Digital Forensics for Attorneys - Part 2
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1 Lars Daniel, EnCE Digital Forensics for Attorneys - Part 2 Experts, Analysis, Challenging Evidence
2 Digital Forensics For Attorneys Part I Overview of Digital Forensics Types of Digital Evidence Acquisition (Collection) and Preservation Part 2 Experts, Evidence and Analysis Understand Forensic Experts vs. Computer Experts Digital evidence: discovery and usage Overview of Digital Forensics Analysis Challenging Digital Evidence
3 Experts
4 Defendant as Expert
5 Why a Forensics Expert? Computer Forensics Expert Should have comparable or better training and experience than the other expert. Should have specific training and experience as a digital forensics expert Should have access to the same tools as the opposing expert Must be able to qualify as a forensic expert in court
6
7 Technical Expertise Comparison
8 Technical Expertise Comparison
9 Legal Expertise Comparison
10 Investigative Expertise Comparison Computer Experts No training in examination or investigation, as they do not need to. Digital Forensics Expert Digital Forensics Experts Examples: USB Device history, authentication, internet history, data deletion, Peer to Peer cases, etc.
11 Selecting a Digital Forensics Expert
12 Reasonable Costs
13 Certifications
14 Forensic Tools Do they have appropriate forensic tools? - Required to perform many digital forensic functions - Computer Forensics (EnCase, FTK) - Cell Phone Forensics (CelleBrite, Paraben, Susteen) - Almost always needed to perform forensically sound acquisitions and examinations.
15 Selecting an Expert: Overview 1. Actual training in digital forensics and sub-disciplines? 2. Digital Forensics certifications? Or just computer based certifications? 3. Actual case experience? 4. Recommendation letters from other professionals, particularly attorneys?
16 Spotting a Problem Expert Attitude: How does the expert interact with your team? 1. Arrogant or superior? 2. Does he or she take the time to explain to properly explain technical concepts in easy to understand language? The Bull Factor 1. If an expert does not have the answer to a question, does he or she try to convince you that they do anyway? 2. Great risk when testifying. 3. Use of jargon to cover up ignorance.
17 Spotting a Problem Expert Appearance Matters 1. Expert should engage with others and dress in a way that conveys professionalism and competence. Aversion 1. Some experts will take cases they should not because they cannot emotionally handle the contents of the evidence. a. Particularly true with sex crimes cases and other defense related cases.
18 Spotting a Problem Expert Does the Examiner Have Time? 1. Does the examiner have time to work the case? Some cases (particularly Child Pornography) can require travel. Is Forensics a second job? Avocation?
19 Expectations of a Forensics Expert Computer Forensics Expert Expected to Anticipate testimony of opposing expert based on the forensic reports and discovery. Duplicate and verify the opposing expert s work. Assist the attorney in preparation for trial Advise the attorney as to the merits of the case in regards to the digital evidence presented.
20 Expectations of a Forensics Expert Computer Forensics Expert Expected to testify if needed as to: Various files on the client s computer. Ownership of the computer and files. Forensic processes used to extract and verify data. Handling and collection of the evidence. Specifics relating to software installed, dates and times of computer activities
21 Analysis
22 Analyzing the Case Approaching the case holistically Digital evidence can reach into all corners of a case:» Cell records» » Pictures» Timelines» Internet Activity
23 Analyzing the Case Always work the case like you are the primary examiner. Never assume anything. Check all the points in the case where mistakes are normally made: Chain of custody. Examination standard procedures. RTC verified for all evidence containing clocks. Evidence handling at the scene. Was everything examined. Claims made in the forensics report. Pay particular attention to keyword search results, internet history results, link files, etc. Placing the defendant at the computer.
24 Performing the Analysis Step one: Duplicate the other side s work. Verify the accuracy of their findings Did they represent their findings correctly? How thorough was the examination? Verify the completeness of their report Is everything they found in the report?» Why or why not? Was exculpatory evidence ignored or missed?
25 Establishing a framework for analysis Reading discovery documents Reading the computer forensics reports What claims are being made? What statements were made? What facts support the claims and which do not?
26 What clues can lead to a more thorough digital analysis? Defendant's statements Witness statements Police statements and interviews Call center records Search warrants and subpoenas Other supporting documents Law Enforcement's computer forensics report
27 Case Analysis Examples
28 Document Metadata Example
29 Picture Metadata Example
30 Internet History Before Clearing
31 Internet History After Clearing
32 Challenging the evidence Common mistakes that open digital evidence to challenges Failing to verify clock times Computer Clocks (Real Time Clock Setting) Affects everything related to time lines:» Internet history» s» Computer activity Digital Cameras Affects the metadata inside the digital images.
33 Challenging the evidence Is the evidence in the report allowed by the search warrant? Was a separate warrant obtained for searching the specific computers and devices? Did the language of the warrant restrict the search in any way? Was evidence obtained through a private party under the direction of law enforcement outside the warrant? Did a verbal request to preserve evidence outside a subpoena without subsequent paperwork cause the third party to become an agent and subject to 4 th amendment search restrictions?
34 Challenging the evidence Is there an attempt to place a person at a computer without adequate proof? How can you tell? Did the analyst check for unique user accounts with passwords? Is there evidence anyone else used the computer under that person s account or profile? Was the computer in a common area? Did others know the passwords to the user s account? Was access to the computer restricted by physical boundaries or location?
35 Challenging the evidence Games people play Stating facts out of context Keywords Keyword hits are not always relevant» Murder case example» Hits were found for the keywords murder (156), kidnapping (34), disposal (76), and death (273) on the subject s computer.
36 Challenging the evidence Games people play Stating facts out of context Keywords» Hits were found for the keywords murder (156), kidnapping (34), disposal (76), and death (273) on the subject s computer. Where can these hits come from? Lexicons, thesaurus, and spell check dictionaries News focused web pages (MSN, Newspaper sites, Television sties, CNN, etc.) When is a hit a hit?» Is 156 hits for murder meaningful?
37 Challenging the evidence Games people play Stating facts out of context Internet Searches» Murder case example» Searches were found for the keywords murder, kidnapping, disposal and death on the subject s computer.
38 Google Search Result Riehl World View: Murder, Kidnapping Alleged In Holloway Arrest The arrestee is held in Utrecht and suspected of kidnapping and murder.... Aruba is SURROUNDED by the ideal body disposal mechanism - the ocean k - Cached - Similar pages - Note this #05-624: Jose Padilla Charged With Conspiracy To Murder charges Padilla with conspiracy to murder, kidnap and maim individuals in a... every tool at our disposal in vigorously fighting the war on terrorism, k - Cached - Similar pages - Note this The Agenda Kidnapping, murder, and holding - overpowering the kidnap victim,... Our capabilities and the means at our disposal - our capability of reaching the target k - Cached - Similar pages - Note this David Coltart (Official Website)» Cain Nkala murder Deadly AK47 rifles have become the weapon of choice for thugs involved in murder, kidnapping and torture throughout Zimbabwe.... davidcoltart.com/archive/category/press-reports/cain-nkala-murder - 35k - Cached - Similar pages - Note this Supreme Court of Ohio / Public Information / Case Summaries McKnight was found guilty of the kidnapping, robbery and aggravated murder of 20 -year-old Kenyon College student Emily Murray in November 2000 and the k - Cached - Similar pages - Note this [PDF] Jose Padilla Charged With Conspiracy To Murder Individuals... File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat - View as HTML demonstrates that we will use every tool at our disposal in vigorously... violent jihad, which would include acts of murder, kidnapping and maiming,... nefafoundation.org/miscellaneous/featureddocs/u.s._v_padilla_dojpr_ind.pdf - Similar pages - Note this
39 Challenging the evidence Games people play Playing the techie game Technical words no one understands Unallocated space Slack space Browser cache Typed URLs Gnutella and Limewire What does that mean?
40 Challenging the evidence Child porn example (State s forensics report) 35 images depicting child pornography were located on suspects hard drive. Details 1. Images were found in the browser cache at C:\user\documents and settings\internet history\hro5ij (10 images in all) 2. Images were found and extracted from C:\ drive unallocated space. (10 images in all) 3. Images were found in The BearShare Shared folder at C:\user\Program Files\BearShare\Shared (15) When presented with this kind of report, what do you do?
41 Challenging the evidence What does that mean? If it is in the browser cache, does that mean the user did it on purpose?» How browser caching works.
42
43 Challenging the evidence What the heck is unallocated space?» Unallocated space is areas on the hard drive that are available to store data.» When a file is deleted, it is only marked as deleted, so the old data remains on the hard drive in the unallocated space.» Forensic tools can recover files from this unallocated area of the hard drive.
44 Challenging the evidence Peer to Peer Software: It s in the shared folder right? MAC Times, Multi-select Program Installation (Default Sharing)
45
46 Multi-Select
47 Challenging the evidence Digital evidence can also be used to Help to establish the whereabouts of the defendant. Was the defendant doing something on the computer that matches his statements about his activities at a certain time? Establish mitigating circumstances Was something going on that can be found on the computer or cell phone that shows this? Disprove pre-meditation in a death penalty case? Real case example: Fake account created after a murder to cover it up, versus before hand.
48 Contact Information: Web: Blog: Phone: Questions? Coming soon: Attorney Resource Center Online Book: Digital Forensics for Legal Professionals May 2011, Syngress Publishing Larry E. Daniel and Lars E. Daniel
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