S W I S S O R A C L E U S E R G R O U P. N e w s l e t t e r 3 / J u l i with MySQL 5.5. Spotlight on the SQL Tuning

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1 S W I S S O R A C L E U S E R G R O U P N e w s l e t t e r 3 / J u l i Safe backup and restore options with MySQL 5.5 Lizenzierung von virtuellen Datenbankumgebungen Oracle Database Firewall Spotlight on the SQL Tuning Advisor

2 10 TIPS&TECHNIQUES Gregory Steulet, dbi services Safe backup and restore options with MySQL 5.5 One of the most frequent questions of our customers in the MySQL field is: what is the best strategy for a safe backup and recovery? The good thing is there are a number of pretty good backup and restore options for MySQL 5.5 However, since Oracle bought Sun and thus acquired MySQL, there have been changes in MySQL storage engine policy, product strategy and pricing and these changes do impact on backup strategy. This article will show you how and also give you the «big picture» on safe backup and restore options with MySQL 5.5 and other releases. A brief MySQL backup history ( ): 2001 InnoDB released on MySQL a. Innodb Hot backup offer for 480$/Year Oracle acquires Innobase and thus Innodb Sun acquires MySQL Oracle acquires Sun. InnoDB Hot Backup renamed MySQL Enterprise Backup. MySQL Enterprise Backup included in MySQL Enterprise Edition. MySQL Enterprise Backup v3.5.2 released. MySQL 5.5 key facts and news MySQL 5.5 comes with a lot of changes and improvements: the overall performance has been drastically improved, the default storage engine has been changed from MyISAM to InnoDB, and semi-synchronous replication has been integrated, to name but a few. Since MySQL 5.5, the default storage engine is InnoDB. In order to make an online backup of MySQL 5.5, you now have to buy MySQL Enterprise Edition. This edition comprises MySQL Enterprise Backup, MySQL Enterprise Monitor, MySQL Query Analyzer and MySQL Workbench. MySQL storage engines: several can be used Covering MySQL backup without speaking about storage engine is simply impossible. One of the advantages of MySQL is the possibility to use several storage engines. MySQL allows the use of different transactional and non transactional engines: Transactional engines such as InnoDB and NDB are usually safer than non transactional engines (Falcon storage engine development has ceased after Oracle purchased MySQL). Non transactional engines such as MyISAM etc. are usually faster than transactional engines. InnoDB: the default storage engine InnoDB has been released in MySQL 5.5, thus being the default storage engine. It allows transaction and is ACID (Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, and Durability) compliant. It also supports foreign keys referentialintegrity constraints. InnoDB has seen a lot of performance improvements since MySQL 5.5 On disk, MySQL represents each InnoDB table by an *.frm file stored in the database directory. In contrast to the MyISAM storage engine, data and indexes are stored in a shared tablespace. A tablespace is a logical view of a storage area that can be represented on disk by one or several files (data files). By default, this tablespace also contains a rollback segment and several meta data (data dictionary). However, InnoDB also offers the possibility to store each table in its own tablespace by turning on the option «innodb_file_per_table». This option allows reducing the system tablespace size and dependencies. Backing up several small files rather than one big file can have a positive impact on backup and recovery time. As ibdata files never shrink, it could be a good choice, especially when tables are created and dropped frequently. MyISAM: features write performance improvement MyISAM was introduced in MySQL According to MySQL documentation, the principal application of MyISAM storage is web application and data warehousing. It was the default storage engine prior to MySQL On disk, MySQL represents each MyISAM table using three kinds of files:

3 TIPS&TECHNIQUES 11 A N Z E I G E A file storing the definition of the table, with extension *.frm A data file storing the contents of the table, with extension *.MYD An index file that stores indexes, with extension *.MYI Looking at the MySQL change history, MyISAM improvement does not seem to be a priority for Oracle. However, one of the main advantages of My- ISAM is the write performance improvement. This can be easily verified while loading huge amount of data in a My- ISAM table compared to an InnoDB table or even compared to an Oracle database. Why handle transactions (redo/ undo) if no transactions are needed? Memory: for non sensitive data All data is stored in the memory as indicated by the name. This is mostly used for non sensitive data where extremely fast access is a must. Archive: for large data and log storage The archive storage engine is used for storing large amounts of data without indexes by using very few spaces on disk thanks to zlib compression algorithm ( The Archive engine supports INSERT and SELECT, but not DELETE, REPLACE or UPDATE. A good application of the archive engine could be log storage. There are other storage engines such as Merge, Federated, CSV, Blackhole, NDB etc. Each of these storage engines have been conceived for specific purposes and have strengths and weaknesses. You will find more information in the official MySQL Documentation: MySQL data backup: three components Yes, as any database management system MySQL needs to be backed up even when it is «encapsulated» into a commercial application. This backup will either guard you against a system crash or a hardware failure that may result in data loss or corruption. Such a backup can also be used when a table is deleted by mistake. There are three components in a MySQL Backup: The backup itself which can be performed by copying database files directly or by using a specific program. The binary logs which contain data changes and allow the restoring of data from the backup until the crash (concept of database recovery). Therefore, binary log functionality has to be enabled. Option files (my.cnf or my.ini): these files contain configuration information like spfile and controlfile in an Oracle environment. Also, if replication is used, master.info and relaylog.info have to be backed up. From an Oracle point of view, binary logs look like archive log. If we do not enable archive log in an Oracle environment it simply means that we agree to lose data since we will not be able to recover any backup. Textual (logical) backup with mysqldump When speaking about MySQL backup you have the choice between textual (logical) and binary (physical) backup. First, let s have a look at textual backup. A textual backup is a dump of a database content. It includes each object creation and also each insert statement. Restoring such a dump file means executing each command included in this file, which is obviously time-consuming. However, textual backups are

4 12 TIPS&TECHNIQUES portable, and a textual backup which has been done on a server can be restored on another server or started on a different platform, i.e. with a different Endian format. Textual backup can be performed for any storage engine, included memory storage engine. The mysqldump client program is often used for textual backup. This client program allows making backups of different granularity (all databases, specific databases or specific tables). A command line example of mysqldump program and output is shown below: Binary (physical) backup with MyISAM or InnoDB Binary backups are copies of files in which database contents are stored. Therefore, a restoration implies restoring those files in their original location. Doing such a backup can be done by several tools depending on the storage engine. Those tools are not all able to do hot (online) backups of any storage engine, i.e. the memory storage engine cannot be backed up this way. Among those tools, you can find: [mysql@dbimysql bin]# mysqldump world > /u99/backupdir/mysqld1/world.sql [mysql@dbimysql bin]# more /u99/backupdir/mysqld1/world.sql DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `city`; CREATE TABLE `city` ( `id` int(11) DEFAULT NULL, `name` char(35) DEFAULT NULL, `countrycode` char(3) DEFAULT NULL, `district` char(20) DEFAULT NULL, `population` int(11) DEFAULT NULL ) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; LOCK TABLES `city` WRITE; INSERT INTO `city` VALUES (1, Bern, 041, Bern,700000),(1, Paris, 033, Paris, ); UNLOCK TABLES; cp or tar, for all storage engines storing data on disk mysqlhotcopy, for MyISAM Storage Engine MySQL Enterprise Backup, for InnoDB and MyISAM Storage Engines NDB_mgm backup, for NDB Storage Engine Doing a binary backup generally implies to know which storage engine has been used to create tables while text backup can be used for any storage engine. However binary backups and restores can be performed faster. Another distinction which can be done with backup is hot (online) versus cold (offline) backup. An online backup occurs when the server is up and running and an offline backup occurs when the server is down. In an online backup strategy a particular attention must be taken to locking behavior in order to avoid any side effect on data integrity. Binary backup with MyISAM can be done either by: Stopping the system and doing a manual copy of the database components (cold backup). Enabling a manual locking system, locking table in read mode, flushing table, copying the table with operating system command and unlocking the table. This strategy works only on Unix/Linux System. Using an automatic locking system, which does the locking and flushing for you. This automatic system is called «mysqlhotcopy». Mysqlhotcopy only works for MyISAM and Archives tables. This mechanism is called a hot Backup. Binary backup with InnoDB can be done either by: Stopping the system and doing a manual copy with operating system commands of the database components (cold backup). An automatic system historically called «InnoDB Hot Backup» (Hot backup). «InnoDB Hot Backup» has been renamed to MySQL Enterprise Backup, which is now included as part of the MySQL Enterprise Edition. Current release of MySQL Enterprise Backup is This system works as well on Unix/Linux as on Windows Operating Systems. This set of tools allows compression, incremental backup, MyISAM files backup and many others useful functionalities. Nowadays, a binary backup should be possible without disturbing normal database activity. Any other backup behavior would look a bit prehistoric from an Oracle or a Microsoft point of view. In the next few lines of this article, we will focus on MySQL Enterprise Backup. As any other Oracle product you can download MySQL Enterprise backup on the Oracle website: com/epd/search/handle_go. Note that MySQL Enterprise Edition is not the only tool able to perform hot backup of My- ISAM and InnoDB, you can also choose other tools such as Percona XtraBackup: percona-xtrabackup:start. Despite the fact that Percona is open source and free, it looks as if this tool is only supported by Percona and not by Oracle. MySQL Enterprise Backup MySQL Enterprise Backup is presented by Oracle as «the tool» to make MySQL hot backup and is available for Linux as well as for Windows platforms. The MySQL Documentation read: «The product is architected for efficient and reliable backups of tables created by the InnoDB storage engine. For completeness, it can also back up tables from MyISAM and other storage engines.» ( mysql-enterprise-backup/3.5/en/intro. html as of 27 December 2010). These are the main features of MySQL Enterprise backup:

5 TIPS&TECHNIQUES 13 Compressed backup Backups Innodb as well as MyISAM tables Incremental backup, which only backups data changes since the last backup Point-in-time recovery, possibility to restore a database to a specific date and time Supports Barracuda file format: this format supports row compression and provides better performance than Antelope file format due to I/O load reduction Possibility to monitor backup jobs through «mysql.backup_progress» and «mysql.backup_history tables MySQL Enterprise Backup encapsulates three binaries: Ibbackup is used to make hot backups of InnoDB tables Innobackup performs hot backups for InnoDB, MyISAM and other storage engines. innobackup runs ibbackup to backup InnoDB tables. This command is not available on windows. Mysqlbackup is an easy-to-use tool for making complete backups of both MyISAM and InnoDB tables. Mysqlbackup runs ibbackup to backup InnoDB tables. It also backups all files included in the data directory. Before restoring a compressed backup, an «uncompress» step is mandatory. As we can show below, the database backup is ready to be restored and recovered after the uncompressing step, no additional step for recovery is needed. [root@localhost bin]#./mysqlbackup --apply-log --uncompress --user=mysql -- password=manager --socket=/u99/datadir/mysqld1/mysqld1.sock /etc/my.cnf /u99/backupdir/mysqld1/ _ ibz 200 InnoDB: Progress in percents: :40:05 ibbackup: Full backup prepared for recovery successfully! :40:05 mysqlbackup: mysqlbackup completed OK! Once the uncompressing step is done, you can restore the backup [root@localhost bin]#./mysqlbackup --copy-back /etc/my.cnf /u99/backupdir/mysqld1/ _ mysqlbackup: in /u99/backupdir/mysqld1/ _ directory mysqlbackup: back to original data directory /u99/datadir/mysqld1 mysqlbackup: Copying back directory /u99/backupdir/mysqld1/ _ / :43:59 mysqlbackup: mysqlbackup completed OK! The first backup of mysqlbackup should look like this: [root@localhost bin]#./mysqlbackup --user=mysql --password=manager --compress -- socket=/u99/datadir/mysqld1/mysqld1.sock /etc/my.cnf /u99/backupdir/mysqld1/ mysqlbackup: The unique backup id generated for the current backup operation is mysqlbackup: Created backup directory /u99/backupdir/mysqld1// _ :59:38 mysqlbackup: Starting ibbackup binary with args:./ibbackup --suspend-at-end --compress 1 /etc/my.cnf /u99/backupdir/mysqld1// _ /backup-my.cnf ibbackup version MySQL Enterprise Backup :59:44 mysqlbackup: Continuing after ibbackup has suspended :59:44 mysqlbackup: Starting to lock all the tables mysqlbackup: Opening backup source directory /u99/datadir/mysqld :59:45 ibbackup: Full backup completed! :59:45 mysqlbackup: All tables unlocked mysqlbackup: All MySQL tables were locked for seconds mysqlbackup: Backup created in directory /u99/backupdir/mysqld1// _ :59:45 mysqlbackup: mysqlbackup completed OK! Conclusion: MySQL Enterprise Edition not far from Oracle RMAN MySQL Enterprise Edition comprises several useful products, notably MySQL Enterprise Backup. This product is able to do hot backup of Innodb and warm backup of MyISAM tables through a simple command line tool, «mysqlbackup». Mysqlbackup provides several useful functionalities such as compression, backup monitoring, incremental backup, and Point in Time Recovery (PITR). We are not that far from Oracle RMAN functionalities.

6 14 TIPS&TECHNIQUES For the price of this useful tool set and the support prices, go to: shop.oracle.com/pls/ostore/product? p1=enterpriseedition&sc=mysqlcom_ mysqlee. The MySQL prices are the following (as of 27 December 2010): In addition, this solution reinforces data availability and could also reinforce service availability with a clustering solution such as pacemaker/corosync. Last but not the least, file system snapshots such as LVM snapshots or Veritas File System allow to make warm backups of MySQL whatever Storage Engine is used. The complexity of any strategic backup project (MySQL/MySQL Cluster, Oracle or Microsoft) should not be underestimated. Several steps, such as concept, documentation, testing/validating are important for such a project, because it will be the only chance to get your data back in case of a disaster or any major malfunction. 1 4 socket/server/year 5+ socket/server/year Wishing you the best of luck for your backup projects! MySQL Standard Edition $ $ MySQL Enterprise Edition $ $ MySQL Cluster Carrier $ $ Grade Edition This article would have been incomplete if it would not have mentioned the possibilities to make hot or warm backups whatever Storage Engine is used and without contracting MySQL Enterprise Edition. Indeed, by setting up replication it is possible to make a cold backup on the slave database without impacting the primary database activity. To finalize this big picture of MySQL backup (and even if it sounds obvious), please perform a lot of tests before going in production with your backup strategy! This should be best practice for every backup strategy. To be sure if a given solution fits your requirements, testing is simply mandatory. Contact dbi services Gregory Steulet gregory.steulet@dbi-services.com A NZEIGE Datenbank Dienstleistungen Wir sind die Spezialisten für alle Aspekte der Datenhaltung. Vom Kundenwunsch bis zum Tuning unterstützen und beraten wir Sie mit massgeschneiderten Dienstleistungspaketen rund um Ihre Datenbanken und Ihre Informatiksysteme. Diso Solution AG Morgenstrasse 1 CH-3073 Gümligen Tel Fax info@diso.ch Architektur Engineering Systemarchitektur Sicherheitskonzepte Datenbankdesign Expertenwissen Health Check Ausbildung Weiterbildung Notfalleinsätze Engineering Optimierung Tuning Konzepterarbeitung Migrationen

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