Indoor Air Quality Management Plan

Transcription

1 & Property & Facilities Division Indoor Air Quality Management Plan Contents Page Number 1. INTRODUCTION PURPOSE OBJECTIVES OF THE MANAGEMENT PLAN SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS GLOSSARY OF TERMS 6. LEGAL REQUIREMENTS 6.1 Statutory requirements 6.2 Common Law 6.3 Standards 6.4 Guidelines Other References ORGANISATIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES FACTORS AFFECTING INDOOR AIR QUALITY MANAGING INDOOR AIR QUALITY Preventative Control Measures Maintenance of Air Conditioning Plant and Associated Equipment Compliance Audits Building Design/Commissioning of New Systems Cleaning and Waste Disposal Pest Control Loading Bays Air Conditioning Plant Rooms 9.2 Remedial Control Measures COMPLAINT RESOLUTION Management of Indoor Air Quality Problems 10.2 Notification of problem 10.3 Complaint / Incident investigation 10.4 Determining the Cause of the Problem 10.5 Collecting Additional Information and Testing Hypotheses 10.6 Remediation of the problem Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 1

2 11. ASSESSING INDOOR AIR QUALITY 11.1 Indoor Air Quality Audit 11.2 Indoor Air Quality Investigation 12. RESPONSE TO HIGH RISK SITUATIONS 12.1 Water Sampling for Legionella 12.2 Asbestos Exposure 12.3 Other situations Appendices Appendix A Pollutant Sources and Known Health Effects Appendix B HVAC Checklist Appendix C Appendix A of Australian Standard , Introduction The University of Queensland (UQ) has a legal obligation under the Workplace Health and Safety Act, 1995 to ensure the health and safety of each of its workers, and anyone else who enters their workplace. The University fulfills its legal obligation by identifying real and potential risks that may exist at the workplace and managing them in a safe way. Given the numerous buildings that either belong to, or are maintained by, the University, it is not surprising that indoor air quality has been identified as a potential health risk that requires management. To this end, the following document has been prepared to enable the University to effectively manage indoor air quality (IAQ) related issues and thus meet its legal obligations. 2. Purpose This document has been developed by Property and Facilities (P&F) and the University of Queensland Occupational Health and Safety Unit to provide University personnel with an increased understanding and awareness. The management plan is primarily designed to provide guidance on the prevention of IAQ-related problems. However, when problems do arise the management plan will also provide guidance on how to rectify them. 3. Objectives of the Management Plan There are three main objectives of this management plan: 1. To ensure that the air quality supplied to the occupants of buildings either owned or maintained by the University is satisfactory and does not cause harm or discomfort; 2. To ensure that when air quality problems do arise they are quickly controlled and eliminated, Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 2

3 thereby minimising their impact on the building occupants; and 3. To ensure the University complies fully with its legal requirements in relation to indoor air quality. 4. Scope and Limitations The term indoor air quality refers to a range of characteristics including: air purity; air movement; the ratio of fresh air (make-up air) to recirculated air; and the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen. Indoor air quality is typically associated with office-type buildings that are ventilated by mechanical ventilation systems. For the purposes of this document, indoor air quality shall apply to any building that is normally occupied and which may, or may not, be fitted with ventilation systems. However, this document does not apply to the following: buildings not serviced or maintained by the University; and buildings, areas or rooms that are normally unoccupied (e.g. electrical sub-stations, mine shafts, grain silos, hazardous substance storage facilities). 5. Glossary of Terms Air Exchange Rate Used in two ways: 1. the number of times that the outdoor air replaced the volume of air in a building per unit time, typically expressed as air changes per hour; 2. the number of times that the ventilation system replaces the air within a room or area within the building. Biological Contaminants BOMA Breathing Zone Building-Related Illness Agents derived from or that are living organisms (e.g., viruses, bacteria, fungai, and mammal and bird antigens) that can be inhaled and can cause many types of health effects including allergic reactions, respiratory disorders, hypersensitivity diseases, and infectious diseases. Also referred to as microbiologicals or microbials. Building Owners and Managers Association. Now known as the Property Council of Australia. Area of a room in which occupants breathe as they stand, sit, or lie down. Diagnosable illness whose symptoms can be identified and whose cause can be directly attributed to airborne building pollutants (e.g., Legionnaire s disease, hypersensitivity pneumonitis). Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 3

4 Building related illnesses are specific illnesses with clear and diagnosable causes related to the building environment. Hypersensitivity (allergic reactions), infections (such as Legionnaire s Disease), and illnesses related to inhalation of fibres (such as Asbestosis) are the major types of building related illness. It is typical of building related illnesses that symptoms persist for some time after an individual has left the building. CO CO 2 Cooling Towers Ceiling Plenum Conditioned Air Constant Air Volume System Dampers Evaporative Cooler Diffusers and Grilles HEPA HVAC Hypersensitivity Diseases IAQ Legionnaires Disease Make-up air Carbon monoxide. Carbon dioxide. A device for lowering the temperature of water by evaporative cooling in which air passes through sprayed water exchanging heat, and includes a device incorporating a refrigerant or water heat exchanger. Space below the flooring and above the suspended ceiling that accommodates the mechanical and electrical equipment that is used as part of the air distribution system. The space is kept under negative pressure. Air that has been heated, cooled, humidified, or dehumidified to maintain an interior space within the comfort zone. (Sometimes referred to as tempered air.) Air handling system that provides a constant air flow while varying the temperature to meet heating and cooling needs. Controls that vary airflow throughout an air outlet, inlet, or duct. A damper position may be immovable, manually adjustable, or part of an automated control system. A device that effects a reduction of dry bulb temperature by evaporating water into the air being treated. Components of the ventilation system that distribute and diffuse air to promote air circulation in the occupied space. Diffusers supply air and grilles return air. High efficiency particulate air (filters). Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning system. Diseases characterised by allergic responses to animal antigens. The hypersensitivity diseases most clearly associated with indoor air quality are asthma, rhinitis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis is a rare but serious disease that involves progressive lung damage as long as there is exposure to the causative agent. Indoor air quality. An illness characterised by pneumonia caused by infection with legionella species, commonly legionella pneumophila. The incubation period ranges from 2 days to 10 days, and the attack rate is low. Fresh air or outside air that makes up part of the supply air. Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 4

5 NHMRC Plenum Psychosocial Factors SBS Sick Building Syndrome National Health and Medical Research Council. Air compartment connected to a duct or ducts. Psychological, organisational and personal stressors that could produce symptoms similar to poor indoor air quality. See Sick Building Syndrome. Term sometimes used to describe situations in which building occupants experience acute health and/or comfort effects that appear to be linked to time spent in a particular building, but where no specific illness or cause can be identified. The complaints may be localise in a particular room or zone, or may be spread throughout the building. According to the World Health Organisation, sick building syndrome refers to a range of symptoms that may affect a significant number of building occupants. Itchy eyes, tiredness or headaches are typical complaints. Sick building syndrome symptoms do not have clear causes, and are therefore often referred to as nonspecific symptoms. Such symptoms often abate when an individual is no longer inside the building. Static Pressure TBC VAV VOCs Variable Air Volume System Volatile Organic Compounds Condition that exists when an equal amount of air is supplied to and exhausted from a space. At static pressure, equilibrium has been reached. Total bacteria count Variable air volume system. See Volatile Organic Compounds. Air handling system that conditions the air to a constant temperature and varies the outside airflow to ensure thermal comfort. Compounds that evaporate from the many housekeeping, maintenance, and building products made with organic chemicals. These compounds are released from products that are being used and that are in storage. In sufficient quantities, VOCs can cause eye, nose and throat irritations, headaches, dizziness, visual disorders, memory impairment; some are known to cause cancer in humans. At present, not much is known about what health effects occur at the levels of VOCs typically found in public and commercial buildings. WHO World Health Organisation. Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 5

6 6. Legal Requirements 6.1 Statutory requirements Currently, there are no statutory requirements that pertain directly to indoor air quality. No regulations have been developed to cater specifically for indoor air quality and the legal regulation of indoor air quality is considered complex as there are many interacting factors that need to be considered (State of the Environment Advisory Council 1996). Notwithstanding the lack of statutory regulation pertaining directly to indoor air quality, there are statutory requirements indirectly related to indoor air quality that impose legal obligations on building owners and tenants, builders and designers, and suppliers of material and equipment (Pengilley 1992; BOMA 1994). The indirect statutory requirements relate mainly to the maintenance of mechanical ventilation systems. Mechanical ventilation systems are classified as specified high risk plant under the Queensland Workplace Health and Safety Act. This classification imposes legal obligations on various parties including: designers, manufacturers, erectors, installers and owners. As such, the University has a legal obligation to ensure the plant is maintained in a condition that ensures the plant is safe, and without risk to health when used properly. 6.2 Common Law Under common law, occupiers of land and premises owe a duty of care to take reasonable care of all persons entering their premises. This duty of care means that occupiers are expected to minimise or prevent any risk that is reasonably foreseeable. Failure to either identify or control a foreseeable risk is considered a breach of duty of care under common law. It could be argued that risks associated with unsatisfactory air quality or poorly maintained ventilation systems are reasonably foreseeable thus enabling injured parties to claim damages under common law. 6.3 Standards There are various standards that specify minimum requirements in terms of ventilation and air quality. These standards may be used in legal proceedings to show the minimum acceptable level of compliance. Whilst it is not necessary for occupiers to comply with these standards, they must demonstrate they have at least met or exceeded the minimum requirements specified in the standards. The relevant standards are: Queensland Workplace Health and Safety Advisory Standard for Plant, Supplement No. 2 Legionella Control in Air conditioning Units and Cooling Towers (1999); Queensland Workplace Health and Safety Advisory Standard for Amenities Workplace (2000); Australian Standard Mechanical ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality ; Australian Standard 1677 Refrigerating systems ; Australian Standard 3666 Air handling and water systems of buildings Microbial control ; Australian Standard AS/NZS Air handling and water systems of buildings Microbial control. Part 3: Performance-based maintenance of cooling water systems ; Australian Standard, 1324 Air filters for use in general ventilation and air conditioning Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 6

7 Australian Standard SAA/SNZ HB 32 Control of microbial growth in air-handling and water systems in buildings ; and Building Code of Australia (BCA) (1996). 6.4 Guidelines Various recognised guidelines have been published on indoor air quality both here in Australia and overseas. These guidelines are not statutory requirements however, they do provide a useful reference for those occupiers wishing to achieve best practice. The guidelines relevant to Queensland are: National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Indoor Air Quality Goals; National Occupational Health and Safety Commission (NOHSC) 1995, Exposure Standards for Atmospheric Contaminants in the Occupational Environment; BOMA Guidelines 1994, Managing Indoor air Quality; and ASHRAE Standard , Ventilation for acceptable indoor air quality. 6.5 Other References Other useful references include: CSIRO BCE Technical Report TR97/3 1997, Indoor Air Quality Guidelines for Sydney Olympic Facilities; USEPA 1991, Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers; Comcare Australia 1994, Air conditioning and thermal comfort in Australian Public Service offices; and World Health Organisation 1987, Air quality guidelines for Europe. Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 7

8 7. Organisational Responsibilities The following personnel are responsible for the implementation and management of the control measures discussed in this document: Person/Party Responsibility OH&S Council Approve IAQMP Executive Manager OH&S Unit Director, P&F Construction Manager Operations Manager Engineering Manager Site Planner Services Manager Operations Contracts Officer (P&F) Maintenance Officer, St Lucia Maintenance Officer, Gatton/Ipswich Project Managers/Project Officers Occupational Hygiene Adviser (OH&S Unit) Director Health Services University building occupants Ensure University-wide compliance with IAQMP. Allocate funding for specific IAQ issues. Ensure policy application throughout P&F and P&F suppliers. Allocate funding for IAQ control. Ensure that mechanical plant design, installation and maintenance are consistent with relevant legislation and the requirements of this IAQMP. Ensure that cleaning practices, pest control and waste disposal activities comply with the requirements of this IAQMP. Ensure effective maintenance practices are put in place in accordance with this IAQMP and legislation. Ensure University maintenance staff and contractors comply with the requirements of this IAQMP. Ensure that design and installation of mechanical systems complies with legislative requirements and this IAQMP. Carry out audit of P&F mechanical maintenance systems. Investigate IAQ complaints and incidents. Provide expert advice on related health issues and investigate/make recommendations on associated health risks Ensure that individual activities do not contribute to poor indoor air quality and are in accordance with the requirements of this IAQMP. Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 8

9 8 Factors Affecting Indoor Air Quality The indoor environment in any building is affected by many factors including site aspect, climate, building systems, furniture items, internal activities, external activities and the occupants themselves to name but a few. The following table provides an overview of the three main sources of factors affecting indoor air quality. Factors Effects Control Options A. From outside the building Climate Air temperature & humidity Optimise ventilation Ventilation with & infiltration of Intake air quality Select location of air intake; outdoor air reduce non-designed air entry Infiltration of water Unwanted moisture entry Design and maintain waterproof construction; ensure moisture does not form in HVAC systems B. From the building and HVAC. system Building design Natural/mechanical Building depth; location & ventilation orientation Structural building materials -adhesives and sealants Solvents Choose low-emission products -glass Lamination interlayers & Impact on IAQ unknown coatings -metals, ferrous and non-ferrous Pre-painting Imapct on IAQ unknown -termite control Physical termite barriers & Physical barriers do not affect chemicals Iaq; synthetic prethroid/ chlorpyrifos mixtures need frequent reapplication and can cause human toxicity -timber preservation Use of toxic products Avoid where possible; use durable timbers -brick and block Natural radioactivity Found to be low in range of products -concrete products Natural radioactivity, Control levels of f ly ash, impact additives of additives unknown -wood framing Volatiles affecting sensitive Impact on IAQ unknown individuals -thermal insulation Fibre and volatile organic Product selection emissions -Heating, ventilation & Generation, transfer & System design & maintenance airconditioning removal of air contaminants Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 9

10 Factors Effects Control Options C.From the building interior Pollutant sources, ventilation Material selection, ventilation Interior design flow design Interior materials Odorous or toxic emissions, Material selection sinks & reservoirs for pollutants -plywood/lvl Formaldehyde & volatile Select low-emission products organic emissions -reconstituted wood-based panels Formaldehyde & volatile Select low-emission products organic emissions and overlay adhesives -plastic laminates Volatile organic emissions Select low-emission adhesives -plaster/gypsumboard Few emissions but sinks for - pollutants -ceramic tiles Emissions from Select low-emission materials adhesives/grout Interior surface finishes - wallpaper Formaldehyde & volatile Low-emission products; delay organic emissions occupancy -paints Solvent & additive vapours Low-emission products during & after application Floor coverings -carpet Odour & volatile organic Low-emission adhesives; emissions; accumulation of cleaning methods; walk-off mats contaminants -linoleum Volatile organic emissions Low-emission products from adhesives -vinyl Long-term emission of Low-emission products volatiles & plasticisers Furnishings & furniture Formaldehyde & volatile Low-emission products organic emissions from components & surface treatments Equipment & appliances Volatile organics & ozone Low-emission products; exhaust from photocopiers & printers flues combustion products from gas & fuel appliances Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 10

11 Factors Effects Control Options Occupant bioeffluence Odours; skin flakes Ventilation to standards Occupant activities Smoking; cooking; hobbies; Smoking prohibition; cleaning rangehoods; cleaning practice Consumer products Volatile organics from wet Quantity of products products; dry-cleaned clothing; printed material Pest management Pesticide residues, indoor Product usage and outdoor Cleaning Volatile organic emissions Low-emission products; highfrom products; dust disturbance efficiency vacuum cleaners Interior renovation Volatile organic emissions Low-emission products; from new products; pollutant isolation of area transfer throughout building Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 11

12 9. Managing Indoor Air Quality 9.1 Preventative Control Measures Maintenance of Air Conditioning Plant and Associated Equipment All maintenance and operation of air conditioning systems and associated equipment is to be carried out in compliance with relevant Work place Health and Safety legislation, Advisory Standards, and Australian Standards. Accordingly, the University requires that the maintenance activities detailed in Table 9.1 be carried out at University sites. Table 9.1 Maintenance of Air Conditioning Plant and Equipment Equipment Description Minimum UQ Requirement Requirement *Cooling towers Inspection Monthly Monthly and evaporative Cleaning 6 monthly 3 monthly condensers Laboratory analysis for Total Bacteria Monthly Monthly Count Laboratory analysis for legionella n/a Monthly Air intakes and Inspection Monthly Monthly exhaust outlets Cleaning Where necessary Annually Washable Air Exchanged for cleaned filters Where Monthly Filters necessary Disposable Air Inspected Monthly Monthly Filters (-pressure drop reading) Replaced (>140 Pascal) Where Where necessary necessary Evaporative air Inspected and maintained in 3 Monthly 3 Monthly coolers accordance with AS/NZS 3666 RAC and non- Inspection N/A Annually ducted split Cleaning N/A Annually system filters Fountains Inspection/ TBC / Legionella N/A 6 Monthly Cleaning N/A Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 12

13 Equipment Description Minimum UQ Requirement Requirement **Lakes Inspection / Legionella N/A Annually (Summer) **Irrigation Systems Inspection / Legionella N/A Annually (Summer) Civil Eng Flume Inspection / Legionella N/A Annually *For multi-tower systems, each unit is to be sampled individually. **Random samples to be taken during summer months. Personnel working in the vicinity of the air handling and water systems shall wear appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) in accordance with appendix A of AS/NZS , 1995 (refer to appendix C) Compliance Audits To monitor the performance of Property and Facilities in the management of air conditioning plant maintenance, the University OHS Unit will carry out audits of maintenance documentation and physical inspection of high risk plant. These audits will be undertaken randomly across the University on a regular basis by the OH&S Unit Building Design/Commissioning of New Systems All building design work shall comply with relevant codes and standards and University Design Standards. Air conditioning plant should be installed so that appropriate maintenance can be carried out. Special care should be taken when locating cooling towers/evaporative condensers to ensure that the local environment is not favourable to microbial contamination. In accordance with AS/NZS :1995, new cooling water systems shall be flushed, chemically cleaned and pre-treated for corrosion and microbial control purposes by competent personnel before being brought into service Cleaning and Waste Disposal Cleaning and Waste disposal will be generally carried out as per table 9.2 below. Cleaners are to provide Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) for cleaning products used. Cleaning products are not to be stored in non-labelled containers. Table 9.2 Main Areas Cleaned Area Office and general space Toilets Details Food scraps should not be stored in these areas. Equipment not cleaned Frequency depends on usage Weekly Frequency Daily/Twice Daily Lunch rooms, tea rooms etc. Frequency depends on usage Daily/Twice Daily Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 13

14 9.1.5 Pest Control Where possible, all pest control spraying is to be carried out after hours. Building occupants are to be given advance notice in writing before the spraying takes place. MSDS are required for all chemicals used. All termite treatments shall be carried out in compliance with relevant Australian Standards and by a licensed contractor Loading Bays Where possible, delivery vehicles should be turned off while loading and unloading to reduce the risk of exhaust fumes entering buildings Air Conditioning Plant Rooms Air conditioning plant rooms should be maintained in a clean and tidy state and should not be used as general storage space. 9.2 Remedial Control Measures Problem One Outdoor Air Ventilation Rate is Too Low Examples: routine odours from occupants and normal office activities results in problems (eg. drowsiness, headaches, discomfort); measured outdoor air ventilation rates do not meet guidelines for outdoor air supply (eg. design specifications, applicable codes, or ASHRAE ); peak CO concentrations above 1000 ppm indicate inadequate ventilation; and 2 corrosion of fan casing causes air bypassing and reduces airflow in system. Solutions: open, adjust or repair air distribution system: outdoor air intakes; mixing and relief dampers; supply diffusers; fan casings; increase outdoor air within the design capacity of: air handler; heating and air conditioning equipment; distribution system; modify components of the HVAC system as needed to allow increased outdoor air (eg. increase capacity of heating and cooling coils); design and install an updated ventilation system; reduce the pollutant and/or thermal load on the HVAC system: reduce the occupant density: relocate some occupants to other spaces to redistribute the load on the ventilation system; and relocate or reduce usage of heat generating equipment. Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 14

15 Problem Two Occupant Activities Contribute to Air Contaminants or to Comfort Problems Examples smoking; special activities such as print shops, laboratories, kitchens; interference with HVAC system operation: blockage of supply diffusers to eliminate drafts; turning off exhaust fans to eliminate noise; use of space heaters, desktop humidifiers to remedy local discomfort; and (Note: While such interference can cause IAQ problems, it is often initiated in response to unresolved ventilation or temperature control problems). Solutions remove the source by eliminating the activity: (Note: This may require a combination of policy setting and educational outreach.) smoking; use of desktop humidifiers and other personal HVAC equipment; unsupervised manipulation of HVAC system; reduce the source: select materials and processes which minimise release of contaminants while maintaining adequate safety and efficacy (eg. solvents, art materials); install new or improved local exhaust to accommodate the activity, adjust HVAC system to ensure adequate make-up air, and verify effectiveness: smoking lounge, storage areas which contain contaminated sources; and laboratory hoods, kitchen range hoods(venting to outdoors, not recirculating). Problem Three Surface Contamination Due to Poor Sanitation or Accidents Examples biological contaminants result in allergies or other diseases: fungal, viral, bacterial (whole organisms or spores); bird, insect, or rodent parts or droppings, hair, dander (in HVAC, crawlspace, building shell, or near outdoor air intakes); accidents: spills of water, beverages, cleansers, paints, varnishes, mastics or specialised products (printing, chemical art supplies); and fire damage: soot, odours, chemicals. Solutions clean: HVAC system components; some materials and furnishings (others may have to be discarded); (Note: Use biocides, disinfectants, and sanitisers with caution and ensure that occupants exposure is minimised). remove sources of microbiological contamination: water damaged carpet, furnishings, or building materials; modify environment to prevent recurrence of microbiological growth: improve HVAC system maintenance; control humidity or surface temperatures to prevent condensation; provide access to all items that require periodic maintenance; use local exhaust where corrosive materials are stored; and adjust HVAC system to provide adequate make-up air, and test to verify performance. Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 15

16 Problem Four Mould and Mildew Growth Due to Moisture from Condensation Examples interior surfaces of walls near thermal bridges; (eg. uninsulated locations around structural members) carpeting on cold floors; and locations where high surface humidity promotes condensation. Solutions clean and disinfect to remove mould and mildew; (Note: Follow up by taking actions to prevent recurrence of microbiological contamination. Use biocides, disinfectants, and sanitisers with caution and ensure that occupant exposure is minimised.) increase surface temperatures to treat locations that are subject to condensation: insulate thermal bridges; improve air distribution; reduce moisture levels in locations that are subject to condensation: repair leaks; increase ventilation (in cases where outdoor air is cold and dry); dehumidify (in cases where outdoor air is warm and humid); dry carpet or other textiles promptly after steam cleaning; and (Note: Increase ventilation to accelerate drying). discard contaminated materials. Problem Five Building Materials and Furnishings Produce Contaminants Examples odours from newly installed carpets, furniture, wall coverings; and newly dry cleaned drapes or other textiles. Solutions remove source with appropriate cleaning methods: steam clean carpeting and upholstery, then dry quickly, ventilating to accelerate the drying process; accept only fully dried, odourless dry cleaned products; encapsulate source: seal surfaces of building materials that emit formaldehyde; reduce source: schedule installation of carpet, furniture, and wall coverings to occur during periods when the building is unoccupied; have supplier store new furnishings in a clean, dry, well ventilated area until VOC outgassing has diminished; increase outdoor air ventilation: total air supplied; proportion of fresh air; and remove the materials that are producing the emissions and replace with lower emission alternatives. (Note: Only limited information on emissions from materials is available at this time. Purchasers can request that suppliers provide emissions test data, but should use caution in interpreting the test results.) Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 16

17 Problem Six Housekeeping or Maintenance Activities Contribute to Problems Examples cleaning products emit chemicals, odours; particulates become airborne during cleaning (eg. sweeping, vacuuming; contaminants are released from painting, caulking, lubricating; and frequency of maintenance is insufficient to eliminate contaminants. Solutions remove source by modifying standard procedures or frequency of maintenance; (Note: Changing procedures may require a combination of policy setting and training in IAQ impacts of staff activities.) improve storage practices; shift time of painting, cleaning, pest control, other contaminant producing activities to avoid occupied periods; make maintenance easier by improving access to filters, coils and other components; reduce source: select materials to minimise emissions of contaminants while maintaining adequate safety and efficacy; use portable HEPA (high efficiency particulate arrestance) vacuums vs. low efficiency paper bag collectors; use local exhaust: on a temporary basis to remove contaminants from work areas; and as a permanent installation where contaminants are stored. Problem Seven Serious building Related Illness Some building related illnesses can be life threatening. Even a single confirmed diagnosis (which involves results from specific medical tests) should provoke an immediate and vigorous response. Examples Legionnaire s disease; and (Note: If you suspect Legionnaire s disease, call the local public health department, check for obvious problem sites, and take corrective action. There is no way to be certain that a single case of this disease is associated with building occupancy, therefore, public health agencies usually do not investigate single cases. Watch for new cases.) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis. (Note: Affected occupant(s) should be removed and may not be able to return unless the causative agent is removed from the affected person s environment.) Solutions work with public health authorities: evacuation may be recommended or required; remove source: drain, clean, and decontaminate drip pans, cooling towers, room unit air conditioners, humidifiers, dehumidifiers, and other habitants of Legionella, fungi and other organisms using appropriate protective equipment; install drip pans that drain properly provide access to all the items that must be cleaned, drained or replaced periodically; modify schedule and procedures for improved maintenance; Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 17

18 discontinue processes that deposit potentially contaminated moisture in air distribution system: air washing; humidification; and cease night time shutdown of air handlers. 10. Complaint Resolution 10.1 Management of Indoor Air Quality Problems This section describes the process for managing indoor air quality (IAQ) problems at the University of Queensland. It aims to define the reporting line for these types of issues, to ensure a quick response and early management of the problem. The IAQ investigation is a cycle of information-gathering, hypothesis formation and testing, and feedback to building occupants. The flow chart defining the process and reporting lines for the management of IAQ problems can befound at the following web address: pol-iaqflowchart.pdf...section continues over page Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 18

19 10.2 Notification of problem An IAQ investigation commences with one or more reasons for concern, usually occupant complaints or problems identified during routine maintenance or inspections. Health related complaints that arise from symptoms (e.g. eye, skin and respiratory tract irritation, headaches, fatigue, infections) or discomfort (e.g. drafts, smells) should be directed to the Occupational Health and Safety Unit (OH&S Unit) where the details are recorded. The Occupational Hygiene Adviser is responsible for investigating the complaint, and will discuss the problem with the complainant before taking the investigation further. Building related complaints (e.g. temperature control, air flow problems) should be directed to the Property and Facilities Works Control Centre where the complaint will be recorded and directed to the appropriate person within Property and Facilities for action. Awareness of an IAQ problem may also arise during routine maintenance or inspection of a ventilation system. These problems will usually be identified by Property and Facilities or outside maintenance contractors Complaint / Incident investigation Depending on the nature of the problem, the issue will be investigated solely or jointly by Property and Facilities and the OH&S Unit. Preliminary investigation should gather information about the factors influencing indoor air quality such as the occupants, HVAC system, pollutant pathways and contaminant sources. This initial investigation may involve discussions with the affected people to determine potential sources of problems (e.g. types of activities conducted, types and timing of symptoms), and walk-through inspections of the area including inspections of the ventilation system, and/or preliminary monitoring of some indoor air quality parameters (e.g. temperature, relative humidity, carbon dioxide levels, air flow patterns). This stage of the IAQ investigation process may be either very basic or detailed, depending on the complexity of the problem. For complex situations, there may be many explanations for the problem, and further investigation may be required. It is at this stage where external assistance may be required. Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 19

20 10.4 Determining the Cause of the Problem During the preliminary investigation, the cause of the problem may become apparent immediately. In some cases, the cause of the problem will be obvious, for example a break down of the ventilation system, lack of filter maintenance or the temperature being at an uncomfortable level. If the cause has been identified, the next step requires remediation of the problem by the appropriate party (P&F, Department, contractor) see section on remediation of problem Collecting Additional Information and Testing Hypotheses Where multiple explanations are possible, it is necessary to develop and test hypotheses in order to identify and narrow down the possibilities. Testing of hypotheses can be performed by modifying the HVAC system or attempting to control the potential source or pollutant pathway in order to determine whether symptoms or other conditions in the building can be relieved. Under some circumstances, detailed or sophisticated measurements of pollutant concentrations or ventilation quantities may be required. The table of pollutant sources and their known health effects in Appendix A of this document may assist in the identification of pollutant sources and pathways. Outside assistance may be needed if repeated efforts fail to produce a successful hypothesis or if the information required calls for instruments and procedures that are not available within the OH&S Unit or Property and Facilities. If the hypothesis successfully predicts the results of the manipulations, then corrective action may be the next step Remediation of the problem The majority of IAQ problems at UQ can be rectified by Property and Facilities staff. There will be instances, however, where the services of a contractor will be engaged to fix the problem, or alternatively, the problem can be managed at the source by the Department, for example through a change in work practice. If the building is still under defects liability, Property and Facilities should arrange for the contractor to attend to the problem immediately. If the problem no longer exists after initial complaint e.g. may have been due to a single unrepeatable event such as painting, maintain a record of the event and advise building occupants that problem no longer exists. Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 20

21 11. Assessing Indoor Air Quality The assessment of indoor air quality is a vital part of the maintenance program in the strategic management of air quality in the indoor environment. The indoor air quality assessment is designed to be a systematic assessment of a building s indoor environment to gain a profile of its operation and performance. This information can then be used to identify signs and symptoms indicating the presence of either an existing or a potential problem. Indoor air quality assessments may be undertaken for two main reasons: 1. as a pro-active check on indoor air quality; and 2. to investigate specific problems Indoor Air Quality Audit The pro-active IAQ audit should be undertaken by trained personnel at regular intervals. The audit should involve both a physical inspection of representative items of air conditioning plant and equipment, and measurement of IAQ parameters. Items of A/C plant and equipment inspected should include: air handling units; plant rooms; fresh air intakes; supply air ductwork; air filters; heating and cooling equipment; occupied spaces; and maintenance logs. During the visual inspection of the above items obvious deficiencies and pollutant sources should be recorded using a standard checklist (refer to Operations Checklist in appendix B). In addition to visually inspecting representative items of a/c plant and equipment, an inspection of representative occupied spaces should be conducted to identify any obvious problems in the workplace. Whilst Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 21

22 inspecting the work space informal discussions with occupants may provide a good insight into how the indoor environment is perceived. Specific problems are often more easily detected using this approach. As part of the indoor air quality audit it is useful to check a few indoor air quality parameters. Measurement of the following indoor air quality parameters is recommended as part of the audit: temperature; relative humidity; carbon dioxide; and air movement. Temperature and relative humidity measurements provide a useful check on the thermal comfort within an occupied space. Carbon dioxide measurements indicate whether the amount of fresh air is sufficient, and airflow measurements indicate whether the volume of air supplied is adequate Indoor Air Quality Investigation Assessment of indoor air quality in response to a complaint requires a different approach to that used for an indoor air quality audit. The investigation is usually initiated in response to a specific problem that has been raised by an occupant. In this case it is necessary to firstly interview occupants to obtain as much background information as possible. Typically, the interview would identify where the complaints are occurring (widespread or localised) and when the symptoms are appearing (constantly, intermittently, etc). After reviewing the information gained from the interview process, it is then necessary to determine what if any further action is required. Further action may include a physical inspection of the workspace, conditioning plant, external activities, etc. It may also include the measurement of known indoor air quality parameters. There are several known indoor air quality parameters that are broadly classified into four separate areas. They are: Physical comfort factors Temperature; relative humidity; and air movement. Chemical pollutants carbon monoxide; carbon dioxide; formaldehyde; Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 22

23 nicotine; nitrogen dioxide; ozone; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; radon; sulphur dioxide; and volatile organic compounds. Particulates asbestos; synthetic mineral fibres; combustion particles; and respirable particulates. Biological pollutants bacteria; fungi; protozoans; dust mites; and pollen (and other non-living biological dust). Selection of the appropriate IAQ parameters for testing purposes should be determined by the information obtained from the visual inspection and occupant interviews. The selection process usually requires specialist advice as incorrect selection may produce costly and unhelpful data. The measurement of some of the above parameters, including temperature, relative humidity, air movement, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, are relatively straightforward and require minimal knowledge of sampling procedures. Measurement of many of the remaining parameters however, requires specialised sampling equipment and sound knowledge of occupational hygiene principles. These indoor air quality parameters should be measured by specialists or experienced personnel only. Once measurements have been obtained for the necessary parameters the results are then compared against recommended guidelines for indoor air quality. These guidelines are based on community health standards, not occupational exposure standards. Occupational exposure standards apply to industrial workplaces and are not designed for indoor office environments. The results of sampling and testing, in most cases, will require interpretation from specialists and should be considered with all of the other evidence such as occupant interview records and HVAC inspection notes. Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 23

24 12. Response to High Risk Situations 12.1 Water Sampling for Legionella Situation Response Legionella detected as per figure 3.1 AS/NZS (int) 1998 > 100.cfu/ml, contact OHS unit > 1,000 cfu/ml, OHS unit to organise information bulletins and notify relevant authorities High Total Bacteria Count As per 3.2 AS/NZS (Int) 1998 > 100,000 cfu/ml, contact OHS unit Suspected / Confirmed case/s Immediately contact OHS unit and Health Services of Legionnaire s Immediate investigation of suspect plant Disease If deemed necessary, OHS unit/ Health Services organise information bulletins and notify relevant authorities Immediate shutdown and decontamination of problem system Asbestos Exposure An emergency situation is most likely to entail such a scenario where asbestos materials present on site have been inadvertently disturbed through actions of University of Queensland employees, maintenance personnel, contractors, visitors, or damaged by severe weather conditions (eg. Hail damage to a corrugated asbestos cement roof). Where such damage has occurred, University of Queensland Property and Facilities Division shall be notified immediately. Emergency Response Procedures shall be initiated and implemented in accordance with the flow chart diagram provided in the University Asbestos Management Plan Figure Other situations For any other indoor air quality emergencies (eg. fumes from chemical spills or failed plant, smoke, severe odour, etc) contact Security on Use a land line only. Do not use a mobile phone. Before security responds and if safe to do so: if possible, shut down any air handling units; alert other occupants to danger and evacuate the area or building if required; and isolate the contaminated area. Eg. close doors, fire doors, smoke doors, fume cupboards, etc. Security will take control on arrival. Follow all directions issued by Security. Security will follow procedures to safely handle the situation Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 24

25 Appendix A - IAQ MP Appendix D. Table 1: GASEOUS POLLUTANTS - Sources and Known Health Effects POLLUTANT SOURCES KNOWN HEALTH EFFECTS & COMMENTS SYMPTOMS Little is known about exposure to the low levels generally found inside buildings. However, in some studies it has been associated with: - decreased work capacity in adult males; - heachaches, decreased alertness and flu-like symptoms in healthy adult; and - nausea, breathlessness, dizziness and fatigue. Carbon Monoxide interferes with oxygen transport in the bloodstream, reducing delivery to various organs such as the heart and brain. It can cause coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and has other non-specific effects. Exposure to high concentrations of CO may irreversibly damage the central nervous system and cause death. Carbon Monoxide (CO) CO may originate inside or outside buildings. Inside: CO is a component of tobacco smoke and is produced by combustion appliances such as propane refrigerators, kerosene heaters and gas stoves. Outside: Vehicle exhaust is the major source of CO, and may enter buildings when outdoor air intakes are located near busy streets, loading bays, adjacent or underground carparks. Levels are generally low in commercial office buildings. Mild effects of exposure include eye and upper respiratory tract irritation. NO 2 is a deep lung irritant, and in some cases can cause more severe effects such as pulmonary oedema (inflammation and swelling of the lung) and reduced lung function in asthmatics. The major sources of nitrogen oxides are tobacco smoke and combustion appliances such as gas stoves. Nitrogen Oxides (NO and NO 2 ) In combination with particulates in the air, there may be synergistic effects as the lung is already partially blocked. SO 2 has a very strong and unpleasant odour which may cause further irritation at higher concentrations. Irritation of the upper respiratory tract and reduced lung function in asthmatics. Sulphur Dioxide (SO 2 ) SO 2 is released in the combustion of fuels containing sulphur, either from gas stoves or from outside vehicle exhaust and the environment generally. Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 25

26 Appendix A - IAQ MP POLLUTANT SOURCES KNOWN HEALTH EFFECTS & COMMENTS SYMPTOMS Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) These are a large family of complex organic substances produced by incomplete combustion processes such as wood burning, cooking and, most commonly in the indoor office environment, tobacco smoking. Cancer, cardiovascular disease and general sensory irritation. Although individual PAHs have specific effects, they can be considered as a group since they generally occur in complex combinations. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) There are thousands of organic compounds that are volatile at room temperature. Consumer products and various building materials emit VOCs. This process is known as off-gassing. Consumer Products: dry cleaned clothes, cosmetics, spray cans, tobacco smoke, deodorisers, felt markers, detergents, cleaning agents, carbonless copy paper, etc. Building and Office Materials: furnishings, carpets, printed material, paints, adhesives, particle board, waxes and polishes, sealants, foam, tape etc. Some of the most commonly found VOCs are established and suspected mutagens and carcinogens. Many are mucous membrane irritants, causing eye and upper respiratory tract problems. Other related effects are headache, nausea and dizziness, as well as possible neurotoxic (nerv ous system) and hepatoxic (liver) effects. More than 900 VOCs have been identified in indoor air. While always in higher concentration indoors than outdoors, they are also always well below the levels set as official occupational health standards. However, there is great potential for synergistic impact with other VOCs, other pollutant types and other environmental factors. There can be literally hundreds of VOCs in one building, and they may be highly localised depending on the equipment and activities of various tenants, and the adequacy of the ventilation system. The significance of these gases being present is not known, but there is no doubt that ventilation systems can reduce the concentrations of such pollutants. Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 26

27 Appendix A - IAQ MP POLLUTANT SOURCES KNOWN HEALTH EFFECTS COMMENTS AND SYMPTOMS Formaldehyde (HCOH) Formaldehyde is the most notorious of the VOCs, also produced by the off-gassing of many materials found in buildings such as: - plywood & particle board; - urea formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI); - furniture; - carpets; - dry cleaned clothes/curtains; - resins; - kerosene; - adhesives; - carbonless copy-paper; - other paper products; - cosmetics; and - cleaning agents etc. Formaldehyde is also a component of tobacco smoke. Asthmatics may have reactions to formaldehyde and it is a suspected human carcinogen. It has also been linked (inconclusively) to headache, fatigue, memory lapse, and difficulty sleeping and concentrating. Acute and chronic effects are possible. Possible Effects Formaldehyde Concentrations (PPM) Odour threshold Neurophysiologic Effects Eye Irritation Upper air way Irritation Lower airway irritation & pulmonary effects Levels are almost always higher indoors than outdoors. Concentration depends on: - type and age of materials present (new materials produce the gas at a high rate and slow down with age); - temperature and humidity (rates of offgassing are greater when such parameters are high); - the concentration of other gases (SO 2 lowers the emission rate); and - the presence of particulates (for absorption of the gas). Even at low concentrations, the effect of formaldehyde may be increased by other factors. Pulmonary oedema, inflammation, pneumonia Death >100 Ozone (O 3 ) Ozone is produced by electrical discharges during the operations of equipment such as photocopying machines, laser printers and ionisers. Ozone is a very toxic gas, and has effects at very low concentrations. It causes eye and respiratory irritation, headache, dizziness, coughing, shortness of breath and severe fatigue. Although the health effects are serious, ozone is a very reactive gas and decays quickly, with a half-life of minutes. Since it is only produced locally and is so unstable, it is generally not considered a major indoor pollutant problem. Indoor Air Quality Management Plan 27