The Role of Accounting in Business. ACTY5200 Accounting for Business
|
|
- Ella Lane
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 The Role of Accounting in Business ACTY5200 Accounting for Business
2 Chapter 1 Learning Outcome 1 Explore the role of accounting information in business When you have completed this Learning Outcome, you will be able to Outline the role of accounting in decision making by various users Explain the difference between financial accounting, management accounting and financial management Analyse the advantages and disadvantages of common types of business structures
3 Section 1 Explore the role of accounting information in business TOPICS 1. Outline the role of accounting in decision making by various users 1. What is Accounting 2. A Business Types of Businesses 4. Business Activities 2. Types of Business Ownership 1. Sole Proprietor 2. General Partnership 3. Company What is Accounting? ACCOUNTING IS WHAT ACCOUNTANTS DO just what is it that accountants do? There are many answers. Accountants are found wherever money measurements are needed, wherever money-related decisions must be made, wherever money-based reports must be prepared and assessed. In our modern society this is almost everywhere. Accounting is the language of business. Money measurements are the common denominator, which companies, nations, divisions, plants, regions and products use to combine their separate activities into measurements for the organisation as a whole. The accountant is also the principal user of the major information system in an organisation and, often, its manager. Accounting is the skill. Accountancy is the profession. (Hamilton, F. & Black, C. (2000). Accounting, a user/decision perspective (2nd Ed.). New Zealand: Pearson Education) The American Accounting Association (AAA) defines accounting as: The process of identifying, measuring and communicating economic information to permit informed judgements and decisions by the users of the information. (AAA, 1996). 2
4 Financial Accounting provides statements to external users to enable them to understand the organisation. Management Accounting provides information to the internal users to enable them to understand the organisation. Financial Management is about obtaining and using cash in an organisation. A Business. A business is a task or activity undertaken by a commercial or industrial organisation. A business activity, or transaction, is an exchange of goods or services from one person or entity to another person or entity. The main purpose or prime objective of a business is to make a profit which creates wealth for the owners of the business. Therefore the business must survive (continuity). 1.1 Give examples of accounting information you use. 1.2 Give an example of how changes in society might influence accounting. Types of businesses Businesses exist to make a profit, but there are also many non-trading, non-profit making organisations such as churches, hospitals and clubs, which also require accounting records. A profit making business arises because of people s need for goods and services and can be divided into three broad groups. Businesses, which sell services These businesses do not sell anything that you can touch (tangible) but they still need to keep records of how time is spent and the income that they receive. Examples of this type of business are doctors, dentists, lawyers and accountants. All of the above require accounting records but the way in which the financial statements are presented will be different depending on the type of business. Businesses, which sell goods These businesses will buy goods from a manufacturer or a wholesaler and sell them on to their customers without changing the goods in any way. These goods are tangible you can touch and see them. Examples of this type of business are supermarkets, clothing stores and book-shops. Larger shops may have many branches and may manufacture their own products as well. Businesses, which make goods These businesses will use raw materials, apply processes to those raw materials and, turn them into a different product. A clothing factory and a restaurant are examples of this type of business, which make (manufacture) goods. 1.3 List some of the stakeholders for an accounting entity. 1.4 What could a business do with the profit it makes? 3
5 Business activities The business obtains finance to invest in assets, to use the assets to operate the business. Financing activities involve capital and loan funds borrowing. Investing activities involve assets. Operating activities are what the business does to create wealth. Types of business ownership The way in which the accounting information is reported will depend on the type of ownership. The main types of ownership are: ownership is common among lawyers and doctors, as the ethics of their professions require them to operate with unlimited liability. Company An important feature of a company is that it is a separate legal entity from its owners (shareholders). Because the company is a legal entity, it is responsible for its own debts and losses. This means that once the shareholders have paid the agreed purchase price for their shares, this is all that they contribute to the debts of the company. The shareholders have limited liability. The life of the company is not limited by the life of the shareholders. An existing shareholder may sell shares to another person who wishes to become a shareholder. When a shareholder dies, another person will receive or buy the shares. Sole proprietor This is one person in business on his or her own a sole owner or sole proprietor. The owner makes all the decisions but has no other owner of the business to consult if needed. The owner also keeps all the profits but, if the business should fail, the owner not only loses the business but all his or her personal possessions until the business debts are paid. A sole proprietor has unlimited liability. It is also more difficult to obtain finance for a sole proprietor business. Many businesses start under sole proprietor ownership. Partnership Under this type of ownership, two or more people decide to use their skills and resources and go into business together. A partnership, like a sole proprietorship, has unlimited liability. Partners are responsible individually or together for the debts of the business. One partner may get the partnership into debt but another partner may have to pay those debts out of their personal funds. Partnership 4
6 Comparison of Ownership Sole Proprietor Partnership Company Ownership One owner Two or more One or more Capital Legal Status of Business Entity Profit Sharing Provided by owner Not a separate legal entity All to the owner as drawings Partners contribute according to partnership agreement Not a separate legal entity Shared as drawings according to partnership agreement or Partnership Act 1908 Contribute as shares Separate legal entity Dividends declared by directors Management Owner Each partner Appointed by shareholders Liability for debts Risk of Ownership Duration of Life Transfer of Ownership Sources of Finance Unlimited Unlimited Limited to amount outstanding on share capital Owner s personal assets at risk Ends by owner s choice or death of owner If proprietor sells his interest, the business is reformed under new ownership Owner s funds and borrowings Owner s personal assets at risk Ends by choice or withdrawal of partner Partnership share cannot be sold without agreement of other partners: new partnership formed. Partners funds borrowings Limited liability Continues even when shareholders change. Shareholders can choose to end the company. Usually transferable Shares and borrowings Review 1.1 Try these Questions Question 1 of 6 Accounting is the process of: A. identifying, measuring and communicating economic information; B. analysing, recording and reporting financial information; C. inputting, processing and outputting economic information; D. planning, implementing and monitoring economic activity. Check Answer 5
7 Section 2 The process of Accounting TOPICS 1. The process of Accounting 2. Four main financial statements 3. The characteristics of Accounting information 4. Accounting conventions and rules The process of Accounting Identify and capture relevant economic information Record the information collected in a systematic manner Analyse and interpret the information collected Report the information in a manner that suits the needs of users Try this You Tube video 6
8 There are four main financial statements: The statement of cash flows (shows the sources and uses of cash for a period) The statement of comprehensive income (commonly referred to as the income statement, sometimes called the profit and loss statement; measures and reports how much profit has been generated in a period) The statement of changes in equity (sometimes referred to as the statement of changes in owners equity; shows all changes in owners interest in the net assets from transactions during the period) The statement of financial position (commonly referred to as the balance sheet; shows the assets of a business and the claims on those assets) Illustrative Example With this example you are required to draw up the four financial statements as they would exist at the end of each trading day. How much did wealth increase as a result of the first day s trading? The increase or decrease in wealth is measured as the difference between sales made and the cost of goods sold sales were $110 less cost of goods sold $75 = profit of $35 Note that only the cost of the paper sold is measured against the sales to find profit, not the total cost of the wrapping paper purchased. What is the financial position at the end of the first day? At the end of the first day, a balance sheet is drawn up, showing the resources held by the business: Cash (closing balance) = $110 Inventory (stock available for resale) = $25 Interactive 1.1 Total business wealth at end of day = $135 Paul starts a wrapping paper sales business with $100. On the first day, he uses the $100 to purchase wrapping paper ( inventory ). On the same day he sells 75% of that inventory for $110 in total. Note that the profit of $35 has led to an increase in wealth of $35. What cash movements took place in the first day of trading? Closing cash balance for the day is $110 (opening balance $100 $100 stock purchase + $110 sales = $110) On the second day of trading, Paul purchased more wrapping paper for $50 cash. He managed to sell all of the new wrapping paper and half of the earlier inventory for a total of $90. 7
9 On The third day of the business venture, Paul purchased more inventory for $100 cash. However, it was raining hard and sales were slow. After Paul had sold half of the total inventory for $65, he decided to stop trading until the following day. Note also that the increase in cash of $10 is not the same as the increase in wealth because wealth does not exist only in the form of cash (see inventory). Atril, P., McLaney, E., Harvey, D., Jenner, M., Weil, S. (2011). Accounting an introduction (pp ). Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson. Materiality. All significant items must be reported in accounting reports. This allows for immaterial amounts to be omitted. The test of whether items are material is whether or not their omission would influence financial decisionmaking. For example, materiality leads to the omission of cents in accounting reports as they have an insignificant effect on the users of accounting information. Comparability. Accounting reports are used to track changes in a firm s performance over consecutive accounting periods. Users of reports must be able to compare results from different years. In order to do this, the same methods must be applied consistently from one accounting period to the next. (ACS Distance Education. Accounting conventions and standards.) Accounting conventions and rules The characteristics of accounting information Accounting is influenced by several underlying qualitative characteristics. Relevance. Accounting information needs to relevant to the entity under examination. Only events relevant to the business entity are recorded and reported. Reliability. Because a wide range of financial decisions are made/influenced by accounting reports, there is a high expectation that such reports contain reliable information. Understandability. This refers to the extent to which information can be understood by a suitably qualified user. Accounting information should be able to be understood. Accounting conventions (or assumptions) are the basic rules of accounting which have become acceptable procedures over time. They are the basic rules of accounting. Accounting standards are laws for members of the professional bodies to follow. Together they form a set of rules which allow accounting records and reports to be prepared in a similar fashion, regardless of the type of business or the form of ownership. The more important conventions are as follows: The accounting entity convention is the basic principle that the personal transactions of the owner(s) should be kept separate from those of the business. The business is always viewed as a separate entity, regardless of whether the firm is a sole trader, a partnership or a company. The historical cost convention is a rule which states that all transactions are recorded at their original value, and adjustments are not made for inflation. This means that assets are not valued at what they could be sold for at the present 8
10 time. All items stay in the accounting records at their historical or original price. This method is quite objective, as it relies on document evidence such as invoices and receipts. There are some exceptions to this rule, for example with land. Unlike most assets which lose value over time, land normally appreciates in value and may be revalued in some circumstances. better to err on the safe side. There is a tendency to allow for all possible losses and to recognise gains if reasonably certain that they will occur. The going concern assumption conceives that a business will continue as a going concern for an indefinite period. By following this rule, accountants can report long-term assets in a balance sheet. Otherwise they would all have to be written off as costs in their year of purchase. The going concern rule also allows accountants to cater for transactions which overlap over two consecutive years, as is the case with many credit transactions. The accounting period convention endeavours to address the problem which arises once it is assumed that a business will go on forever. People are interested in how a business is performing in terms of profit, but do not want to wait until the business ceases to see how successful it was. Therefore, the continuous life of a business is divided into equal periods of time for the purpose of calculating profit or loss. These arbitrary periods are known as accounting periods. The length of an accounting period may be a week, a month, a quarter, or a full year, but must not be any longer due to taxation requirements. The consistency principle requires that the accounting methods used are applied consistently from one accounting period to the next. By applying the same accounting techniques, comparisons of performance can be made over time. Verifiability is the concept that evidence should be available whenever possible to verify or check the details of financial transactions. Business documents such as invoices, receipts and cheque butts are the tools of verifiability. Accounting Standards Review 1.2 Try these questions Question 1 of 5 Which of the following is not a main qualitative characteristic of accounting information A. Comparability B. Understandability C. Relevance D. Confidentiality Conservatism (prudence). Accounting, in some cases, involves a degree of estimation. It is generally accepted that when trying to predict the future, it is Check Answer 9
11 As economies grew, companies became bigger and more complex. The need arose for a set of commonly applied and accepted standards which could be followed by accountants. Standards were established in many countries over the 20th century and as time moves forward, many countries move to align increasingly with each other through adoption of international standards. There may still be some variance from country to country. (ACS Distance Education. Accounting conventions and standards.) Interactive 1.2 References ACS Distance Education. Accounting conventions and standards. Retrieved from Atril, P., McLaney, E., Harvey, D., Jenner, M., Weil, S. (2011). Accounting an introduction (pp ). Auckland, New Zealand: Pearson. 10
Lesson 1. INTRODUCTION NATURE AND FUNCTION OF ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE FIRMS
Lesson 1. INTRODUCTION NATURE AND FUNCTION OF ACCOUNTING FOR SERVICE FIRMS Accounting provides a framework for the collection, preparation and recording of financial data from which information can be
More informationIntroduction. What is a business?
1 Introduction to accounting By the end of this chapter you should be able to: define and classify businesses define accounting as a business activity state the main purpose of accounting list the qualities
More informationINTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS. CIE Guidance for teachers of. 7110 Principles of Accounts and. 0452 Accounting
www.xtremepapers.com INTERNATIONAL ACCOUNTING STANDARDS CIE Guidance for teachers of 7110 Principles of Accounts and 0452 Accounting 1 CONTENTS Introduction...3 Use of this document... 3 Users of financial
More informationSummary. Introduction to Accounting. Chapter
1 Chapter Introduction to Accounting Summary 1. Accounting consists of five stages: (1) recording (bookkeeping), (2) summarizing, (3) analyzing, (4) interpreting and (5) reporting the financial information
More informationRECORDING AND REPORTING FOR A TRADING BUSINESS
UNIT 3 RECORDING AND REPORTING FOR A TRADING BUSINESS In Unit 3 of the VCE Accounting course, we will cover the following chapters: CHAPTER 1 THE ROLE OF ACCOUNTING 3 CHAPTER 2 THE ACCOUNTING EQUATION
More information3 FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATION
3 FORMS OF BUSINESS ORGANISATION Introduction Legal Forms of Business - Sole Proprietorship - Partnership - Company - Not-for-Profit Organisation Factors Influencing Organisation Structure - Set-up Time/Cost
More informationFIN 3000. Chapter 1: Principles of finance. Liuren Wu
FIN 3000 Chapter 1: Principles of finance Liuren Wu Overview 1. What is finance? 2. Three types of business organizations 3. The goal of the financial manager 4. The four basic principles of finance Learning
More informationAccounting Upper Secondary Syllabus
Accounting Upper Secondary Syllabus Papua New Guinea Department of Education Issued free to schools by the Department of Education Published in 2008 by the Department of Education, Papua New Guinea Copyright
More informationNOTES. ACCG100: Accounting 1A. Macquarie University. Check spoonfeedme.com for free video summaries, notes & cheat sheets by top students.
NOTES ACCG100: Accounting 1A Macquarie University Table of Contents 1 ROLE OF ACCOUNTING 4 1.1 USERS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION 4 1.2 ASSUMPTIONS OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 4 1.3 QUALITATIVE CHARACTERISTICS
More informationESTABLISHING AND OPERATING A SERVICE BUSINESS
UNIT 1 ESTABLISHING AND OPERATING A SERVICE BUSINESS In Unit 1 of the VCE Accounting course, we will cover the following chapters: CHAPTER 1 THE NATURE AND ROLE OF ACCOUNTING IN SMALL BUSINESS 3 CHAPTER
More informationAccounting Principles and Concepts
CHAPTER 1 Accounting Principles and Concepts Meaning and Scope of Accounting Accounting is the language of business. The main objectives of Accounting is to safeguard the interests of the business, its
More informationProcess Accounts Payable and Receivable
Process Accounts Payable and Receivable UNIT PURPOSE On successful completion of this unit the learner will be able to maintain financial records of a business using both manual accounting processes and
More informationWhy Do Farmers / Clubs / Firms / Anyone Prepare Accounts? To calculate profit. To assess the effectiveness of different parts of the organisation.
Accounting Theory. In recent years the amount of theory being asked on the Leaving Certificate paper has steadily increased. This is a trend that is likely to continue. Below is an outline of the likely
More informationCash budget Predict the movements of cash received and paid for over a period of time. Financial statements
Achievement Standard 90976 Demonstrate understanding of accounting concepts for small entities ACCOUNTING. Externally assessed 3 credits Accounting 90976 (Accounting.) involves the recognition, definition
More informationTYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS IN JAMAICA AND THE BENEFITS OF EACH
TYPES OF BUSINESS ORGANIZATIONS IN JAMAICA AND THE BENEFITS OF EACH Presented by: Shellie Leon Deputy Executive Director and Director of Operations Companies Office of Jamaica 1 What is Business Organization?
More informationAccounts Payable are the total amounts your business owes its suppliers for goods and services purchased.
Accounts Payable are the total amounts your business owes its suppliers for goods and services purchased. Accounts Receivable are the total amounts customers owe your business for goods or services sold
More informationMustafa Khuwaja - CAT Finalist
1 Run through the Flashcards as often as you can during your final revision period. The day before the exam, try to go through the Flashcards again. You will be well on your way to passing your exams.
More informationChapter 14. 1 Copyright 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Prentice Hall.
Chapter 14 1 Identify the purposes of the statement of cash flows Distinguish among operating, investing, and financing cash flows Prepare the statement of cash flows by the indirect method Identify noncash
More informationBusiness Organization\Tax Structure
Business Organization\Tax Structure One of the first decisions a new business owner faces is choosing a structure for the business. Businesses range in size and complexity, from someone who is self-employed
More informationACCOUNTING 1 (ACN101- M)
1 ACCOUNTING 1 (ACN101- M) STUDY UNIT 1: THE NATURE AND FUNCTION OF ACCOUNTING DEFINITION: Accounting can be defined as the orderly & systematic recording of the monetary values of financial transactions
More informationPaper 2 Accounting (Syllabus 2008)
Section A- FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 1. Which of the following is not a Fixed Asset? (a) Building (b) Bank balance (c) Plant (d) Goodwill [Hints: (b) Fixed asset is an asset held with the intention of being
More informationNOTES. ACC1000: Principles of Accounting and Finance. Monash University
NOTES ACC1000: Principles of Accounting and Finance Monash University Table of Contents 1 ACCOUNTING IN ACTION 5 1.1 USERS OF ACCOUNTING INFORMATION 5 1.2 ASSUMPTIONS OF FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING 5 1.3 QUALITATIVE
More information6. Show all your workings. icpar
CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANT FOUNDATION LEVEL 1 EXAMINATION F1.3: FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING MONDAY: 10 JUNE 2013 INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Time Allowed: 3 hours 15 minutes (15 minutes reading and 3 hours writing). 2.
More informationBusiness Organization\Tax Structure
Business Organization\Tax Structure Kansas Secretary of State s Office Business Services Division First Floor, Memorial Hall 120 S.W. 10th Avenue Topeka, KS 66612-1594 Phone: (785) 296-4564 Fax: (785)
More information1 The Role of Accounting
5 1 The Role of Accounting Accounting Information Accounting provides financial information for a variety of entities to enable them to make informed judgements and decisions. It is important that you
More informationGUIDE TO THE SURVEY FINANCIAL BALANCE STATISTICS
1(16) GUIDE TO THE SURVEY FINANCIAL BALANCE STATISTICS 1 GENERAL INFORMATION... 3 2 DEFINITION OF DATA... 3 2.1 Positions... 3 2.2... 3 2.3... 4 3 DEFINITION OF VARIABLES... 4 3.1 Financial assets... 4
More informationGRAAD 12 NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12
GRAAD 12 NATIONAL SENIOR CERTIFICATE GRADE 12 ACCOUNTING NOVEMBER 2010 MARKS: 300 TIME: 3 hours This question paper consists of 21 pages and an answer book of 19 pages. Accounting 2 DBE/November 2010 INSTRUCTIONS
More informationForms of Ownership. Entrepreneurship. Mr. Rodrigues
Forms of Ownership Entrepreneurship Mr. Rodrigues Objectives Identify the significance of business ownership to the entrepreneurial process. Identify and discuss forms of business ownership Identify and
More informationExam 1 chapters 1-4 Needles 10ed
Exam 1 chapters 1-4 Needles 10ed Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is the most appropriate definition of accounting?
More informationthe market or industry trends changes whether the industry is growing
The Industry Name and describe the market or industry that you will work within in other words, the chosen sandbox where you will play. For market or industry descriptions see the North American Industry
More information7. Explain the basic assumptions and principles underlying financial statements.
CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Financial Statements Study Objectives 1. Describe the primary forms of business organization. 2. Identify the users and uses of accounting information. 3. Explain the three principal
More informationReview for Exam 1. Instructions: Please read carefully
Review for Exam 1 Instructions: Please read carefully The exam will have 20 multiple choice questions and 4 work problems. Questions in the multiple choice section will be either concept or calculation
More informationWhat is a Balance Sheet?
What is a Balance Sheet? A Balance Sheet is a financial statement which shows the ASSETS, LIABILITIES and CAPITAL of a business on a particular date. Assets Are Are items owned by by the the business or
More informationAccounting: its foundations
This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not
More informationAccounting Is a Language. Financial Accounting: The Balance Sheet BALANCE SHEET. Accounting Information. Assets. Balance Sheet: Layout
Accounting Is a Language Financial Accounting: The Balance Sheet Richard S. Barr Purpose: providing information Financial Statements Summarize accounting information Examples We need to know what the numbers
More informationRatio Analysis. A) Liquidity Ratio : - 1) Current ratio = Current asset Current Liability
A) Liquidity Ratio : - Ratio Analysis 1) Current ratio = Current asset Current Liability 2) Quick ratio or Acid Test ratio = Quick Asset Quick liability Quick Asset = Current Asset Stock Quick Liability
More informationAccounting Principles
Accounting Principles STUDENT STUDY PACK PRBA001 Accounting Principles All rights reserved Revision 1 Contents Week 8: Companies: Share Capital and the Balance Sheet...3 Learning outcomes for this week...3
More informationIpx!up!hfu!uif Dsfeju!zpv!Eftfswf
Ipx!up!hfu!uif Dsfeju!zpv!Eftfswf Credit is the lifeblood of South Louisiana business, especially for the smaller firm. It helps the small business owner get started, obtain equipment, build inventory,
More informationLearning Objectives: Quick answer key: Question # Multiple Choice True/False. 14.1 Describe the important of accounting and financial information.
0 Learning Objectives: 14.1 Describe the important of accounting and financial information. 14.2 Differentiate between managerial and financial accounting. 14.3 Identify the six steps of the accounting
More informationInstructions for E-PLAN Financial Planning Template
Instructions for E-PLAN Financial Planning Template The EPLAN template will assist you in preparing financial projections for your existing business. The template uses Microsoft Excel to prepare your projected
More informationForms of Business Ownership
Forms of Business Ownership Chapter 6 Better Business 2nd Edition Solomon (Contributing Editor) Poatsy Martin 6 1 Learning Objectives 1. What are the strengths and weaknesses of a sole proprietorship?
More informationBusiness Level 3. Unit 4 Business accounting. Layout of a Balance Sheet. Task 1. Instructions and answers for Teachers
Unit 4 Business accounting Layout of a Balance Sheet Instructions and answers for Teachers These instructions should accompany the OCR resource Layout of a Balance Sheet which supports the OCR Level 3
More informationHow Business Owners Can Legally Protect Their Business and Personal Assets
How Business Owners Can Legally Protect Their Business and Personal Assets By Dino Di Rosa, Di Rosa Lawyers P a g e 1 Introduction 1. For every business owner it is critical to look at ways they can protect
More informationArticle Accounting Terminology
Article Accounting Terminology Contents Page 1. Accounting Period... 4 2. Accounts Payable (Sundry Creditors)... 4 3. Accounts Receivable (Sundry Debtors)... 4 4. Assets... 4 5. Benchmarks... 4 6. B.O.S.
More informationLarge Company Limited. Report and Accounts. 31 December 2009
Registered number 123456 Large Company Limited Report and Accounts 31 December 2009 Report and accounts Contents Page Company information 1 Directors' report 2 Statement of directors' responsibilities
More informationEXPLANATORY NOTES. 1. Summary of accounting policies
1. Summary of accounting policies Reporting Entity Taranaki Regional Council is a regional local authority governed by the Local Government Act 2002. The Taranaki Regional Council group (TRC) consists
More informationThe Basic Framework of Budgeting
Master Budgeting 1 The Basic Framework of Budgeting A budget is a detailed quantitative plan for acquiring and using financial and other resources over a specified forthcoming time period. 1. The act of
More informationCIMA F3 Course Notes. Chapter 3. Short term finance
CIMA F3 Course Notes c Chapter 3 Short term finance Personal use only - not licensed for use on courses 31 1. Conservative, Aggressive and Matching strategies There are three over-riding approaches to
More informationFARM LEGAL SERIES June 2015 Choosing the Right Business Entity
Agricultural Business Management FARM LEGAL SERIES June 2015 Choosing the Right Business Entity Phillip L. Kunkel, S. Scott Wick Attorneys, Gray Plant Mooty INTRODUCTION There are many types of business
More informationSTATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS AND WORKING CAPITAL ANALYSIS
C H A P T E R 1 0 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS AND WORKING CAPITAL ANALYSIS I N T R O D U C T I O N Historically, profit-oriented businesses have used the accrual basis of accounting in which the income statement,
More informationAthens University of Economics and Business
Athens University of Economics and Business MSc in International Shipping, Finance and Management Corporate Finance George Leledakis An Overview of Corporate Financing Topics Covered Corporate Structure
More informationWhite Paper Life Insurance Coverage on a Key Employee
White Paper Life Insurance Coverage on a Key Employee www.selectportfolio.com Toll Free 800.445.9822 Tel 949.975.7900 Fax 949.900.8181 Securities offered through Securities Equity Group Member FINRA, SIPC,
More informationEquity. Types of Equity Accounts. Business Types and Equity Accounts
Equity Equity, also known as capital or net worth, is the amount owners have invested in a business. In the equity section of your chart of accounts, you must do three things: show the initial investment
More informationInvesting in community shares
Investing in community shares Investing in community shares Introduction Give, lend or invest? Have you been invited to buy shares in a community enterprise? Then you are not alone. You are one of thousands
More informationStructuring Your New Business By Business Filings Incorporated
Structuring Your New Business By Business Filings Incorporated There are five common business structures entrepreneurs often consider as they start their businesses: sole proprietorship, general partnership,
More informationTHEME: UNDERSTANDING EQUITY ACCOUNTS
THEME: UNDERSTANDING EQUITY ACCOUNTS By John W. Day, MBA ACCOUNTING TERM: Equity Equity is the difference between assets and liabilities as shown on a balance sheet. In other words, equity represents the
More informationIncome Measurement and Profitability Analysis
PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS The following financial statements for Spencer Company will be used to demonstrate the calculation of the various ratios in profitability analysis. Spencer Company Comparative Balance
More informationThe Trading Profit and Loss Account
The Trading Profit and Loss Account Businesses usually calculate their profit level by creating a Trading Profit and Loss Account (TPL) The TPL is produced because: It is a legal requirement It summarises
More informationTypes of Business Ownership
Types of Business Ownership Sole Proprietorship A sole proprietorship is the easiest and simplest form of business ownership. It is owned by one person. There is no distinction between the person and the
More information2 This Standard shall be applied by all entities that are investors with joint control of, or significant influence over, an investee.
International Accounting Standard 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures Objective 1 The objective of this Standard is to prescribe the accounting for investments in associates and to set out
More informationW3 Wealth Management, LLC Shelby Morgan 90 N. Miller Road Akron, OH 44313 330-836-3805 Shelby@W3wealth.com. Key Employee Insurance
W3 Wealth Management, LLC Shelby Morgan 90 N. Miller Road Akron, OH 44313 330-836-3805 Shelby@W3wealth.com Key Employee Insurance W3 Wealth Management, LLC Page 2 of 9 Table of Contents Life Insurance
More informationGlossary of Accounting Terms Peter Baskerville
Glossary of Accounting Terms Peter Baskerville Account for or 'bring to account': An accounting phrase used to describe the recording of a financial transaction that is required under the generally accepted
More informationAccounting for Partnerships
CHAPTER 15 Accounting for Partnerships CHAPTER OUTLINE Partnership Accounting Partners Accounts Ownership Changes Partnership Liquidation Instalment Liquidation Plan of Cash Distribution to Partners Summary
More informationTeaching the Accounting Study Design 2012 2016
Teaching the Accounting Study Design 2012 2016 This document will address the key changes to the key knowledge and key skills in the 2012 2016 VCE Accounting Study Design. There has been re-wording for
More informationIndian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 7 Statement of Cash Flows
Contents Indian Accounting Standard (Ind AS) 7 Statement of Cash Flows Paragraphs OBJECTIVE SCOPE 1 3 BENEFITS OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION 4 5 DEFINITIONS 6 9 Cash and cash equivalents 7 9 PRESENTATION OF
More informationBACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE for Teachers and Students
Pathway: Business, Marketing, and Computer Education Lesson: BMM C6 4: Financial Statements and Reports Common Core State Standards for Mathematics: N.Q.2 Domain: Quantities Cluster: Reason quantitatively
More informationCLASS BUSINESS (PART - 1)
CLASS XI Accoun tin g for BUSINESS (PART - 1) Learning Objectives After studying this chapter you will be able to state the meaning and need for accounting understand the various types of accounting
More informationtutor2u Working Capital Introduction to the Management of Working Capital AS & A2 Business Studies PowerPoint Presentations 2005
Working Capital Introduction to the Management of Working Capital AS & A2 Business Studies PowerPoint Presentations 2005 Introduction All businesses need cash to survive Cash is needed to: Invest in fixed
More informationFinancial Management
Different forms business organization Financial Management Sole proprietorship Partnership Cooperative society Company Private limited Vs Public limited company Private co min- two and max fifty, Pub Ltd
More informationadvertise to announce that a product is for sale or that a service is offered in order to encourage people to buy it or to use it
Aa Acquisition process by which a company buys another company advertise to announce that a product is for sale or that a service is offered in order to encourage people to buy it or to use it advertiser
More informationManagement & Principles of Accounting Date: 09/11/2015 Introduction to financial accounting Basic concepts and tools
Management & Principles of Accounting Date: 09/11/2015 Introduction to financial accounting Basic concepts and tools Patrizia Tettamanzi Sophie Goodman Source: Kimmel/Weygandt/Kieso Financial Accounting
More informationIntroduction to Profit and Loss Accounts and Balance Sheets
W J E C B U S I N E S S S T U D I E S A L E V E L R E S O U R C E S. 2008 Spec Issue 2 Sept 2012 Page 1 Introduction to Profit and Loss Accounts and Balance Sheets Specification Requirement -Understand
More informationADBT LOAN APPLICATION KIT
IMPORTANT INFORMATION ABOUT ADBT LOANS ADBT LOAN APPLICATION KIT ADBT provides loans to eligible applicants who have a business idea that satisfy ADBT assessment criteria. In providing loans to applicants,
More information1 Money and income Currency currency notes (banknotes) coins cash bank deposits BrE: note or banknote; on paper AmE: bill
1 A B Money and income Currency The money used in a country euros, dollars, yen, etc. is its currency. Money in notes (banknotes) and coins is called cash. Most money, however, consists of bank deposits:
More informationtutor2u Cash Management How and Why Businesses Need to Manage their Cash AS & A2 Business Studies PowerPoint Presentations 2005
Cash Management How and Why Businesses Need to Manage their Cash AS & A2 Business Studies PowerPoint Presentations 2005 Importance of Cash (1) A business can exist for a while without making profits but
More informationChapter 1. Introduction to Accounting and Business
1 Chapter 1 Introduction to Accounting and Business Learning Objective 1 Describe the nature of a business, the role of accounting, and ethics in business. Nature of Business and Accounting A business
More informationYou have learnt about the financial statements
Analysis of Financial Statements 4 You have learnt about the financial statements (Income Statement and Balance Sheet) of companies. Basically, these are summarised financial reports which provide the
More informationFinancial. Management FOR A SMALL BUSINESS
Financial Management FOR A SMALL BUSINESS 1 Agenda Welcome, Pre-Test, Agenda, and Learning Objectives Benefits of Financial Management Budgeting Bookkeeping Financial Statements Business Financing Key
More informationInvestments in Associates and Joint Ventures
STATUTORY BOARD FINANCIAL REPORTING STANDARD SB-FRS 28 Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures This standard applies for annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2013. Earlier application is
More informationELCT- NORTHERN DIOCESS
ELCT- NORTHERN DIOCESS WOMEN-LED TREE NURSERY PROJECT TRAINING ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCH OF TANZANIA Northern Diocese By Godson Ulomi gaulomi73@gmail.com 0784957530 1 ENTREPRENEURSHIP
More informationBusiness 2019 Finance I Lakehead University. Midterm Exam
Business 2019 Finance I Lakehead University Midterm Exam Philippe Grégoire Fall 2002 Time allowed: 2 hours. Instructions: Calculators are permitted. One 8.5 11 inches crib sheet is allowed. Verify that
More informationResidential mortgages general information
Residential mortgages general information Residential mortgages general information 2 Contents Who we are and what we do 2 Forms of security 2 Representative Example 2 Indication of possible further costs
More informationGENERAL REGISTRATION APPLICATION - BUSINESS INFORMATION
GENERAL REGISTRATION APPLICATION - BUSINESS INFORMATION ENCLOSURES REQUIRED WITH THIS FORM a) Evidence of business status (i.e., Articles of Incorporation, Certificate of Limited Partnership, Articles
More informationhow to finance the business
A DV I C E B O O K L E T how to finance the business HOW TO FINANCE THE BUSINESS Getting enough of the right funding is one of the more difficult tasks that you will face as a new entrepreneur. Typically,
More information2 TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF FINANCING NEW CAPITAL FORMATION
7 2 TRADITIONAL SYSTEM OF FINANCING NEW CAPITAL FORMATION That the acquisition of privately owned capital in the United States and throughout the Western world has been financed almost entirely through
More informationBASIC LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS WHEN STARTING YOUR OWN BUSINESS
BASIC LEGAL CONSIDERATIONS WHEN STARTING YOUR OWN BUSINESS By: Susan A. Keller, Esq. Edwards & Angell, LLP Starting your own business can be very exciting, for it allows you the opportunity to shape a
More informationAccounting Practice Questions
Accounting Practice Questions 1) The fundamental accounting equation states that: a) assets = liabilities + owner s equity b) assets = liabilities + drawings c) assets = liabilities + net income d) assets
More informationJones Sample Accounts Limited. Company Registration Number: 04544332 (England and Wales) Report of the Directors and Unaudited Financial Statements
Company Registration Number: 04544332 (England and Wales) Report of the Directors and Unaudited Financial Statements Period of accounts Start date: 1st June 2009 End date: 31st May 2010 Contents of the
More informationWhen a Dentist Dies. A Guide for Widows and Widowers
When a Dentist Dies A Guide for Widows and Widowers 1 When the owner and operator of a going dental practice dies, his or her spouse faces many questions about what to do with the practice and how. Who
More informationBrief Report on Closing of Accounts (connection) for the Term Ended March 31, 2007
MARUHAN Co., Ltd. Brief Report on Closing of (connection) for the Term Ended March 31, 2007 (Amounts less than 1 million yen omitted) 1.Business Results for the term ended on March, 2007 (From April 1,
More informationSri Lanka Accounting Standard-LKAS 7. Statement of Cash Flows
Sri Lanka Accounting Standard-LKAS 7 Statement of Cash Flows CONTENTS SRI LANKA ACCOUNTING STANDARD-LKAS 7 STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS paragraphs OBJECTIVE SCOPE 1 3 BENEFITS OF CASH FLOW INFORMATION 4 5 DEFINITIONS
More informationFINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FUNCTION. The nature and purpose of financial management
A FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT FUNCTION 1. The nature and purpose of financial management 2. Financial objectives and relationship with corporate strategy 3. Stakeholders and impact on corporate objectives 4.
More information2:4 Letter to client regarding choice between LLC and S corporation
2:4 Letter to client regarding choice between LLC and S corporation Dear [Client]: I understand that you are interested in creating a new business entity for a [type of business] business. This letter
More informationBusiness Planning Worksheets
Business Planning Worksheets Copyright 2003-2010 Lamar University SBDC Table of Contents Introductory Section... 1 Cover Sheet... 1 Executive Summary... 1 Narrative Section... 2 Description of the Business...
More informationThe Nature of Accounting Systems
Basic Accounting & Budgeting February 4, 2009 The Nature of Accounting Systems Accounting is the process of recording, classifying, summarizing, reporting and interpreting information about the economic
More informationHOW TO SET UP A BUSINESS IN DENMARK BUSINESS FORMATS.
HOW TO SET UP A BUSINESS IN DENMARK BUSINESS FORMATS. When choosing how to set up a business in Denmark it is important to know and consider what type of business format or corporate form would be most
More informationSAALFELD GRIGGS DENTAL INDUSTRY TEAM WHITE PAPER: CHOICE OF ENTITY FOR DENTISTS
SAALFELD GRIGGS DENTAL INDUSTRY TEAM WHITE PAPER: CHOICE OF ENTITY FOR DENTISTS BY Th AMY GEERHART & DAVID MYERS I. Introduction Dentists may operate their practices through several forms of entities,
More information