Vincent Aguiléra LVMT. École des Ponts ParisTech. The 9th TSU Seminar French perspective on Electric Vehicles

Transcription

1 French perspective on Electric Vehicles Vincent Aguiléra LVMT École des Ponts ParisTech

2 Outline - Long term objectives - A bit of history - Review of French public policies supporting electric vehicles (EV) since the 70's - The AutoLib system in Paris area - Current state of the market - Demand, supply - Levers for action - R&D, standardisation, energy supply - Conclusion

3 Long term objectives - Grenelle, facteur 4: - divide by 4 the GHG emissions from 2005 to problematic sectors: housing & tranport : a national plan for EV deployment University of Wisconsin, 1973 World Resources Inst., 1994 Princeton University, 1979 Grenelle 2, 2009

4 A bit of history: a long, long time ago... La jamais contente, The first car to have reached 100 km/h was an electric vehicle.

5 A bit of history: EDF EV research program GIVE (groupement interministériel VE) - Research program on batteries - CGE Grégoire - Lead-acid batteries - autonomy: 90 km - max speed: 75 km/h

6 A bit of history: research program on nickel-iron batteries : Peugeot 205 elec km, 100 km/h : Renault VOLTA - electric master (light duty utility vehicle)

7 A bit of history: Car sharing experiments - 22 fleets in mid-sized towns - Praxitele - Saint-Quentin en Yvelines (near Paris) - 50 Renault Clio - Liselec - La Rochelle (south-west coast) - Peugeot 106 & Citroën saxo - Still in operation (Yélomobile)

8 AutoLib - A large scale EV car sharing system - Deployed since months trial end of End cars stations subscribers - Target (mid 2014) cars stations

9 AutoLib: technical insight - Vehicles - Bolloré Blue Car - Battery - Lithium Metal Polymer - Autonomy km, urban cycle - Stations - 6 charging spots

10 AutoLib: business model - Customer view Subscription First fees 30 min Second 30 min Additional First accident 30 min 1 year week day

11 AutoLib: business model - Public Private Partnership Consortium (local authorities) Bolloré Group Vehicles Qty Unit cost Total Stations Qty Unit cost Total k 50 M k 10 M Total 50 M 115 M k 105 M State k 15 M 15 M

12 EV market: demand - France: first market in Europe for EV/HV Utility vehicles Private cars Diesel HV Gasoline HV

13 EV market: market shares - EV market shares, France, 2013

14 EV market: supply - Renault/Nissan

15 EV market: supply - Goupil G3

16 Levers for action - EV market: cruising after takeoff? Public policies Market barriers and drivers Electromobility Electromobility supply demand

17 Market barriers & drivers Market barriers Practical and technical factors Financial factors Human factors Need for a new infrastructure Limited range Duration of charge High upfront costs Uncertainty of resale value Market drivers Charge at home Battery as electricity storage Attractive use costs Consumer preferences Societal values Wind of change in mobility behavior Windisch E., Driving electric? A financial analysis of electric vehicles policies in France, PhD Thesis.

18 French public policy for EV/HV targets -2 millions EV/HV millions charging spots for EV/PHEV - 4M private, 400k public - Purchase bonus - for low emitting vehicles - around 7000 for EV, 4000 for HV - Charging spots - 30% to 50% refund for public spots - Continuous public support to R&D - fundings through the national agency ADEME - batteries, smart grids

19 R&D challenges - Business models - EV: good TCO, but high upfront costs - resale value? - Batteries - technology - geopolitical issues (e.g. lithium) - life cycle - integration with the electric network - Electric network & energy supply - smart grid issues

20 Conclusion - For the first time in history, EV has reached an industrial level of development - EV market is young, and still needs strong public support to be mature - Battery EV is pioneering electromobility - PHEV is likely to strenghten the trend - Electricity/batteries: not the only way to clean vehicles - Hydrogen & biomethane industries are there - Many thanks for your attention Special thanks are due to Virgine BOUTUEIL (PhD, LVMT) for her unvaluable help in preparing this presentation.