Training and Development for the Security of Radioactive Sources - Promoting Effectiveness and Sustainability
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1 Training and Development for the Security of Radioactive Sources - Promoting Effectiveness and Sustainability A. Murray, A. Popp, and J. Bus Regional Security of Radioactive Sources Project, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW, 2232, Australia Abstract. Since 2004, the Regional Security of Radioactive Sources (RSRS) Project of the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) in partnership with the United States Global Threat Reduction Initiative (US GTRI) have cooperated with countries in South East Asia to develop and improve their requirements and measures for the physical protection and security management of radioactive sources (PP&SM). This includes conducting needs analyses and implementing action plans based on the identified and evaluated needs. One significant feature of this cooperation has been the development and regular delivery of national awareness seminars for senior government officials, decision makers, regulators and managers from high activity radioactive source facilities. Another feature is national training courses on PP&SM for Security Level A radioactive sources and their associated facilities for regulatory staff and operators, with subsequent training development workshops intended to transfer requisite skills and knowledge to responsible agencies and people. This leads to the enhancement of agencies capacity to sustainably and effectively deliver their own programs of source security training and exercises. This paper describes the methods employed, and highlights some of the activities and outcomes of this international radioactive source security cooperation with counterparts in Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines. 1. Introduction Radioactive source security to prevent unauthorised acquisition and malicious use of high activity, dangerous radioactive sources remains a priority matter being addressed by governments and the international community [1]. The requirements for radioactive source security during their life cycle are still relatively new among regulators, users and other stakeholders. International assistance and cooperation programs aimed at developing the necessary regulatory and operational security capabilities have achieved much. These programs support States in satisfying, at a minimum, the elements of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources [2]. Since 2004, the Regional Security of Radioactive Sources (RSRS) Project of the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO) in partnership with the United States Global Threat Reduction Initiative (US GTRI) have cooperated with countries in South East Asia to develop and improve their requirements and measures for the physical protection and security management of radioactive sources (PP&SM) [3] - [11]. This includes conducting needs analyses and implementing action plans based on the identified and evaluated needs. One significant feature of this cooperation has been the development and regular delivery of national awareness seminars for senior government officials, decision makers, regulators and managers from high activity radioactive source facilities. Another feature is national training courses on PP&SM for Security Level A radioactive sources and their associated facilities for regulatory staff and operators, with subsequent training development workshops intended to transfer requisite skills and knowledge to responsible agencies and people. This leads to the enhancement of agencies capacity to sustainably and effectively deliver their own programs of source security training and exercises. This paper describes the methods employed, and highlights some of the activities and outcomes of this international radioactive source security cooperation with counterparts in Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines. International Conference on Nuclear Security: Enhancing Global Efforts, 1 to 5 July,
2 2. Physical Protection and Security Management of Radioactive Sources Training Development 2.1. A Systematic Approach The training aims to build sustainability within a country s or organisation s capacity and capability to effectively implement physical protection and security management of radioactive sources. To achieve this aim, the methods of a Systematic Approach to Training (SAT) [12] are applied, including: identification of participant and organisational needs according to their roles, responsibilities, prior knowledge and experience; development of key learning areas and a course syllabus to satisfy the needs; development of specific learning outcomes for each session; content development; evaluation of content and its delivery; and continuous improvement. As indicated in Figure 1, this approach provides a step-by-step, iterative process for the development and continuous improvement of training programs as a whole, as well as the constituent parts such as the needs analysis, syllabus, learning outcomes, and content topics. As each development step is conducted, outputs can be reviewed against the identified needs and the key learning areas. This allows feedback and improvement to be incorporated in the training material at each step of the development stage. This evaluation continues following training delivery, allowing the experience gained to further improve the content of such training to meet the needs of participants, including often changing or newly recognised needs. Figure 1: Systematic Approach to Training development loop. Embedded in this process is the means for participants to identify their own needs and constraints at an individual professional level and to recognise how this relates to organisational or national radioactive source security goals and arrangements. To successfully implement the objectives of radioactive source security a range of audiences need to be engaged for training. These can include government policy and decision makers, government departments, directorates and agencies, local government, and law enforcement as well as radiation regulatory authority management, assessment and inspection staff, and radiation safety officers and operators at facilities. Through needs analysis it is recognised 2 International Conference on Nuclear Security: Enhancing Global Efforts, 1 to 5 July, 2013
3 that different participants, depending on their roles and levels of responsibilities, have different perspectives and require different levels of understanding concerning the detailed physical protection and security management provisions. The PP&SM Training Framework used by ANSTO and US GTRI to develop and deliver training, and to provide support and peer review of national or local delivery is in Table 1 [13]. The key learning areas that generally apply to enhance the knowledge, skills and experience of participants include: physical protection principles; physical protection functions; equipment fundamentals; effective use of equipment, people, plans and procedures; security management; and security culture. Each of these areas is covered by a complementary mix of lectures, tutorials, discussion sessions, and practical and classroom exercises. Extracts of the prospectus for the national PP&SM course as delivered by ANSTO and US GTRI is in Appendix A, including a list of the topics covered. Additional topics are included if identified through needs analysis. The training includes lectures developed and adapted from US materials and from IAEA recommendations and guidance [14], [15] giving the participants a detailed overview of PP&SM concepts and their application; as well as lectures on a physical protection system s equipment and its effective use in detecting, delaying, assessing and responding to unauthorised access. Practical exercises are designed to test and apply the knowledge and skills acquired through classroom training by participants conducting a mock security inspection of the premises of a hypothetical Gamma-Secure company that operates an instrument calibration services facility. As individuals and as a group they are required to obtain relevant information to then assess the physical protection measures and security management arrangements using the methods and criteria learnt as part of the PP&SM course. The mock company manager and security manager are interviewed, records inspected, and observations made. The inspecting group reports their assessment findings to all course participants as a whole, outlining proposed further measures that should be implemented to improve the overall physical protection. The use of practical and classroom exercises reinforces the PP&SM principles and goals, highlighting key components required for a successful physical protection and security management system. These allow the participants to apply their knowledge and skills in an effective manner to the task of developing a competent and appropriate radioactive source security capability. As outlined in Table 1 government agencies, directorates and policy makers are engaged initially through Security Awareness Seminars introducing the need to protect radioactive sources, the international background including the Code of Conduct, and the basics of physical protection and security management. The national PP&SM training course is then delivered by ANSTO and US GTRI staff to regulatory staff and major users. This is intended to give participants information on the need and responsibilities to protect sources, and a sound grounding in PP&SM principles and practices Supporting Sustainability and Ensuring Effectiveness Training Development workshops are offered to selected staff to enhance their technical knowledge on PP&SM, and also to begin development of their own country and audience specific training course to be delivered by them. This approach develops the competencies and sustainability of the measures being taught under the PP&SM course and is intended to support effective implementation and maintenance of physical protection systems and security management plans. International Conference on Nuclear Security: Enhancing Global Efforts, 1 to 5 July,
4 Table 1: ANSTO and US GTRI PP&SM Framework for Training International delivery of: Support & peer review national or local delivery of PP&SM courses for: Security Awareness Seminars National PP&SM Courses Training Development Workshops Regulatory Assessors & Inspectors Licensees & Facility Management Facility Operational staff Objective is to develop sufficient source security knowledge and skills to be able to: recognise the need for, and the requirements to establish and maintain, a national program for the security of radioactive sources develop and to implement a regulatory program comply with standards and requirements train regulators and licensees train trainers in the national nuclear agency or large source facilities perform security related assessments and inspections develop and administer a security plan and procedures to satisfy regulatory requirements and standards effectively implement their roles and responsibilities within the security plan and procedures Audience includes: Personnel from Government agencies, directorates or policy makers involved with regulation, health, environment, science, industry, customs, justice, law, interior, and intelligence Senior regulatory staff Staff from facilities with Category 1 or 2 sources Senior regulatory training officers National nuclear agency training experts Representative facility operators License assessors and inspectors Licensees, Operational management, Officers responsible for the development and implementation of security plans All responsible officers as specified according to procedures (e.g. Security Guards) Duration: Half to one day, depending on focus Three days One or more five day workshops Local schedule of training Method: Seminar Training course Workshop Training course according to local requirements 4 International Conference on Nuclear Security: Enhancing Global Efforts, 1 to 5 July, 2013
5 At these workshops participants have the opportunity to engage with international PP&SM experts and obtain assistance with developing training materials that will become important tools in raising awareness, effecting the security changes and sustaining knowledge transfer in-country. Typically a review or refresher of the SAT is conducted as a basis for the PP&SM course design, development and delivery, followed by a Training Needs Analysis (TNA) for an identified practice. This involves identifying the relevant factors of the Security Level A facilities and their operation, and defining the target audiences, and setting an appropriate level of course objectives and learning outcomes for differing audiences (see Box 1). Based on the TNA some specific draft course modules with learning outcomes, presentation material, session strategies (see Box 2), and exercises are then developed by workshop participants. Box 1: Learning outcomes These are a set of statements that describe the competency, skills, knowledge or attitudes to be taught and learned in the session. These must be measurable and observable, i.e. they should be able to be assessed in some way. They are a guide to the content of the training being provided, and help determine what and how the learners knowledge will be assessed. They should be simple, clear and concise; free from ambiguity; realistically achievable for the audience, given the time and resources available for the training; observable and measurable; and clear as to what learners must do to demonstrate they have achieved the outcome. They should incorporate a specific verb or action word. Non-specific verbs such as know or understand should be avoided as they are difficult to measure. Using verbs that are listed in Bloom s taxonomy [16] is very useful as they are observable and measurable, and can also be chosen according to the depth of understanding required. In developing learning outcomes be sure to include statements on Audience, Behaviour, Conditions, and Degree (Figure 2) Who will be doing the learning? What do you expect them to be able to do? How well must the participant perform the behaviour? Under what circumstances will the outcome have been reached? Figure 2: Development of learning outcomes. Examples of measurable learning outcomes are: 1. At the end of this session (condition) participants (audience) will be able to list the objectives of a physical protection system (behaviour). 2. Given a hypothetical facility (condition) participants (audience) will be able to design a physical protection system (behaviour) that effectively meets the requirements of design basis threat (degree). It is easy to measure each of the learning outcomes - either the participant has or has not accomplished the outcomes. International Conference on Nuclear Security: Enhancing Global Efforts, 1 to 5 July,
6 Box 2: Session strategies To support sustainability and ensure effectiveness Session Strategy documents should be developed for each of the sessions and practical exercises of any training seminar, course, or workshop. Each session strategy contains key messages and a plan of delivery for each topic. The key messages detail the most important information to be stressed in each session, and are a guide to the new trainers to assist them in preparing for delivery of the training. Figure 3 shows an example of the key messages and plan for a session. Figure 3: Example of the key messages and plan for a session. The session plan provides guidance information for the delivery of the session, dividing the session up into workable parts, such as a slide in any associated presentation. Much of the learning experience must come from the trainer s knowledge and delivery, and not just repeated from a presentation using PowerPoint slides. It is not possible to put all the information to be learned on a slide, nor is it desirable, so the session plan assists the trainer by giving context to the slides and makes the learning experience more effective and consistent between different instructors on different occasions. The session plan also guides the trainer to consider the relative time and emphasis that should be given to specific topics or parts of the session. It is primarily intended to be used in preparation for the session, and may be used for reference during delivery. The next step is for training delivery to be conducted by the new in-country security trainers that have participated in the ANSTO-US GTRI national PP&SM course and subsequent training development workshops. With increased skills, knowledge and confidence, the new trainers develop their national or local source security training programs within the context of their own country specific regulations, organisational cultures and conditions, with support and peer review from international partners as required. 6 International Conference on Nuclear Security: Enhancing Global Efforts, 1 to 5 July, 2013
7 2.3. Cooperative Activities The structured process described above has been developed as a result of critical review and evaluation of effectiveness of uptake by participants and challenges recognised by the international experts during delivery in various countries over the last 8 years [17]. We have worked closely through this process of initially engaging decision makers and then training selected staff in implementing the security requirements for radioactive sources with the Indonesian National Nuclear Energy Agency (Badan Tenaga Nuklir Nasional, BATAN), the Philippine Nuclear Research Institute (PNRI), the Thailand Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) and the Thailand Institute of Nuclear Technology (TINT), and the Vietnam Agency for Radiation and Nuclear Safety (VARANS). Each has proceeded with the support of ANSTO and US GTRI to design and independently deliver training courses. Further the Philippines has conducted subsequent write-shops to assist Security Level A licensees to develop their Security Plans in compliance with the Code of Philippines Regulations Part 26 [18]. Table 2 provides a year-by-year snapshot of the delivery of each type of training event for these four countries. This successful cooperation in the region with national authorities and major users on radioactive source security has also been used in other contexts such as emergency preparedness and response training programs [19]. Table 2: Delivery of training on radioactive source security by ANSTO - US GTRI and in-country partners. Indonesia Philippines Thailand Vietnam Year ANSTO - US GTRI delivery Security Awareness Seminar 1 National PP&SM Course 1 1 Training Development Workshop PP&SM Course for Regulatory Assessors & Inspectors 1 1 BATAN delivery PP&SM Course for BATAN staff 1 * 2 ANSTO - US GTRI delivery Security Awareness Seminar National PP&SM Course Training Development Workshop PP&SM Course for Regulatory Assessors & Inspectors 1 PNRI delivery PP&SM Course for PNRI staff 1 PP&SM Course for Licensees & Facility Management 1 * 1 * ANSTO - US GTRI delivery Security Awareness Seminar National PP&SM Course Training Development Workshop OAP & TINT delivery PP&SM Course for OAP and TINT staff 1 * ANSTO - US GTRI delivery Security Awareness Seminar National PP&SM Course Training Development Workshop VARANS delivery PP&SM Course for VARANS staff and Licensees 1 * * with international peer review International Conference on Nuclear Security: Enhancing Global Efforts, 1 to 5 July,
8 3. Outcomes Participants of national awareness seminars and training courses have gained the basic knowledge and skills necessary to develop and implement effective PP&SM programs, including for the development and implementation of a regulatory program of standard setting, assessment and inspection; and putting into practice the elements of an effective physical protection and security management system to protect radioactive sources at facilities. Practical and applied material delivered during cooperative activities is adapted for further development of national trainers in dedicated technical training development workshops for subsequent regular local delivery. Participants of these technical training development workshops are: i. developing and implementing local training courses for identified audiences, including course syllabus, key learning areas and outcomes, lectures, exercises, session strategies, etc.; ii. applying and assessing compliance with relevant regulatory requirements; iii. applying relevant national and international best practice and guidance; and iv. developing and implementing student and course assessments for continuous improvement. 4. Conclusions The cooperation on the physical protection and security management of radioactive sources training and capability development in South East Asia has: a) enhanced the relevant regional, national and local agencies relationships, b) improved expertise on physical protection equipment for a range of situations, c) provided for better identification, development and implementation of radioactive source security roles, responsibilities and procedures including appropriate decision-making criteria, and d) improved integration of the security response into an all hazards approach and related interagency interoperability. Further, through the application of Systematic Approach to Training methods, the cooperation has: e) increased the local maintenance, development and self-sustainability of resources and expertise, f) enabled national needs identification and development of appropriate local training courses and exercises, and development of related materials and techniques to address those needs, g) improved testing of the effectiveness of PP&SM manuals and procedures, and h) enabled systematic assessment and review, with lessons learned incorporated to ensure continuous improvement of agencies PP&SM capabilities. To develop and deliver training that is effective, relevant and satisfies defined objectives, it is essential that there is sufficient evaluation and recognition of the needs of the identified target audiences. By addressing these needs and employing a systematic approach to the content, syllabus and curriculum development, the participating South East Asian countries agencies can effectively and sustainably enhance the security of their radioactive sources. This work is successfully supporting these countries in meeting their responsibilities as part of their commitment to the IAEA Code of Conduct and helping to secure each country and the region from threat of misuse of radioactive sources. 8 International Conference on Nuclear Security: Enhancing Global Efforts, 1 to 5 July, 2013
9 5. References [1] Seoul Nuclear Security Summit 2012 Communiqué, March, [2] International Atomic Energy Agency, IAEA/CODEOC/2004, Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources, Vienna, [3] Cameron, R.F., Murray, A., Regional Partnerships for Mutual Assistance, IAEA International Conference on Nuclear Security, London, March [4] Maloney, C. M., Murray, A., Establishing the S-E Asia Regional Partnership for Source Security, IAEA International Conference on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources: Towards a Global System for the Continuous Control of Sources throughout their Life Cycle, Bordeaux, France 27 June to 1 July [5] Murray, A. et al, International Cooperation to Better Manage Regional Radioactive Source Security Risks, Institute of Nuclear Materials Management (INMM) 47 th Annual Meeting, Nashville, Tennessee, July [6] Murray, A. et al, The South East Asia Regional Radiological Security Partnership: Joint Statement by Australia, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam and the United States on international cooperation to implement the IAEA Code of Conduct, IAEA Technical Meeting on Sharing of Information as to States Implementation of the Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources and its supplementary Guidance on the Import and Export of Radioactive Sources, IAEA Vienna, June [7] Morris, F. et al, A Regional Partnership on Radiological Security, INMM 48 th Annual Meeting, Tucson, Arizona, July [8] Dickerson, S. et al, Developing Regulations for the Security of Radioactive Sources: Experience from the Southeast Asia Regional Radiological Security Partnership, INMM 49 th Annual Meeting, Nashville, Tennessee, July [9] Chamberlain, T. et al, Regional Radiological Security Partnership in Southeast Asia - Increasing the Sustainability of Security Systems at the Site-Level by Using a Model Facility Approach, INMM 50 th Annual Meeting, Tucson, Arizona, July [10] Valdezco, E., Dang Thanh Luong, South East Asia Regional Radiological Security Partnership: Overview of 2008 and 2010 Review Meetings, Technical Meeting of Technical and Legal Experts for Sharing of Information as to States` Implementation of the Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources, IAEA Vienna, May [11] Murray, A. et al, Australia s South East Asia Regional Security of Radioactive Sources Project Achievements and Lessons Learned, International Conference on Nuclear Security: Enhancing Global Efforts, IAEA Vienna, July [12] International Atomic Energy Agency, Experience in the Use of Systematic Approach to Training (SAT) for Nuclear Power Plant Personnel, IAEA-TECDOC Series No. 1057, Vienna, [13] Howard, G. et al, Regional Capability Building in Security of Radioactive Sources through Systematic and Sustainable Training and Building Collaborative Relationships, Australasian Radiation Protection Society (ARPS) 34 th Annual Conference, Fremantle, Australia, October [14] International Atomic Energy Agency, Security of Radioactive Sources, Nuclear Security Series No. 11, Vienna, [15] International Atomic Energy Agency, Nuclear Security Recommendations on Radioactive Material and Associated Facilities, Nuclear Security Series No.14, Vienna, [16] Penn State Learning Design Community Hub, Bloom s Taxonomy, at: [17] Morris, F. et al, A World of Their Own: The Distinctive Challenges of Protecting Radioactive Sources, International Conference on Nuclear Security: Enhancing Global Efforts, IAEA Vienna, July [18] Philippines Nuclear Research Institute, Code of Philippines Regulations Part 26 (2007, revised 2013), Security of Radioactive Sources. [19] Popp, A. et al, Radiological Emergency Preparedness and Response Training and Capability Development in South East Asia, 13 th International Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association (IRPA), Glasgow, UK, May International Conference on Nuclear Security: Enhancing Global Efforts, 1 to 5 July,
10 6. Appendix A Extracts of the prospectus for the national PP&SM course as delivered by ANSTO and US GTRI Objectives The national training course aims to develop a basic understanding of the principles and practice of physical protection and security management of radioactive sources. The course helps create the basis for development and implementation of a regulatory program of standard setting, assessment and inspection, as well as an operator implementation and compliance program. Participants Regulatory staff (regulation developers, license assessors, inspectors) and operators of facilities managing high activity sources. Prerequisites Participants should have a basic understanding of radiation protection principles and practices, and the use of radioactive sources. Scope This training course is designed to develop understanding about the need to protect and control sources and apply adequate physical protection measures to sources throughout their life cycle; discuss international recommendations and physical protection principles; offer methods and guidance for designing physical protection systems for radioactive sources; and provide practical opportunities in applying these principles, methods and guidance. The training course does not cover transportation security or radiation protection. Method An applied, interactive learning approach involving formal presentations with classroom exercises and a practical exercise of inspecting and assessing the security at a hypothetical facility, which are designed to instill knowledge that is readily applied to participants' duties and to organizational programs. Topics a) Radioactive Sources and Their Uses b) Source Categorization, including classroom exercise c) Malicious Uses of Sources and Their Consequences d) IAEA Code of Conduct e) General Understanding of Threat, including classroom exercise f) Risk Management g) Introduction of University Medical Centre, UMC Exercise 1 h) Physical Protection Principles i) Physical Protection Principles, UMC Exercise 2 j) Physical Protection Equipment k) IAEA Security of Radioactive Sources Implementing Guide l) Design and Evaluation of Physical Protection Systems: Prescriptive Approach m) Prescriptive Approach: UMC Exercise 3 n) Design and Evaluation of Physical Protection: Performance Based Approach o) Performance Based Approach: UMC Exercise 4 p) Security Management q) Security Culture r) Gamma Secure Practical Exercise References The course uses the IAEA Code of Conduct on the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources, including the Guidance on Import and Export Controls; the Security of Radioactive Sources Implementing Guide (Nuclear Security Series No. 11), the Nuclear Security Recommendations on Radioactive Material and Associated Facilities (Nuclear Security Series No.14), Categorization of Radioactive Sources (RS-G-1.9) and other IAEA security and safety standards and guides. Translation The course material and its presentation can be translated for delivery. Outcomes At the end of the training course, it should provide participants with the working language necessary in developing and implementing a regulatory program and/or putting into practice the elements of an effective security system to protect radioactive sources at their facilities. The practical and applied material delivered in the course can be adapted for further development of national trainers in train-the-trainer workshops for subsequent regular local delivery. 10 International Conference on Nuclear Security: Enhancing Global Efforts, 1 to 5 July, 2013
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