Ethiopian Occupational Health and Safety Regulatory Environment
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1 Ethiopian Occupational Health and Safety Regulatory Environment Solomon Yimer Ethiopian Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs Working Conditions & Environment Research & Inspection Team Chris Keil Environmental Health Program Bowling Green State University
2 Ethiopia
3 Ethiopia Twice size of Texas 75 million people Human Development Index: 170 th /177 Life expectancy at birth: 48 Adult Literacy: 42% GDP per capita: $711
4
5 Note on Available Data Occupational Health data collection and harmonization is in beginning stages Available data often done.. Different organizations Different criteria Infrequently No information management system
6 Economics Agriculture 80% of employment Primarily subsistence 60% of export: coffee, qat / chat, flowers, leather, livestock, oil seeds Development of this sector is focus of government s poverty reduction program
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8 Economics Industry and Construction 8% of employment Will grow as government directed transition from subsistence farming to export agriculture needs supporting infrastructure Government and Service 12% of employment Urban unemployment estimated over 40%
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11 2003 Industrial Workforce 11,436 establishments employ > 10 workers 36% of these employing 362,927 workers are within the scope of labor proclamation 21% of these are in manufacturing
12 Occupational Fatality Rate Reported Workplace Injury Fatalities 25.0 Rate per 100,000 worker Year
13 The Number of Large and Medium Manufacturing Facilities is Growing
14 1998 Regional Distribution of Manufacturing Facilities REGION Mid to Large Scale Small scale Cottage ADDIS ABABA 485 (50901) 1173 (3721) (189163) OROMIA 122 (17785) 625 (1967) (465194) SNNP 54 (5020) 217 (919) (228772) AMHARA 58 (9063) 386 (1291) (334124) DIREDAWA 24 (4588) 78 (203) 1263 (2042) TIGRAI 37 (4473) 155 (578) (34194) HARARI 7 (1450) 74 (182) 1203 (1877) GAMBELA 2 (1020) 2 (11) 1833 (2155) SOMALI 4 (69) 8 (29) 1245 (1652) AFAR 3 (859) 8 (12) 5443 (8686) TOTAL 796 (94310) 2731 (8929) ( )
15 Occupational Health Policy CONSTITUTION (1995) Article 42/2: Rights of Labour Workers right for healthy and safe work environment PROCLAMATION NO. 4/1995 Powers and Duties of MOLSA Determine standards and measures for the safety and health of workers and follow up their implementation; Collect, compile and disseminate information on safety and health of workers HEALTH POLICY STATEMENT (1993) OHS promotion included in priorities
16 Federal Organization MINISTER (MOLSA) STATE MINISTER FOR LABOUR AFFAIRS STATE MINISTER FOR SOCIAL AFFAIRS INDUSTRIAL RELATION DEPARTMENT OSH & WORKING ENV. DEPARTMENT EMPLOYMENT & MAN POWER DEPARTMENT OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY TEAM OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH TEAM MINIMUM LABOR CONDITIONS TEAM
17 Regional Responsibilities In addition to federal structure each administrative region is to have a OSH inspection service 1. Addis Ababa* 2. Afar 3. Amhara 4. Benishangul-Gumaz 5. Dire Dawa* 6. Gambela 7. Harari 8. Oromia 9. Somali 10.Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples Region 11.Tigray
18 LABOR PROCLAMATION 377/2003 Contains analogous language to the General Duty Clause Article 92: Obligations of an employer Article 93: Obligations of an employee Establishes powers of minister Establishes powers of labor inspection service
19 ILO Conventions 20 Ratified Including the 8 core conventions Elimination of forced labour 29/1930 & 105/1957 Freedom of Association and Right to Collective Bargaining 87/1948 & 98/1949 Abolition of Child Labour 138/1973 & 182/1999 Elimination of Discrimination in employment 100/1951 & 111/1958 Others include Weekly rest (Industry) 14/1921 & 106/1957 Occupational Safety & Health 155/1981
20 MOLSA Directives Types of works that are dangerous to health and reproductive systems of women workers (1996/97) Lists of activities prohibited for young workers (14-18) (1996/97) Safety and health committees establishment (2005) Occupational safety and health directive (draft)
21 Legal Authorities of Inspection Services Planned or routine inspections Complaint based inspections Preventive or industrial licensing Follow up inspections Accident Registration and Investigations Research activities Advisory and Training services OSH related Information Prosecutions
22 OHS conditions No systematic surveillance system in place for Workplace Environment Conditions Occupational Health Disease / Injury There are a few focused studies
23 Positives of Ethiopia s Legal Structure A reasonable legal and policy framework for OSH is in place Personnel are highly motivated Current practice emphasizes mid to large sized manufacturing Easily identified Often near government centers where inspection teams are based
24 Challenges Significant sectors are essentially not well regulated Agriculture Construction Service Transportation Health care
25 Challenges OSH expertise needs development Lower in priority than other dramatic national concerns Specific administrative processes are lacking Promulgation of regulations Enforcement procedures
26 OSH Manpower Most inspectors are generally well prepared in basic sciences, but without specialized OSH training Some OSH training abroad, primarily of university faculty Some in-country training programs such as course sponsored by AIHA in 2005
27 OSH Manpower No specialized OSH programs at Universities General EH programs A few graduate programs One (just started) undergraduate program Mixed OSH coursework All programs are under resourced
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29 Labor Inspection Services Manpower SERVICE STATION Man Power Male Female MOLSA 6 - ADDIS ABABA 9 1 AMHARA 16 1 TIGRAY 16 3 SNNP 3 - HARARI 1 - OROMIYA 18 1 AFAR 1 - DIRE DAWA - - BENSHANGUL GUMUZ 1 - GAMBELA - - SOMALI 2 - Total 73 6 Total
30 Enforcement Climate Authority for inspection and citations exists No mechanism for this to occur is operating No specific legally enforceable Ethiopian standards for inspectors to use. Inspectors currently operate mainly in an advisory role to industry
31 Enforcement Climate Exposure assessment equipment not available Expertise in IH sampling and analysis is limited
32 Conclusions Ethiopia has pressing needs in terms of Economic development Food and water security Etc. Occupational health problems are likely to be severe but are lower priority than the acute problems Appropriate industrialization of the agriculture sector will increase the exposure to occupational health hazards
33 Conclusions A OSH regulatory and policy framework is in place Specific H&S standards and administrative procedures need development Manpower capacity building is needed Funding for developing physical resources is needed as well.
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