Practical Data Integrity Protection in Network-Coded Cloud Storage
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1 Practical Data Integrity Protection in Network-Coded Cloud Storage Henry C. H. Chen Department of Computer Science and Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong
2 Outline Introduction FMSR in NCCloud FMSR-DIP Publications Yuchong Hu, Henry C. H. Chen, Patrick P. C. Lee, and Yang Tang NCCloud: Applying Network Coding for the Storage Repair in a Cloud of-clouds Proceedings of the 10th USENIX Conference on File and Storage Technology (FAST 12) Henry C. H. Chen, and Patrick P. C. Lee Practical Data Integrity Protection in Regenerating-Coding-Based Storage To appear in the 31st International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS 12)
3 Outline Introduction FMSR in NCCloud FMSR-DIP
4 Cloud Storage On-demand storage outsourcing Supports RESTful APIs: PUT, GET, DELETE, LIST
5 Problems in the Cloud
6 Data Integrity Protection Corruption detection Addressed in this work Fault-tolerance and repair Addressed in NCCloud Desirable properties Minimize cost Works on thin clouds (i.e., clouds with only basic file access semantics)
7 Data Integrity Protection Corruption detection Addressed in this work Fault-tolerance and repair Addressed in NCCloud Desirable properties Minimize cost Works on thin clouds (i.e., clouds with only basic file access semantics)
8 Data Integrity Protection Corruption detection Addressed in this work (FMSR-DIP) Fault-tolerance and repair Addressed in NCCloud Desirable properties Minimize cost Works on thin clouds (i.e., clouds with only basic file access semantics)
9 Related Work Single node, smart clouds PDP [Ateniese et al. 07] POR [Juels et al. 07] Multi-node, different storage schemes MR-PDP [Curtmola et al. 08] HAIL [Bowers et al. 09]
![07] Multi-node, different storage schemes](/docs-images/45/7727357/images/page_9.jpg "MR-PDP [Curtmola et al.")
10 Our Work Build FMSR-DIP, a corruption detection scheme that allows byte-sampling Works on thin clouds Works on functional minimum storage regenerating (FMSR) code Targets on long-term archives
11 Outline Introduction FMSR in NCCloud FMSR-DIP
12 NCCloud Cloud 1 Users file upload file download Proxy Cloud 2 Cloud 3 Cloud 4
13 Contributions of NCCloud Propose an implementable design of functional minimum storage regenerating (FMSR) code Support basic read/write operations and the repair function on thin clouds Preserve storage requirements as in optimal erasure codes, while reducing repair traffic Implement and evaluate in real cloud storage
14 Repairing a Failed Cloud How to repair: Proxy Cloud 1 Cloud 2 Cloud 3 Cloud 4 Cloud 5 Repair traffic = + + Goal: minimize repair traffic
15 Reed-Solomon Codes Node 1 Node 2 A B A B File of size M Proxy Reed Solomon codes Repair traffic = M Node 3 Node 4 A+B A+2B B A+B A A Conventional repair: n = 4, k = 2 (n, k) MDS code: Any k out of n storage nodes (clouds) can rebuild original file. Reconstruct whole file and generate data in new node
16 FMSR in NCCloud Node 1 Node 2 P1 P2 P3 P4 A B C D File of size M Proxy F-MSR codes Repair traffic = 0.75M Node 3 Node 4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P3 P5 P7 P1 P2 P1 P2 n = 4, k = 2 Code chunk P i = linear combination of original native chunks Repair in FMSR: Download one code chunk from each surviving node Reconstruct new code chunks (via random linear combination) in new node
17 FMSR Property Proxy File partition k(n-k) chunks A B C D encode n(n-k) chunks P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 distribute Storage nodes P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 n=4, k=2
18 FMSR Property Proxy File partition k(n-k) chunks A B C D encode n(n-k) chunks P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 distribute Storage nodes P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 c 1,1 c 1,2 c 1,3 c 1,4... c 8,1 c 8,2 c 8,3 c 8,4 A B C D P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 n=4, k=2 Encoding matrix rank = k(n-k) Native chunks Code chunks
19 NCCloud: Experiments Testbed environment Local cloud Openstack Swift proxy node connected to 15 storage nodes (LAN) NCCloud deployed on proxy node Commercial cloud Microsoft Azure Storage schemes (4,2)-Reed-Solomon vs. (4,2)-FMSR
20 Response time (s) REPAIR Response time (s) DOWNLOAD Response time (s) UPLOAD Response time: Local Cloud RAID-6 RS F-MSR FMSR File size (MB) RAID-6 RS F-MSR FMSR File size (MB) FMSR has higher response time due to encoding/decoding overhead FMSR has slightly less response time in repair, due to less data download RAID-6(native) RS chunk repair) RAID-6(parity) RS (code chunk repair) F-MSR FMSR File size (MB) 20
21 Response time (s) REPAIR Response time (s) DOWNLOAD Response time (s) UPLOAD Response time: Commercial Cloud 6 RAID-6 RS 4 F-MSR FMSR File size (MB) RAID-6 RS F-MSR FMSR File size (MB) No distinct response time difference, as network fluctuations play a bigger role in actual response time RAID-6(native) RS chunk repair) RAID-6(parity) RS (code chunk repair) F-MSR FMSR File size (MB) 21
22 Outline Introduction FMSR in NCCloud FMSR-DIP
23 FMSR-DIP: Design Goals Preserves advantage of FMSR Works on thin clouds Supports sampling to minimize cost Works against a Byzantine, mobile adversary Exhibits arbitrary behaviors Corrupts different subsets of servers over time
24 FMSR-DIP: Overview Cloud 1 Users file upload file download Proxy FMSR- DIP Cloud 2 Cloud 3 Cloud 4 Four operations: Upload, Check, Download and Repair
25 FMSR-DIP: Upload 8 FMSR code chunks, 3 bytes each
26 FMSR-DIP: Upload Apply error-correcting code (ECC) to each chunk individually
27 FMSR-DIP: Upload XOR each byte with a pseudorandom value
28 FMSR-DIP: Upload For each chunk, calculate the MAC of the first 3 bytes
29 FMSR-DIP: Upload Upload the chunks to clouds Encrypt the metadata from NCCloud (which contains the encoding matrix) Append all MACs to metadata Replicate metadata on all nodes
30 FMSR-DIP: Check Pick a row to check
31 FMSR-DIP: Check XOR with the previous pseudorandom values, and check their consistency
32 Recall: FMSR Encoding c 1,1 c 1,2 c 1,3 c 1,4 P 1 c 2,1 c 2,2 c 2,3 c 2,4 c 3,1 c 3,2 c 3,3 c 3,4 A P 2 P 3 c 4,1 c 4,2 c 4,3 c 4,4 B P 4 c 5,1 c 5,2 c 5,3 c 5,4 C P 5 c 6,1 c 6,2 c 6,3 c 6,4 D P 6 c 7,1 c 7,2 c 7,3 c 7,4 c 8,1 c 8,2 c 8,3 c 8,4 Encoding matrix rank = k(n-k) Native chunks P 7 P 8 Code chunks
33 FMSR-DIP: Download Download chunks from any 2 nodes and verify with their MACs
34 FMSR-DIP: Download Remove pseudorandom values and pass to NCCloud for decoding
35 FMSR-DIP: Repair
36 FMSR-DIP: Repair Download 1 chunk from all other nodes and verify with their MACs
37 FMSR-DIP: Repair Remove pseudorandom values and pass to NCCloud
38 FMSR-DIP: Repair NCCloud generates new chunks
39 FMSR-DIP: Repair Process the newly generated chunks as before
40 FMSR-DIP: Repair Upload chunks and update metadata on all nodes
41 FMSR-DIP: Experiments Testbed environment Openstack Swift proxy node connected to 15 storage nodes (LAN) NCCloud and FMSR-DIP deployed on proxy node NCCloud uses RAMDisk as storage Storage scheme (4,2)-FMSR
42 REPAIR Time taken(s) DOWNLOAD Time taken(s) UPLOAD Time taken (s) Running Time vs. File Size 100MB 50MB 20MB 10MB 5MB 1MB Transfer-Up DIP-Encode FMSR File size Transfer-Down DIP-Decode FMSR FMSR-DIP overhead comparable to network transfer time in a LAN environment MB 50MB 20MB 10MB 5MB 1MB 100MB 50MB 20MB 10MB 5MB 1MB File size Transfer-Up Transfer-Down DIP-Encode DIP-Decode FMSR File size
43 Time taken (s) Time taken (s) The Check Operation % check 256B 1KB 4KB 7KB 25KB 256KB Misc. Transfer-Down Rank Checking PRF Download block size Bottleneck in network transfer KB download block size Misc. Transfer-Down Rank Checking PRF 0 100% 75% 50% 25% 10% 5% 1% Checking percentage
44 Conclusions Propose a design for efficient data integrity protection using FMSR on thin clouds Implement and evaluate the efficiency of the design Source code: NCCloud FMSRDIP
45 Thank You!
46 Error Localization Assume each byte is correct in turn
47 Error Localization Form a system with bytes from k other nodes
48 Error Localization Mark all involved bytes as correct if system is consistent
49 Error Localization Try all subsets
50 Error Localization Try all subsets
51 Error Localization And so on
52 Cloud Storage Pricing S3 Rackspace Azure Storage (per GB) $0.125 $0.15 $0.125 Data transfer in (per GB) free free Free Data transfer out (per GB) $0.12 $0.18 $0.12 PUT (per 10,000 requests) $0.10 free $0.01 GET (per 10,000 requests) $0.01 free $0.01 Pricing in US dollars, as of May, 2012
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