LIMFANGIOM CHISTIC AL MEZOCOLONULUI LA ADULT
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1 LIMFANGIOM CHISTIC AL MEZOCOLONULUI LA ADULT Gh. Ghidirim, I. Găgăuz, I. Mişin, E. Condraţchi Catedra Chirurgie nr.1 N. Anestiadi, Laboratorul de Chirurgie Hepato-Bilio-Pancreatică Universitatea de Stat de Medicină şi Farmacie N.Testemiţanu Spitalul Clinic Municipal de Urgenţă, Chişinău, Republica Moldova MESOCOLONIC LYMPHANGIOMA IN ADULT (Abstract): Lymphangioma is a benign tumor of the lymphatic system, histogenetic it is characterized by a congenital mesenchimal malformation affecting the wall of the lymphatic vessels. Intraabdominal lymphangioma is a rare disease, mesocolon localization being exceptional. Mesocolonic lymphangioma occurs extremely rare in adults. We report a case of lymphangioma of mesocolon in an adult patient. A 23-year old male was admitted with 1 month history of moderate progressive abdominal pain and palpable mesogastric mass. Abdominal ultrasonography (US) and computed tomography (CT) scanning demonstrated a cystic mass located in mesogastric area adherent with the transverse colon and the anterior abdominal wall. Complete excision of the cystic mass was performed. The histological findings were confident with lymphangioma. The postoperative period was uneventful. During a 6 month follow-up period the patient is free of disease recurrence. KEY WORDS: LYMPHANGIOMA, MESOCOLON Corespondenţă: Conf. Dr. Igor Mişin, str. Munceşti nr. 52, ap. 60, 2001, Chişinău, Republica Moldova; Tel: ( ) ; Fax: ( ) ; [email protected] * INTRODUCERE Limfangiomul este o tumoră benignă de origine mezenchimală a ţesutului limfatic, care de obicei se întâlneşte la copii şi este situată cel mai frecvent în regiunea axilară, cervicală sau în regiunea capului [1-3]. Localizarea intraabdominală a limfangioamelor este rară, iar localizarea în mezocolon este excepţională [2-4]. Incidenţa limfangiomului mezocolonic este de 1/ pentru adulţi şi 1/20000 la copii [4,5]. Prezentăm un caz clinic de limfangiom cu localizare în mezocolon la un pacient adult, situaţie care este extrem de rar întâlnită şi în pofida utilizării metodelor sofisticate de examinare (ecografie, computer tomografie), diagnosticul nu a fost stabilit preoperator, fiind precizat postoperator prin examenul histologic. PREZENTAREA CAZULUI Bolnavul L.B., în vârstă de 23 ani a fost spitalizat în clinică acuzând dureri moderate în regiunea mezogastrică, care se intensificau la mers, greţuri şi prezenţa unei formaţiuni palpabile în regiunea periombilicală. Debutul este de cca 30 zile, când au apărut durerile în regiunea mezogastrică; greţurile s-au instalat recent, după ce a apărut formaţiunea palpabilă în regiunea periombilicală. Examenul obiectiv: abdomenul simetric, participă la mişcările respiratorii, moderat dureros în regiunea mezogastrică, unde se palpează o formaţiune de aproximativ 60x50 mm, de consistenţă dură, moderat dureroasă, imobilă. Tranzit intestinal păstrat. Analizele de laborator în limte normale. La ecografia abdomenului se constată o formaţiune lichidiană (110x65x50 mm) în cavitatea abdominală, care are contact cu colonul transvers şi peretele abdominal anterior, dar originea formaţiunii nu poate fi determinată. Computer tomografia evidenţiază în cavitatea abdominală o formaţiune chistică de 115x68x53 mm, la nivelul L3-S1, paramedian, având conţinut lichidian cu densitatea de 10- * received date: accepted date:
2 18 UH, contur net, având contact cu colonul transvers şi peretele anterior al abdomenului. În polul inferior pereţii sunt moderat îngroşaţi până la 3,5 mm. Structurile adiacente sunt moderat deviate, fără semne de invazie (Fig. 1). Se intervine chirurgical prin laparatomie medie superioară, în abdomen se determină o formaţiune chistică elastică, mobilă, localizată în mezocolon (Fig. 2 a, b). Formaţiunea a fost înlăturată complet. Examen macroscopic: formaţiune chistică delimitată de 11,0x6,0x6,0 cm, pe secţiune reprezentată printr-o cavitate cu conţinut chilos (Fig. 3 a, b). Examen microscopic: se determină o malformaţie vasculară cu conglomerate de cisterne cu conţinut limfoid, musculatură netedă în pereţii formaţiunii, acoperită de epiteliu plat unistratificat (modificări caracteristice limfangiomului) (Fig. 4). Perioada postoperatorie a decurs fără complicaţii. Pacientul a fost externat în stare satisfăcătoare. Examenul clinic şi paraclinic la distanţă peste 6 luni nu prezintă date de recidiva a tumorii. Fig. 1 Examen computer tomografic: formaţiune chistică în cavitatea abdominală în contact cu colonul transvers şi peretele abdominal. DISCUŢII Pentru prima dată chistul chilos a fost descris în 1881, iar primul tratament de succes a limfangiomului îi aparţine lui Pean în1883 [6]. Limfangiomul este neoplasm benign rar întâlnit al sistemului limfatic. Cel mai frecvent limfangiomul este localizat în regiunea gâtului - 75% cazuri şi se descrie ca higromă chistică, 20% se depistează în regiunea axilară şi în fine 5% în alte porţiuni ale corpului, dintre care 1% din cazuri se depistează retroperitoneal [1,2,7,8]. Limfangiomul intraabdominal constituie 5% din totalul limfangiomelor, dintre care 70,5% localizate în mezenter şi 26,2% constituie cele localizate în mezocolon [9,10]. Raportul bărbaţi : femei este de 3:4 [4,5]. După datele literaturii mondiale la momentul actual chisturile de origine limfatică se clasifică în două tipuri: chist simplu limfatic şi limfangiom [5]. În dependenţă de morfologie 356
3 se deosebesc trei forme al limfangiomulului: 1) simplu sau capilar; 2) cavernos; 3) chistic [1,2,6,11]. Etiologia exactă este controversată şi există câteva teorii: 1) a transformării inflamator-fibrotice a ţesutului limfatic cu predispoziţie genetică [6,7]; 2) a sechestrării ţesutului limfatic în urma dezvoltării vicioase a canalelor primare ale comunicaţiei limfaticovenoase în perioada embriologică [12,13]; 3) a dezvoltării patologice a canalelor limfaticovenoase în urma unor obstacole în lumenul canalelor limfatice normale [1,4,14]; 4) transformării congenitale a ţesutului mezenchimal de origine neoplazică [5]. Fig. 2 Aspect intraoperator al limfangiomului chistic al mezocolonului Fig. 3 Aspect macroscopic şi pe secţiune al limfangiomului mezocolonic extirpat Varietatea formelor de tumori şi chisturi atât benigne cât şi maligne a organelor intraabdominale impune necesitatea efectuării diagnosticului diferenţial cu limfangiomele. Clinic limfangiomul poate decurge asimptomatic în perioada copilăriei, însă în cele mai multe cazuri clinica este variată şi depinde de dimensiunile şi sediul tumorii [2,15]. Maladia poate decurge trenant (disconfort abdominal) sau acut (ocluzie intestinală, hemoragie sau volvulus) [2,3,11,15]. Diagnosticul limfangiomului mezocolonic este greu de stabilit clinic, necesită investigaţii obligatorii prin ecografie şi computer tomografie pentru stabilirea extinderii şi 357
4 invaziei tumorii asupra organelor adiacente. La ultrasonografie pot fi distinse masele chistice, iar tomografia computerizată apreciază extinderea maselor tumorale şi conţinutul chistului cu densitate redusă [5,16-19]. În pofida utilizării metodelor sofisticate de diagnostic, acesta este precizat intraoperator şi histologic [2,3]. Histologic limfangiomul se caracterizează prin prezenţa endoteliului epitelial plat unistratificat, unui conţinut alternativ de ţesut limfatic în pereţi sub formă de conglomerate de cisterne şi spaţii limfatice mici, musculatură netedă şi celule spumoase [2,4,6]. Fig. 4 Limfangiom chistic - aspect microscopic: malformaţie vasculară având conglomerate de cisterne cu conţinut limfoid, celule spumoase, epiteliu plat unistratificat. hematoxilină-eozină, obx40 Tratamentul limfangiomului mezocolonic în majoritatea cazurilor este chirurgical procedeul de elecţie fiind excizia completă a tumorii cu sau fără rezecţie de organ [4-7,9]. În cazurile de limfangiom nerezecabil, o alternativă poate fi marsupializarea tumorii sau coagularea cavităţii chistice cu laser - argon [2,4,5,8,9,15,20]; sunt prezentate rezultate relativ favorabile după scleroterapie, chimioterapie şi radioterapie [5,9,15,20]. În majoritatea cazurilor limfangiomul este benign însă în literatură, în patru cazuri au fost descrise schimbări histologice cu caracter de malignizare a limfangiomului intraabdominal [5]. Prognosticul este favorabil după excizia completă a chistului, iar după marsupializare există posibilitatea recidivei sau formării fistulelor interne [5,15]. CONCLUZII Limfangiomul mezocolonului este o patologie foarte rară de origine embrionară, cu predispoziţie ereditară. Diagnosticul este dificil şi poate fi facilitat de examene paraclinice ca ultrasonografia şi tomografia computerizată, însă diagnosticul definitiv poate fi stabilit doar histologic. Limfangiomul mezocolonului necesită diagnostic diferenţial cu alte procese expansive intraabdominale. Tratamentul chirurgical cu exereza completă a tumorii este tratamentul de elecţie cu sau fără rezecţie de organ şi are un prognostic favorabil. 358
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