The Economic Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Glucose Monitoring
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1 The Economic Impact and Cost-Effectiveness of Glucose Monitoring William H. Herman, MD, MPH Stefan S. Fajans/GlaxoSmithKline Professor of Diabetes Professor of Internal Medicine and Epidemiology University of Michigan Director, Michigan Center for Diabetes Translational Research
2 Why Perform Cost- Effectiveness Analyses? Resources are limited Choices must be made Choices should consider costs and outcomes
3 Value for Money
4 What are the costs of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)? What determines the costeffectiveness of an intervention? What is the cost-effectiveness of SMBG?
5 What are the costs of SMBG?
6 Annual Per Capita Cost of Diabetic Supplies by Age, U.S., 2007 vs 2012 Age (years) < All 2007 $ (% total) 77 (2.0) 107 (2.1) 106 (1.1) 102 (1.5) 2012 $ (% total) 73 (1.7) 98 (1.7) 120 (1.0) 103 (1.3) ADA. Diabetes Care 31:596, 2008 ADA. Diabetes Care 36:1033, 2013
7 Total Annual Cost of Diabetic Supplies, US, 2007 vs ($) 1,783,000, ($) 2,296,000,000 (a 29% increase over 5 years) ADA. Diabetes Care 31:596, 2008 ADA. Diabetes Care 36:1033, 2013
8 What determines the costeffectiveness of an intervention? Characteristics of the target population Effectiveness of the intervention Cost of the intervention and cost of outcomes Impact of the intervention and outcomes on health-related quality-of-life
9 Characteristics of the Target Population Type 1 diabetes Insulin-treated type 2 diabetes Non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes
10 SMBG is an integral and necessary part of therapy for patients with type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes SMBG should be available to diabetic patients with non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes
11 Additional Characteristics of the Target Population Age Duration of diabetes HbA1c Adherence Blood pressure Cholesterol Smoking status Complications
12 Effectiveness of the Intervention Change in HbA1c Persistence of effect over time Time horizon
13 Cost of Intervention and Complications Cost of test strips, lancets, meters Frequency of monitoring Patient and clinician education Data management Antidiabetic medications Complications
14 Impact on Quality-of-Life SMBG Treatments Complications
15 2012 Cochrane Review Systematic review of 12 randomized controlled trials assessing the effects of SMBG in patients with type 2 diabetes not using insulin Malanda UL et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 1
16 How are SMBG data used clinically? Frequency and timing Structured SMBG Set regular times over a period of days Patient knowledge and skills When and why to test, how to use data Clinician knowledge, skills, and access to data Pattern detection, appropriate medication adjustments Display of data Easy-to-read online profile sheet Polonsky WH. Diabetes Care 36:179, 2013
17 But Structured SMBG will substantially increase the costs of SMBG
18 The Effectiveness of SMBG in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Not Using Insulin Outcome No. of Studies No. of Participants Effect Size (95% CI) 12 months follow-up (-0.89, -0.14) Malanda UL et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 1
19 The Effectiveness of SMBG in Patients with Established Type 2 Diabetes (>1 year Duration) Not Using Insulin Outcome No. of Studies No. of Participants Effect Size (95% CI) 6 months follow-up 9 2, (-0.39, -0.13) 12 months follow-up (-0.31, 0.04) Malanda UL et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 1
20 Patient-Reported Outcomes There is no significant evidence that SMBG has a beneficial effect on: Health-related quality-of-life (3/3 trials) Well-being (4/4 trials) Satisfaction (4/4 trials) Malanda UL et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 1
21 Hypoglycemia SMBG increases the frequency of reported asymptomatic and symptomatic hypoglycemia (3/4 trials) Malanda UL et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 1
22 Conclusions SMBG in patients with newly diagnosed T2DM is effective in lowering HbA1c at one year (-0.52%) In patients with established T2DM, introduction of SMBG is effective in lowering HbA1c at six months (-0.26%), but by one year, the effect subsides SMBG has no relevant effect on health-related quality-of-life, well-being, or satisfaction SMBG increases reported hypoglycemic episodes Malanda UL et al. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 1
23 What is the costeffectiveness of SMBG in non-insulin treated T2DM?
24 Cost-Effectiveness of SMBG in Patients with Noninsulin Treated Type 2 Diabetes: Economic Evaluation from the Diabetes Glycaemic Education and Monitoring Trial Group 453 patients randomized to: Usual care SMBG SMBG and training 12-months follow-up Cost-utility from a health system perspective Simon J. BMJ 336:1177, 2008
25 Differences in Costs and Outcomes Over 1 Year SMBG vs Usual Care SMBG & Training vs Usual Care cost utilities * * * due to increased levels of anxiety and depression Simon J. BMJ 336:1177, 2008
26 Conclusions In patients with non-insulin treated T2DM, SMBG with or without training is associated with higher costs and lower quality-of-life SMBG is unlikely to be cost-effective in addition to usual care Simon J. BMJ 336:1177, 2008
27 Analysis using simulation modeling have reported a wide range of incremental cost-effectiveness ratios
28 In analyses using simulation modeling, SMBG is more costeffective in type 2 diabetic patients not using insulin if
29 The target population is: Less healthy (higher HbA1c, BP, lipids, etc.) More adherent Cameron C. CMAJ 182:28, 2010 Tunis SL. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 9:351, 2011
30 The effectiveness of the intervention is: Substantial (more HbA1c lowering) Persistent Cameron C. CMAJ 182:28, 2010 Tunis SL. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 9:351, 2011
31 The cost of the intervention is: Low (and monitoring is less frequent) Cameron C. CMAJ 182:28, 2010 Tunis SL. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 9:351, 2011
32 The quality-of-life impact of the intervention is: Positive (for example, improves self-efficacy and does not increase anxiety) Cameron C. CMAJ 182:28, 2010 Tunis SL. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 9:351, 2011
33 The frequency and cost of late diabetic complications is: High Cameron C. CMAJ 182:28, 2010 Tunis SL. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 9:351, 2011
34 The quality-of-life impact of late complications is: Substantial (complications are associated with large decrement in quality-of-life) Cameron C. CMAJ 182:28, 2010 Tunis SL. Appl Health Econ Health Policy 9:351, 2011
35 Conclusion regarding the costeffectiveness of SMBG in non-insulintreated type 2 diabetes
36 the cost, effort, and time involved in the procedures may be better directed to supporting other health-related behaviors Farmer A. BMJ 335:132, 2007
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