Processes and Mechanisms of Change in Addiction Treatment. Carlo C. DiClemente, Ph.D. ABPP University of Maryland, Baltimore County
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1 Processes and Mechanisms of Change in Addiction Treatment Carlo C. DiClemente, Ph.D. ABPP University of Maryland, Baltimore County
2 MECHANISMS OF CHANGE: A CLIENT PERSPECTIVE What is the client s s work in making change happen? What is the provider s s tasks? What is the difference? Client Processes Provider Strategies and Services
3 Processes of Change Change engines that enable movement through the stages of change Doing the right thing at the right time Cognitive/Experiential processes during early stages Behavioral processes in preparation, action and maintenance
4 Processes of Change Experiential Processes Concern the person s s thought processes Generally seen in the early Stages of Change Behavioral Processes Action oriented Usually seen in the later Stages of Change
5 STAGES AND PROCESSES OF CHANGE: DOING THE RIGHT THING AT THE RIGHT TIME
6 Experiential Processes Consciousness-Raising Self-Reevaluation Dramatic Relief Environmental Reevaluation Social Liberation
7 Consciousness Raising Clients gain knowledge about themselves and the nature of the behavior Because clients may have been previously unaware of the negative effects of the substance use, learning more about it and its effects will help them make better-informed decisions
8 Self- Reevaluation The recognition of how a current behavior conflicts with personal values and life goals. Through use of this process, the client performs a thoughtful and emotional reappraisal of the behavior, and visualizes the kind of person he or she might be after making a positive change
9 Dramatic Relief A significant, often emotional experience related to the problem Clients often become motivated to make changes when their emotions are aroused by either external or internal stimuli
10 Environmental Reevaluation Recognition of the effects the behavior has on others and the environment Clients are often motivated by the realization that their substance use has not only negatively affected themselves, but also other, external areas (such as people in their lives and the environments in which they function)
11 Social Liberation Recognition and creation of alternatives in the social environment that encourage behavior change This process can also be seen as utilizing resources in the environment to alter and maintain changes in behavior.
12 Behavioral Processes Stimulus Control Counter Conditioning Reinforcement Management Helping Relationships Self-Liberation
13 Stimulus Control Avoidance or alteration of cues, so that the likelihood of engaging in the problem behavior is lessened Clients who associate alcohol or drug use with specific environments are less likely to engage in substance use if they avoid those trigger situations
14 Counterconditioning Substitution of healthy behaviors for unhealthy ones. In a situation where it is difficult for clients to alter or avoid tempting cues, an effective strategy is for clients to alter their responses to the cues This often involves choosing healthy alternatives (such as relaxing in a stressful situation)
15 Reinforcement Management Rewarding of positive behavior changes. This can take the form of actual rewards or may simply be the positive consequences resulting from behaviors that prevent alcohol or drug use When clients experience rewards following positive positive steps toward altering their substance using behavior, they are more likely to continue making similar changes
16 Self-Liberation Belief in one s s ability to change, and acting on that belief by making a commitment to alter behavior Clients often demonstrate this process by committing to substance-related change goals
17 Helping Relationships Relationships that provide support, caring, and acceptance to someone who is attempting to make a change Clients who have abused substances often feel alienated and alone. By engaging in this change process, clients realize that they have a support system and are not isolated in addressing their substance abuse
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19 Experiential Processes of Change Consciousness Raising: : Gaining information increasing awareness about the current habitual behavior pattern or the potential new behavior : Experiencing emotional reactions about the status quo and/or the new behavior Revaluation: : Seeing when and how the status quo or the new behavior fit in with or conflict with personal values : Recognizing the effects the status quo or new behavior have upon others and the environment : Noticing and increasing social alternatives and norms that help support change in the status quo and/or initiation of the new Emotional Arousal: Experiencing emotional Self Revaluation Environmental Reevaluation: Recognizing the Social Liberation: Noticing and increasing social
20 Transtheoretical Model: Behavioral Processes of Change Self Liberation: : Accepting responsibility for and committing to make a behavior change : Creating, altering or avoiding cues/stimuli that trigger or encourage a particular behavior Conditioning: : Substituting new, competing behaviors and activities for the old behaviors : Rewarding sought after new behaviors while extinguishing (eliminating reinforcements) from the status quo behavior : Seeking and Receiving support from others (family, friends, peers) Stimulus Control: Creating, altering or Counter-Conditioning Reinforcement Management: Rewarding Helping Relationships: Seeking and Receiving
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22 Provider Strategies What do you do to engage each of these processes? What do you do with less motivated patients that would activate some of these experiential processes? What do you do with you action oriented patients that activate the behavioral processes?
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24 A Transtheoretical Model Group Therapy Each group session is based on a specific TTM process of change. Motivational Interviewing counseling strategies are used throughout the sessions.
25 Thinking About Changing Substance Use Precontemplation-Contemplation Contemplation-Preparation Sequence 1. The Stages of Change 2. A Day in the Life- Consciousness Raising 3. Physiological Effects of Alcohol- Consciousness Raising 4. Physiological Effects of Drugs- Consciousness Raising 5. Expectations-Consciousness Raising 6. Expressions of Concern-Self- Reevaluation, Dramatic Relief
26 7. Values-Self Self-Reevaluation 8. Pros and Cons-Decisional Balance 9. Relationships-Environmental Reevaluation 10. Roles-Environmental Reevaluation 11. Confidence and Temptation-Self Efficacy 12. Problem Solving-Self Self Efficacy 13. Setting a Goal and Preparing to Change- Self Liberation 14. Review and Termination
27 Making Changes in Substance Abuse Action/Maintenance Sequence 1. The Stages of Change 2. Identifying Triggers 3. Managing Stress 4. Rewarding My Sucesses Triggers - Stimulus Control Managing Stress-Counterconditioning Sucesses-Reinforcement Management 5. Effective Communication- Counterconditioning,, Reinforcement Management Effective Refusals-Counterconditioning, Reinforcement Management 6. Effective Refusals
28 Managing Criticism-Counterconditioning, Reinforcement Management 7. Managing Criticism 8. Managing Thoughts-Stimulus Control, Counterconditioning,, Reinforcement Management 9. Managing Cravings and Urges-Stimulus Control, Counterconditioning,, Reinforcement Management 10. New Ways to Enjoy Life-Stimulus Control, Counterconditioning,, Reinforcement Management 11. Developing an Action Plan-Self Liberation 12. Recommitting After a Slip-Self Self-Liberation
29 13. Social Support-Helping Relationships 14. Identifying Needs and Resources-Social Liberation 15. Review and Termination
30 Example Exercises to Facilitate Consciousness Raising Personalized feedback to raise awareness of physiological and psychological effects of alcohol and other drugs. Brief assessment (AUDIT, Drug Screen Inventory), self-scoring, scoring, feedback and group sharing A Day in the Life Teaching Stages of Change Exploring Expectations Using alcohol makes me feel less shy I m m more clumsy after drinking I m m more romantic when I use alcohol Alcohol makes the future seem brighter to me I m m more likely to say embarrassing things after drinking
31 Example Exercises to Facilitate Self-Reevaluation and Dramatic Relief Group members discuss the ways in which others have expressed concern about their substance use Who is concerned? exercise Values Clients identify their values and then examine how their substance use conflicts with those values What I value most exercise Values Card Sort
32 Example Exercises to Facilitate Self Liberation Goal Setting and Change Plan My problem substances are: This includes a list of the substances that cause you problems. My goal for changing my substance use is: This includes the exact change you plan to make. If abstinence is not the immediate goal, how much will you reduce your use? Be specific about amounts and plans. What steps I plan to take: Be as specific as possible about the actions you will take to reach your goal What can get in the way? Think about any barriers you might encounter as you work toward your goal. For example I might get lonely or bored and want to spend time with old friends. People who can help me List people (or groups of people) who can help you as you work toward your goal. (often include other group members, 12 Step sponsor and friends)
33 Example Exercises to Facilitate Stimulus Control Identifying Triggers Managing Thoughts Managing Cravings and Urges
34 Example Exercises to Facilitate Counter Conditioning Managing Stress Relaxation exercises, meditation, exercise Effective Communication Substituting healthy responses for unhealthy ones Effective Refusals Builds on the effective communication skills and helps clients learn how to change their responses to the triggers of being offered drugs
35 CONTEXT OF CHANGE I. SITUATIONAL RESOURCES AND PROLBLEMS II. COGNITIONS AND BELIEFS III. INTERPERSONAL RESOURCES/PROBLEMS IV. FAMILY & SYSTEMS V. ENDURING PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS
36 CONTEXT OF CHANGE I. SITUATIONAL RESOURCES/PROBLEMS Emotional & Behavioral Symptoms: Anxiety; Depression; Anger; Addictive or Compulsive Behaviors; Acting Out Behavior Physical Symptoms & Problems Situational Problems: Homelessness; Lack of Insurance; Abusive Home
37 CONTEXT OF CHANGE II. COGNITIONS AND BELIEFS Problematic or Facilitating Expectancies Beliefs: Supportive or Irrational
38 CONTEXT OF CHANGE III. INTERPERSONAL RESOURCES / PROBLEMS Dyadic Conflicts/Support Abusive or Supportive Relationships Lack or Presence of Interpersonal Skills
39 CONTEXT OF CHANGE IV. FAMILY OR SYSTEMIC RESOURCES / PROBLEMS Current or Family of Origin Social System or Network Employment Legal System
40 CONTEXT OF CHANGE V. ENDURING PERSONAL CHARACTERISTICS Intra-personal Resources Personality Strengths or Disorders Self-Identity Issues Individuation - Self-Esteem Etc.
41 Stages by Context Analysis I Sit II Cog III Rel IV Sys V Per PreC Cont Prep Action Maint Experiential Processes Behavioral Processes
42 Difficult Clients and Client Difficulties: A TTM Analysis Target Problem and Contextual Problems Stage of Change for Each Problem Identifying Key Processes of Change Finding Appropriate Strategies to Engage Processes Recycling and Learning from the Past Accomplishing Stage Tasks Adequately
43 Does the Treatment Program Facilitate Change Consistent with the TTM? Promote Progression Through the Stages Promote Stage Specific Process Use Promote Appropriate Decisional Balance Shift Promote Abstinence Self-Efficacy - Increased Confidence - Decreased Temptation
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