade 73,000t of commodity worth $26m traded since inception (first trade in October 2007) Working towards guaranteed contract settlement

14 ZAMACE SERVICES Grades & Standards ZAMACE has developed quality standards, acceptable to and recognised by the agricultural industry All Exchange contracts adhere to these standards Laboratory service for independent quality testing

15 ZAMACE SERVICES 3. Warehouse Inspection & Certification Well functioning commodities exchange needs secure storage guaranteeing quality & quantity of stored crop ZAMACE trains and certifies warehouse operators to manage, grade and store commodities Critical to the participation of small and emergent farmers in ZAMACE functions trade confidence in aggregation

16 ZAMACE DISTRICT WAREHOUSE INITIATIVE Three ZAMACE certified warehouses in key agricultural districts Registered businesses, physically sound and fully insured storage Trained staff and grain testing minilabs Issue Warehouse Receipts for trade across ZAMACE Commercializes smallholder crop, rewards quality and reduces transaction costs of dealing with lower end of market

17 WAREHOUSE RECEIPTS: THE CHALLENGES 2009 season been difficult to demonstrate the business model Smallholder price perceptions Government s non-market price Relatively low level of trade on Exchange means delayed sales It is difficult enough to prove the benefits of a warehouse receipt as a trading tool.what about financing? Continued financial sector mistrust.. Need to prove WR as document of integrity first. No supporting legislation in place. Zambian maize market still too risky moral hazard of promoting speculation and borrowing by smallholders

18 18 ZAMACE AND THE SMALLHOLDER: A GLIMPSE INTO THE FUTURE Community Shed Farmer Group Emergent Farmer Small Trader ZAMACE Certified District Warehouse Financial Institution Buyer Buyer Buyer WRS is one of a multitude of steps in developing a market

19 IS ZAMACE THERE YET? By no means Behavioral change takes time Entrenched market positions on both demand and supply sides Perception: Chaos = high margins, Transparency = low margins Floor Price syndrome Still working on model for smallholder inclusion But All stakeholders pulling in the right direction: Private sector buying in to ZAMACE Cooperating partners providing financial and technical support Public sector procurement through ZAMACE Government recognizing importance of ZAMACE committed to pass enabling legislation in 2009 (Agric Credits Act Amendment, Marketing Act, commodities exchange licensing)

20 A ZAMBIAN CASE STUDY Public Procurement and ZAMACE Felix Edwards P4P Coordinator, Zambia

21 Procurement Modalities Short-list Tender: WFP s historic method of tendering No price discovery to the market Limited shortlist of suppliers No direct medium or smallholder engagement Potential for large volumes ZAMACE: Transparent price discovery and competition among suppliers Potentially better value for limited donor contributions Security of transaction for buyer and seller Local fast arbitration mechanism (complies with UNCITRAL) Part of the wider market, not a subset Additional benefits of developing confidence in ZAMACE

22 Procurement Modalities WFP and ZAMACE: WFP the hardest client on the Exchange, accommodation of procedures Drove the development of Exchange procedures e.g. settlement process Introduced reverse auction or open outcry Decision to use the Exchange for WFP purchases in Zambia First to bid for beans and maize meal on the Exchange First to explore potential for regional trade and price discovery: Beans for Zambia simultaneous with ACE (Malawi) Maize for Zimbabwe in conjunction with WFP RSA 1,400 Mt Maize for Zimbabwe in conjunction with WFP RSA 9,100 Mt

23 Purchases 2001 to date

24 Value: USD 2.25m Volume: 7,139t Procurement on ZAMACE

25 Purchase for Progress (P4P) Funding: Bill and Melinda Gates and Howard Buffet Funded five year pilot project in 21 countries Global Goal: By 2015, agricultural markets will have developed in such a way that many more low-income smallholder farmers, the majority of whom are women, will produce surpluses, sell them at a fair price and increase their incomes. P4P opens scope for experimenting with new procurement modalities and market development concepts.

26 Purchase for Progress (P4P) in Zambia P4P Goal in Zambia Facilitating the access by smallholder farmers to the commercial market, therefore increasing their income and improving livelihoods P4P activities in Zambia must: use existing market systems pay no subsidies not distort the market encourage competition in the market

27 Purchase for Progress (P4P) Two Approaches: Work directly with farmer organisations -Take farmer to market Use existing market based systems - Take market to farmer Smallholder Engagement: Utilisation of the ZAMACE certified warehouse network Buying in a District for WFP programmes in a District (D4D) WFP reinvestment in the District Significant logistics cost savings Smallholder engagement in the wider market

28 Purchase for Progress (P4P) Vision: Help catalyse the development and sustainability of ZAMACE and WRS by using WFP s purchasing power to encourage wider use of the Exchange by both producers and suppliers as the preferred method of trading commodities in Zambia.

29 Purchase for Progress (P4P)

30 A ZAMBIAN CASE STUDY Grain Traders Association of Zambia The Zambian Commodities Market and ZAMACE Jacob Mwale Executive Officer Grain Traders Association of Zambia

31 Private Sector Support to ZAMACE Zambia National Farmers Union 300,000 members On Board of Directors of ZAMACE Grain Traders Association of Zambia 20 members constituting all major commodity traders in Zambia 11 members have broking seats on ZAMACE Millers Association of Zambia All major milling companies in MAZ MAZ on ZAMACE Board of Directors

32 What does ZAMACE Offer the Market? 1) Price discovery and Transparency Through publicised, widely available trading information 2) Market Integrity and Efficiency All products traded on the exchange are graded and certified Contractual terms are standardized and enforceable; 3) Reduced Transaction Costs Easier and cheaper to find buyers and suppliers through a centralised market place - standardised quality and quantity parameters

33 What does ZAMACE Offer the Market? 4) Security of Transaction Through a series of risk mitigation techniques, ZAMACE essentially guarantees settlement of a contract; Protection of buyer and seller 5) Speedy Mechanism for Redress in Case of Default All ZAMACE contracts specify legally binding arbitration as the standard form of dispute resolution ZAMACE represents the future of commodity trade in Zambia