MOBILE PHONE JAMMERS ACA Report
|
|
- Sabina Thompson
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 MOBILE PHONE JAMMERS ACA Report July 2003 Page 1
2 INTRODUCTION Following recent publicity surrounding the use of mobile phones in a NSW prison, the Australian Communications Authority (ACA) has further investigated the legal, social and technical issues associated with the use of mobile phone jammers. The ACA understands the concerns raised by the NSW Department of Corrective Services and counterparts in other States and Territories and recognises that the use of mobile phones in prisons is a serious problem that needs to be addressed. However, it needs to be recognised that the ACA s role in considering the problems caused by mobile phones in prisons is limited to its responsibilities for radiocommunications and telecommunications regulation. The ACA believes that a wider consideration of options, outside of the ACA s responsibilities, is more likely to provide a solution. The ACA interprets the word jamming to mean the deliberate transmission of interfering signals to disrupt the normal operation of mobile phones. THE ACA s ROLE As a government regulator of radiocommunications and telecommunications in Australia, the ACA is responsible for managing the radiofrequency spectrum to provide access for all forms of radiocommunications, including those used to deliver mobile phone services. These responsibilities include provisions designed to minimise interference to radiocommunications. The ACA is also responsible for regulatory arrangements to limit public exposure to the potentially harmful effects of electromagnetic radiation (EMR). THE ACA s DECLARATION PROHIBITING MOBILE PHONE JAMMERS In 1999 the ACA declared mobile phone jammers, in certain frequency bands, to be prohibited devices under the Radiocommunications Act 1992 (the Act). The prohibition makes it an offence to operate or supply, or possess for the purpose of operation or supply, such a device. The ACA s decision to make the declaration (see Attachment A) was made after public consultation. The reasons for the prohibition included: mobile phone jammers cause deliberate interference to licensed services and may cause interference to other services operating in adjacent spectrum bands. All mobile phones being used within a radius of up to four kilometres from the jamming device could be jammed. Concern that radiation levels of high-powered devices may result in human exposure to levels of EMR that exceed the maximum permitted under Page 2
3 Australian health exposure standards. This has implications for public health and safety, especially in confined areas. In making the declaration, the ACA was also concerned about the substantial social costs that could arise if mobile phone jammers were allowed to proliferate. Jamming would be likely, among other things, to substantially interfere with, or disrupt or disturb, public mobile phone services and have serious adverse consequences for public mobile phone users by jeopardising the quality and extent of carrier services, preventing access to emergency services and causing inconvenience to or loss of business for mobile phone users. The ACA declaration describes the prohibited devices as a device designed to operate within the frequency bands MHz or MHz and to interfere with radiocommunications or disrupt or disturb radiocommunications. Under the Act, the ACA can take action, including prosecuting any person operating or supplying a jammer, or possessing a jammer for the purpose of operation or supply, that is likely to affect these frequency bands. Penalties include up to two years imprisonment or a fine of up to $165,000. The present declaration does not cover GSM 1800 frequencies or new 3G frequencies. The ACA is preparing to amend the current declaration to include these frequencies. There will be a public consultation process associated with the proposed amendments. The ACA s creation of a prohibition declaration for mobile phone jammers is consistent with the position of a number of other countries (see Attachment B). MOBILE PHONE JAMMER INTERFERENCE Mobile phone jammers are designed to deliberately interfere with licensed services operated by mobile carriers. They may also interfere with other services in the same bands and adjacent bands. Jammers are available for all radiofrequency bands used by mobile phones in Australia. The potential for interference to other radiocommunications services in these bands is difficult to quantify because it depends on the design of the jammer and on the radiocommunications service type, operating frequency and location. Available jammers include wide bandwidth devices capable of simultaneously covering all frequencies in a band. In addition, some are also capable of causing interference in bands which are harmonics of their operating frequencies. OTHER SERVICES LIKELY TO BE AFFECTED BY JAMMERS Examples of the types of radiocommunications services operating in bands near those used by mobile phones and potentially affected by mobile phone jammers are: trunked land mobile systems; Page 3
4 fixed point-to-point links which carry anything from data to multi-channel voice communications; sound outside broadcast and studio-to-transmitter links; cordless telephones; and the large number of devices authorised to operate under ACA class licences. These comprise low power devices which would be susceptible to interference from radiofrequency emissions from jammers, for example garage door openers and wireless LANs. There is also potential for jamming to interfere with the provision of standard telephone services under the Universal Service Obligation if, for example, a standard telephone service in the vicinity of a prison was being provided by way of CDMA wireless loop technology as Telstra is currently doing in the Extended Zones. SAFETY OF LIFE ISSUES If a prison were to use a mobile phone jamming device, the ACA believes it would be difficult, if not impossible, to limit the effect of the jamming to within the prison s walls. Radiofrequency transmissions diminish in energy gradually as they travel from a transmitter. They do not stop unless blocked by an electromagnetic shield. Typical building walls and enclosures will weaken the signal but do not act as a solid shield. Although some jamming devices claim to be able to limit the coverage area or strength of the jamming signal, given the nature of radiofrequency propagation the ACA is not confident that jamming could be contained and prevented from spilling over beyond the area intended to be jammed. The potential for jamming effects to extend beyond the intended area creates a very real risk that any use of mobile phone jamming devices in a specific location, including a prison, will unintentionally affect legitimate mobile phone users outside, but close to, those locations. This would be of significant concern to carriers, carriage service providers, and end-users who may not be aware which locations are using jamming devices or the extent or effect beyond the intended areas. Legitimate mobile phone users are entitled to use their mobile phones when they are within the coverage area of their carriage service provider, without deliberate interference by a third party. Of greater concern is the potential for jamming spill-over to create a serious and otherwise avoidable risk to human life in that legitimate mobile phone users could be prevented from accessing the emergency call service, via either of the emergency service numbers 000 or 112, or calls to other emergency organisations (such as poison information centres and other medical services) or to the normal phone numbers for police, fire and ambulance. Mobile phones are increasingly being used to request emergency assistance from the police, fire or ambulance services in life-threatening or time-critical situations. During , 29 per cent (or 1,128,339) of the 3,953,564 genuine calls to emergency call service originated from mobile phones. As many prisons are located in close proximity to populated areas, major roads and highways, there is a very real risk that legitimate users could be prevented from accessing help in an emergency with serious consequences. Page 4
5 There is some evidence of a potential for mobile phone jammers to cause mobile phones to lock up and to remain so after leaving the jammed area until the phone is reset (eg by turning it off and on again). The user may be unaware that this has occurred and of the need to reset the phone. The ACA is also concerned that jamming might compromise the health and safety of prison staff, and any medical staff or ambulance officers who may be called to prisons, and may have to use a mobile phone while they are within prison grounds. ALTERNATIVES TO JAMMING In 2002 a working group under the ACA s Law Enforcement Advisory Committee (LEAC) was convened to identify alternatives to the jamming of mobile phones within prisons. The working group comprised representatives from various state prisons and carriers and identified both technical and operational/procedural alternatives. Technical alternatives Handset disablers Handset disablers are designed to prevent call attempts from being authorised by detecting the presence of a handset and signalling an instruction to the base station to disallow the call attempt. Also available are intelligent beacon disablers that act as a beacon to instruct handsets within its vicinity to disable their ringing function or discontinue operation. However, this technique requires new intelligent handsets with special receivers for the beacon signals and is therefore not a solution for those handsets already in existence. Micro-cells A micro-cell is essentially a scaled down version of a mobile phone base station designed to supplement coverage in areas of high traffic density. (A pico-cell is smaller again.) A micro-cell (or pico-cell) could be installed in or around a prison either on a permanent or temporary basis. As that micro-cell would offer the strongest signal to any mobile phones operating within the prison, the micro-cell would effectively carry all traffic originating from, or terminating in, the prison confines. This differs from the existing arrangements in that any prison within a carrier s coverage area probably receive signal from a number of base stations (i.e. macrocells) which also serve legitimate users in the surrounding areas. Corralling all traffic through a single micro-cell in this way presents options to address the use of mobile phones in prisons. Carriers could identify those mobile phones that only ever use the prison micro-cell to make or receive calls and do not appear elsewhere in the network, as other mobile phones typically would. Steps could then be taken under existing legislative arrangements to gather intelligence through analysis of the call records or interception of the communications, or to disable specific handsets through either SIM-blocking or IMEI-blocking. Page 5
6 However, micro-cells are quite expensive estimated to cost in excess of $150,000 each and would be expected to require funding by correctional services. 1 Costs could be minimised to some extent by, perhaps, deploying micro-cells that all carriers could share, thereby avoiding the need for each carrier to install its own micro-cell. Further, portable cells-on-wheels could be used under temporary or ad hoc arrangements to avoid the need for every prison to be fitted with its own micro -cell. Nevertheless, the associated costs would remain high. Faraday cages A Faraday cage is a wire mesh enclosure that provides a shield to radio waves. The application of the Faraday cage principle within prisons would block the transmission of mobile phone signals to or from a mobile handset within the cage. Although the retrospective creation of Faraday cages within prisons would be resource intensive, LEAC regarded it as appropriate to be taken into account in the design and construction of new prisons. Operational solutions The LEAC working group also identified a number of activities that correctional services could undertake to target problem areas cost effectively and without amendment to legislation. These principally included: improved searching at the point of entry to prevent mobile phones or their components being smuggled into prisons, similar to other contraband items; and the use of fixed and/or mobile electronic detection devices that can detect when a mobile phone is in operation or in standby mode (and could then be used in conjunction with devices that locate the origin of the signal). If mobile phones are being used to conduct criminal activities, existing legislative arrangements already provide the opportunity for intelligence gathering through analysis of call records or the interception of communications. Further, specific mobile phones could be disabled remotely by carriers through SIM-blocking or IMEIblocking. Legislative solutions The LEAC working group also considered it important that appropriate legislation is in place to support any efforts to prevent mobile phones being used within prisons. This included legislation to prohibit the carriage of mobile phones or mobile phone components into prisons (as has been adopted in the ACT, Qld and WA) and appropriate penalties for offenders. 1 Section 314 of the Telecommunications Act 1997 provides that a carrier or carriage service provider that is required (under section 313) to provide assistance to officers and authorities of the Commonwealth and of the states and territories must provide that assistance on the basis that they neither profit from, nor bear the costs of, providing that assistance. That is, carriers and carriage service providers are entitled to recover the costs of providing assistance. Page 6
7 LEGAL ISSUES IN RELATION TO A TRIAL OF MOBILE JAMMERS Much of the attention has focused on the operation of the ACA s prohibition declaration prohibiting the possession, use and supply of mobile phone jammers. It should be noted that even if Corrective Services were exempted from the operation of the prohibition declaration, and there is doubt that this could be done legally at present, it is an offence to operate these devices as they are designed to deliberately interfere with radiocommunications which deliver telecommunications services. It is an offence to interfere with radiocommunications under section 197 of the Act and it is an offence to interfere with a carriage service supplied by a carrier under subsection 85ZG(2) of the Crimes Act Under the present legislation, which is designed to protect both radiocommunications and telecommunications it is doubtful whether a trial of mobile phone jammers could be conducted legally. SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATION While the ACA recognises and is sympathetic to the difficulties facing Corrective Services in relation to use of mobile phones in prisons, the ACA considers that the disadvantages of allowing the use of mobile phone jammers appear to outweigh the advantages. The legal issues surrounding the use of mobile phone jammers are complex. There is significant doubt as to whether mobile phone jammers could be used without a change to existing legislation. The ACA does not support the introduction of mobile phone jammers because they: interfere with licensed radiocommunications; disrupt telecommunications networks; and raise serious safety of life issues. Therefore, the ACA recommends that the available alternatives to mobile phone jammers described above be further explored by Corrective Services in consultation with carriers. Page 7
8 ATTACHMENT A Legislative Arrangements for the Declaration Prohibiting Mobile Phone Jammers The power to declare the operation or supply, or possession for the purposes of operation or supply, of radiocommunications devices to be prohibited stems from Part 4.1, Division 8 of the Act. Section 189 of the Act makes it an offence to operate or supply, or possess for the purposes of operation or supply, a prohibited device, without reasonable excuse. Section 189 also details the penalties that apply if a person is found guilty: if the offender is an individual imprisonment for two years; or otherwise 1,500 penalty units (currently $165,000). Section 190 of the Act describes the manner in which the ACA may declare a device to be prohibited and the kinds of devices that may be declared to be prohibited. Such devices must be devices that: are designed to have an adverse effect on radiocommunications or would be likely substantially to: - interfere with radiocommunications; or - disrupt or disturb radiocommunications in any other way; or are radiocommunications transmitters or radiocommunications receivers that would be reasonably likely to have an adverse effect on the health or safety of persons who: - operate the devices; or - work on the devices; or - use services supplied by means of the devices; or - are reasonably likely to be affected by the operation of the devices. A declaration is a disallowable instrument for the purposes of section 46A of the Acts Interpretation Act A declaration is taken to be a statutory rule within the meaning of the Statutory Rules Publication Act Section 191 of the Act requires the ACA to undertake public consultation in a specified manner before making a declaration that a device is prohibited. The ACA, in a notice published in the Commonwealth of Australia Gazette must: describe the device; and specify the reasons why the ACA proposes to make a declaration; and invite interested persons to make representations about the proposed declaration within a period not less than one month after the date of publication of the notice; and specify the address to which representations may be sent. The ACA must give due consideration to any representations made by a person within the period specified in the notice. The ACA is not required to undertake a public Page 8
9 consultation process if it is satisfied that making the declaration is a matter of urgency. Page 9
10 ATTACHMENT B Policies of other countries Other countries are dealing with the issue of whether mobile phone jamming should be allowed. There have been a number of positions taken by these countries. United Kingdom (UK): It is illegal to install or use these devices in the UK. Use of these devices constitutes an offence contrary to sections 1 (unlicensed use) and 13 (deliberate interference) of the Wireless Telegraphy Act Outlets marketing the device are prosecuted for inciting the public to commit an offence. Ireland: It is illegal to use mobile phone jammers in Ireland and prosecutions in relation to jammers have occurred. United States of America (USA): It is illegal to install or use these devices as FCC Part 15(5b) Rule precludes the use of intentional interferers. Europe: It is illegal under European Directive 99/05/CE to sell or use mobile phone jammers. However, there is anecdotal evidence that Spanish authorities are not prosecuting misuse once these devices arrive at the final user. Also France has passed regulations that will allow the use of a type of mobile phone jammers in theatres, temples and other places. Before permitting installation, it will be verified that the influence of the system is null outside the place protected, health-related radiation limits are fulfilled, and the system allows specific calls such as emergencies, police, and fire department. Both the administration and mobile telephony operators will be involved in the verification of these conditions, and their permission will be required for installation. Misuse will be considered a major offence. The French authorities consider that these conditions guarantee the rights of mobile operators, since they must grant cell phone installation. In this scenario, cell phone jammers would become similar to base stations, although, in this case, they would filter communications instead of establishing them. The French authorities consider that those selective devices would fulfil Directive 99/05/CE under adequate license terms subject to the conditions of each member state. The ACA understanding of this arrangement is that it does not constitute jamming, but is a micro-cell arrangement. Its success may be due to cooperation between carriers and relevant authorities. Canada: After a period of public consultation Industry Canada announced on 14 June 2002 in Gazette Notice No. DGTP that it would not authorise the use of mobile phone jammers. It stated that this decision was consistent with the Departments mandate to manage the radiofrequency spectrum. With respect to the use of jamming devices in connection with federal security and law enforcement functions for national security purposes, an alternative authorisation process is under review. Jamaica: Mobile phone jammers are used in prisons. There is a media report which suggests that legitimate services outside the prison boundaries are affected. Page 10
Review of the Mobile Phone Jammer Prohibition Public discussion paper JANUARY 2010
Review of the Mobile Phone Jammer Prohibition Public discussion paper JANUARY 2010 Canberra Purple Building Benjamin Offices Chan Street Belconnen ACT PO Box 78 Belconnen ACT 2616 T +61 2 6219 5555 F +61
More informationCOMMUNICATIONS ALLIANCE LTD INDUSTRY CODE C564:2011 MOBILE PHONE BASE STATION DEPLOYMENT
COMMUNICATIONS ALLIANCE LTD INDUSTRY CODE C564:2011 MOBILE PHONE BASE STATION DEPLOYMENT Industry Code - Mobile Phone Base Station Deployment This Code was issued in draft form for public comment as DR
More informationAppendix 1. The Existing Regulatory Scheme Comprises:
The Existing Regulatory Scheme Comprises: A. An Act about management of the radiofrequency spectrum and other matters. The short title is Radiocommunications Act (Cth) No. 174 1992 as amended; B. An Act
More informationReview of the Mobile Phone Jammer Prohibition. Discussion Paper
Review of the Mobile Phone Jammer Prohibition Discussion Paper Submission by: Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association and Communications Alliance April 28 2010 1. Introduction and Summary 1.1
More informationGPS, Wi-Fi, and Cell Phone Jammers Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
Enforcement Bureau GPS, Wi-Fi, and Cell Phone Jammers Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) GENERAL INFORMATION 1. What are jammers? 2. How do jammers work? 3. What laws prohibit the marketing, sale, and use
More informationFixed Wireless Fact Sheet
National Broadband Network Fixed Wireless Fact Sheet What is the National Broadband Network? The National Broadband Network (NBN) is designed to provide high speed broadband access to 100 per cent of Australian
More informationRemote Gambling Bill
Remote Gambling Bill Bill No. 23/2014. Read the first time on 8 September 2014. REMOTE GAMBLING ACT 2014 (No. of 2014) Section ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS PART 1 PRELIMINARY 1. Short title and commencement
More informationINDUSTRY CODE ACIF C564:2004 DEPLOYMENT OF MOBILE PHONE NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE
INDUSTRY CODE ACIF C564:2004 DEPLOYMENT OF MOBILE PHONE NETWORK INFRASTRUCTURE ACIF C564:2004 Deployment of Mobile Phone Network Infrastructure Industry Code This Code was issued in draft form for public
More informationWireless Broadband: Health & Safety Information
Wireless Broadband: Health & Safety Information Introduction The increasing use of mobile phones and other wireless technology has been accompanied by public debate about possible adverse effects on health.
More informationMANAGEMENT OF BI-DIRECTIONAL AMPLIFIERS IN THE LAND MOBILE SERVICE IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE 29.7 MHz TO 520 MHz
RALI : LM 6 DATE OF EFFECT :.13/03/96 Sequence Number :.66 Radiocommunications Assignment and Licensing Instruction MANAGEMENT OF BI-DIRECTIONAL AMPLIFIERS IN THE LAND MOBILE SERVICE IN THE FREQUENCY RANGE
More informationGuidelines Importation of Radio Communications and Broadcasting Equipment REPUBLIC OF RWANDA RWANDA UTILITIES REGULATORY AGENCY P.O.
REPUBLIC OF RWANDA RWANDA UTILITIES REGULATORY AGENCY P.O. BOX 7289 KIGALI PHONE: +250 58 45 62 FAX: +250 58 45 63 Email: arms@rwanda1.com Website: www.rura.gov.rw GUIDELINES ISSUED BY THE RWANDA UTILITIES
More informationUSE OF MOBILE TELEPHONES AND OTHER WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES - INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTRONIC MEDICAL EQUIPMENT
USE OF MOBILE TELEPHONES AND OTHER WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS DEVICES - INTERFERENCE WITH ELECTRONIC MEDICAL EQUIPMENT The radio spectrum is now more crowded than ever before with a variety of devices which
More informationCOMPUTER MISUSE AND CYBERSECURITY ACT (CHAPTER 50A)
COMPUTER MISUSE AND CYBERSECURITY ACT (CHAPTER 50A) (Original Enactment: Act 19 of 1993) REVISED EDITION 2007 (31st July 2007) An Act to make provision for securing computer material against unauthorised
More informationAutomated Meter Reading Frequently Asked Questions. What is AMR?
Automated Meter Reading Frequently Asked Questions What is AMR? AMR stands for Automated Meter Reading. It is a method of using advanced communications technology to read meters remotely. It reduces human
More informationCell-Phone Silencing Alternatives
Cell-Phone Silencing Alternatives Dr. Ali H. Muqaibel Electrical Engineering Department King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals muqaibel@kfupm.edu.sa e-cetem 2005 1 Outlines Introduction Applications
More informationUK Radio Licence Interface Requirement 2036 For Mobile Asset Tracking Services
UK Radio Licence Interface Requirement 2036 For Mobile Asset Tracking Services (Version 1.0) 98/34/EC Notification Number: 2000/393/UK Published 15 December 2000 Page 1 File name: ir2036.doc Blank Page
More informationThe Hon. John D. Rockefeller, IV Chairman Commerce, Science & Transportation Committee 531 Hart Senate Office Building
The Hon. John D. Rockefeller, IV Chairman Commerce, Science & Transportation Committee 531 Hart Senate Office Building Washington, DC 20510 The Hon. Kay Bailey Hutchison Ranking Member Commerce, Science
More informationCOMPUTER MISUSE AND CYBERCRIME ACT
COMPUTER MISUSE AND CYBERCRIME ACT Act 22 of 2003 9 August 2003 ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS 1. Short title 2. Interpretation PART I PRELIMINARY PART II OFFENCES 3. Unauthorised access to computer data 4. Access
More informationChapters 1-21 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems
Chapters 1-21 Introduction to Wireless Communication Systems Yimin Zhang, Ph.D. Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Villanova University http://yiminzhang.com/ece8708 Yimin Zhang, Villanova
More informationRegulation impact statement Lot configuration for the digital dividend auction OCTOBER 2012
Regulation impact statement Lot configuration for the digital dividend auction OCTOBER 2012 Canberra Purple Building Benjamin Offices Chan Street Belconnen ACT PO Box 78 Belconnen ACT 2616 T +61 2 6219
More informationDEPLOYMENT OF RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE
INDUSTRY CODE DEPLOYMENT OF RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS INFRASTRUCTURE ACIF C564:2002 Industry Code Deployment of Radiocommunications Infrastructure This Code was first issued in draft form for comment as DR ACIF
More informationAppendix A: Basic network architecture
Appendix A: Basic network architecture TELECOMMUNICATIONS LOCAL ACCESS NETWORKS Traditionally, telecommunications networks are classified as either fixed or mobile, based on the degree of mobility afforded
More informationELETRONIC COMMUNICATIONS COMMITTEE
ELETRONIC COMMUNICATIONS COMMITTEE ECC Decision of 19 March 2004 on harmonised frequencies, technical characteristics and exemption from individual licensing of Non-specific Short Range Devices operating
More informationCitizens Band (CB) radio spectrum use information and operation. Of 364
Citizens Band (CB) radio spectrum use information and operation Of 364 Information statement Publication date: 6 December 2006 Contents Section Page 1 Regulatory and equipment information 1 2 CB operating
More informationTHE REGULATION OF INTERCEPTION OF COMMUNICATIONS BILL, 2007 ARRANGEMENT OF CLAUSES. PART I - PRELIMINARY
THE REGULATION OF INTERCEPTION OF COMMUNICATIONS BILL, 2007 ARRANGEMENT OF CLAUSES. PART I - PRELIMINARY Clause. 1. Interpretation. PART II - CONTROL OF INTERCEPTION AND ESTABLISHMENT OF A MONITORING CENTRE
More informationHuman Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation
Australia s regulator for broadcasting, the internet, radiocommunications and telecommunications www.acma.gov.au Human Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Radiation Information for licensees of
More informationAccessing Buildings to Install Telecommunications Facilities
Australia s regulator for broadcasting, the internet, radiocommunications and telecommunications www.acma.gov.au Accessing Buildings to Install Telecommunications Facilities The Australian Communications
More informationEMR COMPLIANCE HOW TO ENSURE YOUR NATA ACCREDITED CONTRACTOR IS ABLE TO PROVIDE A NATA ENDORSED REPORT
EMR COMPLIANCE HOW TO ENSURE YOUR NATA ACCREDITED CONTRACTOR IS ABLE TO PROVIDE A NATA ENDORSED REPORT Chris Zombolas Technical Director, EMC Technologies Pty Ltd 57 Assembly Drive Tullamarine Vic. 3043,
More informationPrivate Parking Areas Act 1986
Version: 1.7.2011 South Australia Private Parking Areas Act 1986 An Act to regulate, restrict or prohibit the use by the public of private access roads, private walkways, and private parking areas; to
More informationSpectrum Management. Case Study: Australia INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION
Spectrum Management Case Study: Australia Spectrum Management Case Study: Australia Indicators Contents Regulatory environment Spectrum management Spectrum users and applications Annexes: Spectrum Plan
More informationCHAPTER 124B COMPUTER MISUSE
1 L.R.O. 2005 Computer Misuse CAP. 124B CHAPTER 124B COMPUTER MISUSE ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS SECTION PART I PRELIMINARY 1. Short title. 2. Application. 3. Interpretation. PART II PROHIBITED CONDUCT 4.
More informationCHAPTER 13 TELECOMMUNICATIONS. commercial mobile services means public telecommunications services supplied through mobile wireless means;
CHAPTER 13 TELECOMMUNICATIONS Article 13.1: Definitions For the purposes of this Chapter: commercial mobile services means public telecommunications services supplied through mobile wireless means; cost-oriented
More informationHow To Know If You Are Safe To Use An Antenna (Wired) Or Wireless (Wireless)
1 2 The range of RF spans 3 KHz (3000 Hz) to 300 GHz (300 million Hz) Frequencies of RF devices range from the low frequency AM broadcasts (80 MHz) to higher frequency mobile phones (1900 MHz) smart meters
More informationClean, Green and Safe Management System
Clean, Green and Safe Management System SP 24-38: Working with Radio Frequency Radiation - Minimum Requirements Author : Communications Network Operations Centre Manager A. Reece Checked by: Manager Communications/
More informationACMA Determination Submission
Submission ACMA Determination Submission Queensland Police Service response to an invitation to comment on the draft Telecommunications (Emergency Call Service) Determination 2009, issued June 2009. Introduction
More informationApplication Note: Spread Spectrum Oscillators Reduce EMI for High Speed Digital Systems
Application Note: Spread Spectrum Oscillators Reduce EMI for High Speed Digital Systems Introduction to Electro-magnetic Interference Design engineers seek to minimize harmful interference between components,
More informationDeployment of UMTS in 900 MHz band
FORUM WHITE PAPER Deployment of in MHz band 1. Introduction IMT-2000/ service was launched in the core band (1920-1980 MHz/2110-2170 MHz) during the year 2001, and by mid-2006 there are more than 75 million
More informationMobile Telephone and Wireless Handheld Devices Policy & Guideline. Information Management and Technology Policy
Information Management and Technology Policy TITLE: MOBILE TELEPHONE AND WIRELESS HANDHELD DEVICES 1 POLICY Purpose The purpose of this policy is to: 1. Establish a uniform and consistent approach to the
More informationHow To Ensure Safety On A Health And Safety Website
NHS Ayrshire & Arran Organisation & Human Resource Development Policy LANDLINE AND MOBILE COMMUNICATION POLICY AND USE OF MOBILES WITHIN HEALTH PREMISES Version Number: 1.0 Prepared By: Policy Development
More informationBasic Network Design
Frequency Reuse and Planning Cellular Technology enables mobile communication because they use of a complex two-way radio system between the mobile unit and the wireless network. It uses radio frequencies
More informationDepartment of Public Safety and Correctional Services. Non-Jamming Cell Phone Pilot Summary
Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services Non-Jamming Cell Phone Pilot Summary January 20, 2010 INTRODUCTION The Department s Cell Phone Pilot is a follow-up to the September 2009 Cell Phone
More information2015docs\INSLM02. 1 See Intelligence Services Act 1994, s 5(1): No entry on or interference with property or with wireless telegraphy
Professor Clive Walker School of Law, University of Leeds Inquiry into section 35P of the Australian Security Intelligence Organisation Act 1979 Submission to the Independent Security Law Monitor 3 April
More informationNETWORK LICENCE APPLICATION GUIDELINES
NETWORK LICENCE APPLICATION GUIDELINES Introduction The Network Licence may be granted to users of the following networks: 1. Wide-area Private Network; 2. Public Mobile Network and 3. Fixed Wireless Network.
More informationWhat are radio signals?
Mobile phones and other wireless technologies have become an integral part of everyday life. But does using a mobile phone regularly, or living near a base station, have any implications for our health?
More informationWireless Network Standard
Last Modified: 10/20/15 Wireless Network Standard Purpose The standard and guidelines described in this document will ensure the uniformity of wireless network access points at the University of Georgia.
More informationEXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM TO THE DATA RETENTION (EC DIRECTIVE) REGULATIONS 2007. 2007 No. 2199
EXPLANATORY MEMORANDUM TO THE DATA RETENTION (EC DIRECTIVE) REGULATIONS 2007 2007 No. 2199 1. This explanatory memorandum has been prepared by the Home Office and is laid before Parliament by Command of
More informationMEASUREMENT AND ANALYSIS OF RF EME LEVELS FROM MOBILE TELEPHONE BASE STATIONS LOCATED AT LEICHHARDT, NSW
AUSTRALIAN RADIATION PROTECTION AND NUCLEAR SAFETY AGENCY A R P N S A Lower Plenty Road YALLAMBIE VIC 3085 Phone 61 3 9433 2211 Fax 61 3 9432 1835 E-mail: arpansa@health.gov.au Web: www.arpansa.gov.au
More informationWireless Public Address Systems (WPAS) Licensing. Information Briefing Westbury Hotel, Dublin 26 th July 2006
Wireless Public Address Systems (WPAS) Licensing Information Briefing Westbury Hotel, Dublin 26 th July 2006 27/07/2006 2 Agenda WPAS: Wireless Public Address System 1. Background to WPAS Licensing Scheme
More informationMobile Phones: Jargon Explained
Mobile Phones: Jargon Explained 2G 3G Aerial Second Generation Mobile Phone System. See GSM See Third Generation Mobile Phone System. Device designed to radiate and receive electromagnetic energy. Antenna
More informationEnhanced mobile location information for the Emergency Call Service
Enhanced mobile location information for the Emergency Call Service ACMA consultation on a proposal to amend the Telecommunications (Emergency Call Service) Determination 2009 MAY 2010 Canberra Purple
More informationLocation management Need Frequency Location updating
Lecture-16 Mobility Management Location management Need Frequency Location updating Fig 3.10 Location management in cellular network Mobility Management Paging messages Different paging schemes Transmission
More informationINFORMATION & COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT) PHYSICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY POLICY
INFORMATION & COMMUNICATIONS TECHNOLOGY (ICT) PHYSICAL & ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY POLICY 1. PURPOSE In respect to this policy the term physical and environmental security refers to controls taken to protect
More informationDepartment of Communications. Enhancing Online Safety for Children Discussion Paper. Submission by the Australian Federal Police
Department of Communications Enhancing Online Safety for Children Discussion Paper Submission by the Australian Federal Police March 2014 1 Introduction The AFP welcomes the opportunity to make a submission
More informationCOMMON REGULATORY OBJECTIVES FOR WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN) EQUIPMENT PART 2 SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF WLAN EQUIPMENT
COMMON REGULATORY OBJECTIVES FOR WIRELESS LOCAL AREA NETWORK (WLAN) EQUIPMENT PART 2 SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF WLAN EQUIPMENT 1. SCOPE This Common Regulatory Objective, CRO, is applicable to Wireless Local Area
More informationBAY OF PLENTY COUNCILS BROADBAND BUSINESS CASE STUDY SPECTRUM AUCTION REVIEW. April 2007
BAY OF PLENTY COUNCILS BROADBAND BUSINESS CASE STUDY SPECTRUM AUCTION REVIEW April 2007 GDI Ground Floor, 201 Wickham Terrace PO Box 782 Spring Hill, Qld 4004. Telephone: +61(7) 3832 1222 Facsimile: +61(7)
More informationAustralia s counter-terrorism laws
Australia s counter-terrorism laws & Questions and answers OFFENCES This pamphlet is a reference to help explain Australia s counter-terrorism laws. There are five main sections to this pamphlet: Terrorist
More informationINDEPENDENT COMMUNICATIONS AUTHORITY OF SOUTH AFRICA
STAATSKOERANT, 7 APRIL 2008 No. 30955 3 NOTICE 432 OF 2008 INDEPENDENT COMMUNICATIONS AUTHORITY OF SOUTH AFRICA REGULATIONS IN RESPECT OF LICENCE EXEMPTIONS IN TERMS OF SECTION 6 OF THE ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS
More informationMobile Gateway usage clarification of the regulatory environment
Information Notice Mobile Gateway usage clarification of the regulatory environment Document No: 03/15 Date: 05, February 2003 An Coimisiún um Rialáil Cumarsáide Commission for Communications Regulation
More informationHow To Regulate Voice Over Internet Protocol (Voip) In The Uk
Introduction This note is intended to provide informal guidance for companies who are using Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) technology to deliver communications services to customers. The guidance
More informationCriminal Code (Child Pornography and Abuse) Amendment Bill 2004
1 Criminal Code (Child Pornography and Abuse) Explanatory Notes General Outline Short Title The short title of the Bill is the Criminal Code (Child Pornography and Abuse). Policy Objectives of the Legislation
More informationCOMMENTS OF THE BOEING COMPANY
Before the UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE NATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS AND INFORMATION ADMINISTRATION Washington, DC Technical Approaches to Preventing Contraband Cell Phone Use in Prisons ) ) Docket
More informationcommunication over wireless link handling mobile user who changes point of attachment to network
Wireless Networks Background: # wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now exceeds # wired phone subscribers! computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs, Internet-enabled phone promise anytime untethered Internet
More informationSATELLITE COMMUNICATION STATION LICENCE APPLICATION GUIDELINES
SATELLITE COMMUNICATION STATION LICENCE APPLICATION GUIDELINES Introduction A Satellite Communication Station Licence may be granted the following classes of stations to enable the licensee to transmit,
More informationsources in our environment i.e. Natural and man-made. The sun, earth and ionosphere are the natural source.
Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR) consist of waves of electric and magnetic energy moving together at the speed of light and sometimes is referred as electromagnetic field (EMF) They are basically two forms
More informationCHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Wireless Networks Background 1.1.1 Evolution of Wireless Networks Figure 1.1 shows a general view of the evolution of wireless networks. It is well known that the first successful
More informationNETWORK LICENCE (Localised Private Network Multi-Channel Radiocommunication)
NETWORK LICENCE (Localised Private Network Multi-Channel Radiocommunication) APPLICATION GUIDELINES Introduction This licence is issued to users which fewer portables (minimum 2 units) to operate a multi-channel
More informationDATA RETENTION. Guidelines for Service Providers
DATA RETENTION Guidelines for Service Providers The Attorney-General s Department has prepared this guide to assist industry participants to understand the obligations arising from the Telecommunications
More informationRecommendation T/SF 42 (Odense 1986) SERVICES AND FACILITIES ASPECTS OF 2ND GENERATION CORDLESS TELEPHONES
o B T/SF 42 E Page 1 Recommendation T/SF 42 (Odense 1986) SERVICES AND FACILITIES ASPECTS OF 2ND GENERATION CORDLESS TELEPHONES Recommendation proposed by Working Group T/WG 7 Services and facilities (SF)
More informationWireless Telephone System Product Comparison
TM Wireless Telephone System Product Comparison SpectraLink PCS 150E SpectraLink PCS 150E x 4 SpectraLink PCS 3000 Publication Information Toshiba America Information Systems, Inc., Telecommunication Systems
More informationElectronic Communication Committee (ECC) within the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT)
Page 1 Electronic Communication Committee (ECC) within the European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT) ECC RECOMMENDATION (05)04 CRITERIA FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF RADIO INTERFERENCES
More informationERC/DEC/(96)01 EUROPEAN RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS COMMITTEE
EUROPEAN RADIOCOMMUNICATIONS COMMITTEE ERC Decision of 7 March 1996 on the harmonised frequency band to be designated for the introduction of the Digital Land Mobile System for the Emergency Services (ERC/DEC/(96)01)
More informationRadio Frequency (RF) Exposure Compliance of Radiocommunication Apparatus (All Frequency Bands)
Issue 3 June 2009 Spectrum Management and Telecommunications Radio Standards Specification Radio Frequency (RF) Exposure Compliance of Radiocommunication Apparatus (All Frequency Bands) Aussi disponible
More informationHANDBOOK 8 NETWORK SECURITY Version 1.0
Australian Communications-Electronic Security Instruction 33 (ACSI 33) Point of Contact: Customer Services Team Phone: 02 6265 0197 Email: assist@dsd.gov.au HANDBOOK 8 NETWORK SECURITY Version 1.0 Objectives
More informationLecture 1. Introduction to Wireless Communications 1
896960 Introduction to Algorithmic Wireless Communications Lecture 1. Introduction to Wireless Communications 1 David Amzallag 2 May 25, 2008 Introduction to cellular telephone systems. How a cellular
More informationWorking safely around Radiofrequency (RF) Transmitters
Working safely around Radiofrequency (RF) Transmitters Exposure to excessive levels of radiofrequency (RF) emissions may affect your health This Mobile Carriers Forum (MCF) Fact sheet series is designed
More informationA BILL for AN ACT. Serial 270 Volatile Substance Abuse Prevention Bill 2004 Ms Scrymgour
Serial 270 Volatile Substance Abuse Prevention Bill 2004 Ms Scrymgour A BILL for AN ACT to provide for the prevention of volatile substance abuse and the protection of individuals and communities from
More informationfor the Operation of Digital Cable Television Systems
Technical Conditions Technical Conditions for the Operation of Digital Cable Television Systems Document No: ComReg 98/66R Date: December, 2002 An Coimisiún um Rialáil Cumarsáide Commission for Communications
More informationWireless Ethernet LAN (WLAN) General 802.11a/802.11b/802.11g FAQ
Wireless Ethernet LAN (WLAN) General 802.11a/802.11b/802.11g FAQ Q: What is a Wireless LAN (WLAN)? Q: What are the benefits of using a WLAN instead of a wired network connection? Q: Are Intel WLAN products
More informationSmall Entity Compliance Guide
Federal Communications Commission Washington, D.C. 20554 April 18, 2013 DA 13-791 Small Entity Compliance Guide Operation of Unlicensed Personal Communications Service Devices in the 1920-1930 MHz Band
More informationCOMMUNICATIONS AND MULTIMEDIA ACT 1998 NOTIFICATION OF ISSUANCE OF CLASS ASSIGNMENTS
COMMUNICATIONS AND MULTIMEDIA ACT 1998 NOTIFICATION OF ISSUANCE OF CLASS ASSIGNMENTS IN exercise of the powers conferred by section 169 of the Communications and Multimedia Act 1998 [Act 588], the Commission
More information30 In Compliance October 2014 www.incompliancemag.com
30 In Compliance October 2014 www.incompliancemag.com Medical Devices in a Wireless World BY IVAYLO TANKOV While wireless technology is now an integral component of a wide variety of manufactured products,
More informationMotor Sports (World Rally Championship) Act 2009 No 55
New South Wales Motor Sports (World Rally Championship) Act 2009 No 55 Contents Part 1 Part 2 Preliminary Page 1 Name of Act 2 2 Commencement 2 3 Definitions 2 Conduct of rally events 4 Declared rally
More informationPLEASE NOTE. For more information concerning the history of this Act, please see the Table of Public Acts.
PLEASE NOTE This document, prepared by the Legislative Counsel Office, is an office consolidation of this Act, current to September 1, 2013. It is intended for information and reference purposes only.
More informationChapter 6. Commonwealth offences
Chapter 6 Commonwealth offences Chapter 6 Commonwealth offences A. Introduction.... (6-1) B. Jurisdiction... (6-2 6-5) C. Common offences index.... (6-6 6-7) D. Sentencing.... (6-8 6-12) E. Appeals...
More informationTECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR CORDLESS TELEPHONE SYSTEMS
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION FOR CORDLESS TELEPHONE SYSTEMS Suruhanjaya Komunikasi dan Multimedia Malaysia Off Pesiaran Multimedia, 63000 Cyberjaya, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia Copyright of SKMM, 2007 FOREWORD
More informationApproved xx Month 2015
ECC Decision (15)FF The harmonised frequency range 446.0-446.2 MHz, technical characteristics, exemption from individual licensing and free carriage and use of analogue and digital PMR 446 applications
More informationElectromagnetic Compatibility and International Regulatory Approvals
Electromagnetic Compatibility and International Regulatory Approvals Most countries have now implemented strict regulations regarding Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) for electronic devices. This paper
More informationLegislative Council Secretariat INFORMATION NOTE. Regulation of advertising and sponsorship for commercial radio broadcasting in selected places
INFORMATION NOTE Regulation of advertising and sponsorship for commercial radio broadcasting in selected places 1. Background 1.1 At its meeting held on 13 May 2010, the Panel on Information Technology
More informationCOMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES. Draft COMMISSION DECISION
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Brussels, C (2008) Draft COMMISSION DECISION of [ ] on harmonised conditions of spectrum use for the operation of mobile communication services on aircraft (MCA services)
More informationMOBILE TELEPHONES POLICY & GUIDELINES
MOBILE TELEPHONES POLICY & GUIDELINES 1 PURPOSE The purpose of this policy is to: Implement a uniform and consistent approach to providing mobile telephony devices for WA Health official communications;
More informationBROADCASTING ACT (CHAPTER 28, SECTION 9) BROADCASTING (CLASS LICENCE) NOTIFICATION G.N. NO. S 330/ 2013 REVISED 29 MAY 2013
BROADCASTING ACT (CHAPTER 28, SECTION 9) BROADCASTING (CLASS LICENCE) NOTIFICATION G.N. NO. S 330/ 2013 REVISED 29 MAY 2013 Citation 1. This Notification may be cited as the Broadcasting (Class Licence)
More informationPolicy No: 2-B8. Originally Released: 2001. Date for Review: 2016
Topic: Information and Communication Technology use by Students Policy No: 2-B8 Policy Area: Standing Committee: Education Religious Education and Curriculum Committee Originally Released: 2001 Date for
More informationShort Message Service (SMS) Issues
INDUSTRY CODE Short Message Service (SMS) Issues ACIF C580 DECEMBER 2002 Industry Code Short Message Service (SMS) Issues This Code was first published as ACIF C580 AUGUST 2002 ISBN: 1 74000 217 2 Copyright
More informationPsychoactive Substances Act 2016
Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 CHAPTER 2 Explanatory Notes have been produced to assist in the understanding of this Act and are available separately Psychoactive Substances Act 2016 CHAPTER 2 CONTENTS
More informationWhite Paper: Microcells A Solution to the Data Traffic Growth in 3G Networks?
White Paper: Microcells A Solution to the Data Traffic Growth in 3G Networks? By Peter Gould, Consulting Services Director, Multiple Access Communications Limited www.macltd.com May 2010 Microcells were
More informationHow To Protect Your Cell Phone From Interference From Power Lines And Airplanes
A Sampling of Current Issues: BPL, >275 GHz, & Airborne Cell Phones Andrew Clegg National Science Foundation Broadband over Power Lines The provision of consumer broadband internet access using existing
More informationEMR IN THE COMMUNITY - MANAGING THE INVISIBLE
EMR IN THE COMMUNITY - MANAGING THE INVISIBLE Barbara Phi, FuturePace Solutions, Australia futurepace@bigpond.com Chris Zombolas, EMC Technologies Pty Ltd, Melbourne Australia, chris@emctech.com.au Abstract
More informationCHAPTER 23 Wireless Communication Facilities
CHAPTER 23 Wireless Communication Facilities Section 23.1 Purpose It is the general purpose and intent of this Section to comply with the requirements of the Federal Telecommunications Act of 1996, as
More informationCELL PHONE UNLOCKING: A LEGAL PRIMER. of the Librarian of Congress not to allow consumers to unlock their cell phones to access
Jonathan Band jband@policybandwidth.com On March 4, 2012, the White House announced that it disagreed with the decision of the Librarian of Congress not to allow consumers to unlock their cell phones to
More informationHUMAN EXPOSURE TO EMR: ASSESSMENT OF AMATEUR RADIO STATIONS FOR COMPLIANCE WITH ACA REQUIREMENTS
HUMAN EXPOSURE TO EMR: ASSESSMENT OF AMATEUR RADIO STATIONS FOR COMPLIANCE WITH ACA REQUIREMENTS May 2005 Version 2.0 PO Box 78 BELCONNEN ACT 2616 Telephone (02) 6219 5555 Facsimile (02) 6219 5353 www.aca.gov.au
More information