Spin-flip excitation spectroscopy with STM excitation of allowed transition adds an inelastic contribution (group of Andreas Heinrich, IBM Almaden)
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1 Magnetism at the atomic scale by Scanning Probe Techniques Kirsten von Bergmann Institute of Applied Physics Magnetism with SPM Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy SP-STM density of states of a magnetic sample is spin-polarized (now used in various groups worldwide) Spin-flip excitation spectroscopy with STM excitation of allowed transition adds an inelastic contribution (group of Andreas Heinrich, IBM Almaden) Magnetic exchange force microscopy MExFM direct exchange interaction between probe tip and sample (U. Kaiser, A. Schwarz, R. Wiesendanger, Univ. Hamburg)
2 Scanning tunneling microscopy tip I eu 0 ρt ( E, eu) ρs( E) T( E, eu) de scan I U d sample di du LDOS ρ ρ ( eu ) T ( E, eu ) t s local density of states tip di/du spectroscopy d φ t di/du spectrum at point x,y sample φ s topography: constant-current current mode tip 2 sample spin-polarized polarized LDOS spin-imbalance at the Fermi-energy spin-polarized current magnetic material
3 spin-polarized polarized STM spin conservation during the tunnel process magn. tip M. Julliere, Phys. Lett. 54A, 225 (1975). magn. tip M. Bode, Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 523 (2003). angular dependence spin-averaged J. C. Slonczewski, Phys. Rev. B 39, 6995 (1989). T. Miyazaki and N. Tezuka, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 139, L231 (1995).
4 spin-polarized polarized probe FM AFM magnetic tip material thin film coating FM and AFM optically pumped GaAs tips reduction of stray field control over direction of magnetization thin film tips flashed tip has radius ~ 500 nm surface and interface anisotropy dominate M depends on thin film material Fe-coated W tip sensitive to in-plane magnetization component 2µm Cr-coated W tip sensitive to out-of of-plane magnetization component M. Bode et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 81, 4256 (1998) M. Bode, Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 523 (2003).
5 modulation technique FM tip material sensitive to out-of-plane W. Wulfhekel and J. Kirschner, Appl. Phys. Lett. 75, 1944 (1999). or in-plane magnetization U. Schlickum, W. Wulfhekel, and J. Kirschner, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2016 (2003). thin film tips vs modulation technique thin film tips measurement of I(U) and di/du(u) contains information on structural, electronic and magnetic properties M. Bode, Rep. Prog. Phys. 66, 523 (2003). modulation technique separation of topography and magnetic signal U. Schlickum, W. Wulfhekel, and J. Kirschner, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2016 (2003).
6 SP-STM: STM: spectroscopy mode e.g AL Fe on W(001) 2nd ML is ferromagnetic 4 magnetic domains side view SP-STM: STM: spectroscopy mode e.g AL Fe on W(001) 2nd ML is ferromagnetic 4 magnetic domains in-plane sensitive magnetic tip spinaveraged spinresolved side view et al., Phys. Rev. B. 70, (2004).
7 SP-STM: STM: spectroscopy mode e.g AL Fe on W(001) 2nd ML is ferromagnetic 4 magnetic domains in-plane sensitive magnetic tip di/du mapping at U=+50mV M tip top view SP-STM: STM: constant-current current mode e.g AL Fe on W(001) 1st ML is out-of of-plane AFM atomic scale magnetism c(2 2) 2) AFM
8 SP-STM: STM: constant-current current mode M tip S. Heinze et al., Science 288, 1805 (2000). D. Wortmann et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 86, 4132 (2001). S. Heinze, Appl. Phys. A 85, 407 (2006). c(2 2) 2) AFM topography [100] 2 nm A. Kubetzka et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, (2005). investigating single magnetic atoms F. Meier, L. Zhou, J. Wiebe, and R. Wiesendanger, Science 320, 82 (2008). Co atoms on Pt(111)
![c(2 2) 2) AFM topography [100] 2 nm A. Kubetzka et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 087204 (2005).](/docs-images/45/8579102/images/page_8.jpg "investigating single magnetic atoms F. Meier, L. Zhou, J. Wiebe, and R.")
9 magnetization curves of individual atoms Cr-tip Cr-tip +B ext +B ext F. Meier, L. Zhou, J. Wiebe, and R. Wiesendanger, Science 320, 82 (2008). Magnetism with SPM Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy SP-STM density of states of a magnetic sample is spin-polarized (now used in various groups worldwide) Spin-flip excitation spectroscopy with STM excitation of allowed transition adds an inelastic contribution (group of Andreas Heinrich, IBM Almaden) Magnetic exchange force microscopy MExFM direct exchange interaction between probe tip and sample (U. Kaiser, A. Schwarz, R. Wiesendanger, Univ. Hamburg)
10 A.J. Heinrich, J.A. Gupta, C.P. Lutz, and D.M. Eigler, Science 306, 466 (2004). spin-flip excitation spectroscopy coupling between magnetic atoms anisotropy of magnetic atoms C.F. Hirjibehedin, C.-Y. Lin, A.F. Otte, M. Ternes, C.P. Lutz, B.A. Jones, and A.J. Heinrich, Science 317, 1199 (2007). C.F. Hirjibehedin, C.P. Lutz, and A.J. Heinrich, Science 312, 1021 (2006).
11 Magnetism with SPM Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy SP-STM density of states of a magnetic sample is spin-polarized (now used in various groups worldwide) Spin-flip excitation spectroscopy with STM excitation of allowed transition adds an inelastic contribution (group of Andreas Heinrich, IBM Almaden) Magnetic exchange force microscopy MExFM direct exchange interaction between probe tip and sample (U. Kaiser, A. Schwarz, R. Wiesendanger, Univ. Hamburg) magnetic exchange force microscopy concept of MExFM detecting the direct magnetic exchange interaction short-range force between the last magnetic tip atom and the magnetic atom on the sample NiO: antiferromagnetic due to superexchange between Ni atoms via O bridges bulk terminated surface magnetic structure canted spin U. Kaiser, A. Schwarz, and R. Wiesendanger, Nature 446, 522 (2007).
12 magnetic exchange force microscopy ~30 pm closer chemical contrast: MExFM contrast: Ni - O = 4.5 pm Ni -Ni = 1.5 pm U. Kaiser, A. Schwarz, and R. Wiesendanger, Nature 446, 522 (2007). summary SP-STM is advanced in periodic structures and is reaching for small structures and atoms Spin-flip excitation spectroscopy explores the quantum magnetic behavior of small structures and atoms MExFM is the choice for insulating samples
Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy studies on in-plane magnetization components of thin antiferromagnetic films on Fe(001) Dissertation
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