Towards Realizing a Low Cost and Highly Available Datacenter Power Infrastructure
|
|
- Warren Buck Matthews
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Towads Realizing a Low Cost and Highly Available Datacente Powe Infastuctue Siam Govindan, Di Wang, Lydia Chen, Anand Sivasubamaniam, and Bhuvan Ugaonka The Pennsylvania State Univesity. IBM Reseach Zuich {sgovinda,diw5108}@cse.psu.edu,yic@zuich.ibm.com,{anand,bhuvan}@cse.psu.edu Abstact. Realizing highly available datacente powe infastuctue is an extemely expensive poposition with costs moe than doubling as we move fom thee 9 s (Tie-1) to six 9 s (Tie-4) of availability. Existing appoaches only conside the cost/availability tade-off fo a esticted set of powe infastuctue configuations, elying mainly on component edundancy. A numbe of additional knobs such as centalized vs. distibuted component placement and powe-feed inteconnect topology also exist, whose impact has only been studied in limited foms. In this pape, we develop detailed datacente availability models using Continuous-time Makov Chains and Reliability Block Diagams to quantify the cost-availability tade-off offeey these powe infastuctue knobs. 1. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION It is now widely ecognized that powe consumption oatacentes is a seious and gowing poblem fom the cost, scalability and eco-footpint viewpoints. EPA has pojected the electicity cost of poweing the nation s datacentes at $7.4 billion fo Ove aneyond the electicity consumption, powe also plays a dominant ole in capital expenditues fo povisioning the infastuctue to sustain the peak daw by the datacente. Fo instance, povisioning the powe infastuctue fo a 10 MW datacente costs aound $150 Million [3, 6] - in fact amotizing this monthly oveshadows the electicity bill. A oot cause fo this high cost in the powe infastuctue is the necessity of poviding edundancy in case of any failues in ode to ensue uninteupted opeation of the IT equipment(it equipment include seves, stoage and netwok devices). Table 1 illustates the powe infastuctue cost (shown on a pe ack basis) incease as we pogessively move fom a basic Tie-1 datacente Pemission to make digital o had copies of all o pat of this wok fo pesonal o classoom use is ganted without fee povided that copies ae not made oistibuted fo pofit o commecial advantage and that copies beathisnoticeandthefullcitationonthefistpage. Tocopyothewise,to epublish, to post on seves o to edistibute to lists, equies pio specific pemission and/o a fee. HotPowe 11, Octobe 23, 2011, Cascais, Potugal. Copyight 2011 ACM /11/10...$5.00. (with little/no edundancy) to a highly edundant Tie-4 datacente, whee the cost moe than doubles (souce: [2]). Thegoalofthispapeistoundestandandanalyze the cost amifications of powe infastuctue availability, and use this undestanding to answe the question can we attain the availability of a highe Tieatacente at a substantially lowe cost?" Befoe getting to the IT equipment, powe flows though seveal infastuctual components each seving a diffeent pupose. These components include souces (e.g. diesel geneatos), batteies/units, and tansfomes. Taditional appoach of eplicating these expensive components to povide high availability amplifies the costsubstantially. Itisnotcleawhethethisisthemost cost-effective way of ealizing the equied availability taget. Instead, it is impotant to be able to systematically define and analyze diffeent powe infastuctue configuations to quantify the cost-availability tadeoffs. Tie # Availability Cost/Rack Tie $18000 Tie $24000 Tie $30000 Tie $42000 Table 1: Datacente powe infastuctue cost moe than doubles while tansitioning fom a low availability datacente to a highly available datacente. Apat fom the conventional appoach of intoducing edundancy in the components, thee ae 3 main mechanisms/knobs fo configuing the powe infastuctue, each of which has an impact on the cost, complexity and esulting availability. The fist consideation is the issue of whee in the powe infastuctue hieachy to place each of these components. Fo instance, most existing powe infastuctue uses centalized units, while thee ae datacentes(such as those at Google[5]) which choose to place units at each seve instead. The second consideation is elated to the capacity of thesecomponents-afewofhighcapacityomanywith lowe capacity? Finally, the connectivity between successive stages of the hieachy can also have a cucial
2 (a) Centalized Utility ATS Diesel Geneato PDU PDU PDU PDU Rack cluste (b) PDU-level - wapped Utility ATS Diesel Geneato PDU PDU PDU PDU Rack cluste Figue 1: (a) Centalized with 1+1 edundancy. PDUs ae connected to thei ack clustes using the oneone powe-feed topology(b) Distibuted at PDU-level. to Rack cluste is connected using wapped topology. effect on cost-availability tade-off (e.g. [9]). Futhe, each of these knobs is not independent, and can inteact in complex ways with the othes, having a futhe consequence on availability. What ae the powe infastuctue paametes that impact availability? By how much? At what cost? Can we come up with a powe infastuctue blue-pint to meet the availability tagets? Itisveyimpotanttobeabletoquantifytheavailability of a datacente leveaging these knobs to meet the equiements in a cost-effective manne. To ou knowledge, thee has been no pio wok on developing a set of tools to compehensively evaluate this design space quantitatively, even though thee have been a few isolated studies pointing out eliability issues with specific configuations [2, 8, 9]. In this pape, we develop detailed Makov-chain and Reliability Block Diagam(RBD) based availability models to systematically evaluate the cost-availability tade-off involved in constucting a datacente powe infastuctue using these ich set of knobs. 2. MODELING THE AVAILABILITY OF POWER INFRASTRUCTURE 2.1 Datacente Powe Hieachy As shown in Figue 1(a), powe entes the datacente though a utility substation which seves as its pimay powe souce. Datacentes also employ a Diesel Geneato unit (DG) which acts as a seconday backup powe souce upon a utility failue. An Automatic Tansfe Switch (ATS) is employed to automatically switch between these two souces. Upon a utility failue, it takes about seconds (the statup time) fo the DG to get activated, befoe it can supply powe. Uninteupted Powe Supply () units ae typically employed to bidge this time gap between utility failue and DG activation. batteies typically have a untime(eseve chage level) of about 10 minutes to powe the datacente. Datacentes typically employ double-convesion es, which have zeo tansfe-time (unlike standby ) to batteies upon a utility failue. Since the units ae always involved in the double-convesion po- cess(evenwhentheyaenotusedtopowethedatacen- te), thei failue will ende the whole datacentenavailable. Powe fom the units is fed to seveal Powe Distibution Units (PDUs) which oute powe to seveal acks that host IT equipment. We efe to the set of acks associated with a given PDU as aack cluste in Figue 1. The powe infastuctue with all these components is often viewed as a hieachy oiffeent levels, e.g., in Figue 1(a), utility and DG fom the topmost level, ATS foms the next level, the 2 units fom the thid level, the 4 PDUs fom the fouth level and finally, the ack clustes fom the last level. Failue of one o moe of these powe infastuctue components may esult in powenavailability to the IT equipment. A numbe of factos impact the availability of powe infastuctue components, which we discuss below, Component Redundancy: Redundancy in the powe infastuctue components is typically incopoated to toleate one o moe failues. Let N denote the numbe of components that ae equied at a paticula level of the powe hieachy to sustain the oveall datacente powe load. Then N+M denotes the edundancy configuation whee M component failues can be toleated out of atotal of N+M components. Placement: Placement of units in the powe hieachy can have a significant impact on datacente availability. Centalized units ae connected using a paallel bus and ae placed above the PDUs as shown in Figue 1(a). In this pape, we also conside a vaiety oistibuted placements. Figues 1(b) shows a PDU-level distibuted placement. Similaly acklevel and seve-level placements employ units at each ack and each seve, espectively. Powe-feed topology: The connectivity configuation between components placed in two consecutive levels of the powe hieachy impacts availability. In geneal, dense connectivity, accompaniey lage component capacity esults in impoved availability. In this pape, we conside fou powe-feed topologies,(i) one-one(between PDU and ack cluste in Figue 1(a)),(ii) wapped (between and ack cluste in Figue 1(b)), (iii) sepentine, and,(iv) fully-connected. We efe the eade to [9] fo moe details about these topologies. 2.2 Makov Availability Model The key non-tivial aspect of powe infastuctue availability modeling aises fom cetain idiosyncasies of the inteactions between utility, DG, and. Apat fom the steady-state failues associated with powe infastuctue components (see Table 2), the has a second fom of failue which may happen when its battey becomes completely dischaged. This can happen if the gets completely dischaged when poweing IT in the following two scenaios: (i) both utility and DG
3 (N-i)* b C 1 (i+1)*f b 1,2,(i+1,1) c 1,2,(i+1,0) b f u f C u 2 0,2,(i+1,1) 0,2,(i+1,0) s u d s d C 3 0,1,(i+1,1) 0,1,(i+1,0) (N-i)* b (i+1)*f b 1,2,(i,1) 1,2,(i,0) f u f u 0,2,(i,1) 0,2,(i,0) s d s d 0,1,(i,1) 0,1,(i,0) Component Reliability paametes Utility f u =3.89E-03, =30.48 DG =1.03E-04, =0.25 f b =3.64E-05, b =0.12 ATS f ats =9.79E-06, ats =0.17 PDU f pdu =1.80E-06, pdu =0.016 Table2: Failueates(f x )andecoveyates( x )ofpowe infastuctue components. The ates pesented indicate failue/ecovey events pe hou. C d 4 0,0,(i+1,1) f u C u 5 1,0,(i+1,1) 0,0,(i+1,0) f u 1,0,(i+1,0) 0,0,(i,1) f u 1,0,(i,1) 0,0,(i,0) f u 1,0,(i,0) Figue 2: Continuous-time Makov Chain captues the inteaction between Utility, DG and units. Shown is the tansition between (i+1) active units and i active units. Thefailueandecoveyatesofunitsae pesented only fo the states in the top ow fo claity, but thosetansitionsexist in allthelowe ows as well. havefailedo(ii)utilityhasfailedanddgisinthepocess of stating up. It can be seen that these special failue scenaios elated to dischage ae conditional on the utility being unavailable and the DG eithe failing o taking too long to stat up. Additionally, the amount of time the can powe IT available unde these scenaios depends on the amount of chage in its battey, indicatey the battey untime (in minutes). This suggests that a modeling technique to captue the impact of these inteactions on oveall availability should emembe utility/dg failues and chage level. Continuous-time Makov Chains (MC) fit this equiement and have been usedinsome existing eseach [2]. We conside a continuous-time MC-based model fo a powe infastuctue with one utility, one DG unit, and N identical units b 1 b N (b fo battey). We assume exponential failue and ecovey pocesses fo utility, DG, and units with ates {f u, }, {, }, and {f b, b },espectively. Wealsoassumeexponentially distibuted ates s d fo DG statup, fo battey dischaging, and fo battey chaging. The states within ou MC ae 3-tuples of the fom {u,d,b}, with u,d,b epesenting states of the utility, DG, and units, espectively. u {0,1}: 0 means utility failed and 1 means utility available and poweing. d {0,1,2}: 0 means DG failed, 1 means DG available and poweing, and 2 means DG available but not poweing. Finally, b {(n, 0/1)} denotes thestateoftheunitsandtheibatteies: 0 n N denotes the numbe of available units, while 0 and 1 epesent whethe these n units ae fully dischaged o chaged, espectively. Fo claity, we pesent ou Makov states only fo two battey chage states, eithe fully chaged o fully dischaged, though ou actual model consides discete chage states (one state fo evey one minute of battey untime). Figue 2 pesents the tansitions among states coesponding to (i + 1) and i available units (0 i N 1). States in a given column all possess the same numbe of available units anattey chage(with utility and DG states vaying),whilestateswithinagivenowallpossessthesame utility and DG states (with states vaying). Consequently, tansitions among states within a given column captue failue/ecovey of utility and DG, wheeas those among states within a given ow captue events petaining to failue/ecovey and chage/dischage of units. The tansitions between the states ae selfexplanatoy and details ae omitted fo space. We combine the availability of Utility-DG- units obtainedusingtheabovemakovmodelwiththatofthe PDU and ATS units using simple Reliability Block Diagams (RBDs). We obtain failue and ecovey ates of the powe infastuctue components fom the IEEE Gold-book [4] and pesent those in Table EVALUATION We conside a 4MW datacente with 32 PDUs, 256 acks and 8192 seves fo ou evaluation. We vay the numbe and capacity of units depending on thei placement within the powe hieachy. We also vay the capacity of and PDU units depending on the ove-povisioning capacity associated with the powefeed topology[9]. Only selective models allow fo highe capacity than 512KW- those that exist offe only 1MW and thei cost numbes ae not known fos to make useful compaison [1]. Consequently, we assume any lage capacity to be obtained using multiple 512KW units connected to the same paallel bus. Since the and PDU subsystem constitutes to a significant potion of oveall powe infastuctue costs [2, 7], we only conside the cost of these two components fo ou evaluation (cost numbes obtained fom APC Website ae pesented in Figue 3). We use the pevalent notation of epesenting availability as the numbe of leading nines - e.g., would simply be efeed to as thee 9 s of availability.
4 Cost ($) cost ($) PDU cost ($) Configuation Cost (Million $) # of 9 s of availability Cent. Tie Dist. Seve-level Dist. 2N Seve-level Dist. Rack-level Dist. PDU-level Hybid Capacity (KW) Figue3: CostofandPDUunitsfodiffeentcapacitiesthatweexploe(y-axisisinlogscale). Costpeunitcapacity ($/W) is much lowe fo seve-level (0.5 KW) units compaed to centalized es (512 KW). Configuation Cost(Million $) # of 9 s of availability Cent N, 1-1 PDU Cent N+1, 1-1 PDU Cent N+1, wapped PDU Cent N+2, wapped PDU Cent 2N, wapped PDU Table 3: Cost and availability oiffeent centalized configuations. While the $ pe 9 fo scaling fom two 9 s to five 9 s is just $100000, the incemental cost fo scaling fom five 9 s tosix9 s becomes $ Availability/Cost fo Centalized In this section, we discuss the cost-availability tadeoffs associated with diffeent centalized configuationsbyvayingtwoknobs. Thefistknobisthenumbe of units connected tothe paallel bus. The second knob is the powe-feed topology (we only need to conside the topology connecting PDUs to ack clustes since the centalized units ae connected to PDUs viaapaallelbus). Table3pesentouesults. Theconfiguation shown as Cent. N, 1-1 PDU epesent Tie- 1datacentes[10] 1 withnoedundancyinits/pdu levels. Its level consists of 8 units of 512KW each fo a total of 4MW and the topology connecting PDU and ack cluste is one-one. This configuation offes onlytwo9 sofavailability,sinceitequiesall32pdus and 8 units tobe available. Usingoufistknobofaddingedundancyatthe level, we obtain the configuation Cent. N+1, 1-1 PDU with (8+1) units of 512KW each. The availability isstillbottleneckedbythepdulevelwithjusttwonines since it equies all 32 PDUs to be available. Ou second knob helps addess this. Using the wapped topology between PDU and ack cluste(indicated as Cent. N+1, wapped PDU in Table 3), the availability inceases fom two to five 9 s. This configuation coesponds to that employed in many of today s Tie-2 data centes. Next, we conside how the availability can be impoveeyond five 9 s. Fo this, we investigate 1 Note that the availability numbes we epot fo the diffeent Tie configuations ae specific to ouatacente size and can vay widely acoss diffeent datacente sizes. Table 4: Cost and availability foiffeent distibuted placement configuations. Ou hybid scheme that employs a combination of seve-level es and thee exta es pe ack achieves the availability of six 9 s at 33% lowe cost than centalized. the effect of using the fist knob to incease edundancy to N+2 and 2N, while keeping the wapped topology at PDU level. We find that both N+2 and 2N achieve six 9 s. The table also suggests any edundancy beyond N+2 becomes unnecessay. It is inteesting to note that while inceasing availability fom(tie-1) two 9 s to (Tie-2) five 9 s incus only a small incemental cost ($ pe 9 between two and five 9 s), futhe impovements involve significant investments($ between five and six 9 s). We also find that poviding dense inteconnect at the PDU level (sepentine and fully-connected) do not esult in any futhe impovement in availability and theefoe we assume wapped at the PDU-level thoughout this section. Key insights: (i) Wapped PDU suffices (achieves five to six 9 s); (ii) N+1 is good enough fo centalized (five 9 sat a smalladditional cost); 3.2 Availability/Cost fo Distibuted Wapped PDU topology PDU 1 Rack-level Tansfe Switch Seconday powe souce Redundant seve powe feeds Seve switch powe to seve PDU 2 Rack-level tansfe switch allow seves to toleate one PDU failue Seve-level Pimay powe souce Switches to seconday powe souce upon failue of seve-level Figue 4: Illustation of ou hybid placement. It has one pe seve and a ack-level module which is showntohavetheeunitsconnectedtoapaallelbus. This hybid configuation can toleate failue of at most thee seve-level es within each ack. In this section, we study availability offeey distibuted placements and compae it with that of centalized N+1(Tie-2) configuation discussed above, denoted as Cent. Tie-2 in Table 4. We see that as we move fom centalized to PDU-level to ack-level to seve-level, the availability deceases. This is due
5 to incease in numbe of components (centalized), 32 (PDU-level), 256 (ack-level), and 8192 (seve-level)- with accompanying incease in pobability of at least one unit failing. This is evident fo the configuation with 8192 units (labeled Dist. seve-level ) which has only zeo 9 s, due to a elatively high pobability (about 0.9) of at least one unitbeingdownatagiventime. Theconfiguationwith 2 es pe seve (labeled Dist. 2N seve-level ) inceases the availability to thee 9 s. Table 4 shows that distibuted seve-level placement(even with 2N edundancy) is much cheape (36% lowe cost) than Tie- 2 centalizeut has poo availability. The table also shows that PDU-level and ack-level placements ae undesiable fom both cost and availability dimensions. We also find that incopoating powe-feed connectivity (wapped and othes) at the level, though incease availability, does so with significant cost additions, making them less likely to be adopted in pactice. Based on the insights gained fom the above analysis, we now popose hybid placement schemes that combine the high availability offeey centalized placement with the cheape cost offeey seve-level placement. These hybid schemes, in addition to the unit at each seve (as in Dist. seve-level ), add one o moe units pe-ack with capacity same as that of seve-level es. We find that placing thee such additional units pe-ack exceeds the availability of Cent. Tie-2 configuation (see Table 4). Ou poposed hybid configuation is shown in Figue 4. Eachsevehasoneofitsdualpowefeedsconnectedto its local unit, and the othe connected to ack-level units though a paallel bus. Duing nomal opeation, each seveaws powe though its local. Upon a failue of its local, a seve stats to daw powe fom the ack-level units. Both the sevelevel and ack-level units ae connected to both the PDUs (wapped PDU shown) though a ack tansfe switch. Otheesiable levels of availability may then be obtainey vaying the numbe of these edundant ack-level units. Key insights: Hybid schemes that combine the high availability of centalized and lowe cost oistibuted seve-level allow significantly bette availability/cost tadeoffs than existing configuations. 4. DISCUSSION AND FUTURE WORK We have developed a systematic Makov/RBD based availability model to evaluate the cost-availability tadeoff associated with diffeent datacente powe hieachy configuations. We have shown that a hybid technique combining seve-level with ack-level units can achieve availability as high as cuent centalized placement at just two-thids of its cost. Thee ae seveal inteesting diections fo futue wok, Most existing wok on datacente availability focuses solely on how likely a datacente s powe infastuctue is to suppot its entie IT equipment. But in geneal, diffeent powe infastuctue-induced failue scenaios can ende vaying factions of the oveall IT equipment unavailable. Fo example, while failue of centalized unit may esult in unavailability of the entie IT equipment, failue oistibuted seve/ack/pdu-level units esult only in patial IT equipment failue. In fact, datacentes willing to toleate few IT equipment failues can be constucted with much lowe cost. Using ou availability model, we find that seve-level placement("dist. Seve-level") which is much cheape than conventional centalized placement achieve 6 nines of availability fo handling 99% of the IT load,(compae it with 0 nines at 100% IT load in Table 4). Inteesting wokload placement stategies can be developed to leveage of such factional IT availability, (i) PDU failues in Figue 1(b) need not necessaily esult in IT unavailability since the distibuted units can be leveaged to migate (live migation takes only 1-2 minutes) the wokload to the active PDUs. (ii) Load-balances canbetunedtodiectclientequeststoactivepatofthe powe infastuctue. Captuing such effects to have a wokload and migation policy awae availability model is an impotant futue eseach diection. We would also like to study in detail the feasibility oistibuted and hybid seve/ack-level placements, especially on aised-floo eal estate and associated cooling inefficiencies as pat of ou futue wok. 5. REFERENCES [1] APC. [2] APC White pape 75: Compaing System Design Configuations, [3] L.A. Baosoand U.Holzle. The Datacente asa Compute: Design of Waehouse-Scale Machines. Mogan and Claypool Publishes, [4] Gold Book, IEEE Recommended Pactice fo the Design of Reliable Industial and Commecial Powe Systems, [5] Google Seves-level Batteies. news.cnet.com/ _ html. [6] J. Hamilton. Intenet-scale Sevice Infastuctue Efficiency, ISCA Keynote, [7] Liebet White pape: Choosing The Right fo Small and Midsize Datacentes, [8] M. Mawah, P. Maciel, A. Shah, R. Shama, T. Chistian, V. Almeida, C. Aaújo, E. Souza, G. Callou,B.Silva,S.Galdino, and J.Pies. Quantifying the sustainability impact oata cente availability. SIGMETRICS Pefom. Eval. Rev., [9] S. Pelley, D. Meisne, P. Zandevakili, T. F. Wenisch, and J. Undewood. Powe Routing: Dynamic Powe Povisioning in the Data Cente. In Poceedings of the Confeence on Achitectual Suppot fo Pogamming Languages and Opeating Systems (ASPLOS), [10] K. G.B.W. P.Tune, J.H. Seade. Tie Classifications Define Site Infastuctue Pefomance, 2008.
Comparing Availability of Various Rack Power Redundancy Configurations
Compaing Availability of Vaious Rack Powe Redundancy Configuations White Pape 48 Revision by Victo Avela > Executive summay Tansfe switches and dual-path powe distibution to IT equipment ae used to enhance
More informationComparing Availability of Various Rack Power Redundancy Configurations
Compaing Availability of Vaious Rack Powe Redundancy Configuations By Victo Avela White Pape #48 Executive Summay Tansfe switches and dual-path powe distibution to IT equipment ae used to enhance the availability
More informationSoftware Engineering and Development
I T H E A 67 Softwae Engineeing and Development SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT PROCESS DYNAMICS MODELING AS STATE MACHINE Leonid Lyubchyk, Vasyl Soloshchuk Abstact: Softwae development pocess modeling is gaining
More informationQuestions & Answers Chapter 10 Software Reliability Prediction, Allocation and Demonstration Testing
M13914 Questions & Answes Chapte 10 Softwae Reliability Pediction, Allocation and Demonstation Testing 1. Homewok: How to deive the fomula of failue ate estimate. λ = χ α,+ t When the failue times follow
More informationSTUDENT RESPONSE TO ANNUITY FORMULA DERIVATION
Page 1 STUDENT RESPONSE TO ANNUITY FORMULA DERIVATION C. Alan Blaylock, Hendeson State Univesity ABSTRACT This pape pesents an intuitive appoach to deiving annuity fomulas fo classoom use and attempts
More informationChannel selection in e-commerce age: A strategic analysis of co-op advertising models
Jounal of Industial Engineeing and Management JIEM, 013 6(1):89-103 Online ISSN: 013-0953 Pint ISSN: 013-843 http://dx.doi.og/10.396/jiem.664 Channel selection in e-commece age: A stategic analysis of
More informationHigh Availability Replication Strategy for Deduplication Storage System
Zhengda Zhou, Jingli Zhou College of Compute Science and Technology, Huazhong Univesity of Science and Technology, *, zhouzd@smail.hust.edu.cn jlzhou@mail.hust.edu.cn Abstact As the amount of digital data
More informationAn Infrastructure Cost Evaluation of Single- and Multi-Access Networks with Heterogeneous Traffic Density
An Infastuctue Cost Evaluation of Single- and Multi-Access Netwoks with Heteogeneous Taffic Density Andes Fuuskä and Magnus Almgen Wieless Access Netwoks Eicsson Reseach Kista, Sweden [andes.fuuska, magnus.almgen]@eicsson.com
More informationConverting knowledge Into Practice
Conveting knowledge Into Pactice Boke Nightmae srs Tend Ride By Vladimi Ribakov Ceato of Pips Caie 20 of June 2010 2 0 1 0 C o p y i g h t s V l a d i m i R i b a k o v 1 Disclaime and Risk Wanings Tading
More informationConcept and Experiences on using a Wiki-based System for Software-related Seminar Papers
Concept and Expeiences on using a Wiki-based System fo Softwae-elated Semina Papes Dominik Fanke and Stefan Kowalewski RWTH Aachen Univesity, 52074 Aachen, Gemany, {fanke, kowalewski}@embedded.wth-aachen.de,
More informationChapter 3 Savings, Present Value and Ricardian Equivalence
Chapte 3 Savings, Pesent Value and Ricadian Equivalence Chapte Oveview In the pevious chapte we studied the decision of households to supply hous to the labo maket. This decision was a static decision,
More informationA Comparative Analysis of Data Center Network Architectures
A Compaative Analysis of Data Cente Netwok Achitectues Fan Yao, Jingxin Wu, Guu Venkataamani, Suesh Subamaniam Depatment of Electical and Compute Engineeing, The Geoge Washington Univesity, Washington,
More informationest using the formula I = Prt, where I is the interest earned, P is the principal, r is the interest rate, and t is the time in years.
9.2 Inteest Objectives 1. Undestand the simple inteest fomula. 2. Use the compound inteest fomula to find futue value. 3. Solve the compound inteest fomula fo diffeent unknowns, such as the pesent value,
More informationEfficient Redundancy Techniques for Latency Reduction in Cloud Systems
Efficient Redundancy Techniques fo Latency Reduction in Cloud Systems 1 Gaui Joshi, Emina Soljanin, and Gegoy Wonell Abstact In cloud computing systems, assigning a task to multiple seves and waiting fo
More informationThings to Remember. r Complete all of the sections on the Retirement Benefit Options form that apply to your request.
Retiement Benefit 1 Things to Remembe Complete all of the sections on the Retiement Benefit fom that apply to you equest. If this is an initial equest, and not a change in a cuent distibution, emembe to
More informationAn Approach to Optimized Resource Allocation for Cloud Simulation Platform
An Appoach to Optimized Resouce Allocation fo Cloud Simulation Platfom Haitao Yuan 1, Jing Bi 2, Bo Hu Li 1,3, Xudong Chai 3 1 School of Automation Science and Electical Engineeing, Beihang Univesity,
More informationHEALTHCARE INTEGRATION BASED ON CLOUD COMPUTING
U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Seies C, Vol. 77, Iss. 2, 2015 ISSN 2286-3540 HEALTHCARE INTEGRATION BASED ON CLOUD COMPUTING Roxana MARCU 1, Dan POPESCU 2, Iulian DANILĂ 3 A high numbe of infomation systems ae available
More informationThe transport performance evaluation system building of logistics enterprises
Jounal of Industial Engineeing and Management JIEM, 213 6(4): 194-114 Online ISSN: 213-953 Pint ISSN: 213-8423 http://dx.doi.og/1.3926/jiem.784 The tanspot pefomance evaluation system building of logistics
More informationAutomatic Testing of Neighbor Discovery Protocol Based on FSM and TTCN*
Automatic Testing of Neighbo Discovey Potocol Based on FSM and TTCN* Zhiliang Wang, Xia Yin, Haibin Wang, and Jianping Wu Depatment of Compute Science, Tsinghua Univesity Beijing, P. R. China, 100084 Email:
More informationData Center Demand Response: Avoiding the Coincident Peak via Workload Shifting and Local Generation
(213) 1 28 Data Cente Demand Response: Avoiding the Coincident Peak via Wokload Shifting and Local Geneation Zhenhua Liu 1, Adam Wieman 1, Yuan Chen 2, Benjamin Razon 1, Niangjun Chen 1 1 Califonia Institute
More informationAn Epidemic Model of Mobile Phone Virus
An Epidemic Model of Mobile Phone Vius Hui Zheng, Dong Li, Zhuo Gao 3 Netwok Reseach Cente, Tsinghua Univesity, P. R. China zh@tsinghua.edu.cn School of Compute Science and Technology, Huazhong Univesity
More information9:6.4 Sample Questions/Requests for Managing Underwriter Candidates
9:6.4 INITIAL PUBLIC OFFERINGS 9:6.4 Sample Questions/Requests fo Managing Undewite Candidates Recent IPO Expeience Please povide a list of all completed o withdawn IPOs in which you fim has paticipated
More informationEnergy Efficient Cache Invalidation in a Mobile Environment
Enegy Efficient Cache Invalidation in a Mobile Envionment Naottam Chand, Ramesh Chanda Joshi, Manoj Misa Electonics & Compute Engineeing Depatment Indian Institute of Technology, Rookee - 247 667. INDIA
More informationEvaluating the impact of Blade Server and Virtualization Software Technologies on the RIT Datacenter
Evaluating the impact of and Vitualization Softwae Technologies on the RIT Datacente Chistophe M Butle Vitual Infastuctue Administato Rocheste Institute of Technology s Datacente Contact: chis.butle@it.edu
More informationINITIAL MARGIN CALCULATION ON DERIVATIVE MARKETS OPTION VALUATION FORMULAS
INITIAL MARGIN CALCULATION ON DERIVATIVE MARKETS OPTION VALUATION FORMULAS Vesion:.0 Date: June 0 Disclaime This document is solely intended as infomation fo cleaing membes and othes who ae inteested in
More informationCloud Service Reliability: Modeling and Analysis
Cloud Sevice eliability: Modeling and Analysis Yuan-Shun Dai * a c, Bo Yang b, Jack Dongaa a, Gewei Zhang c a Innovative Computing Laboatoy, Depatment of Electical Engineeing & Compute Science, Univesity
More informationPromised Lead-Time Contracts Under Asymmetric Information
OPERATIONS RESEARCH Vol. 56, No. 4, July August 28, pp. 898 915 issn 3-364X eissn 1526-5463 8 564 898 infoms doi 1.1287/ope.18.514 28 INFORMS Pomised Lead-Time Contacts Unde Asymmetic Infomation Holly
More informationDatabase Management Systems
Contents Database Management Systems (COP 5725) D. Makus Schneide Depatment of Compute & Infomation Science & Engineeing (CISE) Database Systems Reseach & Development Cente Couse Syllabus 1 Sping 2012
More informationAn Analysis of Manufacturer Benefits under Vendor Managed Systems
An Analysis of Manufactue Benefits unde Vendo Managed Systems Seçil Savaşaneil Depatment of Industial Engineeing, Middle East Technical Univesity, 06531, Ankaa, TURKEY secil@ie.metu.edu.t Nesim Ekip 1
More informationFinancing Terms in the EOQ Model
Financing Tems in the EOQ Model Habone W. Stuat, J. Columbia Business School New Yok, NY 1007 hws7@columbia.edu August 6, 004 1 Intoduction This note discusses two tems that ae often omitted fom the standad
More informationON THE (Q, R) POLICY IN PRODUCTION-INVENTORY SYSTEMS
ON THE R POLICY IN PRODUCTION-INVENTORY SYSTEMS Saifallah Benjaafa and Joon-Seok Kim Depatment of Mechanical Engineeing Univesity of Minnesota Minneapolis MN 55455 Abstact We conside a poduction-inventoy
More informationAn Introduction to Omega
An Intoduction to Omega Con Keating and William F. Shadwick These distibutions have the same mean and vaiance. Ae you indiffeent to thei isk-ewad chaacteistics? The Finance Development Cente 2002 1 Fom
More informationAn application of stochastic programming in solving capacity allocation and migration planning problem under uncertainty
An application of stochastic pogamming in solving capacity allocation and migation planning poblem unde uncetainty Yin-Yann Chen * and Hsiao-Yao Fan Depatment of Industial Management, National Fomosa Univesity,
More informationThe Supply of Loanable Funds: A Comment on the Misconception and Its Implications
JOURNL OF ECONOMICS ND FINNCE EDUCTION Volume 7 Numbe 2 Winte 2008 39 The Supply of Loanable Funds: Comment on the Misconception and Its Implications. Wahhab Khandke and mena Khandke* STRCT Recently Fields-Hat
More informationOffice of Family Assistance. Evaluation Resource Guide for Responsible Fatherhood Programs
Office of Family Assistance Evaluation Resouce Guide fo Responsible Fathehood Pogams Contents Intoduction........................................................ 4 Backgound..........................................................
More informationCarter-Penrose diagrams and black holes
Cate-Penose diagams and black holes Ewa Felinska The basic intoduction to the method of building Penose diagams has been pesented, stating with obtaining a Penose diagam fom Minkowski space. An example
More informationUncertain Version Control in Open Collaborative Editing of Tree-Structured Documents
Uncetain Vesion Contol in Open Collaboative Editing of Tee-Stuctued Documents M. Lamine Ba Institut Mines Télécom; Télécom PaisTech; LTCI Pais, Fance mouhamadou.ba@ telecom-paistech.f Talel Abdessalem
More informationTowards Automatic Update of Access Control Policy
Towads Automatic Update of Access Contol Policy Jinwei Hu, Yan Zhang, and Ruixuan Li Intelligent Systems Laboatoy, School of Computing and Mathematics Univesity of Westen Sydney, Sydney 1797, Austalia
More informationDistributed Computing and Big Data: Hadoop and MapReduce
Distibuted Computing and Big Data: Hadoop and Map Bill Keenan, Diecto Tey Heinze, Achitect Thomson Reutes Reseach & Development Agenda R&D Oveview Hadoop and Map Oveview Use Case: Clusteing Legal Documents
More informationMemory-Aware Sizing for In-Memory Databases
Memoy-Awae Sizing fo In-Memoy Databases Kasten Molka, Giuliano Casale, Thomas Molka, Laua Mooe Depatment of Computing, Impeial College London, United Kingdom {k.molka3, g.casale}@impeial.ac.uk SAP HANA
More informationScheduling Hadoop Jobs to Meet Deadlines
Scheduling Hadoop Jobs to Meet Deadlines Kamal Kc, Kemafo Anyanwu Depatment of Compute Science Noth Caolina State Univesity {kkc,kogan}@ncsu.edu Abstact Use constaints such as deadlines ae impotant equiements
More informationIBM Research Smarter Transportation Analytics
IBM Reseach Smate Tanspotation Analytics Laua Wynte PhD, Senio Reseach Scientist, IBM Watson Reseach Cente lwynte@us.ibm.com INSTRUMENTED We now have the ability to measue, sense and see the exact condition
More informationOptimizing Content Retrieval Delay for LT-based Distributed Cloud Storage Systems
Optimizing Content Retieval Delay fo LT-based Distibuted Cloud Stoage Systems Haifeng Lu, Chuan Heng Foh, Yonggang Wen, and Jianfei Cai School of Compute Engineeing, Nanyang Technological Univesity, Singapoe
More informationEffect of Contention Window on the Performance of IEEE 802.11 WLANs
Effect of Contention Window on the Pefomance of IEEE 82.11 WLANs Yunli Chen and Dhama P. Agawal Cente fo Distibuted and Mobile Computing, Depatment of ECECS Univesity of Cincinnati, OH 45221-3 {ychen,
More informationReduced Pattern Training Based on Task Decomposition Using Pattern Distributor
> PNN05-P762 < Reduced Patten Taining Based on Task Decomposition Using Patten Distibuto Sheng-Uei Guan, Chunyu Bao, and TseNgee Neo Abstact Task Decomposition with Patten Distibuto (PD) is a new task
More informationIlona V. Tregub, ScD., Professor
Investment Potfolio Fomation fo the Pension Fund of Russia Ilona V. egub, ScD., Pofesso Mathematical Modeling of Economic Pocesses Depatment he Financial Univesity unde the Govenment of the Russian Fedeation
More informationThe impact of migration on the provision. of UK public services (SRG.10.039.4) Final Report. December 2011
The impact of migation on the povision of UK public sevices (SRG.10.039.4) Final Repot Decembe 2011 The obustness The obustness of the analysis of the is analysis the esponsibility is the esponsibility
More informationModeling and Verifying a Price Model for Congestion Control in Computer Networks Using PROMELA/SPIN
Modeling and Veifying a Pice Model fo Congestion Contol in Compute Netwoks Using PROMELA/SPIN Clement Yuen and Wei Tjioe Depatment of Compute Science Univesity of Toonto 1 King s College Road, Toonto,
More informationAdvanced Control of Active Filters. in a Battery Charger Application. Martin Bojrup
Advanced Contol of Active Filtes in a Battey Chage Application Matin Bojup Lund 999 ii Cove pictue Measuement on the dynamic esponse of the MRI hamonic filte contolle: load cuent (top), esulting line cuent
More informationModel-Driven Engineering of Adaptation Engines for Self-Adaptive Software: Executable Runtime Megamodels
Model-Diven Engineeing of Adaptation Engines fo Self-Adaptive Softwae: Executable Runtime Megamodels Thomas Vogel, Holge Giese Technische Beichte N. 66 des Hasso-Plattne-Instituts fü Softwaesystemtechnik
More informationApproximation Algorithms for Data Management in Networks
Appoximation Algoithms fo Data Management in Netwoks Chistof Kick Heinz Nixdof Institute and Depatment of Mathematics & Compute Science adebon Univesity Gemany kueke@upb.de Haald Räcke Heinz Nixdof Institute
More informationTHE DISTRIBUTED LOCATION RESOLUTION PROBLEM AND ITS EFFICIENT SOLUTION
IADIS Intenational Confeence Applied Computing 2006 THE DISTRIBUTED LOCATION RESOLUTION PROBLEM AND ITS EFFICIENT SOLUTION Jög Roth Univesity of Hagen 58084 Hagen, Gemany Joeg.Roth@Fenuni-hagen.de ABSTRACT
More informationENABLING INFORMATION GATHERING PATTERNS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE WITH THE OPENKNOWLEDGE SYSTEM
Computing and Infomatics, Vol. 29, 2010, 537 555 ENABLING INFORMATION GATHERING PATTERNS FOR EMERGENCY RESPONSE WITH THE OPENKNOWLEDGE SYSTEM Gaia Tecaichi, Veonica Rizzi, Mauizio Machese Depatment of
More informationSELF-INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTORS
MISN-0-144 SELF-INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTORS SELF-INDUCTANCE AND INDUCTORS by Pete Signell Michigan State Univesity 1. Intoduction.............................................. 1 A 2. Self-Inductance L.........................................
More informationContinuous Compounding and Annualization
Continuous Compounding and Annualization Philip A. Viton Januay 11, 2006 Contents 1 Intoduction 1 2 Continuous Compounding 2 3 Pesent Value with Continuous Compounding 4 4 Annualization 5 5 A Special Poblem
More informationResearch on Risk Assessment of the Transformer Based on Life Cycle Cost
ntenational Jounal of Smat Gid and lean Enegy eseach on isk Assessment of the Tansfome Based on Life ycle ost Hui Zhou a, Guowei Wu a, Weiwei Pan a, Yunhe Hou b, hong Wang b * a Zhejiang Electic Powe opoation,
More informationGive me all I pay for Execution Guarantees in Electronic Commerce Payment Processes
Give me all I pay fo Execution Guaantees in Electonic Commece Payment Pocesses Heiko Schuldt Andei Popovici Hans-Jög Schek Email: Database Reseach Goup Institute of Infomation Systems ETH Zentum, 8092
More informationHow to recover your Exchange 2003/2007 mailboxes and emails if all you have available are your PRIV1.EDB and PRIV1.STM Information Store database
AnswesThatWok TM Recoveing Emails and Mailboxes fom a PRIV1.EDB Exchange 2003 IS database How to ecove you Exchange 2003/2007 mailboxes and emails if all you have available ae you PRIV1.EDB and PRIV1.STM
More informationThe Role of Gravity in Orbital Motion
! The Role of Gavity in Obital Motion Pat of: Inquiy Science with Datmouth Developed by: Chistophe Caoll, Depatment of Physics & Astonomy, Datmouth College Adapted fom: How Gavity Affects Obits (Ohio State
More informationAnalyzing Ballistic Missile Defense System Effectiveness Based on Functional Dependency Network Analysis
Send Odes fo Repints to epints@benthamscience.ae 678 The Open Cybenetics & Systemics Jounal, 2015, 9, 678-682 Open Access Analyzing Ballistic Missile Defense System Effectiveness Based on Functional Dependency
More informationReview Graph based Online Store Review Spammer Detection
Review Gaph based Online Stoe Review Spamme Detection Guan Wang, Sihong Xie, Bing Liu, Philip S. Yu Univesity of Illinois at Chicago Chicago, USA gwang26@uic.edu sxie6@uic.edu liub@uic.edu psyu@uic.edu
More informationA framework for the selection of enterprise resource planning (ERP) system based on fuzzy decision making methods
A famewok fo the selection of entepise esouce planning (ERP) system based on fuzzy decision making methods Omid Golshan Tafti M.s student in Industial Management, Univesity of Yazd Omidgolshan87@yahoo.com
More informationHow to create RAID 1 mirroring with a hard disk that already has data or an operating system on it
AnswesThatWok TM How to set up a RAID1 mio with a dive which aleady has Windows installed How to ceate RAID 1 mioing with a had disk that aleady has data o an opeating system on it Date Company PC / Seve
More informationSelf-Adaptive and Resource-Efficient SLA Enactment for Cloud Computing Infrastructures
2012 IEEE Fifth Intenational Confeence on Cloud Computing Self-Adaptive and Resouce-Efficient SLA Enactment fo Cloud Computing Infastuctues Michael Maue, Ivona Bandic Distibuted Systems Goup Vienna Univesity
More informationDefine What Type of Trader Are you?
Define What Type of Tade Ae you? Boke Nightmae srs Tend Ride By Vladimi Ribakov Ceato of Pips Caie 20 of June 2010 1 Disclaime and Risk Wanings Tading any financial maket involves isk. The content of this
More informationOptimal Peer Selection in a Free-Market Peer-Resource Economy
Optimal Pee Selection in a Fee-Maket Pee-Resouce Economy Micah Adle, Rakesh Kuma, Keith Ross, Dan Rubenstein, David Tune and David D Yao Dept of Compute Science Univesity of Massachusetts Amhest, MA; Email:
More informationPessu Behavior Analysis for Autologous Fluidations
EXPERIENCE OF USING A CFD CODE FOR ESTIMATING THE NOISE GENERATED BY GUSTS ALONG THE SUN- ROOF OF A CAR Liang S. Lai* 1, Geogi S. Djambazov 1, Choi -H. Lai 1, Koulis A. Peicleous 1, and Fédéic Magoulès
More information883 Brochure A5 GENE ss vernis.indd 1-2
ess x a eu / u e a. p o.eu c e / :/ http EURAXESS Reseaches in Motion is the gateway to attactive eseach caees in Euope and to a pool of wold-class eseach talent. By suppoting the mobility of eseaches,
More informationHow Much Should a Firm Borrow. Effect of tax shields. Capital Structure Theory. Capital Structure & Corporate Taxes
How Much Should a Fim Boow Chapte 19 Capital Stuctue & Copoate Taxes Financial Risk - Risk to shaeholdes esulting fom the use of debt. Financial Leveage - Incease in the vaiability of shaeholde etuns that
More informationOver-encryption: Management of Access Control Evolution on Outsourced Data
Ove-encyption: Management of Access Contol Evolution on Outsouced Data Sabina De Capitani di Vimecati DTI - Univesità di Milano 26013 Cema - Italy decapita@dti.unimi.it Stefano Paaboschi DIIMM - Univesità
More informationAn Efficient Group Key Agreement Protocol for Ad hoc Networks
An Efficient Goup Key Ageement Potocol fo Ad hoc Netwoks Daniel Augot, Raghav haska, Valéie Issany and Daniele Sacchetti INRIA Rocquencout 78153 Le Chesnay Fance {Daniel.Augot, Raghav.haska, Valéie.Issany,
More informationA Capacitated Commodity Trading Model with Market Power
A Capacitated Commodity Tading Model with Maket Powe Victo Matínez-de-Albéniz Josep Maia Vendell Simón IESE Business School, Univesity of Navaa, Av. Peason 1, 08034 Bacelona, Spain VAlbeniz@iese.edu JMVendell@iese.edu
More informationMulticriteria analysis in telecommunications
Poceedings of the 37th Hawaii Intenational Confeence on System Sciences - 2004 Multiciteia analysis in telecommunications Janusz Ganat and Andze P. Wiezbicki National Institute of Telecommunications Szachowa
More informationHow To Use A Network On A Network With A Powerline (Lan) On A Pcode (Lan On Alan) (Lan For Acedo) (Moe) (Omo) On An Ipo) Or Ipo (
Hubs, Bidges, and Switches Used fo extending LANs in tems of geogaphical coveage, numbe of nodes, administation capabilities, etc. Diffe in egads to: m collision domain isolation m laye at which they opeate
More informationChapter 2 Valiant Load-Balancing: Building Networks That Can Support All Traffic Matrices
Chapte 2 Valiant Load-Balancing: Building etwoks That Can Suppot All Taffic Matices Rui Zhang-Shen Abstact This pape is a bief suvey on how Valiant load-balancing (VLB) can be used to build netwoks that
More informationAlarm transmission through Radio and GSM networks
Alam tansmission though Radio and GSM netwoks 2015 Alam tansmission though Radio netwok RR-IP12 RL10 E10C E10C LAN RL1 0 R11 T10 (T10U) Windows MONAS MS NETWORK MCI > GNH > GND > +E > DATA POWER DATA BUS
More informationFinancial Planning and Risk-return profiles
Financial Planning and Risk-etun pofiles Stefan Gaf, Alexande Kling und Jochen Russ Pepint Seies: 2010-16 Fakultät fü Mathematik und Witschaftswissenschaften UNIERSITÄT ULM Financial Planning and Risk-etun
More informationCONCEPT OF TIME AND VALUE OFMONEY. Simple and Compound interest
CONCEPT OF TIME AND VALUE OFMONEY Simple and Compound inteest What is the futue value of shs 10,000 invested today to ean an inteest of 12% pe annum inteest payable fo 10 yeas and is compounded; a. Annually
More informationQuestions for Review. By buying bonds This period you save s, next period you get s(1+r)
MACROECONOMICS 2006 Week 5 Semina Questions Questions fo Review 1. How do consumes save in the two-peiod model? By buying bonds This peiod you save s, next peiod you get s() 2. What is the slope of a consume
More informationExam #1 Review Answers
xam #1 Review Answes 1. Given the following pobability distibution, calculate the expected etun, vaiance and standad deviation fo Secuity J. State Pob (R) 1 0.2 10% 2 0.6 15 3 0.2 20 xpected etun = 0.2*10%
More informationSpirotechnics! September 7, 2011. Amanda Zeringue, Michael Spannuth and Amanda Zeringue Dierential Geometry Project
Spiotechnics! Septembe 7, 2011 Amanda Zeingue, Michael Spannuth and Amanda Zeingue Dieential Geomety Poject 1 The Beginning The geneal consensus of ou goup began with one thought: Spiogaphs ae awesome.
More informationSecure Smartcard-Based Fingerprint Authentication
Secue Smatcad-Based Fingepint Authentication [full vesion] T. Chales Clancy Compute Science Univesity of Mayland, College Pak tcc@umd.edu Nega Kiyavash, Dennis J. Lin Electical and Compute Engineeing Univesity
More information30 H. N. CHIU 1. INTRODUCTION. Recherche opérationnelle/operations Research
RAIRO Rech. Opé. (vol. 33, n 1, 1999, pp. 29-45) A GOOD APPROXIMATION OF THE INVENTORY LEVEL IN A(Q ) PERISHABLE INVENTORY SYSTEM (*) by Huan Neng CHIU ( 1 ) Communicated by Shunji OSAKI Abstact. This
More informationStrength Analysis and Optimization Design about the key parts of the Robot
Intenational Jounal of Reseach in Engineeing and Science (IJRES) ISSN (Online): 2320-9364, ISSN (Pint): 2320-9356 www.ijes.og Volume 3 Issue 3 ǁ Mach 2015 ǁ PP.25-29 Stength Analysis and Optimization Design
More informationMETHODOLOGICAL APPROACH TO STRATEGIC PERFORMANCE OPTIMIZATION
ETHODOOGICA APPOACH TO STATEGIC PEFOANCE OPTIIZATION ao Hell * Stjepan Vidačić ** Željo Gaača *** eceived: 4. 07. 2009 Peliminay communication Accepted: 5. 0. 2009 UDC 65.02.4 This pape pesents a matix
More informationChapter 11: Aggregate Demand II, Applying the IS-LM Model Th LM t
Equilibium in the - model The cuve epesents equilibium in the goods maket. Chapte :, Applying the - Model Th t C ( T) I( ) G The cuve epesents money maket equilibium. M L(, ) The intesection detemines
More informationLoyalty Rewards and Gift Card Programs: Basic Actuarial Estimation Techniques
Loyalty Rewads and Gift Cad Pogams: Basic Actuaial Estimation Techniques Tim A. Gault, ACAS, MAAA, Len Llaguno, FCAS, MAAA and Matin Ménad, FCAS, MAAA Abstact In this pape we establish an actuaial famewok
More informationSupply chain information sharing in a macro prediction market
Decision Suppot Systems 42 (2006) 944 958 www.elsevie.com/locate/dss Supply chain infomation shaing in a maco pediction maket Zhiling Guo a,, Fang Fang b, Andew B. Whinston c a Depatment of Infomation
More informationSemipartial (Part) and Partial Correlation
Semipatial (Pat) and Patial Coelation his discussion boows heavily fom Applied Multiple egession/coelation Analysis fo the Behavioal Sciences, by Jacob and Paticia Cohen (975 edition; thee is also an updated
More informationA formalism of ontology to support a software maintenance knowledge-based system
A fomalism of ontology to suppot a softwae maintenance knowledge-based system Alain Apil 1, Jean-Mac Deshanais 1, and Reine Dumke 2 1 École de Technologie Supéieue, 1100 Note-Dame West, Monteal, Canada
More informationIgnorance is not bliss when it comes to knowing credit score
NET GAIN Scoing points fo you financial futue AS SEEN IN USA TODAY SEPTEMBER 28, 2004 Ignoance is not bliss when it comes to knowing cedit scoe By Sanda Block USA TODAY Fom Alabama comes eassuing news
More informationTiming Synchronization in High Mobility OFDM Systems
Timing Synchonization in High Mobility OFDM Systems Yasamin Mostofi Depatment of Electical Engineeing Stanfod Univesity Stanfod, CA 94305, USA Email: yasi@wieless.stanfod.edu Donald C. Cox Depatment of
More informationDefinitions and terminology
I love the Case & Fai textbook but it is out of date with how monetay policy woks today. Please use this handout to supplement the chapte on monetay policy. The textbook assumes that the Fedeal Reseve
More informationMining Relatedness Graphs for Data Integration
Mining Relatedness Gaphs fo Data Integation Jeemy T. Engle (jtengle@indiana.edu) Ying Feng (yingfeng@indiana.edu) Robet L. Goldstone (goldsto@indiana.edu) Indiana Univesity Bloomington, IN. 47405 USA Abstact
More informationTop K Nearest Keyword Search on Large Graphs
Top K Neaest Keywod Seach on Lage Gaphs Miao Qiao, Lu Qin, Hong Cheng, Jeffey Xu Yu, Wentao Tian The Chinese Univesity of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China {mqiao,lqin,hcheng,yu,wttian}@se.cuhk.edu.hk ABSTRACT
More informationVoltage ( = Electric Potential )
V-1 of 9 Voltage ( = lectic Potential ) An electic chage altes the space aound it. Thoughout the space aound evey chage is a vecto thing called the electic field. Also filling the space aound evey chage
More informationHIGH AVAILABILITY SOLUTION: RESOURCE USAGE MANAGEMENT IN VIRTUALIZED SOFTWARE AGING
Intenational Jounal o Compute Science & Inomation Technology (IJCSIT) Vol 4, No, June 0 HIGH AVAILAILITY SOLUTION: ESOUCE USAGE MANAGEMENT IN VITUALIZED SOFTWAE AGING Aye Myat Myat aing and Ni La Thein
More informationFI3300 Corporate Finance
Leaning Objectives FI00 Copoate Finance Sping Semeste 2010 D. Isabel Tkatch Assistant Pofesso of Finance Calculate the PV and FV in multi-peiod multi-cf time-value-of-money poblems: Geneal case Pepetuity
More informationAdaptive Queue Management with Restraint on Non-Responsive Flows
Adaptive Queue Management wi Restaint on Non-Responsive Flows Lan Li and Gyungho Lee Depatment of Electical and Compute Engineeing Univesity of Illinois at Chicago 85 S. Mogan Steet Chicago, IL 667 {lli,
More informationThe LCOE is defined as the energy price ($ per unit of energy output) for which the Net Present Value of the investment is zero.
Poject Decision Metics: Levelized Cost of Enegy (LCOE) Let s etun to ou wind powe and natual gas powe plant example fom ealie in this lesson. Suppose that both powe plants wee selling electicity into the
More information