REVISED. Cutting, Handling and Disposal of. Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipe Guidelines JUNE 2014 PMS > CMYK > REVERSED >

Transcription

1 REVISED JUNE 2014 Cutting, Handling and Disposal of PMS > Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipe Guidelines JUNE 2014 CMYK > REVERSED >

2 WATER DIRECTORATE - JUNE 2014 CONTENTS 1 DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT GLOSSARY BACKGROUND POLICY STATEMENT WHAT IS ASBESTOS? Types of Asbestos Defined Forms Exposure and Exposure Standards LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS IN HANDLING ASBESTOS & ASBESTOS PRODUCTS RISKS AND HAZARDS IN HANDLING ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES Background Risks Typical Hazards when working with asbestos cement pipes RELEVANT LEGISLATION, STANDARDS, CODES & REFERENCES LICENSING AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS Licensing Training PROTOCOLS FOR WORKING WITH ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES General Protocols Procedures TRANSPORTATION STORAGE AND DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS WASTES Asbestos Waste Management Standard Protocols and Procedures Handling of Asbestos Affected Cutting Tools and Equipment APPENDIX 1 - RISK ASSESSMENT APPENDIX 2 MANAGEMENT, CONTROL, HANDLING AND/OR REMOVAL OF AC PIPES APPENDIX 3 BONDED ASBESTOS FACT SHEET: WORKCOVER NSW Page 1

3 CUTTING, HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPE GUIDELINES 1 DISCLAIMER AND COPYRIGHT These Cutting, Handling and Disposal of Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipe Guidelines were originally produced by the Water Directorate in March They have now been reviewed and amended to take into account the introduction of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (NSW) and the associated Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (NSW) that have repealed the Occupational Health and Safety Act It should be noted that the Water Directorate and its consultants: Do not guarantee the accuracy, currency or completeness of the information contained in these guidelines; Are not responsible for the result of any actions taken on the basis of the information in, nor for any error in, or omission from, these guidelines; Do not accept liability for any loss or damages arising from the use of the information contained in these guidelines; and Expressly disclaim all and any liability and responsibility to any person, whether a recipient, reader or otherwise, in respect of anything, and of the consequences of anything, done or omitted to be done by any such person in reliance upon the whole or part of the contents of these guidelines. These revised Cutting and Handling of Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipe Guidelines have been overseen by the following members of the Water Directorate's Water Subcommittee: Wayne Beatty, Orange City Council Alan Fletcher, Upper Hunter Shire Council Wayne Franklin, Rous Water Jason Ip, Riverina Water County Council Stewart McLeod, Dubbo City Council David Steller, Armidale Dumaresq Council Except as permitted by the Copyright Act 1968, the Cutting, Handling and Disposal of Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipe Guidelines should not be reproduced without written permission from the Water Directorate. Photocopying and modifying these guidelines is permitted when undertaken in accordance with the recommendations provided in the guidelines. Water Directorate Page 2

4 WATER DIRECTORATE - JUNE GLOSSARY Term Abbr. Definition Asbestos The fibrous form of mineral silicates belonging to the serpentine and amphibole groups of rock-forming minerals, including actinolite, amosite (brown asbestos), crocidolite (blue asbestos), chrysotile (white asbestos), tremolite, or any mixture containing one or more of these. Asbestos Cement AC A mix of Chrysotile (white) asbestos tightly bound with Portland cement and water. Asbestos Containing Materials Australian Drinking Water Guidelines Bonded Asbestos Fibre Friable Asbestos Hazard Licensed Asbestos Removalist Non-friable asbestos Personal Protective Equipment Plumber Quick cut saw Risk Work Method Statement ACM ADWG PPE WMS A range of materials containing any of the six different types of asbestos. The principle reference guide for drinking water quality in Australia. Asbestos in a bonded matrix (e.g. AC pipe). A particle of asbestos with a diameter of less than 3μm and greater than 5μm in length, with a length to diameter ratio of greater than 3:1. Asbestos that, when dry, can be crumbled, pulverised or reduced to a powder by hand pressure. Potential for harm. A competent person licensed by WorkCover NSW under the Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (NSW) to conduct removal of asbestos. A Class A Licence is required for friable asbestos removal and a Class B Licence is required for bonded (non-friable) asbestos removal. Asbestos that, when dry, cannot be crumbled, pulverised or reduced to a powder by hand pressure (includes bonded asbestos products). Non-friable asbestos may become friable asbestos through deterioration. A range of personal clothing and equipment including, but not limited to, half mask respirators fitted with disposable particulate filters, disposable coveralls, gloves, and wet weather gear. A person licensed and/or accredited by the NSW Department of Fair Trading to undertake the particular plumbing task or the appropriate council staff enabled by the Local Government Act The generic term for an abrasive disc type cutter with a continuous flow of water. The probability that a potential harm may become an actual harm. That document endorsed by council detailing the work methods and practices to be used for a specific task (eg the cutting, handling and disposal of AC pipe). Page 3

5 CUTTING, HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPE GUIDELINES 3 BACKGROUND The Water Directorate originally published the Cutting, Handling and Disposal of Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipe Guidelines in March 2003, to assist LWUs to meet NSW legislative requirements and to minimise the risks associated with asbestos products, to councils employees, operators, contractors and communities. The guidelines were reviewed in March 2008 and have now been reviewed again and updated by Daryl McGregor, Director of Daryl McGregor Pty Ltd, Consulting Engineers, primarily to account for changes since the introduction of the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (NSW). These changes include: Employers are now known as a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU). Employees are now known as workers and the definition of a worker has been broadened to include all persons carrying out work for the PCBU, this includes employees as well as contractors, apprentices, trainees, subcontractors, labour-hire staff, students and volunteers. Work Health and Safety (WHS) consultation arrangements are changing to reflect the requirements of the new legislation. Health and Safety Representatives (HSRs) replace the previous Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Representatives. After training a HSR will be able to issues provisional improvement notices (PINs) and direct unsafe work to cease. Officers of a PCBU will have a duty of due diligence to ensure the PCBU complies with the WHS legislation. The Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (NSW) specifically contains provisions relating to asbestos. Chapter 8 includes requirements for the control of exposure to asbestos as well as requirements for PCBUs, who have management or control of a workplace, to manage asbestos. This duty includes requirements relating to the identification of asbestos, recording the location of asbestos in a register, and planning for the management of asbestos. Chapter 8 of the Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (NSW) also includes provisions for the licensing of asbestos removalists and asbestos assessors. Asbestos assessors will typically be occupational hygienists and only asbestos assessors will be able to conduct air monitoring and issue clearance certificates where friable asbestos is being removed. Another key change in NSW is that applicants for a Class A (friable) asbestos removal licence will need to have a certified safety management system. Transitional arrangements for existing licence holders will be developed. The Water Directorate strongly urges LWUs to implement standard operating protocols for the safe handling and disposal of AC pipes and to develop safe Work Method Statements (WMS) to identify and address the associated hazards and risks. Depending on the circumstances, cut or broken sections, pieces and whole lengths of AC pipe, which are the result of repair or maintenance, should be removed from the site as allowed for in these guidelines. Where decommissioned or broken sections of AC pipe (as a result of pipe bursting or pipe cracking) are left in the ground the locations of these former sections of pipe should be clearly marked on plans with a note that great care must be taken when excavating at these locations. Page 4

6 WATER DIRECTORATE - JUNE POLICY STATEMENT COUNCIL, being the Local Water Utility: Recognises that: o It has asbestos cement (AC) pipes as part of its water supply and sewerage systems. o Asbestos products are a hazardous material. o There can be serious health risks to workers handling AC pipes. Accepts that it has a duty of care: o To protect its employees, contractors, and the community from real or potential hazards. o To protect public health. o To maintain its AC pipes. o To minimise exposure to hazards from working with AC pipes. o To dispose of waste AC materials safely. Directs that procedures be put in place that: o Identify existing and potential hazards. o Provide for appropriate training for relevant employees. o Provide for the use of a Work Method Statement (WMS) for cutting, handling and disposal of AC pipes. o Provide for consultation and education of employees and service providers. Accordingly, No further AC pipelines shall be installed in new or existing developments, or when undertaking repairs. Existing AC pipelines in use are to be left undisturbed in the ground, wherever possible. All relevant operators and contractors are required to have appropriate training prior to handling AC pipes. Appropriate WMS will be in place and made available to all employees, operators and contractors who encounter asbestos products, including asbestos cement pipes. All plumbing and drainage work shall comply with the provisions of the relevant legislation, standards and codes referred to herein, and these guidelines. Page 5

7 CUTTING, HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPE GUIDELINES 5 WHAT IS ASBESTOS? Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral fibre, belonging to the amphibole or serpentine group of minerals. It has been used in a range of products, principally due to its ability to absorb heat and sound, which meant in the past it was considered to be an excellent material for insulation. Asbestos was initially discontinued from use in sheeting and boarding products in 1982, in corrugated products (roofing material) in 1984 and all other products in It was completely banned in Australia in Types of Asbestos The word asbestos is derived from a Greek word that means inextinguishable or indestructible. Asbestos is a generic name given to six fibrous minerals that have been used in commercial products. The six types of asbestos are chrysotile, crocidolite, amosite, anthophyllite, tremolite and actinolite asbestos. The six types of asbestos are divided into two main categories: amphibole and serpentine asbestos. The three most common types in manufactured items were: Chrysotile (white asbestos), is white-grey in colour and found in serpentine rock. Chrysotile accounts for approximately 95% of the asbestos used in commercial products. (eg cloth, ropes, gaskets, pipes, caulking compounds, electrical, fire rated doors etc). Amosite (brown asbestos), comes from southern Africa. It is hard to wet and therefore hard to control. It was used most frequently in cement sheet and pipe insulation. It can be found in insulating board (which contained up to 40 percent asbestos), ceiling tiles and in thermal insulation products. Like the other forms of amphibole asbestos, it has needle-like fibres. Crocidolite (blue asbestos) comes from southern Africa and Australia. This is not used commercially, but it can be found as a contaminant in chrysotile asbestos, vermiculite and talc powders. It was occasionally found as a contaminant in certain asbestos-containing insulation products, paints, sealants and roofing materials. Tremolite can be white, green, grey and even transparent. 5.2 Defined Forms Asbestos fibres or dust are highly hazardous when inhaled and these fibres / dust can be released into the air when products containing asbestos are incorrectly handled, removed or transported for disposal. Under Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (NSW), material that contains asbestos is referred to as either non-friable (bonded) or friable. Non-friable asbestos material is any material that contains asbestos that is not friable asbestos, including materials containing asbestos fibres reinforced with a bonding compound. AC pipe is included in this category. Friable asbestos material is any material that contains asbestos and is either in the form of a power or can be crumbled or reduced to powder by hand pressure when dry. It should be noted that in 2014 WorkCover NSW published Managing Asbestos in or on Soil. Page 6

8 WATER DIRECTORATE - JUNE Exposure and Exposure Standards Although exposure to asbestos is potentially hazardous, health risks can be minimised. In most cases the fibres are released only if the asbestos containing materials (ACM) are disturbed. Intact and undisturbed asbestos materials do not usually pose a health risk. The mere presence of asbestos does not mean that the health of people working with asbestos is endangered. When ACM is properly managed, release of fibres into the air is prevented or minimised, and the risk of asbestos related disease can be reduced to a negligible level. However, asbestos materials can become hazardous when they release fibres into the air due to damage, disturbance, or deterioration over time. Exposure standards are set in Australia by the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (Cwlth) and Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (Cwlth) and published by Safe Work Australia in the Workplace Exposure Standards for Airborne Contaminants. The exposure standard sets out the time-weighted average (TWA) fibre concentration of the air breathed by the worker throughout a working shift, as calculated from one or more measurements taken over a defined sampling period. The definition of exposure standard is: The airborne concentration of a particular substance or mixture that must not be exceeded. The exposure standard can be of three forms: a) 8-hour time- weighted average, b) peak limitation; and c) short term exposure limit. For asbestos the exposure standard has been defined as a respirable fibre level of 0.1 fibres/ml of air measured in a person s breathing zone and expressed as a time weighted average fibre concentration calculated over an eight-hour working day and measured over a minimum period of four hours in accordance with: the Membrane Filter Method a method determined by the relevant regulator The exposure standards for the various types of asbestos are shown in the table below: Table 1: Exposure Standards for Various Types of Asbestos (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Chemical name CAS No. TWA (ppm) TWA (mg/m 3 ) STEL (ppm) STEL (mg/m 3 ) Carcinogen Category Asbestos Amosite f/ml Chrysotile f/ml Crocidolite f/ml Other forms 0.1 f/ml Any mixture of these, or where the composition is unknown 0.1 f/ml Page 7

9 CUTTING, HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPE GUIDELINES 6 LEGISLATIVE REQUIREMENTS IN HANDLING ASBESTOS & ASBESTOS PRODUCTS In NSW the management, control, handling and/or removal of asbestos and asbestos products are regulated by the Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011, in particular the following: Chapter 8 Asbestos Part 8.7 "Asbestos Removal Work" Part 8.10 "Licensing of Asbestos Removalists and Asbestos Assessors" There is a range of other Standards and Codes covering the management, control, handling and / or removal of asbestos and asbestos products and these are listed in Section 8 of these guidelines. Since there have been some changes to the Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (NSW) since the release of the previous version of the Cutting, Handling and Disposal of Asbestos Cement (AC) Pipe Guidelines in 2008, councils are advised to obtain copies of all relevant regulations, standards and codes and to incorporate these in their operating protocols and guidelines and in their WMS. The Workplace, Health and Safety Act 2011 (Cwlth) came into effect across much of Australia from 1st January, The aim of this legislation is to harmonise workplace health and safety legislation across all Commonwealth, State and Territory governments. An intergovernmental agreement was formed so that the same health and safety protections are available across the country. In NSW this legislation is the Work Health and Safety Act The legislative reforms also included harmonised Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (NSW) and Codes of Practice. Each state administers and regulates its own Work Health Safety Act and as such WorkCover NSW remains the regulator for this legislation in NSW. The main changes under the Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (NSW) include: Employers (UWS) are now known as a person conducting a business or undertaking (PCBU). Employees are now known as workers and the definition of a worker has been broadened to include all persons carrying out work for the PCBU, this includes employees as well as contractors, apprentices, trainees, subcontractors, labour-hire staff, students and volunteers. WHS consultation arrangements are changing to reflect the requirements of the new legislation. You can expect to be asked to contribute to the WHS consultation arrangements that are put into place for you and your co-workers. Health and Safety Representatives (HSRs) replace the previous Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Representatives. After training a HSR will be able to issues provisional improvement notices (PINs) and direct unsafe work to cease. Officers of a PCBU will have a duty of due diligence to ensure the PCBU complies with the WHS legislation. A PCBU includes an employer, corporation, association, partnership, sole trader and certain volunteer organisations. For example, a volunteer organisation that employs a person to carry out work is a PCBU. But a volunteer organisation that operates with volunteers and does not employ anyone is not a PCBU. A PCBU has the primary duty of care for workplace health and safety. A person is not a PCBU if they are: engaged solely as a worker or an officer an elected member of a local authority a volunteer association where no-one is paid to carry out work for the association Page 8

10 WATER DIRECTORATE - JUNE 2014 The duties of a PCBU, as set out in the model Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (NSW) are generally the same as those for an employer, as set out in the repealed Occupational Health and Safety Act 2000 ie a PCBU must ensure the health and safety of workers, customers and visitors by eliminating or minimising risks at the workplace. There are also additional duties for a PCBU who: manages or controls a workplace controls fixtures, fittings or plant at a workplace designs, manufactures, imports or supplies plant, substances or structures installs, constructs or commissions plant or structures for a workplace. A worker is someone who carries out work for a PCBU. A worker includes an employee, labour hire staff, volunteer, apprentice, work experience student, subcontractor, and contractor. A sole trader who is a PCBU and carries out work for another business (PCBU) is also a worker for that PCBU. The duties of a worker, as set out in the model Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (NSW) are the same as those of an employee, as set out in the repealed Occupational Health and Safety Act While at work, a worker must take reasonable care for their own safety and ensure that they do not adversely affect the health and safety of others. A worker must comply with any reasonable instruction and cooperate with the PCBU s WHS policy and procedures. LWUs should particularly note that, in relation to work on non-friable (bonded) asbestos material (including AC pipes) a licence has been required since 1 January 2008 for areas of 10m 2 more. The council must hold the licence and employees removing the bonded asbestos must have training under an approved course. (Refer Section 9 Licensing and Training Requirements). There is also a requirement under Clause 466 of the Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (NSW) that notification to WorkCover NSW be given at least 5 days prior to the start of planned work and certain information provided. (This obviously could not be done if it were any emergency work eg main break.) Note: NSW TAFE conduct courses on Bonded Asbestos Sheet Removal (Construction) and Bonded Asbestos Nominated Supervisor (WorkCover NSW Licence). WorkCover NSW also lists RTOs that provide Class A, Class B, Supervisor and Assessor training at A table showing the lengths of various AC pipe diameters yielding a surface area of 10m 2 is presented for information below: Table 2: Surface areas for various pipe diameters (to yield 10m 2 ) Nominal Pipe Diameter (mm) OD (mm) Circumference (mm) Length for 10 m 2 (m) Page 9

11 CUTTING, HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPE GUIDELINES 7 RISKS AND HAZARDS IN HANDLING ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES 7.1 Background Exposure to asbestos fibres can cause serious health risks. The risks from asbestos come from inhaling the fibres. Asbestos is composed of long silky fibres that contain hundreds of thousands of smaller fibres. These fibres can be subdivided further into microscopic filaments that can float in the air for several hours. Asbestos fibres can pose a risk to health if airborne and breathed in as the fibres may penetrate body tissue and cause disabling and fatal diseases, most likely after prolonged exposure. Asbestos that is tightly bound with another material, such as Portland cement (as with AC pipes) is considered non-friable and will only release fibres if disturbed; such as by being damaged, sanded, cut, broken, drilled, machined, etc. Workers may become exposed to asbestos fibres unless proper precautions are taken during the handling, maintenance or repair of AC pipes. AC pipes contain Chrysotile-cement made by adding 10% to 15% chrysotile fibre to a mixture of Portland cement and water. It has high tensile strength and excellent compression resistance. It can withstand alkalis, corrosion, heat, electrical conductivity and harsh weather. The reinforcing properties of chrysotile fibre greatly increase the durability of, and the ability to manufacture thinner and lighter pipes. In Australia, AC pipes manufactured until the mid 1980 s consisted mainly of Chrysotile from Canada, blended with Amosite from Africa and Crocidolite from Australia. The asbestos content varied from 12% for non-pressure pipes, to 15% for pressure pipes, with the blend varying to meet different specifications. 7.2 Risks The increase in the use of asbestos in Australia resulted in a dramatic rise in asbestos related diseases among workers. At first, asbestos was not regarded as a health hazard because it has no taste or odour, often cannot be seen, and causes no immediate health effects. Health problems however, developed over time in exposed workers. It was not until the 1950 s that asbestos received widespread attention as a potential health hazard. The diseases associated with asbestos did not appear for years after the initial exposure, making it very difficult to confirm asbestos as the cause. However, overwhelming evidence now exists that exposure to airborne asbestos fibres is linked to several serious diseases. Exposure to asbestos can cause disabling respiratory diseases and several types of cancer. The three major diseases related to asbestos are: Asbestosis a progressive scarring of lung tissue, which results in breathlessness, may lead to disability, and in some cases early death. Mesothelioma a cancer of the outer lining (the pleura) of the lung or the peritoneum (the lining of the abdominal cavity). Malignant mesothelioma is an incurable cancer. Lung cancer a cancer of the large and medium sized airways of the lung. Lung cancer can be caused by asbestos and the risk is related to the amount of fibre inhaled. The most common cause of lung cancer is smoking. However, exposure to tobacco smoke and asbestos has been shown to lead to a higher incidence of lung cancer than is caused by either agent alone. Asbestos fibres cannot penetrate the skin. The most dangerous exposure to asbestos is from inhaling airborne fibres. The body s defences can trap and expel many of the particles. However, as the level of asbestos fibres increase many fibres Page 10

12 WATER DIRECTORATE - JUNE 2014 bypass these defences and become embedded in the lungs. The fibres are not broken down by the body and can remain in body tissue indefinitely. Asbestos fibres can pose a risk to health if airborne, as inhalation is the main way that asbestos enters the body. The World Health Organisation has stated that concentrations of asbestos in drinking water from asbestos cement pipes do not present a hazard to human health. Although measurement of asbestos fibres in drinking water is technically difficult, research has indicated that most water, whether or not distributed through AC pipes, contain asbestos fibres. This is because asbestos is widely found in the environment as a consequence of natural dissolution of asbestos-containing minerals. AC pipes can give rise to an increase in the numbers of asbestos fibres in drinking water, particularly when first installed. The risks to health from ingestion of asbestos fibres in food and drinking water have been extensively studied by both epidemiology and by experiments in laboratory animals. Most epidemiological studies found no association with any specific gastrointestinal cancers, although a small number of studies did find a weak positive association. The studies which are considered the most viable did not provide evidence for a link between asbestos in drinking water and cancer. There is potential for exposure to asbestos fibres in drinking water by the inhalation of aerosol droplets or from fibres that are trapped on clothing during washing and which are subsequently released into the atmosphere. This has been studied and except in an extreme case there was no measurable increase in the number of fibres in the indoor atmosphere of houses. In addition, the fibres in drinking water consist almost entirely of short fibres, which are considered to contribute little or no risk to public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) considered asbestos in drinking water arising from AC pipe in their 1993 edition of the Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. (These guidelines include a section on chemicals that are not of health significance in typical concentrations. Asbestos is an example of a chemical that poses negligible health risk at the concentrations found in drinking water.) Extract from the WHO Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 2nd edition, 1993: Although well studied, there has been little convincing evidence of the carcinogenicity of ingested asbestos in epidemiological studies of populations with drinking water supplies containing high concentrations of asbestos. Moreover in extensive studies in laboratory species, asbestos has not consistently increased the incidence of tumours of the gastrointestinal tract. There is therefore no consistent evidence that ingested asbestos is hazardous to health and thus it was concluded that there was no need to establish a healthbased guideline value for asbestos in drinking water. Extract from the Australian Drinking Water Guidelines (ADWG) 2011: The health hazards associated with inhalation of asbestos have been recognised for a long time. They include asbestosis, cancer of the bronchial tubes, malignant mesothelioma, and possibly cancers of the gastrointestinal tract and larynx (IPCS 1986). In contrast, there has been little evidence that ingested asbestos causes cancer. A number of quite extensive epidemiological studies have been carried out on the effects of asbestos in the water supply. On the basis of these data there is no demonstrated excess risk of cancer even with high numbers of asbestos fibres in drinking water. There are insufficient data to set a guideline value for asbestos in drinking water. It is unlikely, however, that the numbers of asbestos fibres present in most drinking water supplies would be a health concern. The weight of evidence indicates that ingested asbestos is not hazardous to health. Page 11

13 CUTTING, HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPE GUIDELINES 7.3 Typical Hazards when working with asbestos cement pipes The following routine activities have been identified as potential hazards by exposing employees to asbestos when handling AC pipes: Asbestos dust will be generated if not kept constantly wet when cutting. Ripping of plastic bags used for the disposal of AC pipe, off cuts and other contaminated items will allow the drying of AC pipe particles, therefore exposing a risk from asbestos fibres. Contact with mechanical plant and equipment may result in: o Excessive deposition of asbestos on plant, equipment and personnel. o Drying of asbestos slurry on plant and equipment. o Falling debris from mechanical plants. o Projectile pieces from cutting. Asbestos slurry created by cutting may become hazardous if located where particles can later become airborne once drying occurs. Page 12

14 WATER DIRECTORATE - JUNE RELEVANT LEGISLATION, STANDARDS, CODES & REFERENCES Legislation Local Government Act 1993 Provides for local government to take action as necessary to ensure compliance with relevant standards or requirements set or made by the LGA Local Government Amendment (Miscellaneous) Act 2002 provides right of access to private property for councils. Local Government (Approvals) Regulation 1999 Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (Cwlth) Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (Cwlth) Work Health and Safety Act 2011 (NSW) Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (NSW) Public Health Act 2010 Protection of the Environment Operations (Waste) Regulation 2005 Standards Model Asbestos Policy for NSW Councils 2012, Division of Local Government, Department of Premier and Cabinet, November 2012 Model Code of Practice: How to Safely Remove Asbestos, 2011, Safework Australia Model Code of Practice: How to Manage and Control Asbestos in the Workplace, 2011 Safework Australia Workplace Exposure Standards for Airborne Contaminants, 2013 Safe Work Australia Australian Standard AS/NZS Occupational protective footwear Guide to selection, care and use (January 1994) Australian Standard AS/NZS Safety. Protective and Occupational Footwear Guide to Selection, Care and Use Australian Standard NZS 1716:2012 Respiratory Protective Devices Australian Standard AS/NZS Occupational protective gloves Selection, use and maintenance, 2000 Australian Standard AS/NZS 1715 Selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective devices, 1994 References Working with Asbestos Guide 2008, WorkCover NSW Fact Sheet: Bonded Asbestos 2010, WorkCover NSW Work near Underground Assets 2007, WorkCover NSW Managing Asbestos in or on Soil 2014, WorkCover NSW Asbestos Information and Fact Sheets, Asbestos Safety and Eradication Agency Guidance Note on the Membrane Filter Method for Estimating Airborne Asbestos Fibres [NOHSC: 3003 (2005)] Australian Drinking Water Guidelines2011, NHMRC Guidelines for Drinking-Water Quality, 2nd edition, 1993, World Health Organisation Page 13

15 CUTTING, HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPE GUIDELINES 9 LICENSING AND TRAINING REQUIREMENTS 9.1 Licensing Under the Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (NSW) there are three types of asbestos licences. These are: Friable (Class A) Licences Non-Friable (Class B) Licences Licensed Asbestos Assessor Licences Under the Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011 (NSW) non-friable asbestos removal work requires a licence when removing over 10 square metres of asbestos containing material. This work can be undertaken by either a Class A or Class B asbestos removalist. All friable asbestos removal work must only be undertaken by a Class A asbestos removalist. A new licence class was introduced called Licensed Asbestos Assessors (LAA s). LAA s are required for air monitoring, clearance inspections or the issuing of clearance certificates for Class A asbestos removal work, where a Class A licence is required 9.2 Training To obtain a friable asbestos licence a PCBU or individual must have completed the following training: Class A: CPCCDE3015A Remove friable asbestos Supervisor: CPCCBC4051A Supervise asbestos removal The PCBU or individual must also be 18 years of age. The PCBU or individual must also have 3 years of friable asbestos removal experience. To obtain a non-friable asbestos licence a PCBU or individual must have completed the following training: Class B: CPCCDE3014A Remove non-friable asbestos Supervisor: CPCCBC4051A Supervise asbestos removal The PCBU or individual must also be 18 years of age The PCBU or individual must also have 1 year of non-friable asbestos removal experience A person nominated by a PCBU as a supervisor, must have completed a supervisor s course in addition to a friable and non-friable bonded asbestos removal course. These courses are provided by Registered Training Organisations (RTO s) accredited by the Australian Skills Quality Authority (ASQA) and registered by WorkCover NSW For a list of RTO s registered by WorkCover NSW please refer to: For further guidance in applying for an asbestos removal and asbestos assessor licence please refer to: Supervision Class A asbestos removal work must be supervised at all times by a Class A supervisor that is on site. Class B asbestos removal work can be undertaken where a supervisor is readily available (For example, if the supervisor is contactable by phone and able to arrive at the workplace within 20 minutes, this would be regarded as accessible.) Page 14

16 WATER DIRECTORATE - JUNE 2014 Notification Licensed asbestos removal work may be commenced immediately if there is a sudden and unexpected event, including a failure of equipment that may cause persons to be exposed to respirable asbestos fibres, or an unexpected breakdown of an essential service that requires immediate rectification to enable the service to continue. If the asbestos must be removed immediately, the licensed asbestos removalist must give notice to WorkCover NSW immediately by telephone, and in writing within 24 hours after notice is given under paragraph Page 15

17 CUTTING, HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPE GUIDELINES 10 PROTOCOLS FOR WORKING WITH ASBESTOS CEMENT PIPES 10.1 General Protocols If required to work on Asbestos containing pipes a safe WMS must be developed to identify the hazards with the asbestos removal work and reasonably practicable control measures implemented. When working with asbestos containing pipes the area where the work is occurring and appropriate barricades and signage installed around the removal area to prevent unauthorised access. When undertaking any type of asbestos removal it is important to eliminate (if practicable) or to minimise the generation of asbestos fibres. The method of asbestos removal that is the most effective in minimising fibre release must be used. A wet spray method is the preferred method of significantly suppressing asbestos fibres. Asbestos fibres are not entirely eliminated when wet spraying so the use of personal protective equipment is essential when undertaking asbestos containing pipe removal. If removing asbestos cement pipes the safe WMS should address issues such as: Use of licensed asbestos removalist if work is over 10m 2. Notification to WorkCover NSW if work is over 10m 2. Identification of asbestos removal areas (types of barricades and signage). All persons working with asbestos containing pipe have undertaken relevant training for the works they are to perform. Wet method (saturation with low pressure water to prevent significant dust generation) Removal of asbestos containing pipes at collars to prevent significant breakage. Use non-powered hand tools, (for example, Reed cutters, chain cutters or hand saws as these generate a smaller quantity of predominately coarser dust). No reuse of AC pipe. Decontamination Asbestos containment and disposal In accordance with the Work Health and Safety Regulation 2011, when dealing with more than 10m 2 surface area at the one time on the one job, the AC pipe or pieces are to be removed by a licensed asbestos removalist. An asbestos removal control plan must be developed if licensed asbestos work is undertaken Procedures Pipe Replacement AC pipe should be replaced (with non-ac material) in full lengths unless the situation prohibits otherwise. To avoid cutting, the entire length of AC pipe may be removed by excavating back past the jointing collars and the collars removed using safe work procedures. It is preferable for smaller diameter AC pipes that the collar of the pipe may be wrapped in rags, the collar split with a hammer, hammer and chisel or a handsaw used. If this procedure is used, the pipe and fittings should be kept wet with water to significantly minimise the release of asbestos fibres. The new piece of pipe other than AC pipe may be installed using appropriate gibault joints. Page 16

18 WATER DIRECTORATE - JUNE 2014 Remove sections of pipe including all off-cuts, residue, soil and any collected dust. Double wrap in plastic and ensure plastic is fully sealed with duct tape. Label as asbestos waste. Decontaminate tools. Ensure personal decontamination prior to double wrapping PPE in plastic ensure plastic is fully sealed with duct tape. Label as asbestos waste If the work is licensed non-friable work then a clearance inspection and certificate must be issued by a competent person. Disposal of asbestos containing material and personal protective equipment at an approved waste facility Pipe Bursting and Decommissioned Pipelines Where pipes or pipe fragments are left in the ground, (for example, in the case of pipe replacement by cracking or bursting techniques) or where a pipeline is abandoned or decommissioned (as a result of a new pipeline being installed), these will constitute a hazard during any future works in the area. It is recommended that in these cases, the locations of burst or decommissioned AC pipes be clearly marked on Drawings with a note advising that great care must be employed when excavating at these locations. Supervisors should be instructed to check the Plans for such notations before commencing any excavation work Cut-ins Where cut-ins are made to install valves, tees, hydrants, scours or any other fitting, these should be performed by replacing full lengths, unless the situation prohibits otherwise. When it is necessary to cut a pipe between collars, owing to space or other on site constraints, pipes should not be cut using any method which may create dust. Suitable options for cutting AC pipe are as follows: o Use a chain cutter (not an abrasive cutter) so that no dust is created (pipe in good condition). Also known as a snap cutter or squeeze-and-pop, it should be used to produce a smooth square-cut end using hydraulic pressure applied by a manually operated pump. The pipe should be kept wet with water. (Preferred method). o Use a non-powered handsaw. The pipe should be kept wet with water Tappings Options for tapping into an AC pipe are as follows: o The manual or power-driven equipment for pressure tapping, or wet tapping, is attached to the pipe with a chain yoke. A combination boring-and-insert bar drills and taps the pipe wall and inserts a corporation stop or pipe plug. The tool s pressure chamber protects against water leakage and catches AC debris, making this a virtually dust free operation. To remove AC debris that enters the pipeline, provision should be made for flushing or use of tapping equipment with positive purge or blow-off features. o The non-pressure tapping, or dry tapping equipment is attached to the pipe or coupling with a chain yoke. Separate drills and taps or a combination tool is used to drill and tap the pipe wall. Corporation stops or other connections may then be affixed to the pipe. AC pipe debris should be removed from the pipe s interior. Flush with water, wet, mop, or vacuum with HEPA-filtered equipment. Compressed air should not be used to dry sweep or blow out any debris. Page 17

19 CUTTING, HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPE GUIDELINES Unacceptable Work Practices for AC Pipes The following work practices are regarded as unacceptable: The use of high speed, abrasive disk sanders used for shaping or bevelling AC pipe. The use of rasps generally without maintaining a wet work surface. The use of any electrically powered device. Dry sweeping of AC waste. Any work on AC pipe without the use of appropriate PPE. Water-blasting asbestos containing material Safety Considerations The following activities should be considered when developing the WMS: The need to wet down materials at all times: o Available water for spraying asbestos cuttings tools. o A container of water carried by each vehicle working in the field and/or a hose used to keep exposed AC surfaces wet at all times. Use of dedicated asbestos cutting plant and equipment, and meticulous clean down of plant and tools used. Use of any approved type of hand tools. If using non electric power tools, they should be used in conjunction with water at all times. The need to work in well ventilated areas. Meet all confined space requirements. Use of plastic drop sheets to collect off-cuts, debris and coarse dust. Place waste removed from site into approved plastic bags and clearly labelled asbestos waste as provided for in The need for immediate sealing of bags containing AC pipe to prevent drying. The availability of and need to wear appropriate PPE at all times, including, but not limited to: o Clothing: Disposable coveralls with hood, fitted at the wrist and ankles with no pockets or cuffs. o Approved respiratory protection when appropriate, particularly in confined spaces; Employees should wear at least a half facemask fitted with a P2, or P3 filter suitable for the facemask. o The appropriate disposable gloves. o Safety boots or gum boots with steel toe caps. Vehicle and pedestrian control and safety requirements. The need for a clear distance around working plant. Keep worksite clear of all construction vehicles, equipment and materials. Restrict access by all non-approved persons to the worksite, by erecting barriers to establish a defined work area. The area needs to be large enough to include a decontamination area Responsibilities Council Responsibilities Council should consider the following responsibilities when developing their WMS: Ensure health monitoring is in place for employees. Ensure that only safe work methods and practices are used. Page 18

20 WATER DIRECTORATE - JUNE 2014 Compile and make available records of the location of AC pipes and fittings laid or held in storage. Ensure that employees and other persons contracted to carry out asbestos work are informed of the dangers involved and of any precautions that should be taken in connection with the work. Ensure that employees who cease asbestos removal (including employees who have resigned) are offered health monitoring within 30 days of ceasing asbestos removal activities. Ensure that employees and others in the workplace are informed when asbestos work is being carried out. Identify, and implement, measures to prevent the uncontrolled disturbance of AC pipe while construction/maintenance work is being carried out. Ensure that procedures are in place for: o The cleaning of premises at which AC pipes are handled. o The laundering and cleaning of PPE used when AC pipes are handled. Ensure that no AC pipe is reused in connection with the carrying out of construction/maintenance work. Ensure that no high pressure water or abrasive blasting processes are used to clean the surface of AC pipes. Ensure that persons entering an area where AC pipe is to be handled (unless an assessment of the risk indicates that it is unnecessary) wear appropriate PPE and, in all cases, minimise disturbance of the AC pipe. Discipline employees who do not follow correct procedures. Employee Responsibilities Participate in asbestos training and health monitoring as and when required. Ensure safety equipment is working in the appropriate manner and is only used for appropriate tasks. Comply with authorised instructions issued in accordance with these guidelines. Report any defective equipment to the Supervisor. Supervisor Responsibilities Only safe work methods and practices are used and detailed in a WMS. External contractors and plumbers adhere to adopted Procedures at all times. Employees have undergone sufficient training and are issued with suitable instructions, which are understood and followed. Ensure new staff members do not carry out AC pipe removal without completing the necessary and appropriate training and health monitoring. Employees are issued with all the necessary tools, equipment and respiratory protection and trained in their use. Ensure that procedures are complied with and that all protective equipment is available. Monitor to ensure employees follow the procedures. Ensure that all safety checks have been completed on site. Ensure that first aid kits, fire extinguishers and all safety gear are in good order. Provide a continuous commitment to the procedures by making regular onsite visits and inspections. Discipline employees who do not follow the correct procedures. Page 19

21 CUTTING, HANDLING AND DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS CEMENT (AC) PIPE GUIDELINES Contractor Responsibilities Ensure that only safe work methods and practices are used. Comply with the requirements of this Guideline Education and Training Employees and service providers who are involved in handling, working with or removing AC pipes should be trained in all aspects of asbestos handling under the supervision of an experienced employee. (Refer also to Section 8 Licensing and Training Requirements.) This should include: If the removal, repair or disturbance of AC pipes with an area greater than 10 square meters is to be carried out, then all involved should be trained on the removal of Bonded Asbestos and have a person trained as a Nominated Supervisor in charge. Identification, containment/removal, disposal and use of PPE associated with handling or working with AC pipes. Selection of PPE, including a guide to appropriate respiratory protection. General hygiene requirements for handling AC pipe, including personal decontamination. Vehicle licences (or Certificates of Competency) for trucks, backhoes, front-end loaders. Page 20

22 WATER DIRECTORATE - JUNE TRANSPORTATION STORAGE AND DISPOSAL OF ASBESTOS WASTES 11.1 Asbestos Waste Management The collection and storage of asbestos waste is regulated by WorkCover NSW under the Work Health and Safety Regulation The off-site transport and disposal of asbestos waste is regulated by the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) and local councils where they are the appropriate regulatory authority (ARA); Clause 42 of the Environment Operations (Waste) Regulation 2005, as follows: Non-friable asbestos material must be securely packaged at all times. Friable asbestos material must be kept in a sealed container. Asbestos-contaminated soils must be wetted down. All asbestos waste must be transported in a covered, leak-proof vehicle. Asbestos waste must be disposed of at a landfill site that can lawfully receive this waste. It should also be noted that: The reuse or recycling of asbestos waste in any form is strictly prohibited. This is consistent with national requirements and will prevent asbestos waste inappropriately becoming part of products used by the community Standard Protocols and Procedures Transportation Asbestos waste should only be transported, after it has been suitably wrapped or bagged, in a vehicle which prevents any spillage or dispersal of the waste. Any vehicle used to transport any type of asbestos waste should be cleaned before leaving the landfill site at which the waste is disposed of so as to ensure that all residual asbestos waste is removed from the vehicle. All plastic bags are to be labelled as asbestos waste and proper handling techniques adopted Storage Where necessary, placement of bags containing asbestos pipe should be onto designated pallets in a secure, signposted area, awaiting removal and disposal by a licensed contractor to landfill Disposal Disposable coveralls, respirator filters and any other disposable PPE should be placed into an appropriate plastic disposable bag, sealed and disposed of in the appropriate manner to an approved site. Pipes and scrap bits removed should be wrapped or bagged in plastic as provided for in and disposed of to an approved site. It is illegal to dispose of asbestos waste in domestic garbage bins. Before disposal of waste pipe, arrangements should be made with the landfill to ensure the asbestos waste is covered on the same day it is received Handling of Asbestos Affected Cutting Tools and Equipment All tools and equipment used in handling, cutting or disposal of asbestos waste should be decontaminated as per the Code of Practice: How to Safely Remove Asbestos. Page 21