Real Time Performance of a Security Hardened RedHawk Linux System During Denial of Service Attacks
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1 A Concurrent Real Time White Paper 2881 Gateway Drive Pompano Beach, FL (954) real time.ccur.com Real Time Performance of a Security Hardened RedHawk Linux System During Denial of Service Attacks By: Rajiv Vaidyanath Concurrent Consulting Engineer August 2013
2 Abstract This paper is intended for those who wish to understand the real time performance of a security hardened RedHawk Linux system when it is under Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. NSA hardening guidelines and STIG rules are applied to harden the RedHawk Linux system. Real Time performance of the RedHawk Linux system is measured while the attacks are in progress. A familiarity with RedHawk Linux system administration is assumed in this discussion. Introduction A full installation of Kali Linux ( is deployed to launch DoS attacks on a RedHawk Linux system. Kali Linux is a Debian based Linux distribution that specializes in penetration testing and vulnerability assessment. This distribution is supported and maintained by Offensive Security ( security.com). The RedHawk Linux system is subjected to two types of DoS attacks. Apache Web Service denial DHCP Starvation Web services are made unavailable by saturating the web server's tcp ports with connection requests thereby denying legitimate requests for web pages. This type of DoS attack can be mitigated by appropriate Netfilter/Iptables rules to drop traffic from the offending system. DHCP starvation denies clients of dhcp leases by overwhelming the dhcp server with bogus lease requests. Linux implements ISC DHCP which makes use of raw sockets. Packets from raw sockets are processed before they can be intercepted and filtered by Netfilter/Iptables rules. Mitigation for this attack has to be configured as a rate limited option in the network switch. We let the RedHawk Linux system endure this incursion for the purpose of real time performance measurement. Denial of Service attacks Page 2
3 Security Hardening of RedHawk Linux Procedures stipulated by NSA's security hardening guidelines are followed to enhance the security of the RedHawk Linux system, and it is configured as follows: SELinux is enabled and targeted policy is enforced. Netfilter/Iptables is enabled and configured only to allow necessary network communication. Unwanted ports are closed and undesirable communication is set to be dropped. System services that are unnecessary are disabled. IPv6 is disabled. SUID/SGID bits for binaries are disabled. Auditing with STIG audit rules is enabled. Setup The following RedHawk Linux system (hostname: ihawk) is selected for this benchmark: Hardware TYAN S2880 Motherboard Two CPU AMD Opteron 244 4G RAM (2G per NUMA node) Software RedHawk Linux (64 bit) ccur rtbench package Apache Web Server package DHCP Server package The ccur rtbench package provides cyclictest to measure real time response time and stress to produce I/O, memory, CPU and disk loads. The system load is monitored via /proc/loadavg and stress is adjusted to provide a constant load of 50% of system capacity. Apache Web Server and DHCP Server are configured and started on ihawk. The attack host (hostname: kali) is a Dell Optiplex 790 running 64 bit Kali Linux 1.0 distribution. Two configurable applications slowhttptest and yersinia are launched from kali targeting ihawk's Apache Web Server and DHCP Server. Denial of Service attacks Page 3
4 Netfilter/Iptables rules are set on ihawk to drop packets originating from kali to its http ports 80 and 443. ihawk:~# iptables A INPUT s /32 p tcp m tcp dport 80 j DROP ihawk:~# iptables A INPUT s /32 p tcp m tcp dport 443 j DROP After completing the previous step, a portscan of ihawk reveals that its Apache Web Server ports are being packet filtered. kali:~# nmap O ihawk Starting Nmap 6.25 ( ) at :31 EDT Nmap scan report for ihawk ( ) Host is up ( s latency). PORT STATE SERVICE 21/tcp closed ftp 22/tcp open ssh 23/tcp closed telnet 25/tcp closed smtp 80/tcp filtered http 110/tcp closed pop3 139/tcp closed netbios ssn 443/tcp filtered https 445/tcp closed microsoft ds 3389/tcp closed ms wbt server MAC Address: 00:E0:81:52:9D:37 (Tyan Computer) Device type: general purpose Running: Linux 2.6.X 3.X OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:2.6 cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:3 OS details: Linux Network Distance: 1 hop OS detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 2.96 seconds A dhcping of ihawk from kali reveals that an active DHCP server is up and running on ihawk. kali:~# dhcping s ihawk Got answer from: Denial of Service attacks Page 4
5 Enabling DoS Attacks The application layer DoS tool slowhttptest is invoked from kali targeting ihawk's Apache Web Server. kali:~# slowhttptest c 1000 H g o stat i 10 r 200 t GET u x 24 p 3 l Wed May 1 16:43: : Using: test type: SLOW HEADERS number of connections: 1000 URL: verb: GET Content Length header value: 4096 follow up data max size: 52 interval between follow up data: 10 seconds connections per seconds: 200 probe connection timeout: 3 seconds test duration: seconds using proxy: no proxy Wed May 1 16:43: :slow HTTP test status on 0th second: initializing: 0 pending: 1 connected: 0 error: 0 closed: 0 service available: YES Wed May 1 16:43: :slow HTTP test status on 5th second: initializing: 0 pending: 947 connected: 0 error: 0 closed: 0 service available: NO Note that since packet filtering is active on ihawk all packets from kali to ihawk's http port are dropped. At this point will still be accessible from any system other than kali within the same network. Denial of Service attacks Page 5
6 Next, the layer 2 DoS tool yersinia is invoked from kali targeting ihawk's DHCP Server. kali:~# yersinia dhcp attack 1 dest 00:E0:81:52:9D:37 <*> Starting DOS attack sending DISCOVER packet... <*> Press any key to stop the attack <*> Within a few seconds of invoking yersinia on kali, the DHCP Server on ihawk is saturated with bogus lease requests and the following syslog messages appear: May 1 16:46:03 ihawk dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from 52:4b:b3:39:4d:10 via eth1: network /24: no free leases May 1 16:4603 ihawk dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from 82:03:75:19:f6:20 via eth1: network /24: no free leases May 1 16:46:03 ihawk dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from 54:e8:92:0d:d6:fb via eth1: network /24: no free leases May 1 16:46:03 ihawk dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from 52:f7:04:25:ba:48 via eth1: network /24: no free leases May 1 16:46:03 ihawk dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from d6:49:38:07:bf:cf via eth1: network /24: no free leases May 1 16:46:03 ihawk dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from d4:ef:8c:08:a0:67 via eth1: network /24: no free leases May 1 16:46:03 ihawk dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from 06:d7:11:06:c4:38 via eth1: network /24: no free leases May 1 16:46:03 ihawk dhcpd: DHCPDISCOVER from d2:ca:1b:42:d4:82 via eth1: network /24: no free leases Real Time Performance Measurement On ihawk, a NUMA node is shielded for interrupts, processes, local timer interrupts and cross node memory activities and cyclictest is started. ihawk:~# shield a n1 m1 ihawk:~# cyclictest a 1 m p 95 System load generator stress is started from a different xterm window. ihawk:~# stress cpu 20 io 10 vm 10 After 24 hours, cyclictest measures a worst case response time of 16 microseconds. Conclusions Security hardening of RedHawk Linux diminishes the attack surface and restricts a system from vulnerabilities and exploits. As evidenced by this benchmark, imposing strict security policies on a RedHawk Linux system does not affect its real time performance. Denial of Service attacks Page 6
7 About Concurrent Real Time Concurrent Real Time is a global leader in innovative solutions serving the aerospace and defense, automotive, and financial industries. As the industries foremost provider of high performance real time computer systems, solutions, and software for commercial and government markets, Concurrent Real Time focuses on hardware inthe loop and man in the loop simulation, data acquisition, and industrial systems. Concurrent s Real Time product group is located in Pompano Beach, Florida with additional offices in North America, Europe, Asia and Australia. For more information, please visit Concurrent Real Time at time.ccur.com Concurrent Computer Corporation. Concurrent Computer Corporation and its logo are registered trademarks of Concurrent. All other Concurrent product names are trademarks of Concurrent, while all other product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. Linux is used pursuant to a sublicense from the Linux Mark Institute. Denial of Service attacks Page 7
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