Competency-Based Educational College Outcomes:

Transcription

1 Competency-Based Educational College Outcomes: The Competency-Based Educational College Outcomes were approved by the College of Pharmacy faculty in January, These outcomes were derived from the 2004 CAPE Outcomes and the subsequent supplemental guidelines offered by AACP special committees in The College Educational Outcomes listed within define the knowledge, skills, attitudes and values that a graduate should achieve by the end of the Pharm.D. Curriculum. Competency-Based Educational Outcomes

2 A. Pharmaceutical Care: provide pharmaceutical care in cooperation with patients, prescribers and other members of an interprofessional health care team based upon sound therapeutic principles and evidence-based data, taking into account relevant legal, ethical, social, economic and professional issues, emerging technologies, and evolving pharmaceutical, biomedical, sociobehavioral and clinical sciences that may impact therapeutic outcomes A1. Provide patient-centered care A1.1. Design, implement, monitor, evaluate and adjust pharmacy care plans that are patient-specific and evidence-based A gather comprehensive patient information to identify potential drug problems A interview the patient or caregiver employing effective communication strategies A identify the patient s primary complaint A identify the patient s reasons for seeking medical care A identify relevant information in the patient profile A identify relevant information in the patient medical record A identify physical findings A protect the confidentiality of patient information A evaluate patient and drug-related data needed to identify actual or potential drug therapy problems (prescription and non-prescription) A evaluate information obtained from the patient s history A assess any history of drug allergies A assess any history of drug intolerances A evaluate laboratory test results A evaluate pharmacokinetic data A perform any additional patient calculations as needed (e.g., calculate creatinine clearance, ideal body weight, body surface area, body mass index, etc.) A identify the cause of any adverse drug effects A identify excessive medication use A identify unnecessary drug duplication A determine the extent to which medical conditions/disease are treated/controlled A assess patient adherence to previously prescribed medication regimens A identify signs of potential drug misuse or abuse A develop a complete medical and drug therapy problem list A rank patient problems based on urgency and severity A differentiate active from inactive problems A use relative priority to direct the pharmacotherapeutic plan A identify any preventative issues A identify any health maintenance issues A select and recommend appropriate drug therapy (prescription and non-prescription) as part of a care plan A identify pharmacotherapeutic goals A identify endpoints of therapy A consider social, economic, and cultural factors that influence a patient s perspective on health, illness and medication use A consider social factors that influence a patient s perspective on health A consider social factors that influence a patient s perspective on illness A consider social factors that influence a patient s perspective on medication use A consider economic factors that influence a patient s perspective on health A consider economic factors that influence a patient s perspective on illness A consider economic factors that influence a patient s perspective on medication use A consider cultural factors that influence a patient s perspective on health A consider cultural factors that influence a patient s perspective on illness A consider cultural factors that influence a patient s perspective on medication use A select appropriate drug therapy (i.e. first line, second line) A apply principles of anatomy and physiology to select appropriate drug therapy A apply principles of biochemistry to select appropriate drug therapy 2

3 A apply principles of medicinal chemistry to select appropriate drug therapy A apply principles of pharmacology to select appropriate drug therapy A apply principles of pathophysiology to select appropriate drug therapy A apply principles of pharmacoeconomics to select appropriate drug therapy A apply principles of pharmacogenomics to select appropriate drug therapy A apply principles of pharmaceutics to select appropriate drug therapy A select the appropriate dose, dosage schedule and drug delivery system A apply pharmacokinetics principles to select appropriate dose A apply pharmacokinetics principles to select appropriate dosage schedule A apply pharmacokinetics principles to select appropriate drug delivery system A apply pharmacodynamic principles to select appropriate dose A apply pharmacodynamic principles to select appropriate dosage schedule A apply pharmacodynamic principles to select appropriate drug delivery system A apply pharmaceutics principles to select appropriate dose A apply pharmaceutics principles to select appropriate dosage schedule A apply pharmaceutics principles to select appropriate drug delivery system A determine the appropriate therapy duration A identify interactions associated with the recommended drug therapy A anticipate possible adverse effects associated with the recommended drug therapy A identify contraindications associated with the recommended drug therapy A Incorporate principles of medication safety with recommended drug therapy A select and recommend non-drug therapy as part of a care plan A recommend appropriate complementary therapies to enhance therapeutic outcomes A apply principles of nutrition to improve health A apply principles of nutrition to augment drug therapy A apply principles of nutrition to reduce disease risk A recommend appropriate medical goods and devices based on the patient s needs A devise and implement a patient monitoring plan to ensure achievement of desired therapeutic outcomes A identify social factors associated with medication nonadherence A identify behavioral factors associated with medication nonadherence A identify strategies to improve medication adherence A monitor patient-specific objective parameters for drug efficacy A monitor patient-specific objective parameters for drug toxicity A assess appropriate parameters at appropriate time intervals A determine whether patient-specific goals have been met A make ongoing adjustments to the patient care plan to reflect new goals over the course of treatment A anticipate, identify, monitor for, report, and manage adverse events and drug interactions A anticipate adverse events A anticipate drug interactions A identify adverse events A identify drug interactions A monitor for adverse events A monitor for drug interactions A report adverse events A report drug interactions A manage adverse drug events A manage adverse drug reactions A refer patients to other health care professionals when indicated A1.2. Educate patients, care givers and other involved health care providers to engender a team approach to patient care A educate patients and/or caregivers about drug therapy A identify sources of patient education information that meet the patient s needs A educate patients/caregivers about the disease state A educate patients/caregivers about the dosage for a given drug 3

4 A educate patients/caregivers about the indication for a given drug A educate patients/caregivers about the storage requirements for a given drug A educate patients/caregivers on the symptomatology of adverse drug reactions A educate patients/caregivers on the significance of adverse drug reactions A educate patients/caregivers on the frequency of adverse drug reactions A educate patients/caregivers on the management of adverse drug reactions A explain any action that should be taken in the event of a missed dose A demonstrate proper administration technique for a given drug delivery system A confirm patient understanding of information provided A educate patients/caregivers on the economic factors of drug therapy A educate patients and/or caregivers about the proper use of medical goods and devices A identify sources of patient education information on medical devices and goods that meet the patient s needs A demonstrate the proper use of medical goods and devices to ensure effective use A provide instructions regarding storage needs for medical goods and devices A provide instructions regarding calibration needs for medical goods and devices A provide instructions on the maintenance of medical goods and devices A determine patient understanding of instructions about medical goods and devices A1.3. Prepare and dispense medication(s) prescribed or recommended as part of the patient s care plan A Review and interpret prescription orders for patients A determine the acceptability of prescription order transmission A determine the legitimacy of the prescription source A determine the validity of the patient-prescriber relationship A clarify prescription order information when necessary A determine the lawfulness of the prescription order A describe procedures for addressing suspected cases of prescription drug abuse A describe procedures for addressing and resolving problem prescriptions A accurately prepare and dispense medication/nutrition formulations and/or supervise the preparation of medication/ nutrition formulations A correctly count the medication amount needed to be dispensed A correctly measure the amount of medications needed to be dispensed A correctly mix the amount of medications needed to be dispensed A correctly reconstitute the amount of medications needed to be dispensed A correctly calculate the amount of medications needed to be dispensed A correctly prepare the label for the finished prescription A select an appropriate container based on the chemical and physical properties of the drug A accurately compound individual and bulk medications A locate accurate information on extemporaneous formulations A determine the suitability of an extemporaneously compounded formula A calculate the correct quantity of ingredients A use correct gravimetric measuring procedures to obtain the desired quantity of the formulation compound A use correct volumetric measuring procedures to obtain the desired quantity of the formulation compound A use good compounding practices in the extemporaneous production of a patient-specific drug-delivery system A describe the role and function of inert ingredients in different types of dosage forms A describe the dosage form features that influence the therapeutic outcome A identify physical incompatibilities among components of a given formulation A identify chemical incompatibilities among components of a given formulation A recommend appropriate alternatives to avoid incompatibilities A use good manufacturing practice standards A accurately prepare and dispense sterile dosage forms A calculate the correct quantity of components when preparing a sterile product A use proper aseptic techniques to prepare sterile dosage forms A use sterilization methods that are appropriate for the pharmaceutical product A calculate the rate of drug administration based on the prescription order 4

5 A calculate the rate of drug administration based on the type of infusion pump used A determine a patient s fluid, electrolyte and nutritional needs and calculate the amount and composition of parenteral nutritional sources that meet those needs A determine a patient s fluid needs A determine a patient s electrolyte needs A determine a patient s nutritional needs A calculate the amount of parenteral nutritional sources to meet patient nutritional needs A calculate the composition of parenteral nutritional sources to meet patient nutritional needs A perform proper quality control procedures A evaluate the stability of sterile formulations A evaluate the compatibility of sterile formulations A use good manufacturing practice standards A2. Provide population-based care A2.1. Develop and implement population-specific, evidence-based disease management programs and protocols based upon analysis of epidemiologic and pharmacoeconomic data, medication use criteria, medication use review and risk reduction strategies A assess the health needs of a specific patient population A analyze epidemiologic data of a specific patient population A identifying risk factors that would adversely affect patient health in a specific patient population A identify the appropriate disease therapy guidelines for a given disease for a specific population A describe how to conduct medication use reviews in specific populations A evaluate pharmacoeconomic data relevant to appropriate disease-specific treatment plans A design evidence-based disease management programs A develop outcome indicators for disease management problems A develop drug treatment protocols for disease management problems A develop risk reduction strategies for disease management problems A develop education programs for health care providers and patients A design a review process to assess that relevant members of a patient population receive needed services 5

6 B. Systems Management: manage and use resources of the health care system, in cooperation with patients, prescribers, other health care providers and administrative and supportive personnel, to promote health; to provide, assess and coordinate safe, accurate and time-sensitive medication distribution; and to improve therapeutic outcomes of medication use B1. Describe and demonstrate appropriate utilization of management principles, and use of health care resources in the American health care system B1.1. identify the key features of private and public payers of heath care B differentiate modes and mechanisms of paying for health and pharmaceutical care services B differentiate modes and mechanisms of paying for health care B differentiate modes and mechanisms of paying for pharmaceutical care services B describe benefits provided under Medicare and Medicaid B describe the role of government in financing and administering Medicare and Medicaid B1.2. describe the objectives of health insurance and managed health care programs B differentiate between insuring health and managing health care B describe the evolution of pharmacists roles in the health care system B describe the impact of health care costs on the medication distribution and use systems B define the role of the pharmacist in providing medication therapy management B describe the role of pharmacists in providing access to patient-centered care for all patients B describe health disparities and means of addressing the problem B2. Manage pharmacy operations B2.1. evaluate a pharmacy for ownership or management using principles of financial management and business indicators B2.2. conduct a basic analysis to diagnose and resolve financial and management problems B2.3. establish a mission statement with component goals and actions B2.4. develop a strategic plan to achieve the identified goals. B2.5. apply the principles of business planning to develop a business plan that supports the implementation and provision of patient-centered care services, identifies and acquires necessary resources, and assures financial success of the practice, i.e., B identify the financial, legal, accounting, and managerial role of the management/technical team. B determine the cost to dispense a prescription and the appropriateness of pricing strategies B determine a budget for financial resource allocation B predict patient care needs and professional service opportunities B establish effective time management and priority-setting procedures B determine strategies for managing organizational change B evaluate the achievements of a practice in relation to the established mission, fiscal resources, and customer needs B2.6. apply marketing principles to effectively promote pharmacy or pharmaceutical care services B assess demand (among patients, providers, and payers) and competition, and identify a viable market within a target location B assess demand among patients, providers, and payers B assess competition B identify a viable market within a target location B develop strategies to address marketing needs (products/services, price, promotion, place, personnel). B document services and outcomes to enhance marketing and reimbursement B develop direct-selling skills for approaching patients, providers, and payers to engage in medication therapy management or patient care services B develop direct-selling skills for approaching patients to engage in medication therapy management or pharmaceutical care patient care services B develop direct-selling skills for approaching providers to engage in medication therapy management or pharmaceutical care patient care services B develop direct-selling skills for approaching payers to engage in medication therapy management or pharmaceutical care patient care services B2.7. identify the impact of the government and third party payers on pharmacy operations 6

7 B2.8. recognize the basic principles/strategies for negotiating contracts with payers B2.9. develop strategies for compensation of pharmacy services B3. Manage personnel B3.1. determine the organizational structure of a pharmacy B3.2. identify the components of a job description B3.3. identify a staff of persons (professional, technical and supportive) capable of fulfilling the practice mission B3.4. interpret state and federal regulations that affect personnel policies B3.5. explain the role of staffing plans in maintaining workforce productivity B3.6. determine the process used to recruit, retain, and reward an individual B determine the process used to recruit an individual B determine the process used to retain an individual B determine the process used to reward an individual B4. Optimize physical and technological resources required to fulfill the practice mission. B4.1. evaluate a pharmacy s layout B4.2. design/redesign a pharmacy to maintain efficiency and enhances patient-focused care services B4.3. utilize automated medication storage and distribution systems B determine the benefits of medication storage and distribution systems, medication packing systems, and bar-code labeling systems B determine the benefits of medication storage systems B determine the benefits of medication distribution systems B determine the benefits of medication packing systems B determine the benefits of bar-code labeling systems B identify the drawbacks of any new pharmacy technology B identify electronic information systems that assists in the transfer of patient information needed for medication management B identify the role of pharmacists when computerized prescriber order-entry systems are utilized B5. Manage medication distribution and control systems B5.1. utilize inventory control concepts to develop and implement an inventory control system B determine optimal inventory mix/level B identify processes used to maintain optimal inventory mix/level B select drug products based on bioequivalence and therapeutic equivalence B select drug products based on bioequivalence B select drug products based on therapeutic equivalence B assess the utility of automated medication storage and distribution devices B maintain inventory records B perform drug control, storage and security functions B5.2. design, implement, and/or manage drug distribution systems for various practice settings B recognize distinguishing characteristics of drug distribution systems in a variety of settings, including automated systems B develop appropriate job descriptions for a given drug distribution system. B develop policies and procedures that provide quality assurance/control for improving the efficiency and effectiveness of a given drug distribution system B identify the role of the pharmacist in handling drug samples B Describe the role of the pharmacist in telemedicine B6. Apply quality control standards to medication distribution and control systems. B6.1. participate in the process for reporting and managing medication errors B identify and report medication errors to appropriate individuals and organizations (including institutional and federal) B evaluate information obtained from medication error reporting systems to identify preventable causes B recommend actions to minimize the occurrence of medication errors B6.2. participate in the process for reporting and managing adverse drug reactions B identify and report adverse drug reactions to appropriate individuals and organizations (including institutional and federal) B evaluate information obtained from adverse drug reactions reporting systems to identify preventable causes 7

8 B recommend actions to minimize the occurrence of adverse drug reactions B6.3. participate as part of a multidisciplinary team in the process for conducting medication use evaluations B develop appropriate criteria and outcome indicators B identify appropriate drugs for review B identify appropriate criteria or indicators developed by national organizations and regulatory agencies B adapt existing criteria for use in a given situation B develop criteria and/or indicators based on analysis of the literature, and site-specific considerations B conduct medication use evaluations B collect data for a medication utilization review B apply criteria to collected drug utilization review data B implement corrective actions to improve drug use B assess outcomes of these corrective actions through a multidisciplinary system B6.4. participate in the development and implementation of a formulary system B develop standards for drug product inclusion in the formulary B evaluate relevant scientific literature and drug use data across patients and prescribers within the system B develop therapeutic interchange guidelines B manage the formulary system B compile and evaluate data necessary to review therapeutic and/or generic classes of drugs and new products for formulary considerations B monitor compliance with formulary standards B recommend corrective action if variances from the formulary standards occur B communicate with stakeholders regarding formulary decisions B devise plan for continual evaluation of formulary decisions and their impact on patient care B6.5. apply principles of outcomes research and quality assessment methods to the evaluation of pharmaceutical care services B identify appropriate outcome measures to evaluate the quality of pharmaceutical care services B apply principles of pharmacoeconomics in evaluating pharmaceutical care decisions B apply principles of humanistic outcomes in determining impact of pharmaceutical care services on patient s quality of life B apply elements of continuous quality improvement to evaluate the quality of pharmaceutical care services B apply appropriate drug use management methods to evaluate the quality of pharmaceutical care services B identify appropriate critical pathways, clinical practice guidelines, and disease management protocols in the evaluation of the quality of pharmaceutical care services B determine if documentation pertaining to quality assurance activities is in accordance to the specifications of relevant accrediting and regulatory bodies B explain the use of report cards in assessing the quality of health care 8

9 C. Public Health: promote health improvement, wellness and disease prevention in cooperation with patients, communities, at-risk populations and other members of an interprofessional team of health care providers C1. Identify public health problems C1.1. Apply population-specific data, quality assurance strategies and research processes to identify public health problems C Identify features of target population C identify attitudes, behaviors and lifestyles C identify cultural, ethnic and socioeconomic factors C define determinants of health and illness C identify factors contributing to health promotion C identify factors contributing to disease prevention C identify factors influencing the use of health services C identify factors contributing to health care disparities C Apply epidemiological methods to define and assess the health status of individuals and populations C identify the incidence of diseases C identify the prevalence of diseases C identify at-risk populations C Define the role of screening tools in identifying public health problems C2. Solve public health problems C2.1. Develop a plan for provision of informational and preventive efforts and identify potential methods and/or plans to generate physical or financial support from internal and external sources C Design a plan to address public health problems C describe how disease control and prevention health care services will be delivered C describe the role of immunization in preventing public health problems C identify ways to collaborate with other members of the health care team to provide additional services C identify ways to collaborate with local, state and federal organizations to resolve public health problems C Prioritize pharmacy-based programs on identifiable criteria and standard C evaluate the quality and effectiveness of interventions designed to address public health problems C develop plan for the continuous assessment and monitoring of at-risk populations C describe the role of the pharmacist in providing public health services C identify the role of pharmacists in disease prevention and control C identify the role of pharmacists in emergency preparedness planning and response C identify the roles pharmacists play in bioterrorism emergencies C identify the roles pharmacists play in chemical terrorism emergencies C identify the roles pharmacists play in natural disaster emergencies C identify medication dispensing activities in emergencies C identify information provision activities in emergencies C identify the activities of vaccination response teams C identify the activities of the medical reserve corps C identify how pharmacist emergency activities are implemented on the local community level C identify how pharmacist emergency activities are implemented on the national level C describe how to provide patients with access to poison prevention and treatment information C describe basic poison treatment modalities C recognize patients requiring emergency referral for poisoning C provide patients with poison prevention strategies and devices C use poison prevention and treatment information resources C Promote patient education on wellness, health improvement, and disease prevention and control C educate patients about behaviors that maintain wellness 9

10 C educate patients about behaviors that promote health improvement C educate patients about behaviors that prevent disease C educate patients about behaviors that control disease C provide education materials and services tailored to the needs of a given audience C provide education materials and services tailored to the background of a given audience C Identify potential methods and/or plans to generate physical or financial support from internal and external sources C identify financial resources for implementing public health initiatives C identify principles of pharmacoeconomics in public health policy development C3. Advocate for improved public health polices that increase access to health services and reduce health risks C3.1. define the role of professional organizations in the development of public health policy C3.2. describe how professional standards and guidelines are incorporated into specific public health policies C3.3. identify methods to recruit the support from pertinent local and state organizations, health care providers and policy makers responsible for the development of the public health initiatives C3.4. develop strategic efforts to collaborate with stakeholders to promote public health and resolve public health problems 10

11 D. Professional Competence: communication skills, information processing, critical thinking and analytic skills that will enable the professional to be optimally effective when working with patients, colleagues and other health care providers; dedication to life-long learning; commitment to ethical actions D1. Communicate and collaborate with patients, caregivers, prescribers, other health care providers, policy makers and administrative and supportive personnel D1.1. develop effective skills to communicate with audiences from any background D use appropriate listening skills D use appropriate verbal communication skills D use appropriate nonverbal communication skills D use appropriate written communication skills D provide information in language appropriate for the target audience D choose communication methods that are sensitive to the social background of the target audience D choose communication methods that are sensitive to the cultural background of the target audience D1.2. develop interview skills that promote positive pharmacist-patient interactions D identify techniques to establish rapport D identify techniques to elicit information from the source D identify techniques to provide information to the source D describe techniques to exhibit a professional demeanor D outline techniques that promote patient adherence to appropriate therapy D identify strategies that encourage patient involvement D describe techniques to demonstrate sensitivity to cultural factors D1.3. formulate a response to a drug-information request that is appropriate to the requester s level of understanding D1.4. properly cite references on all sources utilized when providing information D2. Demonstrate proficiency in informatics D2.1. define basic terminology (data, information, knowledge, hardware, software, networks, information systems, and information system management) D2.2. describe reasons for systematic processing of information in health care D2.3. describe the benefits of using information and communication technology in health care D2.4. describe the constraints of using information and communication technology in health care D3. Retrieve, analyze and interpret the professional, lay and scientific literature to make informed, rational and evidence-based decisions D3.1. identify the types and quality of information that are available in primary, secondary and tertiary information sources, including electronic resources and those intended for lay audiences D identify appropriate information sources for the information needed D identify the type of information available within sources (primary, secondary, tertiary electronic, lay) D evaluate the quality of information within a source D employ efficient search strategies to find appropriate sources of drug and health information using a variety of information resources D3.2. critically analyze relevant literature D critique study methodology D critique study findings D critique study conclusions D determine relevant literature s applicability to the information needed D3.3. draw conclusions by integrating evidence from the literature and clinical expertise D4. Apply patient-specific data, population-specific data, quality assurance strategies and research strategies to make informed, rational and evidence-based decisions D4.1. Apply patient-specific data to make informed, rational and evidence-based decisions D4.2. Apply population-specific data to make informed, rational and evidenced-based decisions D4.3. Apply quality assurance strategies to make informed, rational and evidence-based decisions D4.4. Apply research processes to make informed, rational and evidence-based decisions 11

12 D5. Acquire skills that promote self-directed life-long learning D5.1. maintain professional competence by identifying and analyzing emerging issues, products and services that may impact pharmacy practice D5.2. maintain professional competence by identifying and analyzing emerging issues, products and services that may impact pharmacy policies D5.3. create and utilize self-assessment portfolios to foster professional development D6. Conduct oneself in accordance with legal, social, ethical, and professional guidelines D6.1. conduct oneself in accordance with legal guidelines D conduct oneself in accordance with legal guidelines when dispensing medications D conduct oneself in accordance with legal guidelines in the delivery of patient care D conduct oneself in accordance with legal guidelines in managing medication distribution systems D conduct oneself in accordance with legal guidelines in providing public health services D6.2. Conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines D conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines when dispensing medications D conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines in the delivery of patient care D conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines in managing medication distribution systems D conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines in providing public health services D conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines in learning and classroom environments D conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines in relation to one s peers D conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines in occupational and professional activities D conduct oneself in accordance with social guidelines in one s community D6.3. conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines D conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines when dispensing medications D conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines in the delivery of patient care D conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines in managing medication distribution systems D conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines in providing public health services D conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines in learning and classroom environments D conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines in relation to one s peers D conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines in occupational and professional activities D conduct oneself in accordance with ethical/professional guidelines in one s community 12