Data Center Energy Efficiency. SC07 Birds of a Feather November, 2007 Bill Tschudi wftschudi@lbl.gov

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1 Data Center Energy Efficiency SC07 Birds of a Feather November, 2007 Bill Tschudi wftschudi@lbl.gov

2 Benchmark results helped to find best practices The ratio of IT equipment power to the total (or its inverse) is an indicator of relative overall efficiency. Examination of individual systems and components in the centers that performed well helped to identify best practices.

3 Percentage of electricity delivered to IT equipment IT Power to Total Data Center Power Average Ratio Higher is better Source: LBNL Benchmarking Data Center Number

4 Performance varies The relative percentages of the energy actually doing computing varies considerably. Computer Loads 67% Office Space Conditioning 1% Electrical Room Cooling 4% Cooling Tower Plant 4% Lighting 2% Other 13% Data Center Server Load 51% Lighting 2% HVAC - Chiller and Pumps 24% HVAC - Air Movement 7% Data Center CRAC Units 25%

5 Typical power use Computer/System Architecture System Architecture / Power Engineering Facility Design / Mechanical Design Courtesy of Michael Patterson, Intel Corporation

6 Energy efficiency opportunities are everywhere Better air management Move to liquid cooling Load management Optimized chilled-water plants Server innovation Use of free cooling Power Conversion & Distribution Server Load/ Computing Operations Cooling Equipment High voltage distribution Use of DC power Highly efficient UPS systems Efficient redundancy strategies Alternative Power Generation On-site generation Waste heat for cooling Use of renewable energy/fuel cells

7 Best practices topics identified through benchmarking HVAC Air Delivery Water Systems Air management Air economizers Humidification controls alternatives Cooling plant optimization Free cooling Variable speed pumping Facility Electrical Systems UPS systems Self generation AC-DC Distribution IT Equipment Power Supply efficiency Sleep/standby loads IT equip fans Cross-cutting / misc. issues Motor efficiency Right sizing Variable speed drives Centralized air handlers Direct liquid cooling Low pressure drop air distribution Variable speed Chillers Standby generation Lighting Maintenance Commissioning/continuous benchmarking Fan efficiency Heat recovery Redundancies Method of charging for space and power Building envelope

8 A word about appropriate environmental conditions ASHRAE published thermal guidelines All IT suppliers participated and agreed Guidelines allow most centers to relax setpoints HPC community agrees Recommended and allowable ranges of temperature and humidity are provided at the inlet to the IT equipment High temperatures in the hot aisles and return to air conditioners are desirable.

9 Humidity guidelines at the inlet to IT equipment ASHRAE HUMIDITY GUIDELINES ASHRAE Allowable Maximum % Relative Humidity ASHRAE Recommended Maximum ASHRAE Recommended Minimum ASHRAE Allowable Minimum

10 Temperature guidelines at the inlet to IT equipment ASHRAE TEMPERATURE GUIDELINES 100 Degrees F ASHRAE Allowable Maximum ASHRAE Recommended Maximum ASHRAE Recommended Minimum ASHRAE Allowable Minimum 40

11 Air management best scenario isolate cold and hot º 70-75º

12 Another isolation scheme

13 Measured fan energy savings 75% If mixing of cold supply air with hot return air can be eliminated- fan speed can be reduced

14 Better temperature control can allow raising the temperature in the entire data center! Cold Aisle NW - PGE12813 Baseline Alternate 1 ASHRAE Recommended Range Setup 80 Setup Alternate 2 75 Temperature (deg F) Low 45 Med High 40 6/13/2006 6/14/2006 0:00 6/14/2006 6/15/2006 0:00 6/15/2006 6/16/2006 0:00 6/16/2006 Time Ranges during demonstration

15 See the problem areas Infrared thermography and CFD modeling can be used as visualization tools

16 Best practices Free cooling with air economizers HVAC Air Delivery Water Systems Air management Air economizers Humidification controls alternatives Cooling plant optimization Free cooling Variable speed pumping Facility Electrical Systems UPS systems Self generation AC-DC Distribution IT Equipment Power Supply efficiency Sleep/standby loads IT equip fans Cross-cutting / misc. issues Motor efficiency Right sizing Variable speed drives Centralized air handlers Direct liquid cooling Low pressure drop air distribution Variable speed Chillers Standby generation Lighting Maintenance Commissioning/continuous benchmarking Fan efficiency Heat recovery Redundancies Method of charging for space and power Building envelope

17 Encouraging outside air economizers Issue: Many are reluctant to use air economizers Outdoor pollutants and humidity control considered equipment risk Goal: Encourage use of outside air economizers where climate is appropriate Strategy: Address concerns: contamination/humidity control Quantify energy savings benefits

18 Outdoor measurements Outdoor Measurments Fine Particulate Matter 160 IBM Standard Particle Conc. ( μg/m 3 ) LBNL NERSC Center 3 Center 4 Center 5 Center 6 Center 7 Center 8 20 EPA 24-Hour Health Standard 0 EPA Annual Health Standard and ASHRAE Standard

19 Measurements inside the centers Indoor Measurments Fine Particulate Matter 160 IBM Standard Particle Conc. ( μg/m 3 ) LBNL NERSC Center 3 Center 4 Center 5 Center 6 Center 7 Center 8 20 EPA 24-Hour Health Standard 0 EPA Annual Health Standard and ASHRAE Standard

20 Data center w/economizer 100 Center 8 w/economizer Particulate Matter Particle Conc. (μg/m 3 ) Outside Outside (PostFilter) PreServer RmAmb /18/06 0:00 8/18/06 8/19/06 0:00 8/19/06 8/20/06 0:00 8/20/06 8/21/06 0:00 8/21/06 8/22/06 0:00 8/22/06 8/23/06 0:00 8/23/06 8/24/06 0:00 8/24/06 8/25/06 0:00 8/25/06 8/26/06 0:00

21 Findings Water soluble salts in combination with high humidity can cause failures New ASHRAE particle limits drastically lower than one manufacturer s s recommendation Particle concentration typically an order of magnitude lower than new ASHRAE limits (no economizer) Economizers, without other mitigation, can cause particle concentration to approach new ASHRAE limits but filtration can mitigate this Large energy savings

22 Berkeley Weather Set Inlet Temperature To upper end of ASHRAE Hrs/YR Temperature (F) Range F hr/yr

23 NERSC/LBNL CRT Building Conceptual Design DRAFT: Subject to change Howard Walter

24 DRAFT: Subject to change; Do not re-distribute Schematic Design Concepts Howard Walter

25 Best practices power conversion HVAC Air Delivery Water Systems Air management Air economizers Humidification controls alternatives Cooling plant optimization Free cooling Variable speed pumping Facility Electrical Systems UPS systems Self generation AC-DC Distribution IT Equipment Power Supply efficiency Sleep/standby loads IT equip fans Cross-cutting / misc. issues Motor efficiency Right sizing Variable speed drives Centralized air handlers Direct liquid cooling Low pressure drop air distribution Variable speed Chillers Standby generation Lighting Maintenance Commissioning/continuous benchmarking Fan efficiency Heat recovery Redundancies Method of charging for space and power Building envelope

26 Data center power conversions AC voltage conversions 5V Internal Drive In Battery/Charger Rectifier Bypass Inverter Out AC/DC PWM/PFC Switcher Unregulated DC To Multi Output Regulated DC Voltages 12V 3.3V 12V 1.5/2. DC/DC 5V 12V 3.3V DC/DC 1.1V- 1.85V External Drive I/O Memory Controller μ Processor SDR 3.3V Graphics Controller Voltage Regulator Modules AC/DC Multi output PS

27 Prior research illustrated large losses in power conversion 100% Factory Measurements of UPS Efficiency (tested using linear loads) 95% 85% Power Supplies in IT equipment Efficiency 90% 85% 80% Flywheel UPS % Efficiency 80% 75% 70% 65% 60% 55% 50% Average of All Servers 75% 70% Double-Conversion UPS Delta-Conversion UPS 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percent of Rated Active Power Load Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) 45% 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% % of Nameplate Power Output

28 With over 25 industry partners direct DC powering of servers was demonstrated

29 Typical AC distribution today 480 Volt AC 480 VAC Bulk Power Supply AC/DC DC/AC UPS PDU 12 V AC/DC DC/DC PSU 12 V 5 V 3.3 V Loads using Legacy Voltages 1.2 V Server 1.8 V 0.8 V Loads using Silicon Voltages

30 Facility-level level DC distribution 480 Volt AC 480 VAC Bulk Power Supply AC/DC DC UPS or Rectifier 380V.DC 380 VDC DC/DC PSU 12 V 12 V 5 V 3.3 V Loads using Legacy Voltages 1.2 V Server 1.8 V 0.8 V Loads using Silicon Voltages

31 AC system loss compared to DC 480 VAC Bulk Power Supply AC/DC DC/AC UPS PDU 12 V AC/DC DC/DC PSU 12 V 5 V 3.3 V Loads using Legacy Voltages 1.2 V 7-7.3% measured improvement 2-5% measured improvement Server 1.8 V 0.8 V Loads using Silicon Voltages 480 VAC Bulk Power Supply AC/DC DC UPS or Rectifier 380 VDC Rotary UPS DC/DC PSU 12 V 12 V 5 V 3.3 V Loads using Legacy Voltages 1.2 V Server 1.8 V 0.8 V Loads using Silicon Voltages

32 websites: hightech.lbl.gov/datacenters/

33 How soon will we get to liquid cooling? Why not doing it today? Why isn t t efficient distribution power more widely utilized? High efficiency UPS or on-site generation High voltage distribution to Rack Direct DC eliminating conversions ease of incorporating renewable sources available today

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