ROM-SIG NEWS. A Special Interest Group Journal for ROMANIAN JEWISH GENEALOGY. Fusgeyer Group from Town of Roman in Romania on journey to Hamburg, 1900

Transcription

1 ROMSIG NEWS A Special Interest Group Journal for ROMANIAN JEWISH GENEALOGY Fusgeyer Group from Town of Roman in Romania on journey to Hamburg, 1900 Inside This Issue: From the Editor 2 Letters 4 Jews Leaving Romania (NY Times, 1900) ROMSIG Cemetery Project The Romanian Jews in America 6 Book Review: The Holocaust in Romania Shtetl Project: Burdujeni 11 A History of the Jews in Ploesti 17 The Jewish Population ofjassy from 17 to Lists ofjewish community members from various towns, 1940s 24 Searching for Records of My Grandfather 29 Book Review: Vie World Tliat Was 31 Romanian Court Documents 32 Bukovina 34 Soldiers in War Records 43 The Pogrom of 1907, Recalled 4 A Story ofamazing Mazel Sephardic Community in Timisoara 7 Jews of Braila ; 8 The Holocaust: Transylvanian Records 64 Transylvanian Population Record 70 Romanian Sources in New York City 71 Volume 8, Number 1 Winter, 00

2 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 A message from the ROMSIG coordinator: Dear Members: Sincere thanks for your patience during this lengthy yearlong wait between issues of ROMSIG News. Sam Elpern's legendary efficiency is sorely missed! Despite this protracted hiatus, ROMSIG has flourished remarkably overthe course of this year. A host of new volunteers have become involved and an impressive array of new projects are in progress. The lack of printed matter has been offset by the building of an infrastructure that will help to yield a rich lode of new material for members of ROMSIG andfor the wider community of Jewish genealogy in the months and years to come. In 1999 we welcomed 49 new members, bringing ourtotal membership to 32 from 9 countries. OurFamily Finder now contains over40 entries from 10 researchers covering 400 towns. Thanks to ourfamily finder online webmaster Bruce Kahn, the online family finder is now searchable by soundex. ROMSIG has blossomed thanks in part to the leadership efforts of the indefatigable Ellen Renck, [Phrasesl@aol.com]. Ellen carried out a tremendous effort resulting in the creation of the Shtetls of Romania database. Withthe help of Ed Rosenbaumwho prepared the web pagesandalan Grant[asgrant@primus.com.au] in Australiawho will be the shtetls database manager, Ellen's work has produced a searchable online database that contains notonly latitude and longitude but alsocounty and region for hundreds of towns within the areacovered by ROMSIG. Each townnameis in turn linked to a town/shtetl webpagemost of whichstill need to be created by you! Over 600 visitsto this new sectionof the ROMSIG website were logged between Nov. 6 and Jan. 9! As our County Research Coordinator, Ellen has managed to organize "county" (judeti) research projects, to be managed by individual county coordinators who gather materials relating to each county, coordinate research relating to thecoun ty and support the development of town/shtetl webpages for localities within each county. Australian Mitch Selleck, [ponyxpress@axon.net.au] will be the counties website manager. Todate, the following individuals have volunteered to serve as countycoordinators. We welcome more volunteers! Diane Goldman, [dgoldman@nas.edu], SATU MARE; Mona Friedman Morris, [GenieMona@aol.com], IASI; Ruth Gavis, [gavis@worldnet.att.net], NEAMT; Irwin Kaufman, [i.kaufhian@worldnet.att.net], BRICENI, KHOTIN; Cherie Korer, [korerc@earthlink.net], MURES and MARA MURES; Ellen Renck, [phrasesl@aol.com], GALATI; Jerry Silverbush, [jsilverbus@earthlink.net], SUCEAVA; Roberta Solit, [rsolit@erols.com], KISHINEV/CISINAU; Nancy Weinberg, [marvin@qletter.com], RADAUTI & CERNIVTSI/CERNAUTI; Irving Osterer [irvoster@magma.ca] and David HartWilder [nivonim@compuserve.com], PRAHOVA Ellen Renck has also been responsible forthe growth of the "resources" section of the ROMSIG website onjewishgen. Ellen has ferreted out related websites from far and wide. ROMSIG's new website review committee, coordinated by Kathy Keane [kkfish@earthlink.net], is reviewing every site available that relates in some way to Romanian Jewish genealogy and is developing a rating system to help ROMSIG members and others navigate theirway through the abundance of materials available on the internet. Volunteer members of this committee include Hilary Henkin, Harold Heyman, Ken Kalstein and Robert Strumwasser. Several ROMSIG members have volunteered to do translating work, including German translators Jack Bloom [JackHBloom@aol.com], Rene Steinig [rsteinig@suffolk.lib.ny.us], and Susan Brown [Stevebrown@aol.com]. Bruno Segal, Monica Talmor and Josephine Nagelberg have helped out with Romanian Translation, while Marcel Bratu is involved in a massive Romanian translation project that should provide us with most of the materials for the next couple of issues ofromsig News. Leon Gold, [ljg218@worldnet.att.net], is coordinating theromsig cemetery project, an ambitious undertaking with the goal of creating a database of every burial in every Romanian section of Jewish cemeteries in North America and Israel and of every Jewish cemetery in Romania. Monica Talmor, a stalwart volunteer contributor to ROMSIG, will be coordinating our master database project, which will involve compiling a database of names (and sources) from all lists and articles everpublished in ROMSIG News and from all databases being compiled by ROMSIG members. Monica will be helped out by Adam Lowe and needs more helpers! The ROMSIG Romanian Jewish genealogy forumopen to any interested userhas been up and running for the past couple of months. Bev Rayburn is the forum moderator. She reviews every incoming message and decides whether or not to post them.

3 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 A very exciting project has been under negotiation for the past year and should yield material as soon as this Spring. Prof. Gyemant will be coordinating tran scription, translation and creation of a database of censuses of Jewish mer chants from and elsewhere in Moldavia from the 180s. Cosponsored by the Diaspora Research Institute in Israel, this project will eventually include transcription and translation ofall censuses from Moldavia, Wallachia and Transylvania from the mid18th thru mid19th centuries. Your dues will help to provide partial funding for this project, but additional contributions will be necessary in order to carry out the entire project. Administration;.. * '.,,, \..Ellen Renck.. Ruth Gavis This summer, at the Jewish genealogy conference in New York, I delivered three workshops on Romanian topics and participated in a panel together with Ruth Gavis and Irwin Kaufman. We hope to offer at least one workshop on Romania and we will be holding a ROMSIG Luncheon at next summer's conference in Salt Lake City. We encourage all of you to attend. Besides these activities, numerous other volunteers have been actively involved in helping ROMSIG to further its mission. I would like to take this opportunity to offer my sincere thanks to the following individuals, and to encourage every memberold and new aliketo find out how you can pitch in to help move our work ahead. Jody Dudichum, her sister Beth, and their mom, Elaine have done a tremendous job doing all of the editing and layout work for this issue of the newsletter. Needless to say, without their help you would not be sitting and reading this. Jody and Beth were also helped out by Arlene Edwards and by Irv Oppman. Attorney Don Solomon, the Secretary ofrom SIG, has handled probono all legal matters for us including incorporation of ROMSIG, Inc., early in 1999 and filing our application for 01(c)3 status. Don is also and active member of the ROMSIG Advisory Council. Mark Heckman has worked hard as the ROMSIG webmaster and has provided valuable contributions to the ROMSIG Advisory Council. Rae Barent has put in many hours as membership chair, membership and family finder database manager and Advisory Council member. Rosanne Leeson and Ann Oppman monitor Jewishgen and the ROMSIG forum for potential new members. Marilyn Newman writes welcomeletters to new members. Steve Goldsmith willbe helping to manage contentand edit materials for future issues of the newsletter. Jim Hecht mails out back issues of ROMSIG News and sends cur rent issues to new members. Larry Herman handled the reprinting of our last newsletter. Gene Starn has generously helped with the mailing of the last three newsletters. Nate Edeson will be managing requests for copyright permissiona very important task.and thanks to members of the Advisory Council and to all other volunteers for your ongoing contributionto the wellbeing of our enterprise! A final note regarding dues: Since ROMSIG News was not published during 1999,we will be extending the period covered by dues through Dec. 31, 00. New members since October 1, 1998 will not have to pay a dues renewal until January, 01.All other members are kindly requested to mail in your checks for dues renewal immediately. Checks should be for $2 for those in the United States, $28 for those elsewhere, payable to ROMSIG, Inc., and mailed c/o Rae Barent, 427 Saline St., Pittsburgh, PA Your dues will cover at least two issues of ROMSIG News in 00, along with one copy of the Family Finder. 1/3 of yourdueswillbe usedto support special projects such as the census transcription project. Any questions concerning dues shouldbe addressed to [romsig@attglobal.net], or mailed to ROMSIG, c/o Rick Bercuvitz, 1889 Workman Street, Montreal, QC CANADA, H3J 2P1. Rick Bercuvitz, ROMSIG Coordinator 'Ativ'mm Bwrtf? NatAbramowitz Paul Pascal Nora Banner Gene Starn CarlUMch GaryPalgOn Joel Ives MarleneZakai Rosanne Leeson Rita Margolis IreneSaunders Goldstein "ROM«lG!!«EW/! : ROMSIG Hews is published quarterly by ROMSIG Inc* the special interest for RomanianJewish genealogy. ROMSIG is a membershipbased organizationrun entirely by volunteers. Ourpurpose is to aid individuals researching their Romanian Jewish roots by providingthem with informa tion, analysis and documents relating to RomanianJewish genealogyand Romanian Jewish history^j & Annual dues are $2 for US, $28 all others, payablein US funds. Back issues covering are avail able for $1 per year. All communi cation regarding.membership enrollment, including dues payments should be sent to: ROMSIG/Inc. ; '^V'*/' c/o Rae Barent, MembershipCoord. 427 Saline Street \ Pittsburgh, PA 1217 t ;.sagittaria@aol.com Articles and information for ROMSIG News shouldbe submitted on an IBM PCcompatible disk. Please do not send original photographs or documents; sendcopies. Any material submitted will be returned uponrequest. All edi torial material should be submitted to: ROMSIG News c/o Steven Goldsmith 2217 NW 64th Street Seattle, WA minosgold@aoi.com All other inquiries and correspondence should be sentto: ROMSIG, Inc. c/o Rick Bercuvitz, Coordinator 1889 Workman Street Montreal, QC CANADA, H3J 2P1 ; romsig@attglobal.net

4 Dear Mr. Oppman, A number of years ago, I wrote a brief vignette for ROMSIG News about a discovery that Al Leeds and I made concerning our grandfathers. Al recently died. Circumstances dictated that we would not meet one another, though Al would come visit each summer, close to our home in Connecticut. Yet we signed our s to each other, Al Frumusican and Jack Frumusican. Recently I received from Professor Gyemant, my fathers birth certificate, with an earlier birthdate than any of us knew of. I have added it to complete this story, in tribute to Al. Leeds Lead Leads to Prize by Jack H. Bloom [jackhbloom@aol.com] A number of years ago on the Romanian Special Interest Group's Family Finderwhich is a list of people with genealogi cal interest who are looking for relatives with a certain last name and from a spe cial city or town in Romania. I had post ed that I was looking for Blum or Segall in Frumusica or Hirlau. (Segall was my mother's maiden name). A Mr. Al Leeds of DelRay Beach, Florida contacted me, to say that his grandfather, Froim Leibovici, was from Frumusica. After some discussion, the best we could come up with was together concluding that our grandfathers, living in that hamlet, prob ably knew one another. That was some thing but not very much. Well, one thing lead to another and Al Leeds hit pay dirt. Professor Gyemant forwarded to him a copy of a birth registration from Frumusica dated March 22, 189. The document recorded the birth, to Froim Leibovici and his wife Hudla, of a daughter; Esther Ruchel Leibovici. I Who should be signed as a witness but my then38yearold grandfather, Zalman Blum! Zalman was at that time the father of 3monthold Samuel Blum, my father. (Calculated from the birth date he had always told usdecember 28, Actually from the actual certificate he was a year and some months.) Just a few months ago, I received my fathers birth certificate. And there was Froim Lebovici's signature as witness. Zalman's and Froim's signatures appear, ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 ett&t6 to tfie as virtually all Jewish signatures on these Romanian state documents do, in both Hebrew and Romanian. It was a thrill to see, even in photocopy, further evidence of Zalman's being, and his obvious closeness to Froim Lebovici, Al's grandfather. I do have a photo of Zalman in an 1899 wedding, and a pic ture of him as a local honcho with a group of fisgeyers of Botosani County. Fisgeyers (literally, those who go by foot) were Romanian Jewish emigrants who walked across Europe to Hamburg where they took ships to America. Family stories about Zalman, which I heard from his daughter Leah in Israel in 1976, indicated that he was an impor tant figure in the little town. Leah, in her nineties when I interviewed her, described him as the unofficial mayor. So now Al Leeds and I know, thanks to the Family Finder and Al's careful perusal of his document, and my noting my father's, that our grandfathers really did know each other well. Attached for your viewing and genealogical pleasure are translated copies of the evidence: Registration, for births No March 22; am; Birth Certificate of Esther Ruhla, Jewish, female, born, yesterday, 8 a.m. in the house of her parents from Frumusica. Daughter of Froim Leibovici, 0, and Hudla, 47, merchants, residing, in this village. Declaration made by the father who presented the child to us. Witnesses: Zalman Blum, 38, Herscu Feler, 32, residing in this village, who signed together with us. Theodor Lupaceanu, mayor, and Registrar of Storesti. (Storesti is a vil lage about 8 miles northnorthwest of Frumusica). State Archives in BotosaniFrumusica Register for Births No Dec. 4, a.m. Birth certificate of Smil Solomon Blum, Jewish, male, born in Dec, 2, 12 at night, in the house of his parents in Frumusica, son of Zalman Blum, 4, and Marim, 40, both merchants, residing in this Village. Declaration, made by the father, who presented us the child. Witnesses; Froim Leibovici, 40; Moise Sfarti, 30, both merchants, residing in this village, who signed together with us Gavril Bancianu, mayor and Registrar of Storesti. Rick: I noticed in the Newsletter you had a list of Romanian Jewish writers. David Isaiah Silberbusch, the editor and short story writer was born in Zaleszczyki, Galicia and wrote primarily in Hebrew and Yiddish. He did however live for some time in Romania and while there, published a Hebrew monthly, HaOr in He wrote a story, Dimat Ashukim (The Tear of the Oppressed) dealing with the oppression of the Romanian Jews. I got this information from the Encyclopedia Judaica. By the way, I found soc.genealogy.jewish. Jerry Silverbush From Bruce Reisch: To those interested in ancestors from Radauti/Radautz, Bukowina (part of Romania since WWI). In Israel, there is a group known as the Organization of Former Radautz Bukowina Residents. It is a philanthropic society providing aid to those in need, with roots in Radautz, both in Romania and in Israel. This group was responsible for the 1987 con struction of a significant memorial to the Jews of Radauti who perished in Transnistria. This memorial is located not far from the main entrance to the cemetery in Holon, Israel (Gush 1, Ezor 3, Rows 1617). This same Organization was also responsible for the publication of a Memorial (Yizkor) Book about Radauti, as well as a video tape honoring the community. The Yizkor Book consists of over 0+ pages, with many photos and illustra tions, and was written primarily in Hebrew, as well as German. Not many copies of this Yizkor book are left. For contact with this Organization, and information on how to obtain copies of this Yizkor book, write to: Organization of Former Radautz Bukowina Residents POB Tel Aviv Israel (Post Office Branch Zamenhof) For more information on Radautz, visit your local Shtetlink page: dauti/radautz.html

5 From: The New York Times, October 14,1900 Jews Leaving Roumania Wholesale Emigration Owing tothe Severity of the Laws Against the Hebrew Washington, October 13 Some months ago there suddenly appeared at theimmigration Station at New York large num bers ofroumanian Jews. They were all, or nearly all, without money and wererefused landing until bonds weregiventhat they would not become public charges. The sudden and unex pected arrival of so many ofthis class of immigrants awak ened an interest in the question as to what was inducing them to comeherein suchlarge numbers. The Commissioner of Immigration at NewYork madea request ofassistant Secretary Taylor that an agent be appoint ed to visit Roumania to ascertain, if possible, the reasons whichwere inducingso manyof the Jews to leave their homes andcome to this country. Robert Watchom, a special Inspector of Immigration, who was then visiting in England, wasautho rized to go to Roumania to obtain the information. Mr. Watchom hasjust returned and submitted his report to the Treasury Department throughthe Commissioner of Immigration. It says that the Jews from that countryare no longercoming to the UnitedStates, contracthavingbeen made by the Jewish Colonization Society with the Government of Brazil, whereby large numbers of them, about 3,000, are due to be sent to Brazil. ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 It appears from the report that the laws of Roumaniaare of such a characteras to make it almost impossible for the Jews to remain there and provide a living. As showing the status of the Jews in Roumania and the characterof the hardships which they are compelledto endure, Mr. Watchom in his report says that they are practicallydisenfranchised, and that while under the laws of the country the children of citizens have access to the public schools, free of charge, the childrenof the aliens are taxedat the rate of 0 francs per annumeach. Much that is exceedingly humiliating and degrading to Jews is containedin the textbooks in use in the public schools, such, for instance as "A Jew never eats before he cheats." "A Jew is a leech and lives on the blood he sucks from the poor peasants," and "Never believe a Jew on oath, even when he is expiring." Not only in matters of education, but in almost every walk of life the disability of the alien (Jew) is selfevident. His choice of callingof occupation is restricted very harshly. He is not permitted to reside anywhere in Roumania except in oneof seventyone towns designated as abiding places for Jews, and he maybe dismissed even from these on the representation of the police officers that his presence is undesirable. He is not permitted to follow the occupation of an apothecary, a lawyer, a stock broker, a member of the Bourse, the Stock Exchange, a peddler, or a liquor dealer. Theseare onlya few of the callings denied him.a still further impediment is found in the regulation which forbids employ ersof labor to give employment to a Jew until they first have employed two Christians, a ratiothey must strictly follow nomatterhow many they employ. All Government civil employments are denied to Jews, but they arecompelled to do military duty under theconscription law, although equal advancement is denied them ontheground that they are aliens. It is stated, however, that under the amended constitution 800 Roumanian Jews,"Heroes of Pleyna", or soldiers of the warof 1877 have been collectively naturalized, yet thejews them selves state that more than 0 of these are still without their naturalization papers. ROMSIG Cemetery Project At the annual meeting of ROMSIG, held duringthe Jewish Genealogy SummerSeminar in NewYork Cityon August 12, Rick Bercuvitz announced the launching of the ROM SIG cemetery project The ultimate goal is to compile a data base containing indexed burials from all Romanian sections ofjewish cemeteries worldwide, and ofall Jewish cemeter ies within Romania. This project will consist ofseveral com ponents, which will progress simultaneously. These include: Identifying Romanian sections ofjewish cemeteries in major cities in North America. Acquiring existing indices ofburials in these sections. Creating indices for Romanian sections where none exist Gathering information for Romanian sections ofjewish cemeteries outside ofnorth America (other than Romania). Gathering lists of burials and copies of chevra kedisha reg isters for all Jewish cemeteries within Romania. All work will be done in conjunction with the IAJGS ceme tery project In those areas where IAJGS has already obtained information regarding Romanian sections of Jewish cemeter ies, we will be able to make use oftheir work and where we obtain new information we will share it with that project In order for this project to succeed, we need broad volunteer involvement Here is how you can help: 1) Locate the phone numbers) of any Jewish cemeteries in your city/area 2) the phone numbers to cemetery project coordinator Leon Gold at [ljg218@worldnet.att.net] or mail them to him at 168 Estate Circle, Naperville, IL 606 or, better yet, 3) Call the cemetery offices yourself, ask whether they have any Romanian sections. Ifnot, report back to Leon 4) If so, find out whether there is a comprehensive index to burials in the Romanian sections ) If so, find out whetherthis is available on computerand if so, ask them if they could transmit the data to Leon Gold at [ljg218@worldnetatt.net]. 6) If there is an index but this is not sectionspecifictry to find out how difficult it would be to separate out the Romanian sections and consider visiting the cemetery to do this 7) Ifthere is not an index, consider assembling a team and visiting the cemetery to create an index yourself. Please contact Leon Gold before beginning this project to make sure that nobody has already done this in your city. Yourcontributionwill help to make this project a success!

6 From: The Roumanian Jews in America by D.M. Hermalin I Previous to the RussoTurkish war (1877), in which Roumania took an active part, gaining her independence from the Sultan's suzerainty, the Roumanian Jew was not often heard of as an emigrant Sporadic migration, howev er, brought Roumanian Jews to every port of the globe, with the exception ofamerica, which, for no particular reason, did not attract their attention. India and Egypt seem to have been more favored than other countries, and Palestine was holy ground, to which rich and pious Roumanian Jews resorted in their old age to die and to be buried in its sacred soil. America was spoken ofas a coun try almost beyond reach, and ofits material advantages the average Roumanian Jew knew nothing. As early as 18, according to the testimony ofa few Roumanian Jewish residents ofnew York, some Roumanians at Bombay, hearing of fortunes amassed in NorthAmerica and not finding India to their liking, sailed for New York. Arriving at their destination, they thought themselves the pioneers of Roumanian Jewry on the American Continent, but they were told that others of the same type had been their forerunners. Diligent inquiry fails to ascertain the exact names, occupa tions, and dates ofthe earliest comers. However, it remains and undisputed fact that even the sporadic emigration of Roumanian Jews in the United States did not commence much earlier than 180. n As late as 1870, a Roumanian Jewish immigrant might wander about the country for months without meeting one of his countrymen. But after 1877,the emigration to America began to increase, and almost at once the pecu liarities of the immigrants obtruded themselves in American life. These peculiarities were not religious and not national in character, they were chiefly gastronomic the first impression made by the Roumanian Jew upon the American Jewish community was in the culinary department. The religious cohesion that manifests itself in the forma tion of separate congregations was very late in coming. This strange behavior, so unlike the course pursued by other Jewish immigrants, is susceptible of explanation. The early arrivals from Roumania were nearly all unmarried men and rather lax in the matter of religious conformity. Either they were indifferent to religious practices, or if they intermarried with the Jews from other countries, they permitted themselves to be absorbed by the congregations with which the families of their wives had affiliated. After 1878, when the Jews of Roumania were hard pressed ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 by her government, and were compelled to seek a perma nent home elsewhere, they began to take great interest in the letters of their scattered countrymen. Comparing the different reports with one another, they came to the con clusion that America, distant though it was, was best suited for their purpose. The records show, however, that their migration to America continued to be spasmodic. From 1878 until 1882, the immigration gradually increased from 261 to 2, forty per cent of the whole number being women and children. In the next year, 1883, there was a decrease of a hundred, and since that time, though on the whole there has been a constant increase, the percentage of increase has varied most irregularly. In fact, if it is desired to know when the Roumanian Jews are more than ordinar ily persecuted by their government it is not necessary to look up the Roumanian edicts against the Jews; we have but to study the annual variation in the number of arrivals in this country. In 1888, for instance, there was an increase of nearly two thousand as compared with the immigration of the previous year, but the next year showed an increase of only four hundred over This irregular course con tinued until 1900, when the Roumanian Jewish immigra tion reached amazing proportions. in During all these years, although Roumanian Jews went to nearly every part ofthe Union and the Dominion of Canada, the city ofnew York was, as it still remains, the goal of their wanderings. Almost all the Roumanian Jews in America either were residents of New York, or had passed through the metropolis in seeking their fortunes elsewhere. This rule has been broken only since 1900, when wellknown European benevolent associations trans ported a considerable number ofroumanian wanderers to Canadian shores. After all, however, the bulk ofroumanian Jewish immi grants still remain in New York, and whateverpeculiarities of theirs survived expatriation can be studied nowhere as in the metropolis, in which they have established congre gations and societies, and developed individual traits. As has been said, the earliest Roumanian Jewish immi grants did not attempt to separate themselves from other Jews in religious affairs. But as soon as the more orthodox class began to arrive, and some of them became prosper ous in worldly affairs, they thought of indulging in the lux ury of a synagogue of their own, and they devoted them selves to the formation of societies somewhat on the model of those they had had in their Roumanian home. But the creature comforts were provided for earlier than the satisfaction of spiritual cravings. As early as 1884, two Roumanians occupied a basement on Hester Street, where they manufactured grape wine, and served it in Roumanian

7 fashion. Then they installed a complete Roumanian kitchen, whence issued all a Roumanian palate could desire. Others were encouraged to follow suit, and the Roumanian carciuma, (wine house) and brularia (restaurant) became a lucra tive business in New York. The first patrons naturally were Roumanians, but soon other Jews flocked to them and paid homage to Roumanian culinary art. In the same year, 1884, a few youths established the RoumanischAin'eril^^scher BmdCTb'unZfor theturpose, as set forth in their constitution, of devoting themselves to the study of social science. This society can hardly be called and original manifestation of Roumanian needs and character, itrather mimicked similar societies in the neigh borhood, organized for pleasure and entertainment. IV At the end of 188, a score ofroumanian Jews assembled in a meeting, decided to hire a hall on the Bowery for the purpose of holding religious service in the manner they were accustomed to in the old country. They called them selves simply "The First Roumanian American Congregation", without the usual addition of a Hebrew name. Even at that late date the motives that led them to form a congregation of their own were not of a compelling nature. The Roumanian Jew in America who clings to his religion differs from almost all other immigrants of his calibre. They are eager to have their own rabbis or expoundersof the Law, but he is satisfied with the religious authorities existing, so long as they are orthodox. The foundation of the first Roumanian congregation rests on other than pure ly religious reasons. The Roumanian Jew is wont to pro nounce the Hebrew language in a manner peculiarto him self. He differs even from the Galician Jew in this regard, nor does his pronunciation agree with the Hebrew of the South Russian, who is careful at least in the matter of accentuation. A loose and careless way of pronouncing the Hebrew language became somewhat of a fad with the Roumanian Jew, and when he hears prayers recited with precision, he feels repelled. Besides, the Roumanian Jew conducts divine service according to the Sephardic ritual, and as most of the East Side congregations consist of Ashkenazim, it was natural that he should provide for his own religious need as soon as he could. Again, the Jew in Roumania is accustomed to resort to the synagogue on Saturdays at his leisure, as a place at which to meet and converse with the friends and acquaintances whom he could not see during the week. Once established in America, he longed for the old time synagogue which was his club as well. The first Roumanian congregation, which met on the Bowery, consisted of about fifteen members, who were not sufficientlyblessed with worldly goods to purchase a ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8,No. 1,Spring 00 scroll of the Law; they had to hire one of a Hebrew bookdealer on Canal Street. Thecongregation rarely met during the week. If one of the members had to recite Kaddish, he either had to gather a Minyan himself, or visitthe syna gogue of another congregation. But on the Sabbath day the little hall was well filled. If a Roumanian Jew wanted to see any one of his countrymen, he was sure to find him there, orat least meet some one who knew his where about^.and mme svnag gue fokisa and domestic politics wer* dt!tscussed' a"d above a11 the fate fthose left behind!an me. coumiy ofamalek" as *e Roumanian Jew in Amenca 1S fond of callins Ws native land Contrary to expectation, this first Roumanian congregation did not thrive, and had it not been for the great masses pouring in from Roumania, and for the benevolent purpose which it added to its religious objects, it would have decayed entirely. It continued to meet on the Bowery until 1893, when it took a ten years, lease on the buildingat 70 Hester Street and established a synagogue at which the full quota of religious services was held. At this moment its membership does not exceed two hundred. On a similar basis, the congregation Kehal Adath Yeshurun, or the Yassier Sheehl, was established in It also leased a building, 79 Hester Street, for a period often years, and its membership runs up to about the same number as the membership of the other. Recently a third Roumanian Jewish congregation was established in the section of Brooklyn called Williamsburgh, but it is not of more consequence than its predecessors in New York City. In short, the Roumanian Jew has not been very successful in forming congregations in America. They have not, in fact even exerted the attraction of a club house upon him; it has been demonstrated lately that he has given up seek ing his friends at the synagogue. He now looks them up at the Roumanian coffeehouse, winecellars, and restaurants. Such Roumanian Jews as desire to affiliate with a religious body prefer the congregations formed by the South Russians or Bessarabians.They have even learned to over look "shortcomings" in pronunciation and liturgy. And the conditions that prevail in New York characterize Roumanian Jewish communities wherever they exist in the United States; no matter in what numbers Jews from Roumania may have gathered, they are not inclined to form congregations. VI As early as the beginning of 1889, there were a number of Roumanian Jews in New York who were proud of their American citizenship. When they visited their newlyarrived compatriots, they would display the document that entitled them to participation in the political affairs of the United States. The dream ofthe Roumanian Jew, to be a naturalized citizen, was at last realized. When he was able

8 8 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 to grasp the novel situation, he not only prided himself on his citizenship, but looked back with horror and contempt upon his native land, which had robbed him of his rights. Besides the oath sworn before the American Judge, he took another, never to desert the country of his adoption. It is a fact that in devotion to country, the Roumanian Jew in America excels almost every other foreign Jew. The rea son probably is that the Roumanian Jew has suffered more through being considered and alien in the country of his birth than any other persecuted Jew of the present day. The first Roumanian Jewish citizens of New York called a meeting at 1 Orchard Street, and after a short debate concluded to form a political organization. A discussion arose as to the party to which the club was to belong. Not one of the persons present was sufficiently conversant with the principles of the different political organizations to be in a position to advise to which to give their support. Yet they had been told that unless they took sides with the one or the other party, their organization would amount to a mere farce. At this juncture a youth asked permission to speak. He was a studentfrom a Roumanian University, and had but lately arrived in America to join his parents, who had left him behind to finish his studies. The young speaker delivered a clever address on Abraham Lincoln, dwelling principally upon the efforts made by this president of the United States to establish equality among men, to level the barriers of race, religion, and color. The speaker concluded thus: "And now, my dear countrymen, this noble American, their friend of the enslaved and oppressed, was a member of the Republican party". He was warmly applauded for his speech, which was delivered in the Roumanian language, and many voices exclaimed in the same tongue: "Traiasca Memoria lui Lincoln!"("Long live the memory of Lincoln!"). Without further deliberation, the association concluded to give its political support to the party that had produced a Lincoln, and so "The Roumanian American Republican Club" was formed. But next year, after the members had had some political experience, the name was changed into "The Roumanian American Independent Citizens Association. Later the association took active part in the political reform movement in New York City. At the end of 1891, contact with professional politicians bred quarrels and disharmony, and the association disbanded. Subsequently it was reorganized as a Democratic club, but the original enthusiasm had evaporated, and it degenerated into an office seekers' society, lying dormant all year, and awaken ing only whencandidates are in the field, and promise rewards in return for votes. In short, the Roumanian club sank to the lowdegree occupied by the typical political organizations that infest the entire East Side of New York. vn A prominent figure in RoumanianAmerican Jewry worthy of honorable mention is the late Michael Rosenthal, who arrived here early in the "eighties". Though a cobbler by trade he plunged into business, first as a peddler; then he opened a saloon, and in a few years he had accumulated a little fortune. He was himself almost illiterate, but he loved men of education, and he sought their society and advice. With the aid of such, he established, in 188, a benevolent and endowment association, called 'The American Star" The earliest members of the order were Roumanian Jews exclusively, but later others joined it. It is still flourishing, and it bears the reputation of being on of the best managed benevolent associations in New York City. In the same year, lodges composed entirely of Roumanian Jews were formed in connection with the older Orders, and a number of societies sprang up with the double purpose of entertainment and charity. Most of the latter were of short duration. One ofthe exceptions is the "Carmen Sylva Dramatic Association", which, however, is now about to share the fate of the majority. This association was formed in honor of the Roumanian queen, whose nom de plume is Carmen Sylva, and who bears, among Roumanian Jews, the reputation of being a liberal woman. It was composed of young men and women, and one of its purposes was the cultivation ofroumanian language and dramatic literature. Several dramatic performances were given during the win ter season, which were well patronized by the countrymen of the young actors. But as the persecutions of the Jews increased in Roumania, hatred of Roumanian language and literature grew with them in America, and the perfor mances lost their patrons and the society its prestige. vn It is proper to devote some space to the Roumanian Jewish actors, who began to arrive in New Yorkas early as They played in a concert hall, on the Bowery, at that time known as the "Oriental Theatre" At the end of 1886, the best Jewish company of actors and actresses came to New York and took up their headquarters at another concert hall, renamed in their honor, 'The Roumanian Opera House" The company soon attracted the attention of the entire Jewish population of New York; nevertheless the income was not sufficient to support the members of the troupe, and they suffered many hardships. This company of actors was fully equipped with plays, wardrobe, scenery, and even playwrights from Roumania. The authors composed all manner ofplays, but the under taking languished until , when skill began to command its due price. At present, the three greatest the atres on the Bowery, the People's, the Thalia, and the Windsor, are Jewish, and some actors have actually become rich; all others are making a decent living. One manager, as poor as a church mouse on his arrival in America, and at

9 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 first dependent upon what his wife could earn as a soubrette, has amassed a fortune of two hundred thousand dollars. His wife only recently retired from the stage. In fact, it may be said that the Yiddishpress and literature, though not founded by Roumanian Jews, owe their present material and literary success greatly to Roumanian Jewish influence. IX A movement which attracted great attention throughout the country was started in 1890 by a Roumanian Jew named Jacob Ochs. His movement purposed to introduce a new Masonic Rite in this country designed to oppose the old York Rite in vogue in England and in the United States. This Jacob Ochs had been initialed into the mysteries of freemasonry while yet in Roumania, a circumstance which goes to show that he was possessed of exceptional intelli gence and attainments, for in Roumania Jews are rarely accepted into the Masonic fraternity. When he arrived in New York, he was recognized as a lawful Mason in good standing by the York Rite lodges. But according to his notions, the American Masons did not perform their duties as such, and he protested against their course. He was drawn into an altercation with the grand officers, and he reported their actions to several European grand lodges, at the same time asking permission to organize new lodges under a European Rite, in order to show Americans what real Masonry is. Strangely enough, of all the European grand lodges only the Spanish Rite of Madrid seized the opportunity, and invested Mr. Ochs with full authority as its representative in the United States. The first Masonic lodge formed under Spanish jurisdiction consisted only of Roumanian Jewish immigrants, but later Mr. Ochs invaded American territory and organized Masonic lodges among native Americans. His influence spread rapidly, and lodges were organized in New York by Jews, Italians, Spaniards, Frenchmen, Germans and Americans. After the field had been so well covered in New York, he went to Brooklyn and then to Philadelphia, Boston, Chicago and other large towns, everywhere meeting with great success. After four years of unceasing labor, he was arrested on the charge of fraud; he was accused of having collected initia tion fees for a society, without authorization. The American press of New York and its vicinity, influenced by York Rite Masons, was very bitter against him. But the trail never came off; his credentials showed that he had acted honorably and lawfully, and the case was dismissed on motion of the District Attorney. In the meantime the lodge* he had formed fell into a state of neglect and disor ganization. However, some of them, consisting of Roumanian Jews, who knew the integrity of Mr. Ochs, weathered the storm, were reorganized and became most efficient agents of charity and benevolence. Recently, they set themselves free from Spanish sovereignty, and with much difficulty they established "The Grand Orient of North America of Free and Accepted Masons" and the order is recognized by almost all European grand lodges. X The occupations of the Roumanian Jews in the United States do not differ materially from the occupations of oth ers, with the exception of their winecellars, coffeehouses, and restaurants. On the whole, it should be said, the Roumanian Jewish spirit is inclined towards commerce, although thirtyfive per cent of the immigrants are artisans, chiefly tailors and carpenters. When they arrive in America, they speedily find work at their trades; they work hard, and accumulate as much as possible and after a few years of industrious labor they nearly all start some busi ness. If they succeed, they continue to strive; if they fail, they return to their original calling. Among the others, who have been engaged in commerce all their life, there is rarely one to be found who applies himself to the learning of a trade on his arrival in this country, a practice so com mon with other immigrant Jews. As a rule, they become peddlers, dealing in all kinds of merchandise, chiefly notions, dry goods, and jewelry. In this capacity they jour ney, not only through the State of New York, but almost all over the country, and then settle down to a permanent occupation, either in New York City or at some other favorable spot. Among them are successful merchants, with establishments, not only on Grand and Canal Streets in New York, but also on Maiden Lane and Broadway. They are engaged in the wholesale diamond and woolen trades, and some in the banking business on Wall Street. Roumanian Jews follow similar occupations in the larger towns of Pennsylvania and Massachusetts. In other locali ties they have not yet succeeded to such a degree as to attract attention, unless an exception be made in favor of some noteworthy business establishments in a few Southern towns. After the recent war with Spain, a consid erable number of Roumanian Jews went to Cuba and Puerto Rico and report has it that their business is thriving on both islands. Some five months ago a party of six young Roumanians left New York for the Hawaiian Islands. Nothing definite is yet known about them. Roumanian Jewish young men who came here with their parents, after having striven in vain while in Roumania to attain to one of the learned professions, take up special studies immediately upon their arrival, and qualify them selves as physicians, lawyers, dentists, and engineers. Above ten percent of East Side lawyers and physicians in New York are Roumanians. It is said that Philadephia Dental College is always attended by a fair percentage of Roumanian students. Dentistry seems to be a favorite pro fession with them, and the famous Philadelphia institution attracts them. Not a few of the dentists have returned to

10 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 European countries after graduation and are practicing their profession there with considerable success. XI The Roumanian cafe as well as the Roumanian winecellar and restaurant is being conducted in New York more or less the same way as in Roumania. The Roumanian Jews gather at these public houses for many purposes besides eating and drinking. They serve as meeting places for friends, where they discuss business and social matters, and where above all in Oriental fashion, over a cup of black coffee and through the blue smoke curling up from their cigarettes, they indulge in a game of cards or chess. The cafe is a perfectly innocent resort, and it is the only place at which the Roumanian Jew finds enjoyment. Latterly the custom has grown up of having Roumanian music in the public houses, and another touch is thus added to the homelike surroundings, arousing sweet mem ories in the frequenters. The owners ofthe cafes and similar places are doing a thriving business on the East Side ofnew York, some have even accumulated fortunes. By a moderate estimate there are in New York one hundred and fifty restaurants, two hundred winecellars, with lunch rooms attached, and about thirty coffeehouses kept by Roumanian Jews. During the last three years the Roumanian resorts have been frequented by all classes ofjews and lately by not a few nonjews. xn With the growth of the Roumanian Jewish population, the wealth of the earlier immigrants has increased. The situa tion of their brethren in Roumania appealed to their gen erosity and two years ago, under the leadership of the active and talented Dr. P.A. Sigelstein, one of the promi nent physicians ofnew York, the admirable "Roumanian Hebrew Aid Association" was formed. The association was called into existence in 1898 by a few Roumanian Jews, for the express purpose of ameliorating the condition of the poor immigrants arriving from Roumania. It has quick ly grown into a powerful charitable institution, and when the great influx of Roumanian refugees came in 1899 and 1900, it was able to extend a helping hand to the unfortu nates. It has attracted the attention of many charitably inclined Jews, and large sums have been entrusted to it for distribution among its wards. According to the last report of the association, $11.76 was expended from dues col lected from members. But the whole sum disbursed was approximately $30,000. In 1900, the association sent 1362 persons to almost all the states of the Union; 402 of them were married, and twen tytwo persons, who had become invalids through their hard journey and exposure, were furnished with means of transportation to return to their native cities in Roumania. During the same year, 269 applications for relief from Roumanian Jewish residents in New York were received; twentyfour were denied, and the remainder cost the asso ciation $330. Of the new arrivals, nearly two thousand were started as peddlers and for about the same number of artisans work was procured. The association has already made a good record for itselfand it is continually prepar ing for the new emergencies to be expected. By a moderate estimate, there are nearly forty thousand Roumanian Jews on American soil, twentyfour thousand of whom are living in Greater New York. On the whole, they are an industrious class ofpeople, and grasp at every opportunity to Americanize themselves. They have a prop er appreciation ofamerican institutions, and learn to speak and read the English language in a shorter time than other foreigners. They regard the United States as their perma nent home and do everything within the bounds ofpossibil ity to qualify themselves to be worthy citizens ofthe great Republic that has offered them a secure haven of rest. March, 1901 Book Review The following book review was in "Booklist" magazine a publication used by librarians. My wife is the librarian at the Bronx, H.S. of Science. It may be useful for ROMSIG members. Apparently, it will be available in January 00. I have no connection with anyone that has anything to do with this book. Joel Ives Fair Lawn, NJ, U.S.A. Ioanid, Radu. The Holocaust in Romania: The Destruction ofjews and Gypsies under the Antonescu Regime, Jan. 00, 340p. index. Ivan R. Dee, $30 ( ). DDC Ioanid, who was bom and raised in Bucharest, begins this definitive account ofthe Holocaust in Romania under the rule of Ion Antonescu by examining the roots of that nations's antisemitism. When Antonescu came to power in September, 1940, living conditions wors ened considerably, and Ionid chronicles the fascist anti Semitic legislation that followed. The eventual result was a series ofdeportations carried out under murderous condi tions. The administrative and legal measures authorizing these deportations, as well as pogroms and the resettlement ofjews in ghettos, are described in detail. The author relies primarily on previously unpublished Romanian doc uments in the archives of the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum and the National Archives in Washington, along with records from the Yad Vashem in Jerusalem and testi monies of survivors. The Holocaust in Romania is a testa ment that such cruelty can and did take place in a modem civilized nation. George Cohen (Reviewer)

11 "Shteti" Project: Burdujeni By Ruth Goldsmith The Informants: My informants were my Aunt Becky, my father's only sis ter who left Burdujeni for Canada in 1921 at age, and my father, Jack Alter, who was brought to Montreal by his sister in 1928 when he too was. Their immediate family in Burdujeni consisted of their five brothers, father, a tinsmith and shopkeeper, and Mother, Freyda, the town's nursedoctorsocial workerphilanthropistthe one to whom all turned for help and guidance. My grandmother was bom in Burdujeni, my grandfather in Austria. He had come to Burdujeni to work on the con struction of the railway station, a project for which many foreign labourers had been imported. The Shteti: In 1792,Jews began to settle in Burdujeni, a shteti in Moldavia which was in northwestern Rumania on the AustroRumanian border. In 18, there were 183 Jewish taxpaying head offamilies; by the middle of the century the Jews constituted the majority ofthe town's population in 189,1,140 Jews represented twothirds of the population. By 1899, the Jewish population had increased to 2,038'. Outsidethe shteti, one was in an overwhelmingly Christian rural environment, for the Jews of Rumania were forbid den to settle in rural areas. Before 1918, the Suceava River formed the border between Austria and Rumania it was here that the Burdujeni and peasant children swam. The countryside was lush and fer tile; forests and rich farm lands covered with wheat, com, and fruit and nut trees surrounded the town; chicken and egg farming was carried on by the peasants. Certain factors contributed to making Burdujeni a some what more worldly town than one would expect of a shteti of this size. The people ofburdujeni had economic and social contact with the city ofjassy, the capital and oldest Jewish com munity of Moldavia2, and with Botosani, only 2 kilome ters away, the second largest and most important Jewish community of Moldavia3. Because of its location almost directly on the Austrian bor der, Burdujeni was the town from which Rumanian and Russian emigres, hoping to get to America, stole into Austria. The townfolk were used to the sight of strangers coming and going. The railroad station was the second largest in the country. It was the first stop for the express train from Vienna to Bucharest and was the first impression that travellers had ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring of Rumania. Consequently, the station was very large and elegant and housed three restaurants first, second, and third classes. The town exported eggs and walnuts which the Jewish merchants collected from the surrounding villages. My father remembers collecting the eggs, candling them and packing them into large strawfilled crates which were delivered to the railway station to be shipped to Braila, a port on the Danube in Southeast Rumania, for export to Germany. Burdujeni consisted of three streets Stefan eel Mare, the business street, where the shopkeepers lived and worked; the Intergas, which was the street of the artisans and craftsmen; and the Budergas, the street of the workers, which led to the public bath. Stefan eel Mare had cobblestone sidewalks and numbered brick houses; the sidewalks of the Intergas were paved as well, but the houses were shabbier than on the main street: the Budergas was completely unpaved. The three streets, extending in an eastwest direction, merged in the countryside to become one highway leading to the railroad station. Basically, the town was made up of small shopkeepers and craftsmen who bought from and sold to each other and the peasants of the countryside. Business with the peasants was transacted mainly on Tuesdays and Thursdays, the days when the farmers brought their produce to the market There were two or three families in the town who were Rumanian citizens. This unique situation had arisen from the Rumanian revolt against Turkey in 1877, after which all participants had been granted citizenship. These few in Burdujeni were referred to as "the Drepnikers" a Yiddish Rumanian expression meaning "those who had rights" that is, they could vote, own property, and send their chil dren to university. Hasidism was widespread in Moldavia because it bordered on Galicia and Russia. In the eighteenth century, Hasidism had spread to Jassy and from there into the rest of Moldavia4. Burdujeni's Jews were about evenly divided into Misnagdim and Hasidim, very few of whom wore beards and earlocks. My aunt and father recall that gener ally both groups got along well, with limited animosity or conflict. Rumanian Institutions: The town administration consisted of the Mayor "the Primar" who had been appointed by the Governor, a city clerk, tax collector, notary, and the Gendarmarie. The "Primaria" City Hall which was the town's handsomest building, held the government offices and the headquarters of the Gendarmarie. Baksheesh was the name of the game in dealing with gov

12 12 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 eminent officials. It operated in the following manner. Taxes had to be paid in person, by a certain date. However, to ensure that the tax collector would receive the payment withinthe specifiedperiod, so as to avoid a penalty for late payment, one had first to bribe him so that he wouldn't be too busy to receive you on yourappointed day. It was the City Hall's responsibility to maintainthe gravel roads in the shteti and to provide night watchmen for secu rity. Every male was obliged to give his service for a cer tain number ofdays per year for these jobs. The wealthier Jews were able to bribe the officials so that only the non Jews and poor Jews were forced to do this work. The Gendarmarie, a Chef and eight or ten gendarmes, kept order in the town, particularly on market days when the peasants frequently became drunk. The Chefs appointment in the shteti generally lasted two years, so that delicate, preliminary contact had to be made with each new Chef. The crucial issue to be determined was whetheror not he was "good" that is, did he accept bribes? Usually, however, all Chefs turned out to be "good" by the end of their service, so good in fact, that it was incumbent on every shopkeeper, according to the size of his business, to pay a certain sum to keep his shop open on Sundays. On the whole, relations between the Jews and the Gendarmarie were amicable the latter, in most dealings with the Jews did not walk away emptyhanded. The notary notarized the innumerable documents which one was required to have birth, marriage, and death cer tificates, passport applications and the like. The state hospital was staffed by two doctors, both of whom were Jews who had converted to Christianity in order to practice medicine in a state institution. The Jews regarded the hospital with dread, fearing it as a place from which one did not return. There being no dentist in the shteti, the people from Burdujeni went to Suceava for dental work. The public telephone was located in the post and telegraph office. (There was only one private telephone in the shteti.) To receive a telephone call, the procedure was as follows: The caller sent a telegram to the Burdujeni post office say ing that he would telephone Reb Laster at 3 o'clock. This telegram was then delivered to Reb Laster, who would appear at the post office at 3 o'clock to receive his call. Despite the elegance of the railroad station, it was often the scene of hysteria, for it was only minutes before a train wasdue to arrive that the clerkgot around to opening the ticketoffice. People who mighthave been waiting for hours to buy a ticket would push and shove at each other, yelling excitedly, only to discover that the train had already departed. Many Jews, however, nevereven tried to buy a ticket. They simply climbed aboard the train and waited for the conductor to begin his rounds. When he called out in a bastardizedyiddish, "half for me, half for you," they knew they were safe and would be travelling for halffare on that trip. The NonJewish Population: An economic interdependence existed between the shteti Jews and the peasant population surrounding them. The peasants sold their farm produce to the Jews and in turn bought the Jews' shop goods. This business relationship was the sole point of contact between the two groups, and in the following situation one feels how condescendingly the Jews viewed the peasants. My family often went directly to the peasants' dwelling for their milk. They always brought with them a bucket of water to ensure that the peasant could have no excuse for not washing his hands before he began the milking. Burdujeni had two pork butchers whose clientele was the peasantry, the government officials, and the few other Christians of the shteti. The pork shops were open for business on Saturdays, although generally, there was little traffic. For the peasants, there was no inducement to come to town because all other shops were closed. At one time, rumors circulated amongst the Jews that a certain Jewish matron, who employed a Christian maid, was a customer ofthe pork butchers. It was never quite ascertained whether the maid was buying this meat solely for herselfor for her mistress' household. The Christian saloon was owned by one Botez (from "botezat',' meaning christened) whose grandfather had con verted many years before from Judaism. It was somewhat ironic that when the Jewishchildren wanted to antagonize Botez, they called his children "dirty Jews'.' Relations between the Jews and the nonjewish population in and aroundburdujeni were generally stable.although the government passed harsh, restrictive legislation against the Jews, and antisemitism was rampant, there were few pogroms in Rumania. One exception was the revolt of 1907 during which the peasants turned against the land lords and subsequently against the Jews. Burdujeni found itself in a uniquely fortunate position because ofits prox imity to the Austrian border and Franz Josefs generally favorable attitude to the Jews. Franz Josef opened Austria's doors to Burdujeni's Jews and the entire town fled to Itjcan, a town close to Suceava. During the mad scramble to escape, my father's brother was left behind. Fortunately, his absence was noticed before the family had gone far, and he was retrieved. When the townspeople returned to the shteti, they found their shops smashed and pillaged, but all in all, considered themselves lucky to have escaped without any loss of life.

13 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring Jewish Institutions: In 1898, the Jewish Colonial Association founded a Jewish school for boys3. There were also three heders in the town, and those children who attended the Rumanian schools had lessons with the melamed after their classes. Children did not start school in Rumania until they were seven, so until they became of age boys attended heder. The Chevre Kadishe Society took charge of all aspects of a funeral, which included the washing of the bodies, supply ing shrouds if necessary and carrying the deceased to the cemetery where they were buried without coffins. Wealthy people who had notfulfilled what thecommunity deemed to be their responsibility were not buried until the deceased's family gavea contribution to the community chest The shteti was relatively welloffand had few paupers or beggars, for most weretoo proud to beg even if they were in need. However, beggars did come from Suceava to Burdujeni from time to time, There was a charity drive once or twice a year and at holi days as well,every homehad a charity box into whicha few coins were dropped on Fridays. In this way, the poor and sick were able to be cared for. From my father's recollections, charity often took the form ofa woman like my grandmother who would send her chil dren out on Thursdays to collectchicken, vegetables, can dles, and the likefrom the neighbours. She thenmade up as many parcels for the poor and widows as were required and on Friday her children delivered the Shabbos baskets. Burdujeni had two shoktim, each with his own following who claimed that the other shokhet wasn't kosher enough. Before someone could have his chicken slaughtered, he had first to buy a "ticket" This represented the tax which was levied on kosher meat, the proceeds of which were used to pay the shoktim and Rov. This "ticket" was brought to the shokhet who then tore it up and slaughtered the chicken. The bath was privately owned by a man called "Der Bader" by the town. It was a Turkish bath in which a non Jewish attendantwas employed to pour boiling water over the stones. There was also a Jewish woman employed to attend to the women in the mikve and to cut their nails. The shtetl's Rov the VisniSer was a Hasid from Visni^a, a town in the Bukovina. He had no children, much to his and his followers' sorrow, but he had a nephew living with him. He was the leader of the Vi ni{er Shul where my fam ily prayed. Some ofthe other shuls were the Big Shul, which the tradesmen attended, the Old Shul, the New Shul, and the "Plub" Shul. My Family's House: My father lived in a three room house at number 92, on the Federgas, the business street. The front room consisted of the shop and a partitioned area which was the kitchen; the second room was the bedroomand dining room, used for Shabbos and holidays; the third room was the "salon" and storage room. My grandparents, helped by their oldest son, sold glassware, dishes, cutlery, and tin goods. The shop did a lively business which enabled the family to live relativelycomfortably and placed them among the town's more prosperous. The kitchen consisted of two shelves, one each for the milk and meat dishes, and a small wood stove which my grandmother rose to light at :30. It was the children's responsibility to take turns to blow on the wet wood so that it would catch fire. Near the stove was a small alcove with a table and some chairs. The bedroom containedtwo beds in each of which slept four people, a long chair which unfolded to become another bed, and a longtable. There was also a large, builtin brick oven which was used for baking and cooking, and only rarely just for warmth. During the winter, the children looked forward to Thursday and Friday with great anticipa tion, not only for the delicious Shabbos food that emerged from the oven, but also for the warmth that it provided. The "salon" was rarely used; for one thing, in winter it was far too cold to be livable. This room held a large armoire with mirrored doors, a handwoven carpet, and some trunks of assorted sizes in which clothes, underwear, and linens were stored. At the back of the yard was a small hut which was the out house, the barrel of which was regularly emptied by a peasant who was unceremoniously called "der Drekher". At night, the children were often too frightened to cross their yard to go the outhouse. They preferred to use "Eleazak's wall" which partly surrounded his house and which was conveniently located near number 92. No mat ter how late Eleazak stayed up to surprise a culprit, he never was able to catch anyone in the act and in the morn ing frequently found near the wall little reminders of the nocturnal adventures. Shabbos: Friday afternoon, of course, was a very busy time. Shops closed early, the men were off to the bath, and the women put the final touches to the children, the house, and the Friday evening meal. For the women, the day had begun at 4 or a.m. when they rose to knead the challah dough. My aunt recalls that she was so upset by how much work her harried mother had on Friday, that instead of returning to her job at the dressmaker's she would stay at home after lunch to help her mother, much to the dressmaker's dis pleasure. At shul, my grandfather would immediately look around

14 14 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 for a stranger spending Shabbos in Burdujeni. If so, he was almost always the guest for Shabbos at my grandpar ents' home. Carp, soup, and chicken were the fare for the Friday evening meal, which was spent in a leisurely fashion with much talking and singing, After supper, the boys of the family visited with their friends, and their parents usually went to bed. When the Shabbos guest stayed overnight, one or more of the children slept on the floor. Saturday morning, many ofthe religious men went to the mikve before going to shul. Then it was the women's turn at the mikve, after which some ofthem gathered with my grandmother in her home where she led the women's prayers. There was no emv around the town, and my aunt recalls the men badgering the children to carry the talesim and siddurim to shul. My everwatchful grandmother would stand outside her house on the lookout for anyone stranded without a child to help him. When she spotted a helpless soul, quick as a wink, she rushed into her house to quickly dress one of her children who would carry the man's talis and siddur to Shul. After lunch, the boys and girls went walking in the woods. Often they walked barefoot to Suceava, at the outskirts of which they again put on their shoes, to stroll through the public gardens while listening to a band which played in the square. When a family had a Shabbos guest, it was customary for the neighbours to send nuts, cakes, or puddings in honor of the guest. Towards the end ofthe day, after all had rested, it was expected that the neighbours would visit and par take ofthe sweets that they had sent. Shabbos ended quietly and again friends came together, often to discuss their children in America and to read their letters to one another. Mothers cried and sang sentimental songs which told oftheir children far from home. Two songs that my father remembers in particular are "Paper Children" and "A Letter to Momma" Finally, with thoughts once again turning to the new week and its worried, all went to bed. Holidays: The Sulijer Rabbi, from Sulija a town near Botosani, used to spend Chanukah at the house of my father's UncleMayer, where the Rabbi's followers gathered nightly for drinking, singing, and dancing. During the day, the Rabbi was avail able to the women, dispensing advice and guidance. Around this time of year, the women of the shteti began their preparations for Pesach. Fattened geese, bought from the farmers, werekilled by the shokhet, then cleaned and skinned. The Pesach utensils were taken out of storage in order to render the goose fat, which was then stored in the cellar until Pesach. The cracklings were then used to make varenikes for Chanukah. During the winter, the young girls frequently gathered together to sing and to strip the goose feathers of their down to be used for the making ofpillows and comforters. At Purim, the children masqueraded from house to house, putting on little plays and receiving small gifts; the few beggars went from door to door collecting coins, which in my grandparents' house had first been stored under the tablecloth. Shalakhmones, containing hamantashen, strudel and sweet challah with raisins, was sent to the friends and neighbours. All went to shul to hear the reading of the Megillah and where the children tried to make as much noise as possible with their graggers. The baking of the matzos was begun after Purim in the hekdesh which was emptied, and thoroughly cleaned and whitewashed. The matzos were sold and carried away immediately for there were no storage facilities; it was then up to each family to store its matzos at home until Pesach. As Pesach approached, an air of expectancy developed in the shteti. In my grandparent's home, the walls and oven were whitewashed, the tables and benches kashered. Because of the nature of their shop, my grandmother usu ally had enough dishes, and pots and.pans for Pesach, so that she didn't have to kasher her everyday ones. However, on more than one occasion, to please a customer, my grandmother had to sell a certain item from her kitchen because the store's supply had run out. If a child was especially lucky, he had a new suit or pair of shoes to wear for the seders, which my father recalls as joyous and boisterous occasions, for Rumanian Jews loved wine as much as the rest of the Rumanians. Simchas Torah was the happiest time ofall. Rumania was a wineproducing country and this was the time ofyear for the new wines. The afternoon of Hoshana Rabba marked the beginning of the festivities, when the neighbours began to congregate. First, they ate sour pickles to work up their thirst, and then the drinking, singing and dancing began in earnest. In the evening, the whole town participated in a candle light procession, after which each set offfor his own shul and the Hakafos. Drinking and singing resumed at ser vice's end and continued late into the night. Some Customs: Weddings were of course, joyous occasions in the shteti. From the time of the groom's being called to the Torah, he was not left alone until the time ofthe wedding. The cere mony took place most often on Tuesdays and Sundays in the shul courtyard in summer, or inside during the winter. Poor people were married early on Friday afternoon to avoid having a wedding party, which they couldn't afford.

15 After theceremony, the bride and groom walked at the head of a procession to the feast, which was usually held in the large room of the Jewish school. The couple was preceded by the water carrier who spilled water in their path as a symbol of good luck. ROMSIG NEWS,Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 1 As the guests approached the school, they were greeted by the u«musicians i hired ~a cfrom Botosani, t>«* or gypsies * from., the transported to Transnistia, her funeral was the largest in me jjjgjjjjy 0fme town, and a eulogy, which was an surrounding areas who played little marches in their honor. unheard of practice, was delivered by the Rov. The banquet was prepared by the mothers of the bridal couple and their friends, or by a woman in the shteti who was hired by those who could afford this luxury. It was the custom tohave a long table set with assorted jams and jugs ofcold water at the entrance ofthe hall. This sweet was the first refreshment served to the guests and to the bride, and groom for the breaking oftheir fast. The welltodo observed the custom of feasting for seven days after the wedding, with the traditional seven blessings recited after every meal. Women gave birth at home, aided by a Christian midwife and her assistant, my grandmother. (Her predecessor had been hermother). A doctor was summoned only if compli cations arose. The new mother stayed in bed for a week after the birth, covered by a white sheet and red ribbons as protection against the evil eye. On the eve of a male baby's circumcision, young heder boys were brought to the room of the mother and infant to read prayers, after which the boys filed out in order and were given sweets. A humorous anecdote about one of the townsfolk is told in connection with this custom: Kandle was a rich but stingy man. Rochel Kandle's had given birth and the heder boys had been summoned to her house. However, as the boys marched out to receive their sweets, Kandle chalked a mark on each lad's back to prevent him from returningto the line and getting a double portion. On the Friday night following the birth ofa boy, the fami ly and friends celebrated the ceremony of Sholem Zokher, at which guests were traditionally served chick peas, kichel, and cake. The Bris was a more formal affair, with guests being seated at dinner after the ceremony. The custom of giving a very sick child the name of "Alter" stemmed from the hope of deceiving the angel of death who wouldfind it less tempting to carry away an old man than a child. Some Interesting Persons: The best known and most loved person of Burdujeni was my grandmother Freyda. She was wise, goodlooking, witty, efficient, energetic, a strong businesswoman and an excellentcook and baker, it was to her that the poor and rich alike came for guidance, be it for monetary or "psy chological" help, or just for a comforting word. She was fondly referred to as the "Doktorke"A sick per son would first call on Freyda; if she thought it necessary, the doctorwas then summoned, and he knew that if Freyda wanted him, he was really needed. When she died in 1941, two months before the Jews were Kandle, the "Gonif', the owner of the dry goods store was notorious for his stinginess and for the fact that he cheated his customers, in particular the peasants. His wife was a good and generous person who had to resort totrickery to hide her charitable deeds from him. My aunt recalls that on one Shavuousthe smell of my grandmother's bagelach made Kandle so envious, that he actually became physically ill. Finally, his wife was forced to ask Freyda for some bagelach to please a sick man. Kandle's son, Rivele, was the town crier. He was some what retarded, which explains his lowly position, although he came from a family of the town's upper class. One of the town's two doctors caused somewhat of a scan dal when his housekeeper bore his child. Eventually, the matter settled down, and the housekeeper and the child continued to live in the doctor's house until she married and moved away. Some Political Developments: Burdujeni was a prosperous shteti, consisting mainly of artisans and small shopkeepers. The area had no factories and there were virtually no apprentices or employees. There was simply no grass roots base here for Socialism to develop, and very few rallies or meetings were ever held. Zionism, however, took profound hold in Burdujeni, as it did in all of Rumania. In 1873, the first prezionist groups were established, with participants emigrating to Palestine and dedicating themselves to agriculture6. In 1896, Herzl's Der Judenstaat was translated into Rumanian and appeared in Botosani7; soon, this book and Hebrew newspapers from Jassy found their way to Burdujeni. Zionist speakers who appeared in the shteti were greeted enthusiastically by most, except for the most orthodox. With the publication of the Balfour Declaration the activity increased a youth movement developed and not a week passed without some meeting or rally being held. The War Years: In 1916, when Rumania entered the war, my grandfather, because he was Austrian, and his oldest son were interned in a camp deep in Rumania. For the next two years, my grandmother carried on alone in the shop and at home, and reported to City Hall weekly. Because most of the peasants had been drafted, farm

16 16 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 labour was in short supply. My aunt recalls that for the womenand girls the war years were spent living in fear of the Russian soldiers who might rape them or kidnap them for enforcedfarm labour or to sabotage the railway tracks to slow the German advance. Before the Russian advance, the Rumanian government had ordered that all whiskey from all saloons be spilled into the streets. Children lined up with pails to catch the whiskey as it trickled down the roads, and this is what saved many families from starvation during the war years, for they were able to trade the whiskey for the Russian soldiers' bread, coffee, tea and sugar. All food and merchandise had been appropriated by the Rumanian government and officials ignored this brisk trading. However, it was implicitly understood that all trade was to be an exchange of goods, not one of money. The war was an everpresent reality for Burdujeni. Russian soldiers had marched through here on their way to VatraDornei in the nearby Carpathians; in the shteti one could hear the gunfire, and wounded soldiers were brought to Burdujeni's hospital, homes, and schools which had been converted into hospitals. The town had also become a centre for refugees who had fled from the fighting in the Bukovina. Immigration: After World War 1, the population of Burdujeni was 1,244 Jews8, a decrease of almost 0 per cent in years. Mass migration from Rumania had begun in 1900 due to increasing persecution and internal economic crisis, and the revolt of 1907 speeded up the process9. For my grandparents, emigration meant losing their only daughter and two sons, only one of whom they ever saw again. The period prior to departure was filled with deep, conflicting emotions excitement and fear on the part of those who were leaving; relief and hope on the part of parents that one's child would find a better life in America and would prosper sufficiently so that other family members could follow, and despair that one's child was gone forever. My Father's Visit: In 193, after having lived in Canada for seven years, my father set sail on the Normandy bound for Le Havre. From there, he travelled for several days by train, arriv ing finally in Burdujeni at 2:30 in the morning. By 3 o'clock almost the entire town was awake to greet him, having been awakened by Rivele the Town Crier calling, "Alter is here from America!" One can imagine the excitement that met him, for it was a rarity for an emigre to visit his home town. By the following day, however, my grandmother's equi librium was sufficiently restored so that she was ready to resume her role as town guardianand she proceeded to tell my father of the misfortune that had befallen the town water carrier. His horse had died, and the poor man had no means of transporting the water. That was all she had to say without another word, my father pulled some bills from his pocket and handed them to her. My father's immediate impression was that "to me it looked like the town sank". In addition to this depressing reality of the shtetl's size and appearance, he saw the eco nomic repercussions of the repressive legislation being passed by the Rumanian government. A recent law stated that a Christian need pay only % of any debt owed to a Jew, and that this % was payable over years. This placed the Burdujeni shopkeepers, the majority of whose clientele was the peasantry, in a frighteningly precarious position. Added to this unrest, was the hitherto unknown problem of unemployment which was the result of a law proclaim ing that only % of a factory work force could be Jewish. Many of the shteti sons who had worked in factories in the cities had been fired and forced to return to Burdujeni. By this time, many of the people with whom my father spoke were desperate to leave, but few countries would have them. A handful from Burdujeni were able to get to Palestine and South America. My grandparents were anx ious for my father to marry a town girl, a pharmacist, to enable her to leave with him, but after much agonizing, he found himself unable to marry her, and shortly returned to Canada. FOOTNOTES 1. Encyclopedia Judaica Volume 4, page 1 2. Ibid 3. Ibid 4. Ibid. Ibid 6. Ibid 7. Ibid 8. Ibid 9. Ibid Volume 9, page 1294 Volume 4, page 1271 Volume 9, page 1294 Volume 4, page 1 Volume 16, pages Volume 16, pages Volume 4, page 1 Volume 14, page 393

17 History of the Jewish Community of Ploesti from 1690 to 1906 Translated by Josephine Nagelberg To His Majesty Carol with our deep devotion, respect and loyalty from the Jewish Community ofploesti When did the Israelites settle in Ploesti? We can tell by the age of the Jewish cemetery. The first Jewish cemetery was established either at the end of the 16th century or the begin ning of the 17th century. We don't really know where this cemetery was, supposedly it was somewhere on the outskirts of Bucov, where today a huge hill still stands south of the gas factory, and is marked by a stone cross. The Jews were buried there until 1818 when the new cemetery of Vlad Tepes Street was established in ISIS. The church oforli Valley, near Bucov, had stone steps made from the Jewish grave stones taken from the old cemetery. Only a few of the old stones survived the destruction of time. These stones had been previously used for the Jewish people who lived in small towns that didn't have a Jewish cemetery. Early Jewish communities had four major institutions: the synagogue, the cemetery, the school and the communal bath. Through the decades, the Jews rented houses to pray in differ ent parts of the town. At the beginning of the 17th century, they built a synagogue on Bazau road, today the Postal Office Road, which could be seen until the beginning of the 18th century. At the middle of the 17th century, the Jewish people built a synagogue on VladTepes Street and in 1780 builta new synagoguecalled the Old Synagogue which was later named the Little Synagogue. Today, this synagogue bears the name The Rabbi's Synagogue. It was restored in 1891 and is still standing today. ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring After the building of this synagogue, the Jews decided to build a cemetery. It took 40 years. It was bought in 1818 and opened in 1821 on Vlad Tepes Street. Between 1780 and 1821, all the burials were done at the cemetery on the Bucov Way. A very interesting thing happened in Two Jewish peo ple died on a Friday night. Because there was no time to transport this man and child to the cemetery on Bucov Way, the two bodies were buried in the synagogue yard. The stones for these two graves could be seen until the last decade. Some of the synagogues leaders were also buried here. Aron Wolf, Luca Moise, Jacob Solomon, Nahmauskohn. Solomon Sin (son of) Jaracu Koppel, Baruch Sabetai (caldararthe one who uses buckets in construction to carry the cement or the mor tar), Rafail Eechaskel Goldenberg, Iehuda Sin Isac Dreath, Avram Leib Gmnberg> and Wolf Spiwack ar a,so sequestered on this land Today the synagogue is administered by Mr. Moise Brenner. On June 17, 1818, the Jewish community bought and paid 700 talere to Qonita Geauta for a house and two and a half pojoone of land for a new cemetery. This was at the outskirts of the town. Today the cemetery is close to the center of it. The last burials were done here years ago. Many of the stone graves were removed to make room for the new build ings around the cemetery. The markers that were put there in place of the stones are hard to see and find. Here and there are little raised mounds of dirt that might be a Jewish grave. One standing grave stone has written in Hebrew an inscrip tion that says, "There rests in peace a tightous and pious man, Mr Eliazar, son of Ghedaliachu, who died on a Saturday, the 18th day of the month of Yiar in 81 (182)" The Jews had their own Hevrat Kadisha for both Ashkenovrim and Sforadim. But in June 1830, the Sforadim requested from the Grand Rabbi of Bucharest to have their own. The request was denied. The only thing they were allowed to have separate from the Ashkenovrim were the "rohateiu" or the washers. The Grand Rabbi decided that the cemetery should be under the Ashkenovrim leadership because it was the Ashkenovrim who bought the land and they should also have the control over the Hevrat Kadisha. If there was a death amongst the Sforadim, then the rohateiu would prepare the body and bury according to the Sforadim rituals. The middle class would pay the Ashkenovrim for their graves, but the poor would be buried for free. If there was something to be sold, the two sides voted together at the same level. There was to be no separation as for the good of the Jewish community. Signed by Haim from Focsani, the Grand Rabbi, Tevi Heis, son of Israel Manking, David Hoffman, Iuda Leib, son of Solomon, the year of 70 (18). The Committee of the Jewish Community of Ploesti PresidentMax Shapira SecretaryA.D. Rosen EditorA.D. Rosen

18 18 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 The Jewish Population of Jassy From 17 to 1860 DUMITRU F/ANESCU In recent decades, demographic studies in Romania have become a constant concern of researchers in history. The large and rich bibliography, which includes a great many undertakings, special reviews, thematic volumes, collec tions of documents, etc., emphasizes the usefulness of knowing more about the evolution of Romanian society. Most studies ofthe principalities looked at the population as a whole in terms ofjobs, sex, age, social categories, density, territorial enlargement, etc., and examined minori ties only tangentially. They were not numerous until the end ofthe 18th century; then studies ofthe Jewish popula tion increased in the first half of the 19th century. The main sources for the demographic studies were the population statistics. There were other sources as well; unfortunately, they were mostly tax records and other fis cal documentsso people who were exempt from those fis cal obligations were not included. Thus, we must be cau tious in drawing conclusions about population numbers and composition based on fiscal sources. In addition, dates are sometimes missing because ofthe intentions or condi tions of those who drew up the statistics. When discussing minorities, it is difficult to establish their exact number, their social functions, their jobs, etc.especially before the Organic Statutes (183132) were put into operation. Some of the Jews were foreign subjects, who were omitted from the documents. Foreign subjects includ ed not only people who were actually foreigners, but also many natives who, for economic reasons or to avoid the feudal system, opted to become foreign subjects. The num ber of foreign subjects in Moldavia increased significantly after 1829, when foreign trade was no longer blockedby the Turkish monopoly; many foreign merchants and crafts men moved into Moldavian towns, including an important number ofjews. The earliest internal document in which we can find the number of inhabitants of Jassy dates from 18. Information from before that time, coming from notes written by foreign travelers who passed through the old capital ofmoldavia, was scarce, sometimes overestimated, and even contradictory. The 17 document recorded the houses in Jassy at that time, not the people. Most of the recorded 66 Jewish households were concentrated on two important trading streets; 23 on Ulija Ruseasca. (Russian street), and 28 on Ulita Hagioaei (Hagi street). Their names are without any fiscal details, except for nine peo ple who belonged to the Jewish guild. Jassy had 133 houses in 177; Gh. Ghibanescu, the first annotator, estimated the population at about 7,000 peoplemuch below the actual figure. Among the 94 foreign fami lies, there must have been some Jewish families; otherwise we cannot explain why the Jews were estimated at about 400 people, compared to 60 Armenians, 1 Albanians, 0 Greeks, Lipovenians (a Russian group), 60 Serbs, 80 Hungarians and 00 other foreigners. Ghibanescu men tioned that he had the 1760 document organizing the hahambashi (the dwelling of the kosher butcher) and the Jewish school ofprince Alexandra Ilias. The text, which at that time (1921) was owned by Albert Daniel, provided major details about the beginning ofthe Jewish communi ty in Jassy and defined its rights and obligations. Another important document from the 18th century cov ered all of Moldavia. It is the Catagraphy of 1774, written to serve the interests of the Russian occupation. As in other sources of this type, the people were recorded according to their financial obligations to the Treasury e.g., the landlords with their houses and shops, including the shops belonging to monasteries. Despite these imperfec tions, the figures in the Catagraphy shed light on the demographic and economic evolution ofjassy. Ofthe 171 Jewish families, 12 settled on Ulija Mare (Large Street), on Barboi, 44 on Uli{a Ruseasca, 16 on Ulija Veche (Old Street), and 43 on Ulija Hagioaiei. No Jewish fami lies lived in any of the 18 residential quarters and main streets of the town. The 171 families owned 13 houses and 144 shops; none owned a tavern. Of the shops owned by Jews, 12 were on Ulija Mare, 44 on Ulita Ruseasca, on Barboi, 16 on Ulija Veche, 8 on Ulija Tirgul Fainei (Flour Townlet Street), 43 on Ulija Hagioaiei, and 6 on Ulita Strimba (Crooked Street) and Ulija Sirbeasca (Serbian Street). For the most part, the Jewish families lived where their shops were located. Unfortunately, the Catagraphy of 1774 did not identify the Jews among the foreign subjects, although there were many. The only mentioned subjects were the 113 Armenian families owning six houses and 7 shops. Still, even though it was incomplete, the Catagraphy recorded the contribution ofthe allogenous people to the economic and commercial development of the town and the sur rounding area; in 1774 it had 934 houses, 69 shops and 68 taverns. The document's omission of foreign subjects and those who had no fiscal obligations make it difficult to evaluate population and economic power ofthe most important town in Moldavia. Through the end of the 18th century, there were several accounts by foreign travelers about Jassy and its popula tion. Most of these were referred to in studies by M. Costachescu, RP. Panaitescu, Gh. Platon and Ecaterina Negruti. Among internal sources, on the other hand, we have an 1803 document that is important to our problem. It is Condica Vistieriei Moldovei pe sfertul octombrie 1803 (Register of the Moldavian Treasury in the First Quarter of October 1803), published by Theodor Codrescu in his col lection Uricariul under the title Condica liuzilor (People's

19 Register). By giving it that name, Codrescu clearly indicat ed that he intended to use it as a register of the inhabitants (liude) of Moldaviai.e., a catagraphy. The treasury compiled four quarterly registers each year. This one included yeartoyear changes as well as quartertoquarter changes, which gave the treasury a fairly accu rate picture of the number of taxpayers and the economic stateof the villages and towns. The treasury categorized each village as rich, average or poor; this, plus the resi dents' jobs, formed the basis of the tribute levied on the village by the treasury. It was paid in cisla (in common), with the community taking into account the number of people in each household, the number of cattle it owned, and the size of its vineyards. A vineyard possessed by adscripts was viewed as quasiproperty. After 1831, when the Organic Statutesprovided for the declaration of goods, it was no longer necessary for catagraphies to mention the economic state of villages. We can presumethat before 1803 there was a catagraphy of Moldavia on which the Treasury based its registers, and that this is what Codrescu named Condica liuzilor. Such registers still existone from 1814, and one from Condica liuzilor, which is in the Library of the Romanian Academy, is not much differentfrom the Catagraphy of It lists the same streets in Jassy, and includes only the residents who were obliged to pay the tribute. It also gives the number of people who were absolved offiscal obligations and the names of those who absolved them.. The document lists 3,199 family heads, which enables us to estimate the population of Jassy at the beginning of the century at approximately 16,000. The same source states that Jassy had 367 Jewish families and 32 families of for eign subjects. The appearance of consulates in the capital of Moldavia caused a spectacular increase in the number of foreign subjects, including many natives who wanted to avoid the abuses of the local administration. The 32 Sudit families included 232 Russian Christian families and 141 Jewish families. The total of 08 Jewish families account ed for onesixth ofthe families living in the capital. There is also a register from 1808 named Scrierea sufletelorsi afamiliilor a starii de gios din targul Esi (Recording ofthe People and Families of the Poor in the Town of Jassy). It recorded only the poor inhabitants of Jassy, and it had no tables (the existing table was created by the archivists ofjassy to make research easier). Compiled in April 1, 1808, it had many features in com mon with the Catagraphy of For example, after each person's name, it gave his occupation; this eventually became the family name, which possibly was used by the Russian army. Such statistical tables may have existed for other towns and small towns in Moldavia; if so, they were lost during the great fire in 1827 in Jassy. Unlike other catagraphies, the register of 1808 also record ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring ed the number of Gypsies and servants belonging to the landlords. The figures are approximate, since it was impos sible for the messengers ofthe treasury to enter the land lords yards. The treasury instructed its men to be cautious at the courts or properties of the landlords, and to get the figures mostly from the people's accounts. Records of the private Gypsies showed which landlord's court or monastery they belonged toso, indirectly, we learn of the masters who were usually not recorded in the statistic doc uments. The 1808 register was also the earliest known document to record the total number of inhabitantsnot only the taxpaying heads of families. Consequently, the figures of 3,307 families and 16,4 people appear to be close to the actual population. In 1808 the growth rate of the Jewish population was accel eratingpartlybecause of natural increase and partly because ofimmigration from Galicia and Podolia. In 1808, according to the register, 42 Jewish families with 1,926 people had fiscal obligations to the state. There were 80 merchants, 71 craftsmen, journeymen, 4 apprentices, 4 servants, and 22 people with other occupations. The variety of vocations among the Jewish populationshould not surprise us; the 1808 document recorded 429 merchants in 23 differenttrades and 1,12 artisans in 77 differentjobs. To the above figures on the Jewish population in 1808, we must add 3 Jewish families with 261 people who were Russian subjects, and 147 families with 682 people who were Austrian subjects. The foreign subjects also included nine French families with 61 people. The figures suggest that the Jewish population increased by %. An important source on the population ofmoldavia is the Catagraphy of 18. It was compiled during a time of widespread public dissatisfaction and unrest in the princi pality. ScarlatAlexandra Calimachi's reign ended on June, 1819, leaving a treasury weakened by the tax dodging of a population alienated by the arbitrary way in which the tribute was established and raised. The abuses of the administration were exposed in complaints to Caimacamia (the Prince's substitute) and then to the Moldavian Prince Mihai Sutu, whose reign began October 29 ofthat year. The Catagraphy of 18 was not very different from pre vious documents of this type. It omitted those who were exempt from paying imposts, and added a greater coeffi cient of error for the massive tax dodging. In a letter dated February 1, 18, the treasurer Iordachi Roznovanu wrote that one of the abuses "les plus desastreaux qui se remarquaient sous le gouvernement precedent etait la multiplicite des letters d'affranchissement d'import", and that this category included only the richest taxpayers. He emphasized that in the Putna district alone there were 2,00 absolved families who were ordered to pay im posts, and that the situation was similar in other districts as well.

20 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 Despite the lack of accurate records, it is certain that Jassy experienced a significant increase in population and that the increase was much greater among Jews and foreign subjects than among other categories. The numberof craftsmen also increased, as did the number of practiced professionswhich jumped from 77 in 1808 to 87 in 18. The native Jews included 664 family heads, of whom there were 63 merchants, 23 artisans, 3 journeymen, and 43 in other professions such as kosher butchers, coachmen, French teachers, etc. The foreign subjects included 1,14 family heads, of whom there were merchants, 347 arti sans, 63 journeymen, and 27 in other professions. Among the foreign subjects were 489 Jewish families, ofwhom 141 were Russian subjects, 294 were German, 0 were Prussianand 4 were French. Of the 4,166 families having fiscal obligations to the state in Jassy in 18,1,13 fami lies were Jewishmore than a quarter of the total. Most ofthe Jewish families in Jassy lived in the trading area187 in the Lower Town, 126 in Brosteni, 139 in the Hagioaia residential quarter, 14 in Majilor, 12 in Muntenimele, 60 in Podul Vechi and 7 in Barboi. A gen eral abstract ofmoldavia from 18 provides similar sta tistics for the Jewish population of Jassy: 1,00 families with fiscal obligations amounting to 3,000 lei; of these, 770 families were foreign subjects. On May 24, 1823, the new native prince, Ion Sandu Sturdza, ordered a new catagraphy to be made. Its purpose was "the correction of setting the tribute and the correction of the absolved lawful members of guilds and servants of anybody, and other good decisions and laws for the com mon welfare". Thus, this catagraphy not only had a finan cial interest; it was meant to be a documentary basis for "other good decisions and laws". For this reason, the prince asked those charged with its implementation to investigate carefully and inform the court about "robberies and other oppressions suffered by inhabitants from high officials of the districts or from anyone else'.' Unfortunately, who were entrusted with this workthe landlordswere themselves the major tax dodgers, so they procrastinated. Ion Sandu Sturdza, who had threatened to use the sword and mace against the recalcitrant landlords when he became prince, sent a new order on October 9, 1824, in which he set a deadline of October 2. The catagraphy was finished in 1824, but was completely destroyed by the fire of Other documents indicate the importance assigned to it: a committee in Jassy coordinated the work, and each district had a committee that cooperated with the prefect and the highest financial official. In the state archives of Jassy is a very important register from 1824with an accounting of foreign subjects. The work was begun in 1822 but the time it took to investigate each person and his documents postponed its completion until 1824.The catagraphy recorded names and nicknames, place of origin, date of arrival in thecountry, occu pation, etc.and, for some, information about their parents, inlaws and children. Most of them resided in towns and small towns. In 182, by order of Ion Sandu Sturdza, a catagraphy was made of all inhabitants of Moldavia. All that remains in the archives, however, is a general abstract completed in The abstract is convincing proof that the 182 recording was not limited to fiscal categories; it included those "without tribute"i.e., landlords, Gypsies and clergy men. The population of Moldavia between the Prat River and the Carpathians was estimated at 1,11,32, including about 2,000 Jews. More than threequarters of the Jews (3,779 families) lived in towns; the rest (1,142 families) settled in villages. Jassy had 1,00 Jewish families of the,000 in the entire principality, which meant that they rep resented a little more than % of the total population. Their fiscal obligations for three months totaled 4,398 lei. More than 1,000 families were foreign subjects. The investigations into the absolved landlords, who out numbered the taxpayers, produced a numberofstatistical works on fiscal categories. Some ofthese have been pre served and used for comparative purposes with subsequent catagraphies. Up to 1831, when the first demographic statistics conform ing to the Organic Statutes were completed, many such studies were made. They were plentiful in the period of the RussianTurkish war, which indicates that they were made for the Russian armies of occupation. Allowing for errors, these documents were close to the actual demographics of Jassy at that time. The archives of institutions subordinate to the treasurythe legislature and the district prefectscontain an important number of files and registers from the census and statisti cal work performed by these bodies during At the time, there was a great deal of correspondence among the institutions in regard to demographic problems. The basic sources used by treasury employees in setting and collect ing imposts included lists of landlords, the census registers of the privileged, guild members, servants, foreign sub jects, Jewsplus complaints of those dissatisfied with the fiscal category to which they were assigned. A bulky file from 1828, containing lists of "numbers of inhabitants living in towns, guild members, servants, the absolved, tribute payers and all other strata living there with their names and nicknames',' is another source on the populations of the towns and small towns of Moldavia. Put together in a very short time, it does not offer much infor mation. According to the file, Jassy had 424 families of foreign subjects in the residential quarters of "Muntenimea," Tatara i, Brosteni and Feredeile, and 634 Jewish families of whom 24 were in Muntenime, 132 in Tatarasj, 174 in Brosteni and 74 in Feredeile.

21 This 1828 file was compiled by employees of the district administrations and, in Jassy, by the police, to fill in miss ing information that had been lost the previous year or had not been sent in. Since the file contributed to the 1828 abstract for the principality, it contains the same figures mentioned above: 424 families of foreign subjects and 634 Jewish families. For the years , documents included a new category called statistical sciences. Two of these documents are especially important sources of information on the popula tion ofjassy. One was made for the Russian administration headed by General P.D. Kisselev. The accompanying report of the legislature dated September 1, 1830, addressed to Kisselev, noted that the population statistics for the towns and small towns of Moldavia were based on previous catagraphies; new information from prefect offices would be sent in later. Ofthe 3,646 foreign subjects in Moldavia, 1,772 lived in Jassy; of the 7,3 Jews, 4,138 lived in Jassy. Only the administrative residences of the prefect offices were recorded as towns; the other urban settlements were recorded as small towns. Some small towns were not recorded at all, such as Sulijoaia, (Botosani district), Namoloasa (Covurlui), Tg. Frumusjca (Harlau)even though their prefect offices sent in the necessary docu ments. The figures in this statistic work (with the excep tion of the total for Jassy, given as 9,880) were the same as those in the second document, "Summing Up the Statistical Sciences of the Town of Jassy" The latter document is a comprehensive statistical picture ofjassy in It recorded 7,437 houses, 4,274 small shops, monasteries, 48 churches (Orthodox, Armenian, Catholic, Lutheran and Mosaic), many workshops and shops, 274 landlords, and all fiscal categories except for merchants and craftsmen. It set the total population at 37,047. Every one of the 21 streets or residential quarters mentioned in the document contained at least one family of foreign subjects or Jews. The 4,138 Jews were concen trated in Tg. Cucului (496), Ulita Sf. Vineri (499), Ulija Tg. de Jos (498), the Brosteni quarter (499), the de pe Iaz quarter (346) and Podul Lung (296). The 1,772 foreign subjects were grouped mainly in the Tg. Cucului area (196), Podul Lung (168), Podul Vechi (16) and Tg. de Sus (1). Five synagogues or Jewish schools were located on Sf. Vineri, Cacaina, Tg. de Sus, Rufeni and Tatarasj; they had about 30 fathoms of land for the buildings and their cemeteries. Jassy also had a new residential quarter named Mahalaua with 149 Jews and 9 foreign subjects. Beginning in 1831, the catagraphies were compiled according to provisions in the Organic Statutes concerning the taxation systemand the administrative organization. The first septennial census took place in February ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring The treasury worked out rales based on those in Wallachia, appointed committees for each district, printed forms, gave the committees the population documents in its archives, and set deadlines. The committees that worked on the catagraphy in left 60 files of correspondence, the original registers of districts, towns and small towns, and various summaries. The lists prepared by landowners give an indication of the socioeconomic status of the villages before the reforms were applied. The activity of the committees was periodi cally checked by treasury representatives, and even by the minister of finance, Alexandra Sturdza, who sent orders on how to act in various cases. These orders show that the committee members favored some landlords by not record ing "all the souls means to be recorded" The orders also called attention to people "who we not set tled or are jobless" and who worked for various masters; their names were unknown in the past, even though they filled the landlords' yards and courts. The committees were instructed to record "all souls, and then the others like ser vants, butlers, coachmen, gardeners, house domestics, those married and who are paid for different jobs, either in courts or outside, and to note the names of the landlords they served'.' The committees were repeatedly advised not to omit anything, since the catagraphy was an official doc ument and therefore should record all those who had jobs and were members of corporations, as well as the farmers who lived in towns. This first statutory catagraphy was especially important because it was to be the main source for subsequent sur veys. In Jassy, the committee recorded useful information such as whether a master had a shop or worked at home, whether he rented or owned the shop, whether he worked alone or with others. There were also some details about journeymen and servants who worked in small shops. The word "apprentice" was used only once, since it was not in widespread use; the concept was expressed by the word "servant". It was seldom shown who a journeyman worked for, but it is plausible to assume that he worked for the master who was listed in the records before him. Most of the masters were corporation with up to eight journeymen, making clothes or feeding the town. There was consider able specialization in all branches of activity, expressed by the great number of corporations: more than 90 specialities involving,609 masters. The orders were very specific concerning the minority population. For example: "In the chart marked "S" are to be recorded all townspeople who pay tribute, and the Jews or other merchants as well, belonging to any nation, who have a trade or other job, having shops or not". There were also minute details about foreign subjects: name, parents' names, nickname, place of residence, trade or occupation, etc. Foreign subjects were divided into three categories:

22 22 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 1.Those natives who are under foreign protection; 2. Those foreigners who were born in Turkey, settled in Moldavia, and are under foreign protection; 3. Those coming from abroad, having proof of their citi zenship. The 1831 statistics for Jassy compiled from many files and registers, indicate a population of about 4,0000,000 people. These included 1,123 foreign subjects68 Austrians, 0 Prussians, 60 French, 232 Russians and 46 British. It is difficult to discern how many ofthem were Romanians, Jews or other ethnics, since there were no details of this kind. The "Catagraphy of Foreign Subjects in Towns and Small Towns", covering Moldavia between the Carpathians and the Prat River in 1831, notes that there were 3,063 family headsof whom more than onethirdlived in Jassy. We lack an account of the Jewish pop ulation in 1831, but there are statistics from 1832 that show how attractive the Moldavian capital was to the allogenous population. At that time, Jassy was a strong trading center with a solid base ofcrafts. Another docu ment, concerning the entire principality, reinforces this pic ture: of the,602 merchants, 87 lived in Jassy; of the,080 artisans, 926 lived in the capital. The documents related to the first official catagraphy pro vide some explanation for the peasants' uprisings in They show the abuses of the high officials who perpetuat ed the tax dodgingby failing to record many people. At the beginning of 1832, there were 138,611 recorded heads of families; the survey completed in November 1832 counted 12,401 heads of families. The Organic Statutes made important progress in adopting periodic catagraphies, a characteristic of the modem cen sus. The organizing structure, the orders, the committees, the printed forms, the publicizingof the project, and the publishing of the results synthesized the experience in the Romanian principalities in the 18th century and in the first decades ofthe 19th. In 1832, a survey was made of all 40 towns and small towns, using a special printed form. It was triggered by an exceptional situation: the epidemic cholera of 1831, which claimed 1,783 victims in Jassy alone. The files contain the correspondence and a very relevant statistical chart. The population of Jassy was given as 48,148, plus an estimated 1,0001,00 temporary residents. The 1,34 foreign sub jects included 71 Austrians, 70 French, 9 Prussians, 303 Russians and 68 British. The 11,612 Jews accounted for about 23% of the population. Jassy had,704 houses, monasteries, 43 churches (39 Orthodox, 1 Armenian, OneCatholic, onelutheran, one United and synagogues or Jewish schools), 11 mills, 33 factories and 13 distil leries. Jassy had an active population; in addition to the,609 traders and artisans mentioned in the catagraphy of 1831, the 1832 statistical project counted 11,18 journey men, people without specific jobs, and servants. Of the 1,34 foreign subjects, 369 were merchants and 64 were artisans. The 1,326 Jewish merchants and traders included 161 petty traders, 68 publicans, 8 sellers of alco holic drinks, 21 mediators, haberdashers, 2 dealers in cotton fabric, 27 peddlers, 2 timber dealers, 1 merchants of luxury items from Leipzig, tobacconists, 46 brokers, 4 billiard hall owners, 22 butchers, 22 dealers of animal legs, 16 landowners and other capitalists, 6 glass sellers, journeymen dealers, 1 cook, 1 barrel manufacturer, 2 deal ers in women's winter dresses, 1 confectioner, 1 furrier, 114 tailors, 73 shoemakers, 12 capmakers, 1 caramel con fectioner, 3 lantern makers, 4 bathhouse attendants, 6 jew elers, 2 carpenters, 9 stone masons, 2 bread bakers, 41 glass manufacturers, 3 saddle dealers, 11 adze carpenters, 7 house painters, 3 dyers, 3 clockmakers, tinsmiths, silver jewelers, 6 braziers, 23 fur cap makers, 3 book binders, 2 hat makers, cotton makers, 14 rack wagon owners and 143 journeymen and servants. Prior to the appearance of the next catagraphy in 1838, other documentary sources provided information on the Jewish population ofjassy. When the town's administra tion planned to pave 17 ofthe main streets in 1833, it initi ated a special survey ofthe houses, workshops and shops. On the streets C.A. Rosetti and Ghica Voda, 4 of the 11 houses and shops were Jewish (i.e., 47%); on Anastasie Penu, 22 of 77 (28%); on Cuza Voda and Elena Doamna, 16 of 72 (22%); on I.C. Bratianu, 22 of 16 (14%); on Cizmariei, 4 of 30 (13%); on Unirea, Universitatea Veche, Gh. Marzescu, C. Negri, and col. Langa, 13 of 1 were Jewish (%). Between 1832 and 1838, the treasury was confronted with complaints from the people, which made them change some things in the next catagraphy. Documents related to the catagraphy of 1838 illuminate the new methods for collecting data and taxes, the abuses of committee members, the flight of peasants from one set tlement to another because of the infractions of some landowners, the changes in fiscal categories, and the largescale tax dodging by natives who became foreign subjects. Contrary to expectations, the 1838 catagraphy had short comings similar to those in previous years, even though the authorities gave explicit orders not to pass over the allogenous population. The 678 heads of families of for eign subjects included 14 Russians, 42 Austrians, 11 Prussians, 43 French, 29 British and 2 Greeks. Of these, 46 were natives, 79 came from Turkey as foreign subjects, and the rest arrived from different European countries with proof citizenship. An 1839 abstract concerning taxes to be paid by artisans and journeymen mentions that there were 3,67 heads ofjewish families in Jassy involved in trading and crafts; they had to pay 2,00 lei to the state, almost a half ofthe 18,418 lei paid in the 13 districts of Moldavia and Jassy.

23 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring During the years , new problems arose for those who compiled the fiscal accounts, in addition to the con tinuing organizational deficiencies. The Gypsies and cler gymen who were exempted from tribute by priests and privileged people had to be settled in towns or villages. Some small villages with families were merged into larger communities. Some people did not have specific jobs; some people moved from one estate to another or to towns in order to escape their obligations to landlords; new towns appeared. The treasury began working on the catag raphy 1844, starting in Jassy. The catagraphy of 184 holds special importance for us. The methodology was not uniform throughout the princi pality; statistics were drawn from many situations and doc umented in Many files.62 The population of Jassy was estimated at nearly 63,000 inhabitants (using the common formula of multiplying the number of families times ); nearly 0% were Jewish. These included 1,188 native mer chants and 1,6 native artisans; 99 foreign subjects worked in these fields, while 197 worked in other fields. Ofthe 6,178 Jewish heads offamilies,,160 were traders or craftsmen. The allogenous population was an important part of the economy. The 99 foreign subjects (78 Russians, 482 Austrians, 17 Prussians, 34 French, 32 British and 194 Greeks) were advocates (3), architects (4), chemists (19), clockmakers (2), sculptors (2), engineers, teachers of for eign languages, doctors, milliners, guitar teachers, dance teachers, house painters, musicians, singing teachers, piano teachers, pianists, booksellers, pubowners, shoemakers, coachmen, locksmiths, confectioners, jewelers, silver jew elers, torch makers, writers, coachmakers, etc. Ofthe Jewish families, 78 were foreign subjects and,393 had dual loyalties. All of the heads were artisans or merchants, active in 23 branches. The tax obligations offoreign subjects and Jews were dif ferent from those of the natives, who paid in proportion to the volume oftheir business. Even though the foreign sub jects paid the same taxes as did the natives, they were absolved from many obligations that could have reduced the profitability of their businesses. For the Jews, the situa tion was more complicated; they had a separate fiscal regime and paid taxes in a special manner. An important 1849 document was the "Abstract of Authorized Merchants and Artisans with their Journeymen, and of Escaped Greek SerbianBulgarians from over the Danube, and ofjews from the Towns ofthe Principality". The information does not change much of what we already knew about Jassy: 2,000 native artisans and merchants, and 4,28 Jews. The number ofjews in Jassy was almost half the total (,09) in the other 43 Moldavian towns. The catagraphy for the fourth period was to be made in 182. However, the new prince, Grigore Alexandra Ghica, wanted it to be done earlier, for two reasons. First, he wanted the "setting of the tribute" to start at the beginning of 182. Second, he wanted to hasten the resolution of "the needs and hardships suffered by some villages, espe cially those with smaller populations'.' So from May 30, 181, he ordered that the work begin as soon as possible. The forms were printed at the Albina Institute and distrib uted to the committees along with the state order. The 181 catagraphy represented a degree ofprogress, due largely to the contributions of specialists such as N. Sut,u and C. Negrazi, the manager of the treasury. The activity produced a rich documentary record; unfortunately, much of itthe census registers and the abstractsdisappeared. Some of the missing material can be reconstructed from other documents, giving us an idea of the population of Jassy. In 181, there were 1,349 native artisans who worked in 23 professional branches, and more than 800 merchants. Of,936 Jewish families, only 32 (fewer than %) were foreign subjects; 3,19 worked in 3 trading branches and 69 crafts. The last censusa modern onewas made in 189 under the leadership of Ion Ionescu de la Brad. At that time, a memorable one in Romanian history, Jassy had a popula tion of 6,74. Among the heads offamilies were 3,024 artisans, 462 traders, 1,092 foreign subjects and 6,86 Jews. There were 34,183 men and 31,62 women, includ ing 3,300 foreign subjects and 30,460 Jews (about 46% of the total). A "chart of the merchants in Jassy" lists 469 natives, 33 foreign subjects and 2,998 Jews. The taxes paid by these 4,000 traders in three months brought the treasury 92,790 lei. The foregoing data prove that during the century from 17 to 1860, the demographics of Jassy made notable progress. During that time, Jassy became an important trading and craft center which attracted the allogenous population. Foreign subjects arrived in the Romanian prin cipalities mostly after 1774 when the monopoly of the Ottoman economy was loosened; their presence increased after the 1829 declaration of liberty for foreign trade. The new economic importance of Moldavia and Wallachia made the Romanian territory a focus of interest for the great powers, who saw it as an attractive source of trade. When the principalities' agricultural production was chan neled into trading, a sizable population of foreign mer chants and artisans appeared in Romanian towns; together with the natives, they contributed to the establishment of contacts abroad and to economic prosperity at home. From the data, we can see that the principality's highest per centages of foreign subjects and Jews were in Jassy. Their presencewas also advantageous from a social perspective. Among the foreign subjectsand Jews were architects,teach ers, engineers, artists and lawyers who contributed to the cultural development of the Moldavian capital, and were easily integrated into the Romanian way of life.

24 Bucresti 24 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 Jewish Communal Leaders from the Town of ROMAN, 1943* Name Age Profession Place of Origin Actual Domicile Number & Street Observations t Rorhlich Leon 44 Bacau Petrodova 8 l Dozemberg?aciricus 64 Industrialist Bacau Miron Costin 61 2 Horovitz, Josif 8 z PetruRares8 2 Dacher Josif 6 doctor Siret (Bucovina) Asprodul Arbore34 Istein Iulius 6 merchant cor. Mogosesti jud. Roman Stefan Cel Mare 14 Leibovici Iosef 46 Roman Sucedciva 76 ' Iancovici Iosef 39 Roman Stefan eel Mare 139 Schwartz, Izrael 61 merchant Roman Bogdan Dragos 6 2 Stein Iosif 4 Roman Sucedova 143 Rozen Ian 47 furrier Botosani Stefan Cel Mare 3 KatzLezier 44 merchant BateniBalsjud. Roman Aprodul Arbore30 ' Fuchs Moise 9 Bena Tecuci Stefan Cel Mare 42 Reznic Meier 48 doctor calorasi (Capcom) Basarobai Sucedava 174 Schweitzer Weloet 4 accountant Roman Stefan cel Mare Laufer, Dejvid 4 Agt on comm. brief/bero cie? Stefan Cel Mare 232 ' Bercova Vigder 6 merchant Roman Stefan Cel Mare 197 Bran or Brau Lubu? 2 dentist Roman Stefan Cel Mare Daniel Mauriciu 47 Stafan Cel Mare 186 ' Knitel Moise Marcel 36 merchant Harba (Botosani) Stefan Cel Mare 169 Kessler Bernhard 47 merchant Roman Stefan Cel Mare 13 Kessler Iosif 4 merchant Botosani Sucedava 14 Neuman D. Meier 3 dentist Chisinau Stefan Cen Mare 21 PinslerIsaac (Iaricu) 6 merchant Roman Stefan Cel Mare 29? Buzolanci Iosub 44 doctor Roman Gh. Asache 3?tape THascal 33 doctor Roman Gh.ASache3?tape? 41 doctor Roman I.C. Brateanu 3?tape 36 doctor Barajud. Roman Dr.Kiegler7?tape? 43 dentist Podul Iloaei jud. Caza Vada 4?tape? 3 doctor Todiestijud. Vaslui J.C. Brateanu Friedman Oscar 40 Radauti (Bucovina) Stefan Cel Mare 29 Ghetnerlacob 32 Roman Aproducil Arbore 22 Abraham Iosef 39 Roman Carmen Sylva 2 Leizer Bercu 36 Roman Alexanre Lahovare 1 Leiba Moise 36 Roman Leiedava 161 Moser Gluck 38 Guta Heimaratan (Bucovina) CazaVoia 9 *TABEL NUMINAL from Fond 7633, Folder 1compiled and according with (? the ruling) 12 S741 from June 1943 bythe Regional Police of IASI t The original table contained alimited listing for "function performed for the Jewish community'.' 1Didn't belong to any political party 2Belonged to the Masonic league Progresul 3Member ofthe National Peasant Party Misc. Piatra Neamt # Name Age Profession Origin County Address # Political activity 1 Katz Hascal 60 merchant PiatraNeamt Neamt M. Cagoluneanu 4 Not active in pol. 3 Iancovici Cheudel 38 Accountant Piatra Neamt Neamt Cal. Loznoraim 30 2 Wexler, Mendel 3 merchant Tg. Neamt Neamt Sublet Gh. Papa 4 4 Abramovici, Lazar 48 furrier Dorohoi Dorohoi Casa Vada 138 Idem Calmanovici Ianna 44 merchant Piatra Neamt Neamt Cal. Roznoraiu 13 Idem 6 Calbeci, Iani 2 Lumber merchant Piatra Neamt Neamt B. Co escu 26 7 Ipcar Felix 41 Office worker PiatraNeamt Neamt C. Sparce 8 David HS. Salemonzis/ Salamonica 46 Fara Piatra Neamt Neamt CuzVada 296

25 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 2 List of delegates who collected for the Zionist organization Keren Hayessod, 1940 County/Judetul Name of the delegate Region Nr. Of Permit Falticeni D?na Rosa Bresis Whole country 41 Falticeni Dl S. Rosenblatt Roda idem 46 Falticeni Dl av. B. Schacter idem 47 Falticeni Dling. Ionas Spindel idem 49 Falticeni Dl dr. H. Ivanier idem 0 Falticeni Dl Michel Leiba idem 1 Falticeni Dl av. M. Rubin idem 48 Falticeni Dl av. S. Rosenhaupt idem 126 Falticeni Dl dr. Imannuel Olsvanger idem 12?Falticeni H. Coiler county 13? "Falticeni C. Sterman Besarabia 1?Falticeni?Falticeni?Falticeni?Falticeni?Falticeni H. Landa Dr. P. Baltan G. Cogan M. Sterenberg S. Polomovski i I it ii ii Dec 1941: Members of the HUSI Jewish community # Name Position Age Profession Place of Origin i Sternberg User President 36 Doctor Husi 2 Carniol Hers Vice President 36 Attorney Husi 3 Apfelbaum Moisa ii 8 Tailor Husi 4 Seiton Saul Gesier 3 Merchant Dranceni Brand Herman Membra 39 Farac. Epureni Falciu 6 Segal Daniel it 40 Attorney Husi 7 Cesner, Moise t 68 Merchant Husi 8 Michel Nucham zis Natan Mihalovice " 40 Tailor Husi 9 Cupferberg, Saul H 33 Merchant Codnesti Vaslui Steinberg, Carol ii 38 Tailor Husi/Negrecti/Vaslui 11 VolfOisieHerscu ti 48 B rater Negresti Vaslui 12 Barac Herman Cenzor 7 Merchant Husi 13 Greisler Simon 14 Bichman Haim 1 Iticevici Berou ti ti ti 0 C?ssor Vatra Dornii 30 Comerc Husi 32 Comerc Husi The Jewish community oftirgul Frumos # Name Place of Origin Domicile Profession Age i Freitag Solomon Harta Dorohoi Verdeanu 3 Liber 6 2 Froim Nachman Tg. Frumos C. Voda 144 Liber 6? 3 Matius Catz Tg. Frumos Avram Iancu Liber 4 4 Feldzohn Moise Avram Iancu Merchant Caufman Iancu Tut. Severin Gh. Cejbuc Merchant 46 6 Moise I. Moise Tg. Frumos CVoda Merchant 60 7 Postelnicu Lazar Tg. Frumos C.Voda Merchant 2 8 Beren H. Beer Lespeni Verdeanu Merchant 60 9 Mareu L. Alter Tg. Frumos A. Iancu Merchant 46 Popper Iosef Tg. Frumos C.Voda Doctor 3 11 Braunstein David Tg. Frumos A.Iancu Merchant 4 12 I. Leib Cunea Tg. Frumos A.Iancu Liber Barehat, Faibis Podul Iloaei C.Voda Merchant 38

26 26 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring Dec 1941: members of the IASI Jewish community # Name 1 Iosef Iacob 2 D. Grinberg B. Fischer 4 D. Fruhling Smil Jagher H. Stralovici Isac Popper 8 M. Moscovici Refill Pocher L. Marcusohn 11 A. Hahaun 12 Pincu Segal 13 B. Glantz 14 Aizin Itic 1 N.I. Rainobici 16 H. Ghelman 17 Aron Kaiserman 18 M. Bercovici 19 Martin Velt I. Rosenhaupt 21 Aron Stivel 22 Rafail Haim 23 M. Salmovici 24 M. Segal 2 D. Mitelman 26 Isac Moscu 27 Ionel Fruhling 28 f Segall 29 L. Lebeibovici 30 Lazar Klimer 31 Laon Haimovici 32 Pincu Lazar 33 Bamoil Baghian 34 S. Frachtman 3 Aron Siegler 36 Saul Fattlich 37 N.I. Braunstein 38 Maior H. Rapaport 39 Sami Kaizerman 40 Adolf Katz 41 Aron Avram (Abramovici) 42 Daniel Marcus 43 Berman David 44 Die Mandelzen 4 Smil Waldman 46 Iosef Haimovici 47 Sam. Sayan 48 IosefAlter 49 Carol Pizio Place of origin Old Kingdom Domicile Sf.Teodor4 Profession Age Industrialist 40 idem C. Voda 23 Dentist 1 Stefan c. Mare Doctor 1 Lozcunchi 6 Palat 43 Brateanu 2 E. Doamna 47 Saulescu 1 C. Voda 6 Rosatty 31 Sf. Lazar 47 Peamt1 G. Negri 3 Pantelimon 12 Tratuanu 14 Basarabiaresided in + years Sendu 1 Old Kingdom Old Kingdom Ipsilante 17 Brateanu 14 Bucovinaresided in + years Cucu 12 Old Kingdom am. Panu 72 Basarabiaresided in + years Nemteasca 2 Old Kingdom Brateanu 112 Marzesen 16 C. Vada 73 C Vada Socola 36 Gl. Gerchek 2 Col. Langa 3 V. Lupu 98 C. Negri 37 El. Doamria 17 An. Panu 6 El. Doamria 33 El. Doazma 33 Gh. Voda 43 Sf. Sava 14 Saulesen 2 Saulesen 17 Piata Halei Piata Halei Sdela Golia C. Voda 19 C. Negri 17 Sf. Lazar C. Negri 28 C. Voda C. Voda 3 Padurei 12 Zmau6 Doctor Merchant Merchant 66 Procuniat 63 Attorney 48 Landlord 7 Landlord 64 Industrialist 9 Merchant 6 Merchant 71 Industrialist 76 Profesor 40 Doctor 47 Isdustrias 4 Doctor 8 Farmacist 49 Attorney 40 Merchant 46 Merchant 43 Attorney 37 Doctor 34 Attorney 49 Merchant 2 Industrialist 48 Doctor 46 Industrialist 41 Industrialist 0 Merchant 47 Landlord 6 Merchant 42 Industrialist 67 Merchant 4 Merchant 41 Proprieter 67 Doctor pens. 68 Merchant 0 Merchant 44 Industrialist 63 Industrialist 63 Merchant 3 Industrialist 63 Merchant 82 Industrialist 34 Landlord 1 Procurist 44 Procurist 46

27 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring Jewish Community, compiled by the police of Pascani Name Position Age Profession Place of Origin 1890 B. Herscovici President 41 Attorney com Sufesti jud. Roman Smil Brisler Vice Presedint 41 Merchant Etusman M. Ghemer 6 Merchant Roman Lupu Herscovici Member 48 Merchant Pespegi David Svartz 42 cobbler Pascani Moise Saifer treasurer 39 Merchant Saului jud. Dorohoi Smil Leib Casmara zis L. Lujoivici Leon Iosub Haim Herscu Cohen Iancu Moige Segal Avram H. Leizerovici Iancu S. Marcus Member Officers of the Jewish communities of: BACAU Name Age Grad Misu Industrialist 46 Abromovici Misu Industrialist 48 Herman Brill Inustrias 41 Fainara Beno inginer 38 Vatara David boiangiu 39 Nachmansohn David Industrialist Merchant Mihelileui jud. Dorohi 49 Merchant Ruginoasa J. Baia 43 Merchant Pascani 39 Merchant Pascani 39 Merchant Husi jud. Falciu 68 Merchant com. 6 Tuiculujud Tecuci Place of Origin and Domicile" Bacua: Bacau str. Nelel No. Moinesti: Bacau Cristoveanu No. Bacau: Bacau Alex, cel Bun 13 Constanta: Bacau Gl Prezan No. 8 Bacau: Bacau D. Cantemir No. Bacau: Bacau C. Marasesti No. 24 Aizicovici Iacob Industrialist 43 Braila: Bacau Florilor No Mendelovici Marcu merchant 42 Braila: Bacau M. Viteazul No Simensohn Simon Attorney 42 Tg Ocna: Bacau I. Struza No. 6 Zalman Schvab merchant 46 Bacaciuni: Bacau M. Viteaza No Sulemsohn Leon Industrialist 42 Bacau: Bacau Gl Averescu No Lazarovici Pascal merchant 49 StaniseatiTecuci: Bacau M. Viteazul No Grimberg David merchant 40 CucovaPutna: Bacau M. Viteazu No. 14 Drimer Ieriham Industrialist 43 Dorohoi: Bacau str. Alex, cel Bun. 1 TGOCNA i Aizengratz Isac merchant 44 Valea Rea: Bacau Busuioc 21 2 Iosef Lazar merchant 4 Valea Rea: Bacau D. Cantemir 2 3 Nachman Sender merchant 38 Tg Ocna: Bacau Bueuioc 16 4 Herscovici I. Avram merchant 62 Darmanesti: Bacau R. Maria 12 Grimberg A. Avram merchant 39 Valea Seaca: Bacau M. Vitsazu 6 Iacobsohn Iancu colector 44 Roman: Bacau V. Alexandri 34 7 Rosemberg Mendel intendent 3 Sacel Maramures: Bacau B. Carol 2 MOINESTI i Leibovici Sloim merchant 43 Moinesti: Bacau Oituz 43 2 Haimsohn Manase Industrialist Moinesti: Bacau B. Nationala 3 Litman Moise contabil 60 Moinesti: Bacau Precista 22 4 Argintaru Leon merchant 42 Moinesti: Busuioc 39 Natansohn Solomon 43 LucacestiBacau: Bacau 1 Aug. No. 6 Hoisie Mendel merchant 49 HertaDorohoi: Bacau Leca No Solomon Hascal merchant 3 Moinesti: Bacau L. Sturza 3

28 28 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 Council of Jewish community of ROMAN December 1941 # Name Age Origin County Address Profession Pol. Affil. 1 Berthold Rorlich 44 Roman Roman Stef. Cel Mare 240 Industrialist ' 2 Julius Istein 62 Mogosesti Roman Stef. Cel Mare 14 merchant ' 3 Iosef Stein 42 Roman Roman Sucealava Industrialist 2 4 Davia Laufet or r 44 Siret Radauti G. Makarovici 14 accountant Leizer Katz 43 Botosani Botosani Stef. Cel Mare 6 Welwel Schweitzer 41 Roman Roman Stef. Cel Mare accountant 7 Isac Fertig 38 Roman Roman Miron Costin Iosub Leizerovici 40 Roman Roman Panaife Donici 17 merchant 2 9 Pinca Iacob 37 Roman Roman Stefan Cel Mare fanet pari. 2 Dr. Maximilian Reznie 44 Calatesti Lapusna Seicedava drvcapt. in reserve 11 Iosef Horovitz 6 Copoci Stefan Cel Mare 92 pharmacist 2 12 Zigmeina Goldenstein 64 Roman Roman Gl. Makarovici 17 merchant 2 13 Iosef Bentin 68 Adjadeni Elena Doamina merchant 2 14 Ghidale Marcovici 67 Roman Stefan Cel Mare watchmaker 1 Iosef Jancovici 37 Roman fancl. part.! ti 16 Simon Moscovici 70 Tg. Neamt Neamt Regala locksmith 2 17 Leon Salovici 76 Falticeni Baia Sucedava libera 3 18 Iancu M. Goldman 41 Pascani Baia Stefan Cel Mare merchant 2 19 Iancu Greinberg 60 Roman Roman " Karl Greinberg 0 Damienesti Roman Bogdan Vagas tt 2 21 Iancu Poiliei 47 Roman Anapatete Unite tailor 2 22 Pincu Kaufman Leon Kahn 0 1 National Liberal 2 National Peasant 3 Geoigist Misc. List from Piatra Neamt, 1941 it it it Sucedava merchant # Name Age Profession Origin County Address 1 Aizic Fischer 39 Attorney Piatra Neamt Neamt Casa Vada 73 2 Katz Hascal 60 merchant Piatra Neamt Neamt M. Cagoluneanu 4 3 Iancovici Cheudel 38 Accountant Piatra Neamt Neamt Cal. Loznoraim 30 4 Gutman Michel 4 merchant Gheraivi Roman Casa Vada 4 Wexler, Mendel 3 merchant Tg. Neamt Neamt Subkt Gh. Papa 4 6 Herscovici, Herscu 46 Piurctianor Piatra Neamt Neamt Cal. roueraim 24 7 Abramovici, Lazar 48 furrier Dorohoi Dorohoi Casa Vada Lupu Iosub 6 firigar Roman Roman Casa Vada Rabin Sosfer 66 pat blauar Piatra Neamt Neamt Casa Vada Wolf Jean pictar firme ii n Gartenberg Iulius 70 merchant ti ti Stefan Cel Mare 12 Mayer Hascalovici 6 ti tt ti Cuza Vada Colmanovici Sama 44 ti ti ti Cal. Roznoraiu Filip Rosenthal 42 ii it it Cuza Bada

29 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring Genealogical Adventures: Searching For Records of My Grandfather By Jay Friedman As a boy in New York City in the 40's and 0's I always knew my mother's father as "Grandpa Werther'.' He was a pleasant gen tleman, deliberate of speech with a slight foreign accent, who always somehow seemed to be enjoying life. Sometimes my mother would take me to visit his business on 30th Street, which they called "The Place'.' There he designed women's under garments and published a trade magazine for this industry. My mother, an editor, greatly admired her father, and likes to say that he taught her all she knows about the writer's craft. When I was young, every so often she would delight in saying, "your grandfather's name is not Werther at all; he was bom Isidor Friedrich Botosaneanu'.' But she would say the name fast, reveling in how outlandish his name sounds to American ears, and would always add, as if the name was not enough, that "he came to the United States in 1903 after walking from Romania to Hamburg and Paris'! As a boy and young man I only gave passing thoughts to this story, but it lay there dormant, and like every ROMSIG member I soon reached an age where genealogy and history became important and so decided to find out more about my grandfather and Romania and how he came to the USA. Before I begin, readers should know that my mother's maiden and married names are the same, since she, bom Frederica Friedman, married Howard Friedman, my father, who was no relation. Now to the story. I began my research by quizzing my mother at length and found out Isidor Friedrich Botosaneanu was bom January, Many years later he stated on his US citizenship documents and in a preface for an Esquire magazine article that he was bom in Bucharest, but my mother says he was most likely bom in. He was the eldest of 7 or so sis ters and a brother. Isidor's father, bom Friedrich Friedman in about 183 in Munich, Germany, had a secular education as an architect and engineer. Friedrich migrated to Romania sometime before Why he migrated is not known, but he was possibly a "Sudit", who, as described in a 1996 ROMSIG News article, were colonizers encouraged by the Romanian government to migrate to Romania in the nine teenth century. In Romania, Friedrich worked as an accountant and, like many Jews there, was also a cattle dealer. To facilitate business relationships with the Romanian government, he changed his Jewish surname to Botosaneanu. Isidor's mother. Ana (nee Sindel circa 1860), was bom in Romania, probably in. Isidor, his mother and his siblings all used Friedrich as a middle name, simi lar to a patrymonic in Russia. This puzzles me, as tradi tionally Jews do not name a child after a living relative, but maybe the Botosaneanu's were different. I recently engaged the services of Professor Ladislau Gyemant to do further research on Isidor's family in. While doing other work in Pungesti, a small town south of, he unexpectedly discovered there the birth records of three of Isidor's sisters. The eldest of the three was bom in November 1893, meaning the family had moved there from at some point before that date. Isidor told my mother that until 1899 the family had a pleasant life and were fairly well to do. Like his father, Isidor received a secular education, some of which was in a military school. He also told my mother that among his activities as a student were writing poetry in the Romanian language and being a member of a political group that was in opposition to the right wing government of the country. In 1937, Isidor told Esquire Magazine that he had attended the University of Bucharest, though this is unlikely as he left Romania at age 16. Isidor's life in Romania then changed dramatically because of two events. The first is described by the writer Irving Howe: "In 1899, when economic depression led to famine, a pogrom was organized in the city of by its police chief, violent denunciations of Jews were delivered in the parliament and Jews were expelled from entire districts."1 The second event my mother recounts with a devilish gleam in her eye. This was Friedrich's death in 1900, fol lowing a carriage accident under somewhat scandalous cir cumstances, as he was on an outing with another woman (that is, not Ana). It was winter, which can be extremely cold in Romania, and the carriage had fallen into a ravine. The pair was exposed to the weather for some time and Friedrich succumbed to pneumonia. At this point I must digress from my mother's story, as she did not know from where in Romania Isidor left for the United States, nor the name of the ship that carried him to New York in 1903, which I considered important missing information. So, in 199 I began research at the Mormon Family History Center near my home in Atlanta. At the center I found out that New York ship arrival records were indexed on microfilm according to the traveler's last name. I tediously read through film after film pertaining to Botosaneanu and Friedman, and turned up several false leads, nothing relevant. However, my mother did have Isidor's US Certificate Of Citizenship. Fellow researchers at the center told me that a

30 30 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring00 Certificate Of Citizenship is preceded by a Petition For Naturalization, on which my missing information should appear. I wrote the Immigration and Naturalization Service2 and found out I couldindeed request a photocopy of the petition, but for privacy reasons it had to take the form of a Freedom Of Information Act request, along with evidence that Isidor was deceased. Research in the NY Times micro films turned up his obituary notice, enabling me to submit the request in May Several weeks later, I received copies of petitions he submitted in 1913,1936 and On the petitions Isidor reported that his last place of resi dence in Romania was the town ofroman, about 60 miles southwest of and west ofpungesti. The family must have moved there from Pungesti in 1899 or 1900, possibly as a result of the abovementioned expulsion ofjews from certain districts and/or the death offriedrich. In Roman they lived in a section called "Mosaik", which may mean it was a Jewish neighborhood or ghetto. In 1900, perhaps because of the pogroms and/or repercus sions from his involvement in political protests, as well as financial problems resulting from his father's death, Isidor and his family decided to leave Romania. As will be seen later, it is not clear whether Ana and her daughters preced ed Isidor and his brother luju to the United States or whether they followed later, but Isidor left Romania in a singular way, again described by Irving Howe: "There fol lowed a remarkable episode in which Jews...began to leave as "fusgeyer" (walkers, wayfarers) who tramped across the country...for the purpose ofjourneying on foot to Hamburg and thence to America. The fusgeyer estab lished a 'press' oftheir own. In these newspapers we find appeals for aid, articles in which they say farewell to their old home, and sometimes a bit of verse."3 In 1900, Isidor left Romania as a "fusgeyer','a group of whom may be seen en route in the front page photo. Isidor's journey would have taken many weeks on foot, since, as the crow flies, the distance between Roman and Hamburg is about 900 miles. As Isidor told my mother, he wrote most of his group's "newspaper", which was actually a series of pamphlets promoting the emigration ofjews to the US. These were then sold to the Jewish populations of the towns they passed through to raise funds for their livingexpenses. From Hamburg, Isidor made his way to Paris. There he claimed to have enrolled in an art school, the Academie Julian, to study decorative art, costume design and drafts manship, areas in which he later excelled in the USA. However, in 1993,1 researched the complete enrollment records of the Academie, which are on microfilm at the French National Archives, and did not find Isidor's name. A friend, who is an immigrant from Romania and who has helped with some ofmy research, tells me that it would not be out ofcharacter for a Romanian to inflate his cur riculum vitae if need be, which might explain this and other inconsistencies and possible exaggerations in Isidor's story. My friend adds that, no doubt, at a minimum Isidor must have walked past the Academie Julian and expressed a desire to attend classes there, but whether he actually did requires further research. My mother's opinion is that he attended the Academie under an alias, as he may have been wanted by the Romanian police because of his politi cal activities. The story continues with that reservation. The Academie Julian, founded in 1868, catered to foreign ers, as only students who could pass an examination in the French language and do a freehand drawing ofa nude model could attend the more prestigious staterun Ecole des BeauxArts. Isidor stayed in France a year or so and then departed for the USA. Although he stated on his Petition For Naturalization that he sailed to the United States on the French Line ship La Lorraine, the stated date of arrival, January 1, 1903, was a figment of his imagination. This, I found out when I applied to the National Archives4 in Washington for a copy ofthe passenger list for La Lorraine's arrival in New York on that date and was told there was no such ship's arrival. A perusal on microfilm of the NY Times daily snipping news section for January, 1903 confirmed this, for on that date, La Lorraine was tied up at her dock in Le Havre. It would take me many more months to find out Isidor's real date of arrival in the USA. I approached this aspect ofthe research by assuming that Isidor had the month of January 1903 correct, but had for gotten the exact day and so invented the 1th on the assumption that nobody at the INS would be the wiser when he filed his petition. This was the case, as his citi zenship was indeed granted in However, it was a problem for me, since the NY Times shipping news showed La Lorraine to have arrived in New York twice during that month, on the 3rd and the 31st. The National Archives would do a search at a reasonable cost for a name on a passenger manifest for a given ship's arrival date, and send a photocopy of the relevant page, but not for a name on two possible dates. So, taking a shot, I asked for a search for his name on the January 31,1903 arrival date. Weeks later I received a let ter saying there was no such name. Not discouraged, I then made the same request for the January 3rd arrival, but again was told there was no such name. At that point I was very discouraged, but wanted to see for myself, and so threw caution to the winds, sent the National Archives more than $0 and asked for photocopies ofevery page of the manifest for both arrival dates ofla Lorraine. Again weeks went by, but finally in April received a thick packet with page after page, written in flowery longhand, which listed hundreds of immigrants from all over Europe who had arrived on that ship on those dates. You can imagine my triumphant feeling when there, on one of the last pages of the January 3rd arrival, was Isidor's name, as well as that of his brother luju, along with all sorts of other

31 information on both of them that I had been trying to find out for several years. I don't know why the National Archives staff failed to find the names themselves. And so the story continues. Isidor and his 11yearold brother had left Le Havre on La Lorraine on December 27, (It is unknown how or when luju left Romania and arrived in France.) Eight days later they declared to the Ellis Island authorities that they had no money, that Isidor's profession was "scholar',' that their last place of residence was "Roman Mozaik" and that they were going to join their mother, Ana F. Botosaneanu, at 77 Eldridge Street in Manhattan. This is another inconsistency, as Isidor had told my mother that, in the immigrant tradition, he and luju had arrived in the USA before the rest of the family and saved enough money to finance the voyage to the US of Ana and their sisters in about 190. Since Isidor was only eighteen at the time of their examination at Ellis Island, they may have said Ana was already in New York to dispel any notion that being so young they would become public charges and possibly risk being refused admission. Whichever the case, they were admitted, and shortly there after Isidor changed his name to Werther Friedman. My mother says he never liked the name Isidor and took his new given name from the main character in Goethe's "Sorrows Of Young Werther", a work he admired. No doubt he reverted the family name back to his father's original surname because Botosaneanu is unpronounceable for most English speakers and, more importantly, because in the United States there was no further need to deemphasize their religion. (luju became Jack Friedman.) Werther's photo was taken for a frontpiece of a book of poetry he wrote in Like many immigrant Jews, he prospered in the USA, where he was known as a bon vivant,,^. ; "' w <*.»%* ^ X ; * «*«: am* f < *# if* i«jqii' Jifl ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring ftl >: J» mm 1 ' * 1 KH' ' V A ^^ y*..». ' Photo 2 M L and, like his father, was known to have an eye for ladies other than his wife. That he also loved an excuse to raise his arm with a glass in hand is evident in Photo 2, which shows him and my father Howard enjoying a cold brew at his Englewood, New Jersey summer home in 1940, while my mother Frederica, glassless, looks admiringly on. Werther died January 16, 196 in New York City. NOTES: ' The Immigrant Jews ofnew York: 1881 to the present. Irving Howe. Boston: Routledge and Kegan Paul, pp : Immigration And Naturalization Service, 2nd Floor ULL1CO Bldg, 42 I Street NW, Washington. DC 036. Attention: FOIA/PA Officer ' Howe, op. cit 4General Reference Branch (NNRG), National Archives and Records Administration. 7th and Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC B00k Review by Rae Barent The World That Was: Hungary/Romania by Rabbi Yitzchak Kasnett is the third volume in a series of handbooks for stu dents in grade schools and high schools titled The Living Memorial under the leadership ofthe Hebrew Academy of Cleveland. Since the Hebrew Academy is traditionally orient ed, so too is this book. While the aims of this student work book, to make young people more aware of the destruction of European Jewry, are admirable, there's not much here for our purposes. About half the book is given over to homework assignments and classroom exercises. Another quarter is made up of is reminiscences of living in Romania and Hungary with many photos from both the pre war and the postwar period. The section on the history of Romania does have some interesting bar graphs. 1899% of Jewish Population: A Sampling of Towns in Moldavia for example Botosani with 1.8% 1904% of Jewish Artisans in Selected Trades in Moldaviaengraving was at the top with over 80%. Percent of factories owned by Jews Distribution of Jews by occupations in Romania There is no index, but the Table of Contents will give you some idea of what the book is about: The first section Teacher's Guide and Student Exercises consist of simply drawn maps paired with the same map with no labels...students are to provide these. The next two chapters are about Hungaryan Overview of Jewish life and a photo montage of Hungarian synagogues. Then we have an overview of the History of Jewish Life in Romania followed by a photo montage of Transylvanian Rabbis. The rest of the book is Personal Reminiscence about the Capathians. about Sighet, about Munkacs, about Budapest, even about Rabbi Sender Deutsch. The only other possibly valuable section is one dealing with the social structure of Romania which combines some history with an overview of the kinds of employment permitted to Jews, of the comparatively mild treatment, and the subsequent movement of Jews from Poland and Russia into Romania.

32 32 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 Romanian Court Documents and Translations: Submitted by Larry Herman Mr. Prosecutor: I, Mendel Moise Iancu, from Burdujeni town From the day of 6 of March. I was at home. A group of men led by Teodor Stirbu from Saligeni, Jon Tipufran Fetesti and Vasil I. Marchitan from Saligeni along with other men invaded my store and broke all the doors and windows. Faced with this situation I ran together with my wife and children to Grigore Rotaru from Burdujeni. After this uprising quieted down at the same day around 3:00 PM, I returned home. However, Vasil Marchitan return with a hammer with the intention of killing me after which again I ran to my friends and I've returned Thursday. When I returned home, I found all the things destroyed and the best things stolen. In addition, they stole a wagon of cereals (hay, etc.) from the silo. The thugs were: 1) Ionica Risca; 2) Simion Sterli; 3) Teoder Bandur; 4) Catinca Hie Iftimesco; ) Ion Anichitoie; 6) Ion Rusu; 7) Paraschiva Iftimesco. From these seven, five were report ed by their own children, who have stated to the gen darme (military police). After these statements they've returned part of the cereals. The way Teoder Bandur, Catinca Iftimescu and Ionica Risca. Ion Brisu stole a lot of other things and part of the cereals. (Signed) Respectively yours, Mr. Prosecuter of the Tribunal Q^P^I/VM* /f Qy\ *+*'& r>l AAJi<ie<&. ywt 'V*.4<~"J'** &**&. ilf^ jteztj^t*. SLt*c<d&2"fao$***J lu*4m&* fi^/i' <+*<&*. 4X&*A*?C &?*** <?i *' e*.<,&*t~t. r> s>++ ^vt+^ic **«?**<' >t Ja J&tt'rStoZ?&,+4+. 0&+J& s<»~" svei+i'x st**# ** i*»#* j.<x>*' r*f*jtfa^ M Urn*.* <r $*** <& ^W7 J< **«y *y** ke o>i<r6 >**< <fc*< s*m J, 4^ *W &m&* #*»<&*. tfitwtj J/6~"~ Wtfttft. JlLw^ $&**&*. &&'S.^, *<i~t^? *t /m* e~ ft Botosani

33 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring We found a letter in Paraschiva Iftimescu's attic and the gendarme by the name ofdascalesco searched the attic and home and I've recognized three doiles and lots oflumber (construction) and wood (fire). I claim that of the statements ofmaria of Gheorghi (George) Cloraei (George's wife Maria), Aglaia Costache Partolie, Grigore, Simion, Sterle, Costache, Ionica Risca, Anica of Manoli Daniline, who also Ion Anichetoei when he stole and carried with the wagon the cereals from my home. I present as a witness. Gendarmes V. Dascalescu, Alecu Dimitriu and Marinine, who had a search warrant and they found part of my things that they recognized to be mine and they returned them to me. I respectfully submit to be reimbursed the sum of4,000 leis (enormous sum for time) and ask for prosecution of the above named individuals. [Signature Line) Please receive my respect Mendel Moise Iancu t4ite *<<*t/f*jr(pe /e*isf~,ej*&. e *J? t*/»*~*~'v

34 34 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1,Spring 00 From: Bukovina Submitted By: Mr. David Fox 969 Placid Ct. Arnold, MD February 1919 GEOGRAPHY: PHYSICAL AND POLITICAL (1) POSITION AND FRONTIERS THE Bukovina is in the extreme east of the Austrian Empire. It lies southeast of Galicia, between 47 12' and 48 40' north latitude and 24 ' and 2*31' east longitude, and has an area of,441 sq. km. (about 4,030 sq. miles), or roughly twothirds that of Yorkshire. On the north and northwest the Bukovina marches with Galicia. Elsewhere its boundaries are those of Austria, touching on the south west on Hungary, on the southeast on Rumania, on the east on Rumania and Bessarabia. The Galician boundary is for the most part well defined: it ascends the Dniester for some 3 miles, thence strikes south along an arbitrary line to the junction of the Czeremosz with the Pruth, ascends the former river to the source of the Bialy Czeremosz on the northwestern slopes of the Carpathians, and so gains the Hungarian frontier. The boundary between the Bukovina and Hungary is much broken, but follows in parts the courses of the Cibo, the Golden Bistritz, and the Tesna, and in part the watershed of the Dorna. The same applies to that which in the south divides the Bukovina from Rumania which follows for some distance the courses of the Neagra and the Golden Bistritz, in part the watershed of the Sucha, crosses the Moldova at Kornoluncze, and reaches the Suczawa just above its junction with the Sereth. The Suczawa, the Sereth. and the Pruth all play a part in determining the eastern boundary, which between these rivers follows minor topographical features. Between the Pruth and the Dniester the BukovinaBessarabia boundary is marked partly by the Rakitna, partly by a smaller stream and some intervening hills. (2) SURFACE AND RIVER SYSTEM Surface The Bukovina is a highland, rising in terraces from the northeast to the southwest. It falls naturally into two parts, a mountain region and a hill region, the division being clearly marked by a line running roughly from Wiznitz on the Pruth to Gurahumora on the Moldova. To the south west of this line is a complicated system of denselywood ed mountains ofsandstone formation, the ridges running from northwest to southeast. The valleys are steep and nar row, sometimes opening out into alluvial flats where culti vation is possible. In the southwest, in the neighbourhood of the Doma and the Golden Bistritz, the mountains reach an average height of over 1,00 ft., Giumalaul (6,0 ft., 1,89 m.) being the highest point in the Bukovina. These mountains form part of the mass of the Wooded Carpathians, and fill all the space between the Golden Bistritz and the Suczawa, the central point of the space being formed by the Luczyna Mountains. This group con tains the sources of the Czeremosz, the Suczawa. the Moldova, and the Golden Bistritz, and is thus the main watershed of the country. The mountains in the extreme southwest of the Bukovina, are spurs of the Kelemen group. The hill region of the Bukovina consists of gentle, rolling ridges of limestone and clay rising to some 1,60 ft. It is watered by the Pruth, the Sereth. the Suczawa, and the Moldova, which flow at an approximate height of 60 ft., and here make great curves to the southeast. The Suczawa, the largest of these rivers divides the Bukovina into two almost equal parts. The valley bottoms are flat and open,

35 while the higher regions have to a great extent been cleared of their woods except on the steepest slopes, and the land has been ploughed. The mountain region ofthe Bukovina, is of little value for cultivation, but, in addition to its extensive forests, pro vides good summer pasture for numbers of cattle. The soil of the hill region consists largely of loess or of alluvial deposits; it is therefore fertile and well suited for cultiva tion, which is being rapidly developed. The most fertile region, containing some twothirds of the agricultural land of the Bukovina, lies between the Pruth and the Dniester. Fertility decreases between the Pruth and the Sereth, and the hill region on both sides ofthe Suczawa is the poorest part of the province, wheat being grown only in very small quantities. On the other hand, the region south and east of Suczawa is very rich. Floods are a hindrance to agriculture in many valleys. The Bukovina is plentifully supplied with water, except in the district to the south of Suczawa and southwest of Bossancze, where rainwater cisterns are nec essary both for man and beast. River System With the exception ofa few small streams in the north, which are tributaries of the Dniester, all the rivers of the Bukovina, belong to the Danube system, and flow to the MoldavianBessarabian plain. The southern rivers the Czeremosz (an affluent of the Pruth) and the Sereth, with its tributaries the Suczawa, Moldova, and the Golden Bistritzrun in rough parallel courses, and take their rise within the Bukovina, in the neighbourhood of the Luczyna Mountains. Only the Dniester and the Golden Bistritz have welldefined rocky beds; the other rivers divide into arms round islands in broad alluvial valleys as soon as they emerge from the mountains, often changing their courses, and causing serious damage by their floods. As has been said above, the Dniester forms the northern boundary ofthe Bukovina as far as Onut, where it is some 270 yds. wide. Its depth varies from 2 to 61/2 ft., and its banks are sometimes nearly 00 ft., high. Its bed is rocky, but contains in places a number of difficult sandbanks. Hence, though navigable by small boats, it is chiefly used by rafts. The Pruth, one of the largest tributaries ofthe Danube, flows right across the country at its narrowest part, parallel with the Dniester, through a valley, which is wide and open to the north, but on the south merges into a moun tainous district. The Czeremosz, formed by the junction of the Bialy Czeremosz (which, like the main stream itself, is a boundaryriver ofthe Bukovina) and the Czarny Czeremosz, is its most important tributary, and has the Perkalab as its affluent on the left bank. The Sereth, anoth er leftbank tributary of the Danube, rises in the western mountains near the Szurdyn Pass, on the opposite side of the watershed to the Suczawa, and flows in a course which ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 3 curves from northeast to southeast right through the Bukovina, whose borders it leaves not far below the town of Sereth. The three remaining important rivers of the Bukovinathe Suczawa, the Moldova, and the Golden Bistritzare all rightbank tributaries ofthe Sereth, though they join that stream outside the borders of the province. Of these tribu taries, the Suczawa rises near the Iswor Pass and opens out below Straza to water the largest piece of open ground in the country; the Moldova, whose course lies through deep valleys, receives two important affluents, the Sucha on the right bank and the Moldawitza on the left; and the Golden Bistritz rises in Transylvania, entering the Bukovina at an altitude of 3,172 ft., and receives the Dorna on the right bank and the Cibo on the left. The Dniester is the only river in the Bukovina, which is nav igable otherwise than by rafts. The water in the Sereth, the Suczawa, and the Moldova is always sufficient for rafts, but their streams are not regulated and sandbanks are numerous. (3) CLIMATE The climate of the Bukovina is severe and thoroughly con tinental. The eastern regions are characterized by violent windstorms, which cause sudden variations in the tempera ture amounting to as much as 64 F (18 C). The rate of humidity is comparatively low and the climate in general approximates to that of Russia. In the mountain region the frost continues on an average from September 1 to June ; in the hill district from October 1 to May. July is the hottest month, January the coldest. The following table shows the difference in average temperature between the mountain region and the hill region: Winter Spring Summer Autumn Hills 23 F( C) 48 F(9 C) 66 F(19 C) 46 F(8 C) Mountains 21 F(6 C) 4 F(7 C) 61 F(16 C) 43 F(6 C) Czemowitz in the north and Suczawa in the south both have the same average summer temperature of 66 F (19 C); but in winter Czemowitz averages 2 F (4 C) and Suczawa 28 F (2 C). The annual rainfall in the mountains often exceeds 33. in. (80 mm.); in the hills it is often under 21.7 in. (0 mm.). The valleys of the Pruth and the Dniester have the lowest rainfall. June and July are the wettest months, and January is the dryest. Snow lies everywhere between November and April; it falls most heavily in the latter month and is deepest in the neighbourhood of the sources of the Suczawa. There is considerable cloud throughout the year. The west wind is the commonest, both in summer and winter, whilst in the spring westerly and northerly winds prevail. Southerly and westerly winds bring a high temper ature, heavy cloud and rain, and low pressure, whereas northerly and easterly winds bring low temperatures, clear er weather, less rainfall, and higher pressure.

36 36 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 (4) SANITARY CONDITIONS Theclimate of the Bukovina, though severe, is healthy and hardening. The people still rely to a great extentupon herbs and spells, which are generally administered by old women, in cases of illness. Only in the last extremity do theycall in doctors, of whom there are few in the country. Too much reliance cannot therefore be placed upon the official statistics of the causes of death. In 19,13 per 1,000of the deaths were ascribed to congenital weakness, 70 per 1,000to tuberculosis, and 90 per 1,000 to other lungtroubles. Diarrhoea accounts for another 40 per 1,000, and scarlet fever and measles are also important causes of mortality. The Lipovans, whose religion binds them to rely on prayer alone in time of sickness, are a seri ous danger during an epidemic. The rate ofinfant mortali ty in the last decade was per 1,000births. The very highdeathrate among the gipsies is accompanied by an equally high birthrate. () RACE AND LANGUAGE: The Bukovina lies on the great highway of migration from east to west, and is consequently inhabited by a strange mixtureof races, even at the present day. Among them, it is possibleto find traces ofearlier peoples who have disap peared, passed on, or been absorbed. The Rumanians, who numbered 273,24, or 34 percent of the population, at the last census, have a majority in the south, southwest, the centre, and part of the east of the Bukovina. They are most numerous on the middle Sereth and in the Suczawa valley, where, excluding a few isolated islands, over 7 percentof the population is Rumanian. On the Moldova the position of the Rumanians is hardly less strong. North of the Sereth they rapidly diminish in num bers, and still farther north are only found in a few villages but they are found scattered throughout the country, and the greater part of the nobility and of the welltodo classes in the towns are Rumanian. How or whence they entered the Bukovina, is uncertain, but they are true members of the Rumanian people, speaking the Limba romana, which is oflatin origin. The majority belong to the Orthodox Church, and there are a very few Uniats among them. The Ruthenians or Little Russians in 19 numbered 30,0, or 38 percentof the population. With them are included the Hutsulians, who speak their language, though there are grounds for believing that they are ofdifferent, possibly of Scythian origin. The Ruthenians form a solid mass in the north and west, but they are also found almost everywhere among the Rumanians, notably along the lower Sereth. The country round the sources of the Czeremocz, the Suczawa, the Moldova, and the Moldawitza, as well as the whole northwestern mountain region, is inhabited by the Hutsulians. The Ruthenians, who speak Little Russian (or rather the dialect of it known as Red Russian), have dwelt in the Bukovina, from a very early date, and a number of them have probably been assimilated by the Rumanians. The Ruthenian element predominates among the lower classes: they are members ofthe Orthodox Church. The Germans in the Bukovina, in 19 numbered 168,81 or 21 percent of the population, if we include the 2,919 Jews who are all Germans. They have an influence out of proportion to their numbers, as it was they who colonized and civilized the country. German is still the language of culture and the official tongue. The Austrian occupation has resulted in a large influx of soldiers and officials, with the result that there is now hardly a village which does not contain a German. They are most numerous along the mid dle Suczawa and in the towns and mining regions of the southwest, but there are also a number ofgerman agricul tural colonies in the hill regions. Most of them are Roman Catholics, but at Alt Fratautz, near the Sereth, and Badautz, near Radautz, over 7 percent ofthe population is Lutheran. In the country districts the Germans preserve an attitude of racial superiority, holding aloof from the Rumanians; but in the towns they tend to drift with the tide, using Ruthenian or Rumanian for business purposes. The Jews are found in compact masses only in Wiznitz, on the Czeremosz, where, they form threequartersof the popu lation, and Sadagori, which lies to the north of the Pruth, but there are also many in Czemowitz and Suczawa. Elsewhere they constitute some to percent of the inhabitants. The Magyars in the Bukovina number about,000, but their numbers are diminishing. There are a few Magyar colonies near Badautz, and one at Josseffalva in the south, but elsewhere they are not numerous. They are all Roman Catholics, and work as farmers or marketgardeners. There are 36,000 Poles, chiefly living in the towns. The district ofthe Plesch is entirely Polish, and in Neusolonetz the Poles number 78 percent. They are all Roman Catholics, and generally retain their sense of nationality. Most of the 3,000 Lipovans live in Fontinaalba and Klimoutz outside Sereth, but.there are a few near the town of Suczawa and at Lukowica, near Czemowitz. They are Great Russians, belonging to the old Russian Church, and speak Great Russian. They keep their traditional costume, and their diet is largely vegetarian, while they do not touch alcohol or tobacco. They are marketgardeners, beemas ters, and fruitgrowers. Physically, they are a fine people, and as their religion forbids them to have intercourse with strangers they preserve their race absolutely pure. Gipsies are found all over the Bukovina, especially among the Rumanians. The early regulations against vagabonds were so severe that they are now virtually all settled, form ing considerable colonies in many villages, many of them working as smiths. They are nominally members of the Orthodox Church, but their religion is said not to go much beyond making the sign of the cross. They speak their own

37 language among themselves, though in a verycorrupt form; but otherwise they use Rumanian or Little Russian. ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring n. POLITICAL HISTORY The 67 Armenians, 311 of whom live in Czemowitz and 0in Suczawa, are an interesting ethnological feature of the Bukovina. Those in Suczawa are Uniats, the others mostly Orthodox. They speak Armenian among them selves, but also use Rumanian or German. They nearly all belong to the upper ranks of society,and are traders, offi cials, or landowners. Their honesty, hospitality, and cour tesy make them very popular. (6) POPULATION Distribution The population, according to the census of 19, was 800,098, and was estimated at 818,328 in It is natu rally mostdense in the fertile valleys of the rivers flowing throughthe hill region, notably those ofthe Pruth, the Sereth, and the lower Suczawa, where it often exceeds 300 to the square mile. There are also comparatively wellpop ulated centres in the north and northwest. Kimpolung is the largest settlement within the mountain district, where the inhabitants are very scanty. The number of inhabitants per square mile in the Bukovina was 198 in 19. Towns and Villages Czemowitz, with a population, including suburbs, of over 87,000, onethird of whom are Jews, is much the most important town in the Bukovina, of which it is the capital. It lies on the right bank ofthe Pruth, over which at this point there are two bridges. The town, which is modem, is the seat of the OrthodoxMetropolitan of the Bukovinaand of the German University. Other towns are Radautz (16,3), an important agricultur al centre on the Suczawa plain and the most German town in the Bukovina; Suczawa (11,229), a neatly laidout town on the same river; Sereth (7,948), the oldest settlement in theland, on the right bank of the Sereth; and Kimpolung (8,748), on the uppermoldova, which owes its importance to the traffic over the Mesticanesti Pass. Wiznitz(,02), with a largely Jewish population, on the Czeremosz, and Berhometh (7,309), on the Sereth, are the chief centres in the northwest. Storozynetz (,242), on the Sereth, and Bojan (7,468), on the Prath, may also be mentioned. Movement The birthrate in the Bukovina is 42.3 per 1,000 inhabi tants. The illegitimate births number 7 per 1,000 births. Between 1900 and 19 the excess of births over deaths was percent, the loss by emigration being 4.82 per cent. The net increase of population was thus 9.7 percent, as compared with and 13.1 respectively in the previ ousdecades. The emigration of Germans in considerable numbers to America did not begin till the present century. CHRONOLOGICAL SUMMARY RussoTurkish War First Partition of Poland Austria claims northern Moldavia Boundaries, settled by Conventions The Bukovina incorporated for administrative purposes with Galicia The Bukovina declared an autonomous province Once more included in Galicia The Bukovina created an autonomous duchy as an Austrian Crownland Rumanian Metropolitanate proclaimed at Synod of Karlowitz: the Bukovina excluded Churches of the Bukovina and Dalmatia united under one Metropolitan. (1) ORIGINS THE Bukovina has been described as a 'rendezvous' of peoples, so many races have in turn occupiedthe forest lands ofthis district, which lie about the headwaters of the Sereth, the Pruth, and the Moldova. In the early part of the fourteenth century the Bukovina formed part of the Voivodate of Moldavia, established by the Vlachs or Rumans who migrated from the Maramaros district of Hungary. Compact bodies of Rumanians appearto have settled along the eastern slopes of the Carpathians, where Little Russians or Ruthenes were already established, while the plains were still held by various Tatar tribes who were not expelled until the second half of the fourteenth century. In 1372 the Emperor recognized Louis of Hungary as overlord of Moldavia, but the King of Poland disputed his claims, and in the first half of the fifteenth century the Voivodes did homage to him. Under Stephen the Great(147104) Moldavia regained its indepen dence, and he inflicted severe defeats on both Poles and Turks; under his successors, however, Moldavia became tributary to the Turks, who began to plant fortresses in the country. The Rumanian principalities, hard pressed by Poles and Turks, invokedin turn the protection of the Emperor and the Tsarof Russia, and the eighteenth century found the Bukovina a bone ofcontention between these Powers and the Turks. (2) ANNEXATION BY AUSTRIA Two events in the latterhalfof theeighteenth century, the RussoTurkish War (176974) and the First Partition of Poland (1772), helped to decide the fate of the Bukovina. After the conclusion of peace between Russia and Turkey (at Kuchuk Kainarji), when it became evident that Turkey could no longer retain the Rumanian Principalities, Austria put forward its claim to the northern part of Moldavia. This was based on (1) the needfor settlement of the old disputes concerning the frontier, (2) the desire for a 'cor

38 38 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 don sanitaire' against the plague, and (3) the assertion that the territory had been originally usurped by Turkey. Simultaneously with the diplomatic introduction of the claim the Imperial troops occupied various points in northem Moldavia. Originally the frontier proposed by Austria followed a line mnning from Chotin to Czemowitz across the Bukovina forest; but in March 177 the order was given to leave an 'undetermined frontier'. The protests of the ruling prince and of the Moldavian boyars were passed over, with the intimation that the question was one to be settled by Austria with the Porte alone; the latter, however, was less amenable than had been expected, because it feared inter nal disturbances and hoped for external support from France and Prussia. Eventually, however, Austria secured the Convention of May 7,177, by which the lands contained by 'the Dnjestr, the borders of Pokuta, Hungary, and Transylvania', were surrendered to it, in order to facilitate communication between Transylvania and Galicia. This district was one of the most richly wooded of the Moldavian provinces, and contained the ancient capital Suczawa and the town of Czemowitz. The exact limits were to be determined according to a fabricated Austrian map which the Porte had been induced to adopt, and which represented the ter ritory in questionto quote an Austrian statementas a strip of land with 'three or four market towns and eleven vil lages, the rest consisting of forest and rugged land*. The final Convention ofmay 12, 1776, ceded to Austria a territory of 4,03 square miles, with a population of 70,000 inhabitants. Maria Theresa did not fail to shed a tear over these 'Moldavian affairs...with regard to which we are totally in the wrong...i must confess I do not know how we shall come out of it, but hardly with honour, and that grieves me beyond expression'. (3) DECLINE OF RUMANIAN NATIONALITY Administration under Austria.The territory thus acquired was constituted an autonomous province, under the name 'Bukovina', and placed for the time being under a military administration which, however, retained Rumanian as the official language. When this administrationcame to an end the Bukovina was from 1786 to 1790 incorporated with Galicia; its autonomy was, however, restored by an Imperial patent dated September 19, 1790, which decreed that 'Bukovina, shall, under this name, be always consid ered and treated as an autonomous province with special states'. At the close of the Napoleonic wars Austria revert ed to the plan of uniting the Bukovina for purposes of administration with Galicia. When Austria entered into possession in 1777 the country was almost denuded of population (this having sunk to about 70,000) and immigration from the adjacent territo ries was encouraged; this brought numbers of Ruthenes from Galicia and Rumanians from Hungary and Transylvania, together with a smaller infusion of Magyars, Poles, and Germans, to reinforce the mixed population of Rumanians and Ruthenes already in possession. Reorganization ofthe ChurckTheiQ had not, so far, been any separate organization for the province, and the only body possessing any entity was the national, i.e. Orthodox Church, which had been organized since the fifteenth cen tury under a national Metropolitan at Suczawa, with a suf fragan bishop at Radautz. The new Government proceeded at once to the reorganization ofthis body, with the view (as the Rumanian nationalists maintain) of destroying the connexion between the Bukovina and Moldavia. Without consultation with the Patriarch, the Austrian authorities created the new diocese of the Bukovina, and a new Constitution was elaborated for its government without reference to the ecclesiastical authorities, while at the same time the estates held by the Church in Moldavia were renounced. The large number of monasteries of the Order of St. Basil in the Bukovina were reduced to three and their property passed (May 178) into the hands ofthe civil administration: an Imperial decree (1786) regularized the status of the Church and about half of the existing parishes were suppressed. The bishop was provided with a Consistory, of which half the members were laymen, and the Emperor became patron of the whole Church. Changes in the Population.Rumaman nationality also suf fered under the new regime in regard to the composition of its population. Many of its leaders, the boyars, abandoned the province and withdrew to Jassy, and were followed later by many members of the teaching profession. Those boyars who remained were won over to the admin istration by a lavish distribution of titles, while their chil dren were educated in the German schools and became willing functionaries ofthe new Government Commerce and farming passed into the hands of foreigners, chiefly Jews from Galicia and, has been pointed out, the immigra tion of Poles, Germans, and Ruthenes was encouraged. Although the Ruthenes submitted to the Orthodox Church, and thus thwarted the aims of Catholic propaganda, their continued influx gradually reduced the numerical superior ity originally possessed by the Rumanians. A document of 1843 recognized Ruthenian as being with Rumanian 'the language of the people and of the Church in Bukovina'. (4) REVIVAL OF RUMANIAN NATIONALITY Influence of Rumania.The Bukovina shared to some extent in the national movement ofthe nineteenth century which was developing in the Rumanian as in other countries. A certain measure ofintercourse had persisted between the boyars whohad emigrated and those who had remained in the annexed territory, and this facilitated the penetration into the Bukovina, of the cultural renascence which flour ished in Rumania after the Peace of Adrianople (1829).

39 A certain number ofyoung nobles, especially those of the Hurmuzaki family, although educated at Lemberg and at Vienna, took up the old Rumanian traditions with enthusi asm, and asserted the rights of the Rumanian population to supremacy in an autonomous Bukovina. Like other nation al movements among the Rumanians, this also aimed, as an ideal, at the complete reunion oftheir race, and empha sized the bonds which united them to the Rumanians in the Principalities and in Hungary. The loyalty which the Rumanian upper class felt towards the Habsburgs, together no doubt with their distrust of the Slav peoples by whom they were surrounded, made them, however, look rather to union within the frontiers of the Austrian Monarchy. The Revolutionary Movement ofl848.the movement took a more positive aspect in 1848, when there were rev olutionary outbreaks in Moldavia and Wallachia. In that year the leaders ofan abortive rising at Jassy, including men who subsequently shaped Rumania, like Cogalniceanu, the poet Alexandri, and the future ruler of the United Principalities, Cuza, were exiled, and they found a wel come refuge at the seat of the Hurmuzaki family in the Bukovina. The Church Question.Under their influence, the head of the Hurmuzaki family called together in Czemowitz a meeting of the Rumanian clerics, and induced them to demand the autonomous administration of the Orthodox Church, a yearly assembly ofall the estates, the Rumanization of the schools and of the administrationin short, complete administrative, political, and judicial* autonomy, such as had been guaranteed at the time of the annexation. But beyond these local demands there was expressed a further desire more significantly national, namely, that all members of the Rumanian Orthodox Church of Austria and Hungary should be placed under one ecclesiastical authority. This programme was submitted to the Emperor in June Under the pressure of circumstances the imperial Government recognized the Rumanian nationality, admit ted the introduction of Rumanian in the schools, trans ferred to the Consistory ofczemowitz the educational control hithertoexercised by that of Lemberg, and, finally, by a new Constitution, created in March 1849 the autonomous duchy of the Bukovina as an Austrian Crownland. In a memorandum presented to the Congress at Olmutz in February, the Rumanian leaders, having failed to secure the creation ofa duchy embracing all the Rumanians of the Monarchy, restricted their demand to the ecclesiastical union, and persisted in this through the peri od of reactionduring which there was for a time (189 60) again a question of incorporation with Galicia. On the death of the head of the Orthodox Serbian Church, who had opposed Rumanian ecclesiastical independence, the Emperor approved (June 1,1863) the principle of a Rumanian Metropolitanate. In 1864a synod met at ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring Karlowitz to proclaim separation from the Serbian Church, but the now Metropolitanate at Czemowitz included only the Rumanians oftransylvania and Hungary. The national party in the Bukovina ascribed this result to the intrigues of the authorities and the jealousy of the higher clerics; after the accession of Prince Carol to the throne of Rumania (1866), and in view of the imminent incorpora tion of Transylvania with Hungary, the idea ofan ecclesi astical union, which should include all orthodox Rumanians was finally rejected by the Government. () REACTION IN THE BUKOVINA. Repressive Measures.Henceforward the efforts of the Rumanians of the Bukovina were directed towards further ing the cultural progress of their people, in order to main tain at least their provincial solidarity. The imperial author ity, however, showed little sympathy for these endeavours. Publications founded in Nationalist interests were sup pressed; lectures on Rumanian history were forbidden on the pretext that the society which organized them had not the status ofan educational institution; permission for the holding of a national congress was refused, and in December 1869 the Emperor formally reaffirmed his privi lege as patron of the Rumanian Church. The National Party, composed of forty to fifty landowners and as many officials and members of the liberal professions, had no power of resistance, being without contact with the rural proletariat, and without the support of a national middle class. The younger and more spirited intellectuals risen from below often preferred to emigrate to Rumania. Evidence ofnational Feeling.There were sporadic asser tions of the national spirit, as for instance the assembly of about 2,000 persons, including, for the first time, members of the peasantry, which met in Czemowitz (June 1870) to proclaim the national character and legal rights of the Church of the Bukovina; or the festivities which took place in August 1871, on the initiative ofa group of stu dents and with the concurrence of many notable person ages from Rumania, on the occasion ofthe tercentenary of the foundation of the monastery at Puma by the Moldavian hero, Stephen the Great. But such incidents only stimulat ed reaction. In January 1873, in order to accentuate the distinction between the Church of the Bukovina and that of Rumania, the Imperial Government, without any refer ence to the respective populations, and without heeding the protests of public opinion and of the Churches, decided upon the fantastic measure of uniting the Churches of the Bukovina and Dalmatia under one Metropolitan. Two years later, on the occasion of the anniversary of the annexation ofthe Bukovina, Czemowitz received the gift of a German University, which further promoted the policy of denationalizing the Rumanian youth. That policy was largely successful, at any rate in so far as the upper class was concerned. But the strenuous political agitation organized by the RumaniansofHungary called

40 40 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 forth an echo in the Bukovinaamong circles more democ ratic in origin, action, and purpose. In 1891 a political journal made its appearance, and early in 1892the consti tution of a compactnational party, which adopted the name 'Concordia', was announced, to represent 'the soli darity of all the Rumanians of Bukovina in political, national, and ecclesiastical matters' While insisting on the one hand, upon the autonomy and historical individuality of the Bukovina, and upon the right to a national cultural development, the new, leaders reiterated their loyalty to the Habsburg monarchy. This movement, however, never real ized the aspirations ofrumanian nationality, and the field was left open for the policy of the authorities which was directed rather to the encouragement of other elements in the population. m. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONDITIONS (1) RELIGIOUS While the Rumanians, who number some 273,000, are cer tainly the predominant race in the Bukovina, they are not as numerous as the Ruthenes, who with a population of 30,000 form 38 percent ofthe whole population. They occupy the northern and eastern parts of the province and have pushed up the valley ofthe Sereth as far as the head ofthe Moldova, where they form a wedge between the Rumanians and the northeastern wing of the Hungarians. Their nobles have adopted German culture and have ceased in any sense to be leaders ofthe mass of the Ruthene people. The teachers and priests, are generally educated in the excellent German seminaries and trainingschools, and, not knowing where they may be called upon to work, make themselves proficient in both the. Rumanian and Ruthenian languages. Although there is some race hostility between the two leading peoples of the Bukovina, this feeling is not embittered by religious differ ences. Both belong to the Orthodox Church, only a small number of the Ruthenes (26,000) being members of the Uniat Church of Galicia. The Metropolitans have generally been chosen from among the Rumanian ecclesiastics, but they govern with a Consistory ofrumanian and Ruthenian clerics; all their deci sions have to be sanctioned by the Imperial authorities and they have no share whatsoever in the administration of the extensive properties of the Church. The clergy receive their stipends from the 'Fund for the Religious' founded in According to the census of 19 (Oesterreichisches statistisches Handbuch, 1912\ out of a total population of 801,364 the Orthodox Church claimed, 68.4 of the popula tion, 1.67 are assigned to the Catholic Church, 2.6 to the Evangelical, and are registered as Jews. The Roman Catholic Church, which owing to its active missionary efforts has made considerable progress in recent years, is chiefly supported by the Polish population together with the nonjewish elements among the Germans. These last are found in greatest numbers in the towns, where much of the trade and industry is under their direction; in Czemowitz there are 41,000 Germans, 28,000 of whom are Jews. Many of the Jews have, however, also settled on land as farmers. (2) POLITICAL Since 1849 the Bukovina has been an autonomous duchy divided into nine districts and one autonomous municipali ty, Czemowitz, which is also the seat ofthe provincial Government The Diet, created by the Constitution of 1861, is composed of 31 members; the Metropolitan and the rec tor of the Universitythe latter since 187sitting ex officio. The great landowners elect members, the towns 3, the Chamber oftrade and Commerce 2, and the rural districts 12. The Bukovina sends 14 members to the Reichsrat The judiciary is under the authority of the Provincial High Court at Lemberg, and there are in the Bukovina one Provincial and 17 District Courts. The language ofadminis tration is German, but Rumanian and Ruthenian are recog nized as in use (Iandesublich) in the country. (3) EDUCATIONAL With the exception of Dalmatia, the Bukovina shows the lowest percentage of literates in the Dual Monarchy; 24. percent for men and 16.9 percent for women. In 1911 there were in existence 31 elementary schools, in 216 of which instruction was given in Ruthenian, in 179 in Rumanian, in 82 in German, and in the others in two or more of the lan guages of the district The low standard of education pre vailing among the people is due perhaps not so much to an inadequate supply of vernacular instruction as to the fact that the population is often very scattered and, except among the German communities, is not always anxious to avail itselfofeducational facilities. In the middle schools, which have,600 pupils on the roll, 2,946 are German, 1,194 Ruthenian, and 1,193 Rumanian, and out of 700 pupils in Realschulen only 86 are entered as Rumanian, and no Ruthenians appear on the roll, which is completed by Germans. There is a University at Czemowitz, largely in German hands, but the Theological (Orthodox) Faculty is fre quented by Rumanians and Ruthenians. There are also three Gymnasia at Czemowitz, Radautz, and Suczawa respectively. In addition Czemowitz possesses an Episcopal Seminary, an Industrial College, an Agricultural College, five Arts and Crafts Schools, a Commercial School, and a Training College for Teachers. The language of instruction in the higher schools is German. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS The division of interests between the two predominant races in the Bukovina, together with the Austrian sympa thies of the upper classes, have served to check the nation

41 al movement. Rumanian leaders, who have tried to sow the seeds of an awakening, have been forced by indiffer ence or by persecution to abandon their activity and migrate to Rumania. Dr. Awiel Onciul, a publicistand for merly director ofa bank, has recently come forward with proposals which have made Rumanian politics still more stormy. He has abandoned the national for a purely social programme, and has joined with the Ruthenes in a scheme for comprehensive rural and electoral reform. In return for promises of improvement of their status, he secured the support of many priestsand teachers, and acquired a large following among the peasantry, with the result that his party obtained a majority in the assembly and was able to carry through the electoral reform. The outbreak of war did not allow its effects to mature, and it also put an end for the time being to a new national movement which cul tural influences from Rumania were initiating among the younger generation. IV. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS (A) MEANS OF COMMUNICATION (a) Roads THERE were in the Bukovina in 1912 only 429 kilometres of firstclass roads maintained by the State (Ararialstrasseri), a low total as compared, with that in other provinces of the Austrian Empire. Dalmatia, with a slightly larger area, has considerably more than double the length of main roads, while Carniola, whose area is almost exactly equal to that of the Bukovina, has 603 kilometres. On the other hand, the mileage of secondclass roads or local roads is proportionately high. As the Bukovina is a poorly developed province, the roads are probably ade quate to its needs. Roads run north and northwest via Tarnopol and via Kolomea to Lemberg, southwestover the Carpathians into Hungary by two routes, one of which follows the line of the railway, and southeast into Rumania to the valleys of the Pruth and the Sereth. It may be assumed, however, that many communications weredestroyed during the first two years of the war, when the province was the scene of constantfighting, while many new roads and even canals and railways, as to which we have no definite information, may have been construct ed. Any estimate of the existing facilities for communica tion can therefore be only approximate. (b) Rivers and Canals Before the war, the province possessed no navigable waterways.a proposal for making the River Pruth avail able for shipping from the Galician to the Rumanian fron tier had been adopted by the Imperial Government, but, as far as is known, has not yet been carried out. The Pruth is navigable throughout its course in Rumania (about 400 miles), and shipsand lighters of 600 tons can ascend the ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring river as far as a point opposite Jassy, 10 miles from its junction with the Danube. The cost of the work proposed in the Bukovina was estimated at 3,000,000 kronen, of which the province was to contribute 121/2 percent. By this means timber, stone, tiles, minerals, cement, gypsum, and other local products could be cheaply conveyed to Rumania, Bessarabia, and the Black Sea. The canalization of that part of the Pruth which flows through the Bukovina, will be very important for the future of the province if the proposals for the construction of waterways in Galicia to connect the Vistula and the Dniester are ever carried out. If that part of the German Levant trade which now goes via Lemberg, Czemowitz, and Jassy were divert ed to waterways north of the Bukovina, the province, which has communication with the west by rail only, would stand in danger of complete isolation. Most of the main streams, though not navigable for ships, can be used for rafts, and in this way are valuable for the transport of timber to Galatz and the Black Sea. (c) Railways The Bukovina is tolerably well served by railways. There are 92 kilometres of line, and the proportion of railway lines to area and population (viz. 1 km. per 17.6 sq. km. and per 1,31 inhabitants) comparesfavourably with other less developed portions of the AustrianEmpire. The most important line is that connecting Czemowitz northwards with Galicia and Germany via Kolomea, Lemberg, Cracow, Breslau, and southwards through Rumania with Galatz and the Black Sea. Of the total imports into Rumania about 9 percent (91,782 tons) go by this route, and of the exports some 21/2 percent (146,271 tons). Of the remaining lines, one leads north to Tarnopol and the other branches off in a westerly direction to the Carpathians. There is a narrowgauge line which branches off in a westerly direction from Hadikfalva, a station on the main line between Czemowitz and Suczawa, and which eventually makes a sharp turn to the South, termi nating at the foot of the Kirlibaba Pass. A broadgauge line, farther east, left the main Czemowitz line at Hatna and ran to Dorna Watra, a growing wateringplace. During the war, this local line appears to have been carried over the Carpathians and joined up to the Hungarian system. There is also ground for thinking that a line has been car ried over the Kirlibaba Pass, either northwards from the Dorna Watra line or southwards from Seletyn. This exten sion would be of narrow gauge. It is very possible that other lines have been constructed during the war. Before the outbreak ofwar all the lines were single tracks, but there is a report that the main Czemowitz line and the line to Doma Watra have since been doubled. All the lines are the property of the AustroHungarian Government. The destruction ofrailways in this region during the earlier part of the war was enormous. No estimate is available for

42 42 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 losses in the Bukovina alone, but a recent Austrian authori ty estimated that the damage caused by the war to the tracks and rolling stock in Galicia and Bukovina together amounted to nearly 00,000,000 kronen. (d) Posts and Telegraphs Before the war there were in the Bukovina 231 post offices, or one for every 3,469 inhabitants, and tele graph offices. (B) INDUSTRY (1) LABOUR: The Bukovina is fairly well populated for its size, having a much higher rate of population to the square kilometre than Dalmatia, Carniola, or any of the mountainous provinces of the Empire. The main occupation of the inhabitants is agriculture, and there is no deficiency of labour for this purpose. There is some permanent emigra tion. No recent statistics are available, but at the beginning of the present century the total number of emigrants was about 3,000 yearly. A large proportion of these go to Germany and Hungary. A numberofharvesters go into Germany to work for a short time every year. The agricultural labourers of the Bukovina are of a very primitive type, and most of them are illiterate. Their pay, about 40 to 0 heller for a day often hours, is probably the lowest in the Empire. They are usually in the hands ofjew moneylenders, and spend their lives in unsuccessfully try ing to work off their debts. They cannot, therefore, afford to be anything but industrious, but until the general level of living is raised, they cannot be expected to appreciate or adopt any improvements in their very primitive agricultur al methods. 2,842 hectares were under cultivation in 1912, and the yield was 379, quintals. This represents a low rate of production per hectare, and the whole output is trifling as compared with that of Bohemia and Moravia, which reach es tens of millions of quintals. The cultivation of tobacco, never considerable, seems to have entirely disappeared. Many parts of the southeast are suitable for vineyards, and the cultivation of the vine is steadily increasing. The areas occupied by the chief crops in 1912 were as follows : Hectares Barley 33,93 Buckwheat 2,72 Clover hay 38,42 Flax 2,172 Fodder (mixed) 4,699 Hemp,43 Maize 62,964 Hectares Oats 46,400 Potatoes 37,70 Pulse 14,023 Rye 31,267 Sugarbeet 2,842 Swedes 6,80 Wheat 22,4 There were also 128,463 hectares of meadow land. The fruit harvest in that year amounted to 131,10 quintals. The peasants, especially the Ruthenians, who amount to about half the population, undertake cattleraising, but they show no great care or intelligence, and the accommodation for the cattle is very primitive. Their breeds of cattle are not good, though oflate years attempts, have been made to improve them by the introduction of fine draught animals from the Alpine regions. Pigs are kept everywhere. There are some roughfleeced sheep in the mountains, on the Dniester plateau, and on the lower Suczawa. The native horses are sound and strong, and in the mountain districts there is a small, surefooted breed of eastern origin. Fowls, ducks, and geese are plentiful. In comparison with the other lessdeveloped provinces of the Empire, the Bukovina has a fair number of agricultural associations, credit societies, Raiffeisen banks, for there is much enlightened and progressive activity in Czemowitz, the capital. It does not appear, however, that these organi zations have as yet succeeded in raising the standard of living. (2) AGRICULTURE (a) Products ofcommercial Value About a quarter ofthe total area of the Bukovina is under cultivation. The chief crop is maize, and next in order come oats, rye, barley, and wheat, while potatoes are also grown in considerable quantities. Maize is grown chiefly in the lowlying easterly parts ofthe country; oats and potatoes are mainly cultivated in the higher valleys of the west. There are practically no products ofcommercial impor tance, though there is some exportation of. agricultural and dairy produce. A beginning has been made with sugar beet;

43 Soldiers in the War 43 Name Aaimberg Herscu Aba Itic Ababavei Abram Solomon Aizenberg Marcu Aizic Burah Aizic Iancovici Goldenb Aizic Leizer Alamaru Haim Alamiru David Altarescu Iacob Alter Avram Alter Barcu Alter David Alter sin Iosub Alter Zeidic Altman Haim Iosubfraim Amale Haim Andronescu G. Iosef Arabagiu Leiba Arabagiu Leiba Arabagiu Sinca Aran Leibu Argintaru Iosub Aron David Aron Iancu Avraam Zalmen Copel Avram Alter Avram Avram Avram Hersu Avram Hofman Avram Iancu Avram Iosif Avram Iosul Avram Isim Avram Lupu Itic Avram Marcu Avram Mihail Avram Moise Avram Simon Avram Simon Avram sin Maer Belter Avram Smil Avram Smil Avram Strul Avram Strul Avram Strul Avram Strul Azenberg Marcu Azzil Moise Babel Arie sin Lieb Her. Babuiovici Aron Baihis Iancu Bainam Moise Baintrap Mendel Leibu Balan Herscu Bandel Laim Bandel Strul Rank Unit District Place City Cpl Botosani Botosani Botosani Com.uvr.Art. Despar 3 Cpl reg 6 linie rg.1 reg lini rg.1 reg.cal.per rg.1 reg lini JHdi reg dor Notes was in militia conting in res con 1874 Vasluiu Slaonic Vasluiu joined contingent 1876 Ilfov Nemtu Bacau Covurluiu Suceva Bacau Bacau Roman Nemtu Vasluiu Nemtu Roman Nemtu Bucaresci Neamtu Nemtu Nemtu Dolj 1 Nemtu Sqd train Suceava St Div 14 Bacau Braila reg 6 cal Botosani R. Sarat reg.2 Art Buzeu bat 3 ven Nemtu Botosani reg 8 cal Roman Com.uvr.Art. Putna 13 reg dor Doli reg Calar Prahova reg dor Doli Falciu Brgadier reg 3 art. Botosani rg.1 Suceva reg 14 dor Roman Neamtu bat 1 ven Nemtu Rg.7Clr Botosani 14 Roman reg 12 dor Falciu Roman 11 Covurlui rg.1 Nemtu Reg cal perm Roman rg.1 Nemtu Color. Albs Bucarst in reserve since 1874 Tergu Piatra in militia 1860 Bacau ioin.com. Siretu Galati corp.cont.1877 Sumuzu Falticeni join con 1878 Bacau Bacau in res 1864 Bis. de sus Bacau join.conting Moldova Roman Joined present conting Piatra Piatra 1866 Crasna Lipvetu joined conting Bahluiu Podlloi join, cont on call at home Desus Nemtu join con 1878 Moldova Roman join con 1878 Bistrita Bohus join con 1878 Col.de rosu Bucaresci loin.cont. Piatra Neamtu in reserve since 1872 Piatra Piatra 1866 desus Nemtu join cont 1876 Ocolu Crajova in res 1868 Piatra Petra join cont 1876 Somuzu Flticeni in res con 1871 Despar in res con Tasl. de sus Bocsesci join cont 1878 Vadeni Gaiseanca in res 1868 Stefanesci Stefanesci 186 Orasu Buzeu res.contingent Sarata Buzeu join con 1870 PI. de Sus Nemtu in res 1866 Piatra Neamtu in reserve since 1872 Moldova Roman 1868 Racaciuni Adjud join con 187 Bahluiu Podu Iloi join, cont Ocolu Crajova in res 1868 Pitesci Ploesci in res con Ocolu Crajova in res 1868 Crasna Bunesci joined contingent 1876 Bahluiu Pacesci join, cont Carligaturil T. Frumos join, cont joined conting join con 1877 Btosani join con 187 Sumuzu Falticeni join con 1878 Sir de Sus Gasmit 1868 Piatra Piatra in res 1864 Tergu Piastra in res 1867 Siretul Burdujeni in mil con Bis de sus Roman join.cont Prutu Husi join con 1878 on call at home Moldova Roman join.cont Siretu Ganania joined conting Petra Petra join cont 1876 Moldova Roman loin con Mijlocu Bajeni oincon 1878

44 reg 2 13 Bat.2 reg Name Bandoil Bercu Baras Moretz Baroncanu Aran Bax Leiba Beaghighiu Burah Becu Simcan Beila Iosob Bercavici Smil Bercovici Lupu Bercu Ciobotaru Bercu Ciobotaru Bercu David Bercu Grumberg Bercu Ham Bercu Itic Bercu Moise Bercu Simcan Bercu Simion Bercu Solomon Beremberg Leibu Beres Bercu Berman Aron Berner Avram Blanaru Iosef Blumenberg Moise Blumenfeld Iosef Brainstain Aba Bril Itic Brusca Zisu Buimn Zavel Buium Marcovici Burah Itic Burah Leiba Burah Nahman Burah Strul Burducica Iosef Soldiers in the War continued Rank Unit District Place City Notes 1 Suceva Somuzu Falticeni join cont 1874 Herghel Arm. Ilfov Bucuresci in res con 1874 reg.!6drb Dorohoiu Herta Herta join con reg.1calar.perm Suceva Siretul Lespdi join con 12 Falciu Prutu Husi joined conting Sgt Bacau Bacau in res 1868 Reg cal perm Bacau Bis de sus Glodurile join con 13 Vasluiu Bahluiu Barlsci join, cont Roman Moldova Roman join.cont St Div Braniscra Sculeni in res con St Div Braniscea Sculeni 1869 Desp.IV lom.cont. rg.4dorob Arges Pitesci Pitesci lom.cont. Dorohoiu Berhamete Mihaileni joined contingent 1876 rg.1 Suceva Moldova Baca join con 1878 reg 12 dor Tutova Tutova Berlad join con 1878 bat 1 ven Dorohoiu Berhomete Mihaileni in res 1866 Bacau Bacau Bacau in res 1864 SSL 1 Nemtu Muntele Bicazu join cont 187 bat 3 ven Bacau Bacau Bacau in res art Roman Moldova Roman 1868 res.contin.1871 join. cont Nemtu Tergusoru Piatra join.cont.1876 Com2MP Despar. IV in res con 1874 ii I 6 Calar. Putna Corodu Adam join con Tutova Orasu Focsani in reserve since 1874 rg.1 Nemtu Bistrita Bohus join con 1878 reg.cal.per Roman Tergu Roman in res con Vasluiu Mijlocu Herasci join, cont Crasna Mundesus join, cont Soldier 6 Bacau Trotosu Ter. Ocnei in res 186 Jfcli Nemtu Petra Petra join con 1878 Falciu Prutu Husi in res Bahluiu Baiceni join, cont Roman Roman in reserve since 1872 Burit Avram Braia Orasu Buzeu lom.cont. Burt Mihel Urechi Buzatu Maer Buzatu Meer Caciularu Simsa Cacugin Marcu Caengiu Zaide Caiman Cunca Caiman Meer Canter Berler Capelovici Berem Carpen Aron Casapu Berlu Casapu Daniel Cascer Maer Ceaus Grigore Ceprezaru Marcu Cherpel Aron Chioru Herscu Chioru Luts Chiva Lelovici 14 Roman Moldova Roman Sgt Falciu Soimu join.cont Falciu in reserve since 1872 Com2MP Suceava Somuzu Falticeni in res con 1870 rg.1 Nemtu Petra Petra join con 1878 rg.1 Suceva Somuzu Falticeni join con 1878 Rg8Clr Suceava Somuzu Falticeni in res con 1876 Soldier 3 Nemtu Petra Petra disch 3 yrs rein Rg8Clr Bacau Bacau Bacau join con Roman Sir.desus Dagatu join.cont Vasluiu Stemnic Rafael join, cont Nemtu Piatra Petra join cont 1876 PolSq Roman Roman join con 1878 reg.!6drb Dorohoiu Cosula Drhoiu join con 13 join, cont reg 7 cal Botosani Siretu T Buceria join con 1878 J&H Nemtu Petra Petra join cont Suceva Somuzu Falticeni join cont 1874 reg lini Nemtu Piatra Piatra 1866 rg.1 Nemtu Petra Petra join con Nemtu Piatra Petra join cont 1876

45 reg Rg8Clr 1 Rg8Clr rg.1 6 reg Berlad Soldiers in the War continued Name Cioara Haim Rank Unit District Bacau Place Trotosu City T. Ocnei Notes in res 1864 Ciobotaru Avram 1 Suceva Somuzu Falticeni join cont 1874 Ciobotaru Ghersim reg Calar Falciu Hornicea Husi join con Ciobotaru Herscu Iosub Rg.7Clr Desprt IV under flag con Ciobotaru Smil Solom 14 Bacau Bis de sus Glodurile join.cont Ciofu Bercu Rg.7Clr Vasluiu Mijlocu Beresa join con Ciuraru Naftulea St Div Bacau Bist. de Sus Ter. Glod 1869 Clic Moise Calar Covrluiu Hornicea Beresci join con Cofariu Haim Suceava Somuzu Falticeni in res con 1874 Contort Rohol Dolgiu Ocolu Crajva joined con1878 Cotiugaru Itic Rg8Clr Neamtu Piatra Piatra join con 1877 Cotugaru Haim rg.1 Nemtu Petra Petra join con 1878 Covrigaru Hatcal 1 Nemtu Piatra Petra join cont 1876 Crimer Morit Covurluiu Despart. 1 Galati joined conting Croitorlu Salman Bercu Marin 14 Roman Moldova Roman ioin.cont Croitoru Pavel Namtul Piatra Piatra join con Croitoru Hoise Suceva Desus Nemtu join con 1878 Croitoru Iosef Croitoru Iosef Bacau Bis de Sus Glodurile in res 186 lini R. Sarat Ramnicu Ranicu in res 1864 Croitoru Israel Sgt 6 Tutova Tergul Berlad in res 1869 Croitoru Israil Sgt 3 Tutova Tergului Berlad rejoined contin Croitoru Itic reg.l6drb Botosani Cosula Harlau join con Croitoru Leibis reg 7 cal Botosani Siretu T. Buceria join con 1878 Croitoru Leizer Manos Reg cal perm Bacau Bis de sus Glodurile join con Croitoru Marcu rg.1 Nemtu Petra Petra join cont 1876 Croitorul M. Berla Rg8Clr Bacau Bacau Bacau join con Cunia Hie St Div Despart in res con Dansky Aron 14 Bacau Tasl. de sus Bacau join cont 1878 Dascalu Avram rg.1 Nemtu Petra Petra join cont 1876 Dascalu Iosef Alecu 14 Bacau Tasl. de sus Moinesci join cont 1878 David Golingen reg 12 dor Tutova join con 1879 David Iancu Puma Garlele Odobesci joined cont. David Itic 13 Vasluiu Furidurile Dragsci join. cont David Marcu Puma Orasu Focsani joined conting David Rersen rg.1 Nemtu desus Nemtu join cont 1876 David Smil St Div Despart in res con David Smil 13 Vasluiu Stemuic Vasluiu joined conting David Solomon 14 Roman Moldova Roman join.cont David Strul rg.ldorb Nemtu desus Nemtu join cont 1876 Dohotariu Itic Neamtu desus TNmtu res.cont.1874 Dorfman Saim Dranciu Adolf Drojdieru Sulea Droscaru Moise Esau Simion Fabis Marcu Faibis Hofel Faibis Iancu Faibis Leiba Faighilis Iosef Failus Sula Fara Iosif Feidel Leizer Herscu Feldman Herman Fenchelstein Vilhelm Feredicru Itic Moise Feredieru Iosif Cpl reg 12 dor Tutova Tutova Berlad join con Covurlui Siretu Ganania joined conting 14 Bacau Res.Cont Roman Roman Roman in res 1868 State Bat Foe. Carligatura T. Frumos in res con Nemtu desus Nemtu join cont Roman Moldova Roman join.cont reg Calar Botosani Pitesci Pitesci in Mil con 1 Nemtu Piatra Petra join cont rosiori Desp.IV ioin.cont. 13 Rg8Clr Sanit. Sen j&il Putna Orasului Focsani in contin 1870 Ilfov Mah. Jicnit Bucuresci joined contingent 1870 Branistea Sculeni join, cont Bacau Bacau Bacau join con Suceava Falticeni join con 1872 Suceva JUbCYQ Somuzu wv»mi«««falticeni x aiuwwm,1^*" joincon ^w Roman Moldova Roman Joined present conting

46 46 Soldiers in the War continued Name Rank Unit District Place City Notes Finchilescu Leiba 13 Vasluiu Crasna Tanab join. cont Fiser Iosub Vasluiu Prahova Pungesci joined contingent 1876 Folic Zaharia 2 Bacau Bistrita Bacau corp con 1877 Fraid David Leiba reg.1calar.perm Suceva Somuzu Falticeni join con 1878 Fraim Lazer 4 Tutova Tutova T. Puesci in res 186 Frideric Berla 7 Roman Moldova Roman joined present conting Froim Frenchel St Div Despart 3 in res con Froim Leibu reg.l6drb Dorohoiu Herta Herta gave notice Lv Froim Smil Itic David rg.1 Suceva Samuzu Falticeni join cont 1876 Froim Sulea 14 Bacau Tasl.de sus Mainesci Res.Cont Froim Zeidel rg.1 Suceva Sumuzu Falticeni join con 1878 Gavriloea Ilie Rg8Clr Neamtu Piatra Piatra join con 1878 George Iaje 3 Bacau Trotosu T. Ocnei in res 1864 Ghelberg Itic 6 Roman Fundu Baicesci Joined present conting Ghelberg Mendel rg.1 Suceva Mijlocu Podoleni join con 1877 Ghersin Avram Nula 1 Nemtu Piatra Petra join cont 1876 Ghidman Bercu reg 6Calar Putna Racaciui Orl de sus join con Ghita Zeilic 1 Nemtu Piatra Petra join cont 1876 Glaisberg Leon Rg.7Clr Desprt IV under flag con Goldenberg Aran rg.1 Nemtu Petra Petra join con 1878 Goldenstein Iancu State Div. Buc. Ilfov Col. Verde Bucuresci in res con 1873 Goldenstein Sigman 9 Focsani Orasu Buzeu ioin.cont. Golder Azic reg Calar Falciu Mijlocu Ggesci join con Grumberg Itic 13 Vasluiu Fundurile Dragsci join. cont Grunberg Avram 7 Covurluiu Siretu Galati was in reserve contingent Grunstain Ancel rg.1 Nemtu Petra Petra join con 1878 Haham Avram Lupu Reg cal perm Suceava Borcea Roman join con Haham Iosub reg.l6drb Botosani Siretul Burdujeni join con Haim Berc 13 joined conting Haim Herscu Puma Orasu Focsani joined conting Haim Herscu 14 Roman Moldova Poenle ioin.cont Haim Iancu rg.1 Suceva Sumuzu Flticeni join con 1878 Haim Iancu 13 Bahlui joined conting Haim Iosub 1 Nemtu desus Nemtu join cont 1876 Haim Manole rg.1 Suceva Bistrita Buhus join con 1878 Haim Marcu Rg.7Clr NeamtuI DeSus Nemtul in res con Haim Meer 6 Vasluiu Crasna Miclesci Joined present conting Haim Moise 11 Covurlui Siretu Ganania joined conting Haim Moise 13 Vasluiu Racova Pngesci join. cont Haim Sahman 13 Carligaturil T. Frumos join. cont Haim sin Haim 1 Nemtu Piatra Petra join cont 1876 Haim Smil 8 Bolgrad Prutu Bolgrad in res 1864 Haim Smil Zaref 7 Neamtu Bis.de sus Piatra joined present conting Haim Tinichigiu 14 Roman Moldova T. Bacesei join.cont Haimavici Mendel reg 7 cal Vasluiu Fundu Negresei 1867 Haimovici Alter 13 joined conting Han Meer rg.l4dorb Roman Moldova Roman join.cont Haninanici Sulem 1 Nemtu Bistritea Buhus Harabagiu Moise join cont 1874 reg.l6drb Dorohoiu Berhomete Mahaileni join con Haretu Iancu Bat.l Dorohoiu Herta Herta res.contin.1871 Hascal Herscu reg 8 cal Roman Moldova Carligi 1868 Hascal Moise Reg cal perm Neamtu Piatra Piatra join con Hasial Itic 2 Tutova Berlad Berlad in reserve since 1874 Heler Moise rg.1 Nemtu Petra Carligi join con 1878 Heraru Mendel 1 Suceva Somuzu Falticeni join cont 1874 Herman Leidar Herman Solomon 4 R. Sarat Carligat R. de Sus T. Frumos Ramnic joined contingent 1876 under flag contingent 1878

47 join Soldiers in the War continued Name Rank Unit District Hers Leiba 7 Botosani Herscovici Aron 11 Covurlui Herscovici Avram loscovici Reg cal perm Herscovici Copel reg. 1 Dorob. Neamtul Herscovici Herscu St Div Herscu Abas Soldier Nemtu Herscu Avram reg.2 Art Ilfov Herscu Avram bat 1 ven Herscu Avram Roman Herscu Buric Com.uvr.Art. Roman Place Botosani Horincea Despart 1 DeSus Despar 4 City Notes Botsani in res 1868 Ganania Urecheni joined conting join con join con in res con R. de Sus Nemtu res since 1870 ColVerde Bucrsci in res con 1874 Bahluiu in res 1867 Moldova Roman disch.con.187 Moldova Roman in res con 1874 Herscu Gutman 13 Bahluiu Podu Hoi join, cont Herscu Haim reg dor Doli Ocolu Crajova in res 1868 Herscu Haim Smil Com.uvr.Art. Roman Moldova Roman in res con 1874 Herscu Iancu Herscu Iancu Solomon Herscu Hie Herscu Hie Herscu Iosub sin Zeilig Herscu Leiba Herscu Leiba Herscu Leizer Herscu Moise Herscu Moise 13 com sanit St Div 13 rg.1 rg.1 reg 12 dor Rg8Clr 12 Suceava Prahova R. Sarat Nemtu Nemtu Tutova Roman Falciu UrbRamu Bahluiu de sus Petra Fundu Podoleni R.Sarat Podu Iloi Nemtu Petra Berlad Chilile Csmsci in res con join, cont join cont 1876 join cont 1876 join con 1878 in res con joined conting Herscu Moise 1 Neamtu Piatra Piatra join con 1877 Herscu Simeon reg 7 cal Dorohoiu Cosula Drhoiu join con 1870 Suceava Falticeni in reserve since 1874 Carligaturil T. Frumos join, cont Sf. Impar. Ploesci 1868 Holdenstein Volf St Div Buc Dambov Jalomita Tergovesci 1869 Holdman Morit 13 joined conting Horodnicenu Meer 1 Suceava Somuzu Folticeni join con 1878 Horovici Herscu 13 joined conting Horovici Hie Com 2MP in res con 1872 Iacob Maer 8 Ilfov Sf. Vineri Bucaresti in res.conting. since 1870 Iacob Magder 13 Vasluiu Stemnic Vasluiu joined conting Iacob Moise State Div. Buc. Ilfov ColVerde Bucrsci join con 1878 Iacov Filip reg.2 Art Prahova Dambvita Ploesci in res con 1874 Iancovici Haim 14 Bacau Tasldejos Tetcani join cont 1878 Iancu Avram 11 Puma Ganania joined conting Iancu Caiman 7 Falticeni Iamuzu Suceva joined present conting Iancu Haim Hie 13 Vasluiu Mijlocu Codaesci join. cont Iancu Herscu 14 Bacau Bis de sus Glodurile join.cont Iancu Herscu rg.1 Nemtu Petra Petra join cont 1876 Iancu Herscu 13 Carligaturil T. Frumos join. cont Iancu Moise Moise 13 join. cont Iancu Moscovici 13 joined conting Iancu Rosental Puma Bilesci Focsani joined cont. Iancu Samuil rg.8calar. Buzeu Sarata Buzeu ioin.cont. Iancu Strul rg.1 Suceva Samuzu Petra join cont 1876 Idel Itic 13 Ilesinger Carol Sanit. Ser. on call at home con 1872 Hie Haim Bat. geniu Suceava Somuzu Falticeni in res con Hie Mendel reg 8 cal Roman Sir de Sus Bara 1868 Incu Huser 9 R.Sarat Orasu Buzeu res.contingent Ioina Haim rg.1 Nemtu Bistrita Briesci join cont 1876 Iosef Bercu 13 joined conting Iosef Frentbet Reg cal perm Tutova Petrosa Tutova in res con Iosef Haim St Div Despart 4 join con Iosef Ilie 6 Covrluiu Stllie Galati in res 1868 IosefLeibu 2 Bacau Tasl. de Jos Valea Rea in reserve since

48 48 Soldiers in the War continued Name Iosef Maeer Iosef Marcu Iosef Moise Iosef Moise Bir Iosef Rosental Iosef Solomon Iosif Aron Iosif Iancu Iosub Alter Iosub Israel Iosub Itic Iosub Sacagiu Moise Isac Iancu Isac Marcu Isac Smil Isel Chiva Itic Alter Itic Avram Itic Berc Itic Butuaru Itic Coltatu Itic Fraim Itic Herscu Itic Herscu Itic Iancu Itic Iancu Itic Itic Itic Lupu Zalman Itic Moise Itic Ois Itic Pesih Itic sin Iosef Herscu Iticovici Iasub Iticovici Leiman Juster Haim Lachman David Laiberg Sail Landau Frantz Lazar Marcu Lebes Zelter Leiba Alter Leiba Avram Leiba Herscu Leiba Iancu Leiba Iosul Leiba Leizer Leiba Meer Leiba Moise Leiba Sin Haim Leiba sin Iancu Leiba Smil Leiba Vais Leibe Iancu Leibiscu Herscu Leibovici Itic Leibovici Leon Leibu Avram Rank Cpl Subch Unit 13 District Putna reg 6Calar Tecuciu 1Cal.per Nemtu 13 8 Buzeu State Div. Buc. Suceava Ilfov 1 Nemtu 13 Rg8Clr Suceava 13 Vasluiu Botosani Dmbovita 13 Vasluiu 1 Nemtu St Div reg lini Botosani Bacau 13 reg.!6drb Dorohoiu St Div 13 Com2MP com 7 reg cal perm 13 rg.1 Botosani Botosani Botasani Putna Neamtu Suceva 13 Vasluiu Roman 8 Dorohoiu reg 7 cal Botosani reg 12 dor Tutova rg.1 Nemtu reg 8 cal Roman Sanit. Ser. R.13dorob Dorohoiu Vasluiu 13 Vasluiu 13 Com2MP Falciu 13 reg 8 cal Roman Reg cal perm 14 Roman reg.cal.per 13 St Div R. Sarat Sgtmajor reg.cal.per Sgt 8 bat 1 ven 13 Botosani reg 13 dor Roman Suceva Prahova Botosani Place City Notes Carligat Frumos oined conting Racaaiuui Valea Seca joined cont Zeletin Cilnsci in res con DeSus Nemtu join con 1878 joined conting Sarata Buzeu ioin.cont. Samuzu Falticeni was in mil, conting ColVerde Bucrsci join con 1877 Piatra Petra join cont 1876 joined conting Somuzu Flticeni in res con 1870 Mijlocu Codaesci join, cont Cabuna Gaesci join con 1876 Racova Pngesci join, cont Bistrita Condesci join cont 1876 Despart 4 join con Stefanesci Stefanesci 1869 Bacau Bacau res since 1870 Bahluiu Cotnra join, cont Bascu Saveni join con Despart m res con Carligaturil T. Frumos join, cont Tergului Botsani in res con 1870 Tergului Botsani 1867 Botosani Btasani in res 1869 Racaciuni ValeaSeca join con desus Bahluiu Bistrita Bahluiu Moldova Cosula Desus Sir de Sus Bahluiu Crasna Stemnic Ungaria Bahluiu Sir de Sus Despart 2 Moldova Orasu Branistea Despart 1 Roman Iamuzu Cosula Tnmtu res.cont.1874 Podulloi join, cont Buhus join con 1878 Baiceni join, cont Roman res since 1870 Dorohoiu corp.cont.1878 Btosani join con 1878 Berlad join con 1878 Nemtu join con 1878 Bara 1868 Joined present conting Mihailesci join con 1872 Dobrov join, cont Vasluiu Ungureni Biliesci Miclauseni Roman Buzeu Prscani Roman Falticeni Ploesci Frumusica joined conting on call at home join con 1874 res.cont.1871 join, cont join con joinxont res since 1871 in res con 1870 on call at home join con join con 1878 in res 1868 in res 1868 joined conting join con

49 13 Regl reg reg 1 rg Bat. Reg reg.cal.per 13 7 reg rg.1 13 reg 2 rg.ldorb 3 Reg Reg reg res. join Soldiers in the War continued Name Leibu Caiman Leibu Haim Leibu Herscu Leibu Hersen Leibu Isac Leibu Itic Leibu Mihel Leibu Svartman Leider Leibu Leiser Solomon Leizer Barba Lala Leizer Itic Saniel Leizer Solomon Rank Unit District Place bat 2 ven Botosani Botosani Rg8Clr Suceava Somuzu bat 1 ven Bahluiu St Div Bacau Tasl. de sus reglros Ilfov City Falticeni Botsani Podurile Sgt bat 2 ven Botosani Botosani Sgtmaj Bat.2Venatori Prahova Tergusoru Ploesci 1 Buzeu Tohani St Div Despart 3 13 Bahlui Mizil Notes in res 1867 in res con 1870 in res 1868 in res con in res 1869 in res 1868 res.contin.1871 res. since 1874 in res con.. Cpl joined conting Nemtu Mijlocu Uscati join cont Bahluiu Baiceni join, cont Bahluiu Podu Iloi join, cont Letarus Strul rg.1 Nemtu Petra Petra join cont 1876 Losner Itic rg.1 Nemtu Petra Craioveni join con 1878 Lupu Aizic rg.1 Nemtu Petra Petra join cont 1876 Lupu Avram Goldenberg Cpl reg 2 liuie Doljiu Campu Calafat Discharged 1864 Lupu Leiba rg.1 Nemtu desus Nemtu join cont 1876 Lupu Lupu jrsjl Nemtu Desus Nemtu join cont 1876 Lupu Moise reg 2 ros Neamtu DeSus Nemtu join con 187 Maer Alexandm reg 8 cal Roman Moldova Roman 1868 Maer Avram joined conting Maer Fise line since 1869 Maer Iosul 13 dor Botosani Tergului Botosani 1866 Mahmud Smil 2 ros Botosani Stefanesci Stefanesci 1870 Mailer Marcu Ilfov ColorGlb Bucarst res. since 1873 Manole Manich Suceva Siretu Pascani join cont 1876 Manzu Itic Bacau Trotusu Terg.ocna in contingent since 1872 Manzu Itic Sgt 3 Bacau Trotusu Terg.ocna in reserve since 1867 Marcu Abraam St Div Ramnic UrbRamu R.Sarat in res con Marcu Alter Tecuciu Berlad Corods Militia Conting Marcu Chibici Filip Arges Pitesci Pitesci ioin.cont. Marcu Herscu Roman Moldova Geresu res.since 1876 Marcu Hoisie Despart 3 in reserve since 1874 Marcu Iancu geniu Dambvita Delului con Marcu Iosub cal perm Roman Fondu Iusesci join con Marcu Iuclea Vaslui Stemnic Osesti in res con 1878 Marcu Maer on call at home Marcu Mendel Bacau Bis.de sus Luzi Calug joined present conting Marcu Mihel dor Doli Ocolu Crajova in res 1868 Marcu Moise Sgtmaj Com.sanit Buzen Buzen Buzen in res con 1874 Marcu Moise Sgt Roman Berhamele Mihaileni joined contingent 1876 Marcu Smil Nemtu Petra Petra join con 1878 Marcu Solomon Roman Despart 3 join.cont.187 Marvas Maer Vasluiu Stemnic Vasluiu joined conting Meer Aron Calar Falciu Hornicea Husi join con Meer David Cvurluiu Siretu Cuca res.contin.1871 Meer Herscu _ Nemtu de sus Nemtu join cont 1876 Meer Strul Puma Bilesci Focsani res.cont.1874 Mendel Haim Neamtu Sir. de sus Neamtu in reserve since 1872 Mendel Iosef I. _ cal perm Carligat. T. Frumos join con Mendel Iosef II cal perm Despart 3 join con Mendel Leopold Sgt reg 1 dor Doli Ocolu Crajova in res 1869 Mendel Moise Art Ilfov Belvedere Bucrsci in mil con 1871 Mendel Strul Roman Moldova T.Bacesei join.cont Mendelovici Avram _ Despart. IV under flag contingent 1878 Meraru Mendel sin Ios. Bacau Bis de sus Glodurile join.cont

50 0 Name Merghel Avram Mihail Mihel Mihalovici Avram Mihel Avram Mihel Leibu Mihel Leibu Moche Iancu Moise Abara Moise Aizro Moise Alter Moise Bercu sin Leiba Moise Branstein Soldiers in the War continued Rank Unit District Place City Notes St Div Despar 4 in res con 1870 reg 6Calar Putna Racaciui Tadjud loin con Com.uvr.Art. Covurlui Siretul Galati in res 1872 Vasluiu Despart 3 join.cont.187 reg Calar Bacau Bistrita Bacau m res con reg.cal.per Bacau Bis de jos Bacau in res con 1872 St Div Despart 2 in res con Bacau Bis de Jos Tamos in res 1868 Putna Orasu Focsani res.since 1876 Sgt Bacau Bistrita Bacau in reserve since 1876 reg.calar. perm. Roman Moldova Roman ioin.cont. 13 Vasluiu Mijlocu Borasesci join, cont Moise Danila reg 6Calar Putna Racaciui Dmnsci join con Moise Diamant reg.l6drb Botosani Tergul Botsani join con Moise Haimici bat 3 ven Roman Moldova Roman in res 1868 Moise Hala 13 Carligaturil T. Frumos join. cont Moise Herscu Rg.7Clr Botosani Tergului Botsani join con Moise Herscu reg lini Botosani Cosula Harlau 1869 Moise Iancu 13 on call at home Moise Iancu 13 joined conting Moise Iancu reg 7 cal Carlig. Ten Frum 1869 Moise Iosif " reg 3 art. R.Sarat Ur. Ramu Ramnicu join con 1872 Moise Iosub Tecuciu Nicoresci Tecuciu joined conting Moise Itic St Div Despart 186 Moise Laizer reg.l6drb Botosani Siretul Burdujeni left after 1 yr Moise Marcu Chilaru Moise Matiu Isciba Moise Mendel Reg cal perm reg.cal.per Bacau Bacau Bistrita Despart 3 Taslau Bacau Mainesci joined present conting join con join con 1878 Moise Mihel Moise Mihel Moise Rosensfeig Moise Rosu Moise Sin Avram Moise sin David Moise Sin Iosef Moise Smil Moise Smilovici Moise Solomon Moisi David Moisi Iancovici Mongiu Sloim Montorianu Mauriciu Moreus Maer Morit Svart Moritz Rosenthal Moscovici Berhaim Moscovici Herscu Moscovici Moise Moscu Leibu Naftule Flaiva Naftulea Avram Naftulea Herscu Naftulea sin Iancu Naftulea Smil Nahman Nahman Naiberg Avram Naiman Itic Botosani Rg8Clr Tergul Suceava R. Sarat Sgt reg.2 Art reg.cal.per Roman reg 12 dor Tutova Reg cal perm *EL Com.uvr.Art. Putna 12 Falciu 1 Tecuciu Rg.7Clr rg,1dorb Com.sanit reg 2Calar 13 Rg.7Clr St Div St Div 14 rg.1 reg 7 cal rg.1 Rg.7Clr 8 Neamtu Nemtu Ilfov Arges Vasluiu Doljiu Roman Vasluiu Putna Roman Suceva Suceava Nemtu Nemtu Covurluiu Botosani Somuzu R. de Sus Despar 4 Moldova Crasna Despart 3 Racaciuni Prutu Tecuciu Despart V Falticeni join con 1876 in res con 1870 Ramnic under flag contingent 1878 join con 1870 Roman in res con 1878 Dolhesci join con 1878 join con Adjud in res 1872 Husi Tecucu joined conting joined con1874 under flag con Piatra Neamtu in reserve since 1872 desus Nemtu join cont 1876 Col Galb. Bucuresci join con 1878 Pitesci Fundurile Craiova Despart 3 Funduri Despart 3 Despart 3 Bilesci Moldova Sumuzu Somuzu Mijlocu Petra Desprt IV Siretu Pitesci Dragsci in Mil con join, cont Medal de diu in res 1869 Gribesci join.cont.187 join con in res con join con Focsani joined cont. TBacesei ioin.cont Flticeni join con 1878 Botosani join con 1876 Rsboni join.cont.187 Petra join con 1878 under flag con Galati res. cont. since 1874

51 reg com 13 4 St Bat.2 rg.1 rg Bucrsci Focsani Soldiers in the War continued Name Naisat Morit Natarsan Avram Negru Saim Nestor Zisul Noh Bercu Nuhan Relel Nusen Sin Itic Opincaru Herscu Opincaru Moise Strul Orenstein Leiba Osia Ovidea Palanchovici Iosif Palic Avram Palticinenu Sloim Iancu Papuc Iancu Pascal Iancu Pataju Marcu Pavel sin Hie Peisch Simsa Rank Unit District Place Cpl St Div Despar 1 City Notes in res con reg 12 dor Tutova Orasu Berlad join con 1877 Jfcl. Nemtu Petra Petra join cont 1876 Vasluiu J l Nemtu Muntele Pangarati join cont 1876 Bacau Bistrita Bacau res.cont.1871 Botosani Siretu Botsani corp.cont Nemtu Muntele Calugareni join cont Suceva Somuzu Falticeni join cont Codru Bciumi join, cont Neamtu Sir, de sus Neamtu in reserve since 1872 State Bat. Cr. Dolju Craiova joincon 1876 _rgjl Nemtu Petra Petra join cont 1876 reg.l4dorob. Roman Moldova Roman join.cont. 187 reg 8 ros Buzeu Sarata Or. Buzeu join con 1878 State Bat Galati Braila Badeni Braila join con Carligaturil T. Frumos join, cont Carligaturil T. Frumos join, cont reg 14 dor Roman Sir de Sus Schisa 1868 Slaoma Vasluiu joined contingent 1876 Peret Haim Com.sanit ColVerde Focsani in res con 1870 Pesih Leiba Neamtu Sir. de sus Neamtu in reserve since 1872 Pinhas Marcu rg.1 Suceva Bistrita Buhus join con 1878 Pitaru Iancu 14 Roman Moldova Roman join.cont Polac Smil Putna Putna Focsani joined contingent 1876 Pomano Herscu Rg8Clr Bacau Bis de Jos Bibiresci join con Postelnicu Dudel 1 Nemtu Mijlocu Uscati join cont 1876 Rabita Daniil 3 Nemtu Petra Petra res cont 1872 Rachieru Itic 13 Vasluiu Stemnic Vasluiu joined conting Ranistein Aba 3 Putna join.fl.con.1876 Redler Moise rg.1 Nemtu Petra Bdesci join con 1878 Rendler Burah reg 8 cal Roman Sir. de Sus Hadrausi 1868 Riven Huna Iancu 13 Branistea Sculeni join. cont Roscovici Moise 1 Nemtu Mijloclu Uscati join cont 1876 Rosen Solaman 4 Ilfov CoLRosie Bucaresci in res 1869 Rosenberg David Reg cal perm Carligat. T. Frumos join con Rosenfeld Solomon Rosenthal Marcu Rosim Hie Rosu Manos Rosu Marta Leibu Rosu Nusem Lipa Rotenberg Solomon Rudicu Moise Ruschier Leiba Sabavan Lupu St Div Bacau Tutova 13 rg.1 Nemtu 14 Roman reg cal perm Nemtu Rg8Clr Roman 3 Tutova Bis. de sus Bacau in res con Berlad Berlad in res 186 join, cont Petra Petra join con 1878 Bis de sus Bacau join.cont Petra Tergu join con Moldova Roman join con Tutova Pitesci res.cont Vasluiu join, cont dor Roman Sir de Sus Schisa _. Sac Hie 13 on call at home Sacagiu Herscu sanit R. Sarat Ramnicu Epuresci 1868 Safer Aron Vasluiu Fundurile Dragsci join.cont Samoil Avram Iancu Arges Pitesci Pitesci ioin.cont. Santal David Sanit. Ser. Ilfov join con 1872 i Sapira Herman Div Despart 3 join con Sapira Leonida Ilfovu Bucaresti " " 1878 it SarfLeiba Nemtu Petra Petra join cont 1876 Schiopu Mendel Suceva Sumuzu Flticeni join con 1878 Schvartz Iancu Suceava Somuzu Folticeni join con 1878 Scortaru Bercu Roman Moldova Roman Joined present conting Sebovinenu Strul Roman Moldova Roman join.cont

52 Rg8Clr Rg8Clr 8 8 reg.l6drb Com.uvr.Art. Reg 13 St 13 4 Bucuresci 2 Soldiers in the War continued Name Rank Unit District Place City Notes Segalian joined contingent 1876 Sfetcovici Herscu St Div Despart 3 in res con Sfetcus Iosef 13 Vasluiu join, cont Sidman Iancu Dorohoiu Herta Herta corp.cont.1877 Sigal Strul Covrluiu Siretu Galati in res 1868 Siman Itic Bat.3 Bacau Bistrita Bacau res.cont.1871 Simionescu Iosef Sgtmaj Sanit. Ser. Hfov join con 1872 Simionescu Pincus Com Mil Police Hfov Col. Verde Bucuresci under flag con 1878 Simon Haim _ Namtul Piatra Piatra join con Simon Iosub _ Suceava Suceava Falticeni in reserve since 1874 Simon Leiba _ Bacau Bis de jos Letea join con Simon Maer Covurluiu Siretu Galati res. cont. since 1874 Simsa Marcu Sgt Roman Moldova Halanesu join.cont.187 Sin Leiba Iancu. Sin Moise Naftule Sin Smil Moise Stoler Singer Iosef Siraghel Smil Sloim David Sloim Haimavici Sloim Lipa Sloim Smil Sloimsin Aaer Botosani Tergu Botsani mil.cont.1877 Dorohoiu Bascu Saveni join con Botosani Tergului Botsani join con 1877 cal perm Despart 3 join con Vasluiu Stemnic Vasluiu joined conting Div Despart 2 in res con Bahluiu Podu Iloi join. cont Putna Zabrauci Soveja joined cont. Bolgrad Prutu Sloama res since 1876 Botosani Botosani Botosani in reserve since 1874 Slote Haim Ioil Nemtu Peatra Piatra ioin.cont. Smaer Samoil Smil Aron reg.l ros. reg 12 dor Hfov Tutova Tergu Smil Avram Smil Burah Smil Mendel Soi Sin Ascal Soloman Fraim Solomon Aizic Solomon Alter Solomon Avram Solomon Fraim Solomon Haim Solomon Ham Solomon Itic Solomon Leizer Solomon Mini Solomon Moise Solomon Naiman Solon sin Avram Sloim Specler David Sperber Ignat Stare Bercu Steen David Stefter Hentel Stern Iancu Stern Iancu Stern Morit Stoler Saica Strut Strul Bercovici Strul Davison Strul Herscu Strul Herscu St Div Rg.7Clr Rg.7Clr Murgesci join con 1878 Despart 3 join con Dorohoiu Herta Herta Vasluiu Racova Pungenti Desprt IV discharged join con under flag con Roman Moldova Roman in res 1869 reg.cal.per Copou in res con 1874 Putna Focsani res.cont.1874 State Bat Galati Covurluiu Sietu Galati join con 1877 Vasluiu Slaonic Vasluiu joined contingent Nemtu desus Nemtu join cont 1876 Putna Orasu Focsani joined conting Rg8Clr Bacau Bis de sus Gldrile join con Rg.7Clr Botosani Cosula Frumusica in mil con reg Calar Falciu Podoleni Raducaneni join con Com.uvr.Art. Covurlui Siretul Galati res con 1871 reg.2 Art Putna Racaciuni Adjud in mil con Roman Moldova Roman join.cont Rg.7Clr Bahluiu Bilcesci in res con State Div. Buc. Roman Moldova Roman join con 187 reg.1calar.perm Suceva Mutele Brsceni join con 1 Nemtu desus Nemtu join cont Nemtu desus Nemtu join cont 1876 Com2MP Moldova Brsturi in res con 1872 reg lini Suceva Moldova Rosceni Roman Moldova Roman join.cont Falciu Prutu Husi joined conting Reg cal perm Roman Moldova Reg cal perm Bacau Bis de sus Bahluiu Roman Glodurile Putna Garlei Odobesci join con join con Joined present conting in res 1867 Strul Leibo Goldstein Tecuciu Bercheciu Ganania joined conting

53 Soldiers in the War continued 3 Name Strul Leibu Strul Lupu Strul Marcu Strul Meer Strul Moise Strul Moise Strul Pitner Strul Solomon Strulovici Strul Sulam Mendel Sulem Calma Susterman Suler Svartz Isac Svartz Mauriciu Taigman Taibus Rank Unit District reg.2 Art Reg cal perm reg lini Sucer Putna Bacau Neamtu Botosani Roman 14 Roman 13 State Div. Buc. Ilfov 1 Nemtu reg.cal.per Suceava 13 Rg.7Clr reg Calar Ilfov 13 Place City Notes Faltceni ioin.cont. Focsani in res 1871 Tasl. de sus Mainesci joined present conting desus Tnmtu res.cont.1874 Borcea Roman join con Moldova Roman 1869 Moldova Poian.Giur join.cont Bahluiu Podu Iloi join, cont Col. Verde Bucuresci in mil con 1870 Muntele Stanger join cont 1876 Somuzu Despart V Col Rosu Carligat Falticeni join con 1877 join, cont under flag con Bcursci join con T. Frumos joined conting Taive Haim 2 Prahova Ploesci Polesci res. since 1871 Teiler Avram Tecuciu Nicoresci Csmsci joined cont. Tenier Iancu dorob. Tecuciu Nicoresci Csmsci joined cont. Tingelstein Iosif State Bat Galati Braila Badeni Braila join con 1876 Tinlehigiu Itic rg.1 Nemtu Petra Petra join cont 1876 Tucher Caiman reg 12 dor Tutova Corodu Corlaman join con 1877 User Leibu R.Sarat Orasu Buzeu res since 1871 Vadana Herscu 6 Roman Moldova Roman Joined present conting Vaisbuch Lupu 14 Bacau Bis de sus Glodurile join.cont Vaisbuch Moise 14 Bacau Bis de sus Glodurile join.cont Vaisler Herscu Tecuciu Bercheciu Ganania joined conting Vaisrin Brum Marcu 11 Covurlui Siretu Ganania joined conting Vararu Mae reg 6Calar Putna Vecslea Meer Bacau Vecsler Iancu St Div Verscu Strulu reg dor Doli Versu Bercu 13 Vexler David 13 VidnerIancu reg.!6drb Dorohoiu Vohtberg Constantin VolfLeider Sanit. Ser. Puma Suceava Volf Leizer reg.!6drb Dorohoiu Zaharia Leizer reg 12 dor Tutova Zaid Bercu rg.1 Nemtu Zaida Miuster Rg8Clr Zalman Avram reg 12 dor Tutova Zalman Zisu bat 1 ven Dorohoiu Zalman Zolaman 13 Vasluiu Zeilic Avram 13 Zeilic Maer Zeilic Moise Zelin Moise Zendel Fisel Zingher Strul Zisu Itic reg 7 cal Rg.7Clr Rg8Clr reg Calar Reg cal perm Zizu Iosub Cpl Suceava Botosani Botosani Suceava Tutova Botosani Zabrauti Bistrita Despart 3 Ocolu Cosula Samuzu Herta Tutova Petra Fundu Orasu Berhomete Stemnic Codru Siretu Cosula Tergu Siretul Bistrita Borcea Despart.I Panciu Bacau join con res.cont.1871 in res con Crajova reengaged 1871 Damacheni on call at home on call at home join con Focsani join con 1872 Horodincea joined present conting Mhalni join con Puesci join con 1878 Petra join con 1878 Muscel join con Berlad join con 1877 Mihaileni in res 1866 Cosmesci join, cont join, cont Vasluiu Ruginosa Curtesci Curtsci Cstesci Berlad Roman in reserve since in mil con in res con in res con join con in reserve since 1874

54 4 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 ROMSIG articles illuminate family legend: The Pogrom of 1907, Recalled by Beryle Buchman Both of our greatgrandfathers owned flour mills. Samuel (Smiel) Goldenberg, our maternal greatgrandfather, from, Romania, married Ruhla (Rachel) Taylor. We know nothing about her family. Their children were Edys; Ester Lea (Esther Leah); Feiga Sobel (Fanny Sophie), our grand mother; Mottel; Hanna; Chaim; and William. There were at least three other children; however, we do not know their names. Our paternal greatgrandfather Schneer Zalmon Solomon (about 1830about 1913) and his family lived in Pungesti, Romania. Zalmon had at least one brother, Charlie. We do not know the names ofany other siblings. Dina Gross was Zalmon's first wife. Their children were our grandfather Saul, his brother Eli, and sister Rifca. After Dina died, possibly in childbirth, Zalmon married Feiga. We do not know her maiden name. Their children were Mendelea (Mottel or Matilda), Marea Zalmon, Leiba, Dina, Aron, Rahmil, Charlie (Charelik), Max, and Marcu. Our grandfather Saul Solomon, aka Sloim Zalmon Solomon, (1 Sept Mar 193) married FeigaSobel (Fanny Sophie) Goldenberg ( May Feb 1940). Theyran a dry goods storein Pungesti. Seven of theirchil dren livedto adulthood: IancuTelichi (Jack) (19 Dec ); Aaron(2 Jan 1886October 193); Rahmil (Rachmiel or Rudolph), my father, (24 July June 1980); Isie (Hie) (30 July Jan 1979); Claire (About 4 April 189Nov 1982); Jeanette (9 Sept Nov 1996); andrebeca (Betty) Sloim (1June Feb 1994). After his Bar Mitzvah, my father, Rudolph, went to work at a leather factory in. We believe thathe stayed with his aunt Mottel Goldenberg and her second husband, Lupu (William) Steinberg. Aunt Jeanette remembered that Lupu was a butcher. My father told me that the women in the family helped him prepare for his journey to immigrate to the United States, and among other things, sewed shirts for him. He explained that it would have been better if they had givenhim the money to buy new shirts in America. When he arrived in this country, people made fun of his Europeancut clothes. He explained, 'The shirts made me look likea peasant, like the farmers in the fields, but I wore them anyway."1 Aunt Jeanette remembered the pogrom of She was four years old at the time. Jeanette did not know where her father was or what had happened to himduring theturmoil of the pogrom. Her mother took her sister, Claire, and Jeanette2 by the hand and walked what seemed to be a long distance. They reached a bridge guarded by a few soldiers. Jeanette remembered that her mother paid them some money and asked for directions. Then they were led or shown to the prefecture's or mayor's home. They were kept overnight in a room and slept until morning, protected by the mayor until the danger of violence had passed. This problem never recurred nor was the reason for thepogrom known to them then. Wedo not know if our grandfather's store was looted or vandalized. It is not a coincidence that my father arrived in the United States shortly after the pogrom. He told me manytimes that there was no future for a Jewishyoung man in Romania. Either before or immediately after this pogrom, the family decided that my father and his brother3 should go to America. Aunt Jeanette was ninetytwo years old when I asked her for more details of my father's last visit home from to say goodbye to his family in Pungesti. I was amazed how clear her memory was of the incident that took place when she was only five years old. Aunt Jeanette remembered that her brother Rudolph had been so considerate, because he brought her a present, a beautiful, big ball. Grandfather Saul gave my father and Aaron what money he could gather and blessed them4 before they left for America. Can you imagine the scene when my grandpar ents bade farewell to their sons, not knowing if they would ever see them again? How many families have gone through worse? My father said that his father had to bribe anofficial to get them out of Romania. My grandparents hoped and prayed that their sons, in turn, would be able to bring the remaining family to America as soon as possible. Unfortunately, World War I interfered in TheSolomons arrived in Manchester, England, in 1913, having trained from Romania through Berlin, and on to Cherbourg, France, where they boarded the ferry to England. They initially stayed with Golda Solomon, wife of Saul'sbrother Illie. The family was delayed in their immigration to Manhattan, New York until after the war, and arrived July 4, Daddy used his Hebrew name, Rachmiel, on his US Declaration of Intention and the Petition for Naturalization. From those documents, I also learned that he had departed fromantwerp, Belgium, on November 2, 1907, sailing on the S. S. Zeeland, a shipregistered with the Red Star Line. He arrived at Ellis Island on November 12, With that information, I was then able to locate a copy of the ship's manifest, which contained additional information. Hisbrother Aaron had accompanied him on the entirejourney from Pungesti to New York. My cousins and I have spent over twentyfive years researching our Romanian family history, tape recording interviews withour relatives, and obtaining copies of important documents that provided the proofof kinship, dates of immigration, and documentation of naturalization as United States citizens. We continually telephone, write, FAX, and as we update our history when we obtain

55 new information or documents. I am archiving all ofmy family history records on my com puter.7 I am using Microsoft Word 008 to compose the historical account of our family and toedit the explanations of the documents that have been discovered in Romania and the United States. In addition, I am using another soft ware program, Generations, formerly Reunion, to maintain the database of names and create charts and reports. Aunt Jeanette Solomon Schweid had a phenomenal memo ry. We have transcribed numerous tape recordings, and taken even more numerous notes about events that she clearly remembered since her youth. In fact, we are indebt ed to herfor her ability to edit stories about our family that had been mistakenly recorded. She was never wrong about the family facts. She was blessed with incredible interest in the family activities and could recall essential details about family lifein Pungesti since she wasfouryears of age.9 1 I included this partof the story to emphasizethat our family was one ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 of the middleclass merchants, the Sudits, as Paul Pascal has explained in his lectures and articles in ROMSIG News. 2 Aunt Rebeca (Betty), the motherof my twin cousins, Robert and Richard, had notbeen born yet, asher birth date was one year later, June 1, Both boys were working and saving money for the trip to America 4 Place for blessing. Inaddition, our grandfather's business deteriorated in the years after that pogrom. He eventually went bankrupt. By 19 or 1911, the fami ly was forced to move on to the neighboring townof Vaslui 6 Their first home in America was at 140 East 17thStreet, which was located in the Gramercy area of NYC 7 We share these files with any cousin that is interested in receiving a copyby . This also gives us a safebackup if anyone loses the information. 8 From the beginning of this project, I have used the latest version of Word aseach new version had features that made writing thehistory much easier. 9 Fortunately, she lived until age 94, when she expired in Los Angeles from cardiac complications following surgery for a fractured hip A Story ofamazing Mazel And how requests to archives might be followed by replies that are totally unexpected, and which bring incredible results. Nov. 17th, 1998: At 6:30 this morning, the phone rang, those familiar three longdistance rings. Surprised, I jumped to answer. It was a man calling from Cimpulung Moldovensc, Bukovina, by the name of Reinhardt Quirsfeld, speaking French with a Romanian accent. Having an early business meeting to attend, I really could n't afford the time to converse with him, so I promised to return his call that evening. With seven hours time differ ence, this is rather difficult to do. He called back twice leavingmessages, to make sure that I had the right tele phoneand mobile phone numbers. I must admit to having felt a little uncomfortable about this call. I arrived home from work and still had my coat on, when the phone rang. I ran to answer. It was Reinhardt again. He was convinced that I had made an error and that the name Ostfeld that I was searching for was really Quirsfeld! He had found my name on letters which I had written in Romanian some months ago, in the Archives ofthe city halls of Vatra Domei, Cimpulung Moldovenesc1, Fratautii, Radauti and Roman. Oddly, I had received replies from none of these city halls (except Cimpulung Moldovenesc which informed me that no records were available), but here was a complete stranger in a foreign country, who knew, not only how to reach me, but also a good portion of my family history unnerving, to say the least. Researching his family, he has already found 44 Quirsfelds in the Catholic Siret cemetery, although he noted that "there are no archives left in existence in Siret'.' In Vatra Domei, he found 6 Quirsfelds, with Hebrew names! This perplexed both of us had there been intermarriage? Or, was the family originally Jewish? He related that among others he had found in the Jewish cemetery ofvatra Domei, were Samuel Quirsfeld (married to Maria Zimmerman) and Maria Quirsfeld (married to Karolina [sic] Venzel). He has found both Protestant and Catholic tombstones for his family and thinks that his family could perhaps have had Jewish origins. However, he was completely unaware of the phenomenon of the Napoleonic decree ordering the adoption of surnames by the Jews, and of the many and haphazard methods, sometimes even humorous, by which they chose these names. Quirsfeld's family has lived in Bukovina since 1800, and is originally German and AustroHungarian, some members from even Hungary itself. The call lasted over half an hour, as though money were no object. I asked if I could return the favor and help him with his research in some way. His only request was to ask me to see if there are any Quirsfelds in North America, particularly in Canada. On Dec. 17th, having heard no news, having had no answerto my subsequentsnail mail letters since receiving a neat, handwritten list of his Ostfeld findings, I became uneasy. I telephoned and talked to Mrs. Quirsfeld at home; her husband would be at home again at Christmas and would telephone me, I was informed. Reinhardt's wife both speaks and writes English very well, and was com pletely familiar with the correspondence that we had begun. This must be the reason for the letters that he sends, in almostperfect English. She promised to have him call me on his return for Christmas, which he did. January 21st, 1999: Reinhardt phoned again at 8am. He wanted to know if I had received the second installment

56 6 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 of the incredibly comprehensive information that he sent me. "Yes", I told him, "I did." Was it helpful? I said that it was indeed! He asked if I would want any more information, the next time he goes to research the cemeteries, in other towns in Bukovina. I couldn't believe my ears! Yes, I would most certainly like to have more information, particularly from the latter and middle parts of the last century (the 19th), and the early part of the th century; I would like to find any record that exists, of my greatgrandmother, Shaindel (nee Ostfeld) Kastner, who passed away around the year 19, in Radauti. He said that he would try to find these for me. Unable to find anyone bearing his family name in Canada, I tried the United States, and did manage to find a small number ofthem. However, he already knew all ofthe Quirsfelds, whose information I sent him, as they form a branch ofhis family with whom he had been in touch: Edward J. Ouirsfeld and his aunt, Mrs. Lindsay (nee Quirsfeld), among them. From our conversations I learned that Reinhardt, about 4, is a mathematics professor who teaches at a college with campuses in and Arad (near Timisoara). He com mutes between the two campuses, staying at each for twoweek periods. He took pains to tell me that his sister is a doctor, and to list the professional credentials of his fami ly. Very pleasant on the telephone, he has a terrific sense of humor and infectious enthusiasm. An avid genealogist, he seems to be enjoying this longdistance genealogical relationship, and sent me a photo ofhimself and asked me for one of myself. In early March, three more letters arrived, accompanied by photographs of tombstones, lists of more records, a few taken from official vital records, and other information about the cemeteries in Siret, Cimpulung, Radauti and Fratauti, bringing to a total of7 records that he has found for me, almost entirely Ostfelds, but a few Kastners among them. This is a genealogist's dream come true! In a recent letter, he writes, "I am sending some new data about yourfamily. I have been in the cemetery from Cimpulung and I have taken thefollowing photos of your family graves which have inscriptions also in Latin, not only in Idisch (sic). There may be also others, but I don't understand Idischand I can't take photosof them all, as there are very many. This from a man who doesn't speak English! He explained that he writes the letters with a dic tionary beside him. And, of course, his wife helps him. Then came a phone call, in which Reinhardt excitedly talked about how he had succeeded in tracing his family even further to 1700, in Gollnitz, Germany, and has found 4 new branches. I suggested to Reinhardt that he would benefitgreatly from a computer, he answered by saying that he is "conservative" He saidthat he had looked at his friend's laptop and was impressed, but that he prefers communicating by letter, and doing his work manually. Finally, I was asked to reciprocate, however small the effort. He asked me to look for a book in the library, "German Emigration from Bukovina to theamericas", published by William Keel and Kurt Rein in 1996, as "you might find some information about myfamily Quirsfeld". Unfortunately, there were no Quirsfelds mentioned in it, although I was able to find some potentially helpful infor mation, which I photocopied and mailed to him. He also asked me to contact a specific researcher in Ottawa, and whose name he found on a list in a library book Richard CarruthersZurowski. Not a difficult request to fill, I did succeed in talking with Mr. CarruthersZurowski, who reg ularly submits messages to the Bukovina Genealogy Mail Group2. He had already received my and had made initial contact with my friend "Hardy" as Reinhardt likes to be called. After cataloguing the records that Hardy had sent me, I realized that these, as well as his photographs of certain cemeteries, would amount to a little bonanza for certain Bukovinaresearchers. So, after consultation with my cousin, coresearcher and good friend, Bruce Reisch, the innovator of the JewishGen Radauti Shtetlink Website3,1 arranged to have Hardy's willing consent to publish them on the site. They will appear later this year. I am now at the point where two ofthe unconnected branches of Ostfelds, of which I have seven, are linked, thanks to his work. Others are filled out much more than they had been before.there is every indication that most of these fragmented branches will eventually work them selves into some connection. I have still not ascertained the names of the siblings of my greatgrandmother, Shaindel Ostfeld Kastner, nor thoseof her parents, but that is coming with time, hard work, networking and...patience, lots ofpatience. And, I have found a new, equally committed and enthusiastic, genealogical friend. 1 The townof 'Timpulung Moldovenesc" is referred to locally as "Cimpulung". 2 Subscribe by sending message to listproc@.lists.gpfh.sk.ca, then send posts to bukovinagen@.iists.gpfh.sk.ca 3 JewishGen Radauti Shtelink Website, http// Merle Kastner 488 CotedesNeiges, #904. Montreal, Qc, Canada H3V1G8 Merlekast@videotron.ca

57 SephardiC JeWS in Timisoara But let us get acquainted with the Sephardic community of Timisoara. The town itself was an important center of the Turkish administration between 122 and But the traces ofjews there date back totimes preceding the era of Turkish occupation. All the same the most ancient tomb stone of the cemetery was raised under the Turks, and according to its inscription, the rabbi and surgeon Asriel Asaelwho died in the year 1636was presumably a Sephardic Jew. Rabbi Meir Amigo and his 4 comrades arrived from Constantinople at the town about the middle of the 18th century, and a synagogue of the Sephardic as well as one of theashkenasian community became built up simultane ously in Timi oara in the year Similarly to Gyulafeh6rv r some problems of the Sephards' and Ashkenasians' coexistence arose also at Timi oara. As a consequence, at the early 30s of the 18th century a getlet ter (letterof ritual divorce) has caused some problems within the community, yet without any special exciting events or disputes. Namely, as it is known, the letters ofdivorce have to be made out extremely precisely with respect to the name of the person and the locality in order to avoid any abuse and misunderstanding respectively. When the problem regard ing the validity ofa divorceletter arose Rabbi Meir Asch of Eisenstadt adopted the view that the getletter may be accepted though the Ashkenasian spelling rules have not been respected but the way of writingas applied in the getletterhas complied with the Sephardic linguistic sense. In the year 1836, the possibility ofsephards' and Ashkenasians' common praying in religious services was also brought up in Timi oara, presumably in the inner town and owing to the diminishing number ofparticipants. The rabbi of Bratislava had brought also in that case a rec onciling decision straightening out the issue, by consider ing the common praying possible, still making perfectly clear at the same time that beyond that both communities have to observe their own traditions of law, habits and way of life. Finally the starting place of the socalled fish debate dis cussedeven beyond the country's borderswas Timi oara to decide the question whether it is allowed to eat the ster let or not. In the opinion of the Sephards oftimisoara was the ingestion ofthat sort offish permissible upon the tradi tions oftheir former home, while the Rabbi oftimi oara declared it as forbidden. As a consequence this became the topic of a mighty polemic launched by the rabbi Isaac Grieshaber ofpaks, town in Hungary. Detailes of the longcontinueddebating are beyond the frames or the present study, yet as a conclusion it may be stated that the Ashkenasian viewpoint was victorious in the ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 7 deba,e P"* Dr Moshe CamiillyWeinberger has been ^1*the*?*ct " ^^1 ^"sions, such as in ^ ff>win8 WOTks^ZS??& ^^^^'^ Sepher veshaiph, NeW New York, 1966, "*' page 21622; Censorship and Freedom..., New York, 1977, from page 70 on; Ashkenasim usephardim betransylvania ubanat, bemeah XVIDQX, see: Studies presented to Rabbi Dr. Alexander Safran, Hoboken: Ktav, 1922, page 390. Among the Sephards oftimi oara there were many excel lentrabbis in the course of theirhistory. The first rabbi of thesephardic community was Jacob Moshe of Belgrade (from 1739 to 1741, or so). There were 2 communities in the town working collaterally and their order of successionas it could be statedhas been disclosed by Dr. Jacob Singer. He also made us acquainted by one of his studies with the Sephardihabits informing us that in the 40s of our century even 2 Sephardic communities existed in Timi oara. From his study we learn to know of several habits and rites, for instance that while maskir liturgy that much important in Ashkenasian communities, was not usual in the Sephardic rites on occasion ofyom Kippur and the 3 Feasts of pil grimage. Whereas they commemorated the dead oftheirs in the course of the liturgy on Kol Nidre eve. Neither did they pray the Kol Nidre with the melody as uniformly usual everywhere in Ashkenasian world, but with another melody composed ofottoman, Moorish and Spanish ele ments. The Sephards regarded their Spanish roots with care and with a kind of proudness and avoided to get mar ried with Ashkenasians, if that was possible. Reprinted with permission from Dr. Ladislau Gy6mant et. al., eds., Studia Judaica II (Cluj: Editura Sincron, 1993), 7374 Lmu Chtycl

58 8 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 The Jews of Braila From Gertrude Singer Ogushwitz: Dear Editor: I'm enclosing four lists of Jews ofbraila who gave tsedakah during the years 1897,1901,1903, and These lists were located at the Central Archives for the History ofthe Jewish People in Jerusalem. The first page of the 1904 list, letters A to Ki, could not be found at the Central Archives SINGER, Ed. I. was my father's brother, Edouard Iulius, ( ) who married in Braila in 1899 and emi grated to New York in December ofthat year with his bride, Augusta Pearl RAUCH SINGER, D. was my grandfather's brother, David SINGER who lived in Arad. (1938dec) 1901 SINGER, Hotel Splendid, was probably my father's brother Zsigmund (called Zsigo by the family), who lived alone in Braila after the death in 1899of my grandmother, Julia (SPILLER) SINGER, and the subsequent emigra tion of my grandfather, Gyula/Julius SINGER, and my father, Victor Julius SINGER, in SINGER, Hugo 1904 SINGER, David and SINGER, Hugo **m AHUL L No. 1. GRATUIT BBAUA,3QIULIB PROGRAMDL NOSTRIL Facars Israelii ars o ides deoitbiid a> supra inodutuldt organisms acomunitdftindstrs. Causa acsstar diverging ds mults Ori fa* xars, ssts Itpsa unul organ centralis) car* din ciltid to sand td st diseuts cu saa ford pas sions astittnl viutu ais uosilrs* ifulft sunt wtr'o usscunpi complecu ds ds eels tits petrec to slrnd sotist&t3or% si numat prisiugiu\h ocultel au dr'sptut a iniriga dupd pofta\si to profits* lor. Assst niar, mie la format, dor destul ds Int&pator psntru a desbats asttpra dureribr ndstrt, it pmsm la disposifiea pttbliciuul, si orceins pots scris totr'tnsuk in orhc* siil si sub propria respundere, operand a Umpeai odatd tiiuafisa destul ds tncureatd a comtmii&fu Israelite Br&Stns. Redaotlunea. BULETINUL SBMBSTRIAL d inlmlalailqmjm dis BriUIa* Asez&uiantul creat do elassa filantropiol Br&ileaaft a ajuns la ud grad de.deiroltare^ care treboe sdample de baourie inima ueearal membra al Societal. In 12 lonuarie 1807 a'a detchta Am* bolatoriol; si dopi sese luo( de tile, regit, trnl de bolnart arolu respeetabtla cifrl de 083 eousulta$iun! si uiedicainente.grataite la Ambalatoriu. 183 eomojtatraot la do* mieiliul boluovilor mnl grerl, 3G7 ordonaufo grutuito cxooutato la faruiaoie. Anibalatcrial Ia>'. roelit este attta de eunosaut poilulatfuoil, to cdt din atrfeile eele mat dtpartato, ba obiar din Botele inveeimite rio ziloio bolnarf, airasl de reputa(innea institutiunit, do primirea u roooa oe Ii se aeorda, si de folosol material ool ob(in. In ade?sr, nu este lueru.betoaejuiat.a. iv 2 A ZIAR AL COMUNITATII'ISRAELITE DIN BRAILA SUB DIRECJIUNEA UNU1 C0M1TET. J>7 diagnostic* baia, si ai da to acelas! timp medioamentul eel mal Bigur,furaisat de ud urmaoitt public. Gaud tp ernncr pririren In regiftnu do bolnevl, Tel gosi po langa israelii rotnaol, bolgarf, greet, arnienl, tdrol, persiaut. germaal si ungart, to(i caatap ca eeeasf idgrijre; alatarl do preotal crestin, Test po bancs to sola dea$teptore po erreul ortodox; alwurl do fameia cersetdre de mahala, rosl dama ourfltol tmbracata; dar pt core noroile o tileso si roeurgft la ojutorul desintoressai aoordattutorora Ori osebire do eloai. Bar to redo ospeoulare din paftea uoulbolnar, si obiar daca t'ar InuUupla asemeooa eat, aeeasta nu lasemooozi absolut oimiea to oamfirul eel mare de adertra(i soraid eare merits ejotoral. Mobilierol cabinotnlul de eonaaltafie aa complootetoq Wto celf oeeesoro, preoum mas& do cautare, mesq(ft de operate, material bo* gbtda, pansamento etc >Ecoaomie po spinaraabolnarolnl.po i!a Clcuk; din contra, a* ceea co s'a pftrut neeasar, fio cat de scamp, ia procurat, nomal oorespadsead scopulul. Pontra a a In eareot ea dtsposi(iudiio sanitaro. am abonat la minislerul, do interne. Bulttinul saniiar, Farmacopta HootAnd; ba aperaa cu, timpul a asesa In caneelario ua Dtunfir do orrajo mediealo moderne neeessaro modlonlal pootra consultaro fi alloro de tratament modern. Viitornl oe soridol Am tomauat color 12 membri onorulel diploma decernatatai el ror &stalpir poterniol de granit po care so rasamft.ambulatorioi Israelit" ai perspectira na asa do todeportau a 9Spitalu!*i Israelii*. UoitC to caget, uai(i nt fapto. fiecaro dintrobol/do la cel mal modest membra pfloft la proteotorol: begat, va area ambi(iaaoa do a apftra de orlce atao opera nostra do caritate, si a da astfel no ezomplu do sottdaritato, do orgaoiaaro si administrafio.

59 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 9 CONTE0LUL Veniturile Ambulatoriulul Israelii pe primal semestru (897 Abramotlcl IL Agent Iacob Agent leak Aoonim Bach FrateUl Banque do Roumania Bargol Robert Baron & Sabetej Decker W. Bercoffiti Arnold Bereaoa & Co. Hermann <k Kauimann Uenutem Iosef Bernstein Max Blank Josef Blank J. Blank L liochorj L Boiebower Iacob Brluer Loo Brodner Leopold Carantifios 0. N. Cbatia*r l'eui(j«schek&co.) iciobul Regal Conetanticescu 0. Corn Nico Cunduria A. S. Curia Panafte Daniel alicbel IManisnt Bombard Dinoeruann M. H. Dreyfus Louis & Co. Cockier L EUenberg IL Ettltnger L Feltelsobn S. FoiUer LtM. FIMermana llarcu Klnaerbut B. Fischer Iceef Focsaaraau Eliae Focfflneanu Samuel Friokel Max FritdmaoaFratil Garten A. Gaspar W. Goldenaweig Hugo Goldstein Fralft Goldstein Goldstein Samuel Gottlieb M. Greet* & Fischer Grttnbaum I. GrttBOjsrg Boasioa Grflablatt L. Grnpper G. GiU&btfg Bemhaxd De roportat. Transport lei, 6 BGrupper M. 24 jhhlpero Leo '.teollporn Heidi 0 Hermann B» 90 Hermann David 6 Btrpetela B.' 0 HerachkoviB H. U ft Benchkovtti Laos 24 Boxechkovita Ban! ft Benchkowite 8amttei lofflenowttxm. 24 BUM Zaharia L 8BinebboralL 6HoralkL 3 BoraateJalC 6 JeJaNkclae 6 Meltelce G. WltskowIti lullua 60 Kali M. Co. Kate Mayer I*, looj Kate L. BOO Kirkoriaa A Hirache&bejB Klrarhea laidor 6 Klrscbao Kalmaa. 6< Kirecbea Oakar. ft! Blrechei.?. 80KtUeaH* 1. Kiwilwh a L ' HO1 Klarsfetd D. 24K.arsfeUB. 0 faffler H. ICrauamann Morits* Lenders A Co, 12Uchter U 24LelbowiUL looj Lory George 3 Lev/cater U.P. 3 Uebreich Leon ftl Ucbter ft Borcowtta 1 LilBchiU Lupa 24 LinJenaan P. LitrhaeJaky U. 8 Ubelaoba laidor Label Nathan 6 Lowenlohn W. 40 LttpeacB 8. 8.Vaadelbaom A&drel afarcotid A Naftatt 6 Marcuo Altar 6 Marcus Idel 60, Marmoroach, Blank A Co, 16Haver Morita 0 Uehlaaan Aron 6 Ueodl Theodor ft Mokraoer 8. * ilhadtarsl 1777 I Do roportat'. VOTA. (a) tamrastaa aaoal, (a) itamstrlsl al (t) triatfttiu, * l a a a a. t i i a a a a a a t a I a a a a a t 8 a t a a a a a a a I a a t t a a f a t a a a a Transport lei 60. ft Poaaxaentlrer Phllipp Rapaport W. B. Repaport Uorite Bedelmann L RedolmanB Loop. Bohmaan Ign. Bainor A. Beisch Leib 8 Rciacher Iosef 24 ERosen 24 Rosen A. Koae&berg Sign. 12 Boie&svvig Meier W Uothmana M Bottenberg A Co. Samuel 4 Friedeberg 8cbimachlaovlts D. ft} Segall FrinL 1777«6r Keatoriano A. Dr 12 Neumann L 6 Ocna EUas 6 Pollack I & 60 Segall 11. L. 60 BeaaU Hoiae 13ft Beldmans A. S. 60 ardelu K A. 80 LbereteJu Osiaa 24 Bfaaer Kd Bjrcua nermann Solomoa leak tttek L Dr itejo Sign. «b6siell 8. icherr loaef cbwinwr H. jardelu Paul A. aubmana L ajlor A. f ichll&ger B. k jchner H. Jacher Lupa 40 Wasaerman L U. 6 Werhsler laidor 2L 8 Weioberg Leo Weintraab B, Weiatraob L 6 Welsasiaoa Borah.. 60 Wonder A Krimoat VTlIdermana 8. *6 vnteiiug a 12 Yougbapdriaa B. H. 1 Zennann Zerfflaoa A. 4 Zligler kllaa fthzcrtfl 0 Zuckermana laaoulaoi Co. Total lei H * j r Q 6 S

60 60 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 vv:.v. V.' v..,. xr....iyji... r vr^v.tfffwls^ijr * l* a? ' Persoaiielor carlau binevoit a contribui pentru Intretinerea $eoalei Israe scoaloi de fete ^on'f? din^braila, prin, cumperare de bilot N U,M E L E P. T. &barbanel H. AbramoTicI L. Alesiu C. Archondi C. G. " Asian alarg. Bach FratelU Balan B. Bfneralesea Droc Baacotescn P.. Baron Joine Basarabianu G. 0. Bayerchal cvlevy Behlea Eug.' Bereorits Arnold BoreoTitx ATram BercoTitz Leon fierger Solomon ' Berman & Saoimann Bernhardt Josef.. Bernstein Frap 'V Bernstein Jose/,.. Bernstein Mai Bertrand : Blank'Iar..;.:.v.. ;.. Bias Loop. Blomberg Ad.?''" "' Bluaberg Joa..' Boanti V.L Boschanoff &1. K. B. Braunateia Aaccl. Broeiner J. M.. Broeiner Leop. Braser Leo, Butareecu D. Buxoianu & Ocha <2armelli & Bucur Cats L. Jacques Cateica Y2 X Caiaigheta N. Cavadia Gb. Cavadia SlaVr. ' SUMA OFERITA N U LEI 8. * 0 60 ' '6..' MO a. :'*?. 6 io. ; 6 P.T.. Ciorann Director ':ii. >.i. Chiracs B. M. "' v*4.f Ghriasoveloni M. Z.,:'h' Cohen Henri ' *,v%^. Cobn Iacob fl. "'?/, Conataatinetcu.'P. ^v...v;' Corbn L ^.:;.,//.;*&. Corbo ba Mcndl '..."::;';:v Cottis Condons dun's 'Dr.;r:'? ; >? Credit' BcJgo*Robmain; Coria Panaj.;.. OwtovkJ A.'V 8at*^.c:.; ; DelTinioti. Jtian " Demllriu Iancu M. Ileotacfaneiater H.: 'IVA.. ' ' >: Dlinitiiadia'Them.V _., DioopuI6a^I.vii??'virfiV; 9m.«:.%.:!Ht Dractdic.' Coset.;:/..* \*&j l)raeiiuai'perid;r:f '" **' Drejtha rej/ha;^;*: Oio^k isdelstein* D.^'.^«#: Elaeoatein ' 'fel' Ekste Etptei Ellmann. Ji R^Msr&K *«?.i: FeMer.L/feU.^: Finkelstein L;*r*^r> Fischer 1/ cv jsohn^.^ Flacba Ionaa "^??,* *:* : Fofsaneaua 'B.'") >;;.3&f Focsaneanu;Sam;. * S?^ Fotia avf't;..v'.<?i'' FrAnkelMIax'':" Famiotti Fratt 'SUMA OFERITA! LCI. ^0.V. y.io. :, '*?'? /:io?$o ^ a* :.1^6 v»*0. ^io?ao v^ o Sfft»* tf. ::U0 /':^0 :.i Vv? «K??30 s.60 ;i^6 VW0 ^N2U.M:;E;L. E P. T. GaetaTG,:'"'*. Ga»ran.:N.;; Oaliatsatoa Freres. Gejtoin Courad~ GeaVldli.Tem.V'. GoneraUVAaigararea:. Gersonl L:.;**.%. ' ;. Gheoighiefflfiylpg. ".. GbJoaiC^^^^fv GiUTara;:D^::si;Dr2 '. Giuvaxa" Jancu C J:.v Glttckiaann^du;^ ". Gpld Lttpu#. ;.. Goldberg:Bliai r.f'':' Goldenberg;Darid ;''r:: Goideuzweig^ngo. v,* ' Goldstein.'A*^Fiu; 0'".; " GoldsteinrAlphona '.Goldsjoin^ag..#.;'/;. Goldstein' GU?ai;'.T>'"; ' * Gottlieb'W«.er}^i.ii" Gr&DDerg BeniA'V..' * Grunljera;,^ ^jf^fvs GrQnbergLazarvkT!:. "' GrnnbofgK^"jf "' Grupper.Is.^. Guasi Gb,V:T Guttmann Aiaig.p Seilpern:Carl/v *...!" nabpenil^;.,^ ;... Haracopu* C'v *'.:';y. * Haracopu^'GS; 'i;/ ^ Jffaracopu^:;"?>i..;!' Haitel Colonel'V ;.;J 'Eerpateinv&'Rappapoilrflerscd)rttf ^miel^r ^> ;BiotuJ. Capiian;^ ;JJj Birschhoni' H.. ^ ^. >*;. Hornstein^Men. u t.i 8UaTA OFERITA lei fa MO. ;. rilo. J :' r: to 1 *. >^io ao.x 4 v... 'C '^."" 6: 2o:.'161?*$ p ^.: 1: N ^ano Jngei Jones Jorga Joyiti Jritz JtlCO' Kepp: Kiizet Kolfli Kohm Korni Ivrimt Kiric adu Landt Last r«rea Lichtt Lischi Lobel Lobel Ldwei Lnkac Lupei Lupo1 Sttec Malco Hand Marct alarm Marul Mendi Mendl Mend! aiend! Mend Mendl Mend huhai ' > ^ v *»*. Tip.:. Comerciala", Jos. Bi

61 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring tsta oalei braelitobomftne de bae$i Fra# Abraham ;i David ScbTOrmann" tji a re de bilofce pentra balol dat in seara de Ianuarie SUMA OFERITA lei a. N U M E L E SUMA OFERITA LEI r^atm N U M E L E SUMA OFERITA lei a>. N U M E L E SUMA $ OFERITA Tei i i,ol **'! io! a io! 1 aoj o' 1» P. T. rfanoleseo A. Jnger Dr.. Jonescu N. N. Jorgandopol Dr. Jovilx Dr. Jrits D. Jtscoriis Jul. ggaoiman Jos. Keppich Fray K}tzes W. Koifler H. Kohra Ph. Bristol Korniuann Ad. Krimont S. Khrid B. & L. acum&noytri I. 8. landau M. L. Last Ad. Lerenter Pincu Lfchunann Max Lischnefsehi Lobel Lazar Lobel Mich. Lftrenton W. Lokacser & Cio. Lupescn S. LupovicI laniu Bffaeri P. MalcocI D. B. Mandler D. Marcus laidor Manaorosch Blank & Maralli & Caravia Mendel Aisig Mendl Ach. Mendl Aug. Mendl Emllio Mendl Alfredo Mendl Iloaina Mendl Victor Mibaiteaco N. D. Co ; D ' 1 b 0 P.T. Moriatie Monrar W. Moscoritz Dr. H. Moses I. ftegreaeu N. Negulescn I Neitoiianu Dr. NkolauNicN. Qbeiman &aiaia Dr. Panaa M» si D2 Panaa C. G. Panaa P. a. Pappanicolau 0. I'olemia Dem. L. Predingor L. &adziwiuer M. Bapaport W. B. Beimaa Ign. Reiner M23 A. Reischer Jos. Boiling 0. H. Bosa Consul Boaenlhal Nao Bosensrreig M. Bottonberg Jos. gabitey A, Sacha B. Scbiffer H. L. SebOnfeld 8. Schorr Isac 8ehwarz Dr. Schwarauann D. Schurarzmann Fani Sehwiauner Segall & Kohl Seidmann A. S. Seidmann Iancu Sgardelli N. SO ' P.T. Silb8rstein Jul. SUberetein Oe. 8inarerMD.. Binger.Tpotel Solent ircua Herman Solomon la. Solomon Mich. Solomon Naih. Statbatoa Const Stelanescu Conor. Stefanewu Ylaaie Stern S 1. Sternlieb D. Stier Ayr. Straps Alb. Scraea Sigm. Salioti Cbr. Szigetsi Alb. Sfbenen M. I. Toff Dr. Trochania G. Tzuchloa & Lecoa Waller Freree & Cie Vamruria P. D. Wochslor Lapn Wochsler M. Weinslein I. Weisselberg Sapso Verleai P. I. Teron I. Victor Rubin Violato Panag. F. Witttiiig D. Vlaasopnlo Solon Wolf Max Vreto C, Vnccino Marc fooghaperian Aid. Toagbaperian B. ganifirescu Z, Zwiebel I. is * ' a SO ! ' io! io; io; 1 'eiala", Jos. Bernhardt Braila,

62 62 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 *T A IsraelitoRom&ne de b&ctji Fra Abraham i David SclrwaTzmann" i a ipfcrare de bilete pentru balnl dat in seara de 11J24 Ianuarie M u m e I e Bltfid LEI Nun) die 8mm BtirHl let N u m e I e SWBB efarits "TeT fi u m e I e SHQU tltrtli LEI Kormuann Ad. Kttlmherg B...iudau Aron Landau U. L. Lam A» Leliell Henry Ltcue & Tzowklo* Lender* F. & Co. Lerner Leon Levftidi Piotro Lpventer al. Pincu Levi Georges Liclu F.. :(!(!l Lirhtmann Max Liebreirh Leon Lisrlinefeki M. Lobel Lazar Label Mirlusl Loltl Josef Lombardo Ath. Lorant Euiil LSwenion tjarl Lowctiion \Y. Lukarzur F. & Co Sffsirri 1'. Mnlnicl ). B. M:ui'us fj Mnirus I. C. Maiius JiK'l Manna Jetty Mar«*n«Uidur Margtilies l«eoti. Harnroitl Hak 4 6ii Marulis & L'arnria Mavioclicfdlu 1. Moiiix Mayer Menial Ai*ig Mrtull Acbitle Mendl Albedo Mciiill Mi*niU Mendl Atigtutto Kuiilio K»sina Mfittll Victor Abjiuainul la Milion M"Movati Leunie Muriatia laiti Musfoviiz Kara Moscovits H. Dr Jtcgroponte U. I. Nestortsno A. Z. Dr Nenwirlh Mathiaa Nieolaides L. Nicolescn P. Lb Qrczenn C. Colonel Oromulo N. x?a«inc Nathan Panaa Deu. Panaa P. Papanicolan C. Pappasoglo G. P&nreacti Radu Perido E. Pincaa Marcns Polettiis 0 Pollak D. H. & Co 40 Ponid Comandor Popescu N. L Popiinger David I'rcditiger L. Preix. Provini G. B<"l8iwillrr M. ti Kaiuiaim Ign. Uaiwjmrt Moriiz Itapaport W. B.» ltcirlimanu IL 6 lteischer Jos. lleis* W. UippelM. 0 Hulling 0. H. Itaaa 0. Consul Uosen Aron lunsenberg Gabriel Honeiiberg Heitiian ltoaenfeld A. I.: Iloeenleld Frufl' ltonetifem I. Uoaentbnl Ntte UoMi'iiberg Josef 8tttaberg».'^liudorW :* linbiiislein I. U. $aanen tt. van u Sabetay A. i>\ SdftoiaSt. Samson D. * "" Schiffer B. Scbftfier.H.. L.. Scbftffar I. H. ScliorS. Abr. Schildkrant I. H. Schiller Dr. Schiaiaehinovitacb D. Scktrars Adolf Schwar* Iancn Schwari L.«Dr..., Schwari Max ' Sehwars Sigmund. Schwara Tobias Schwarrmann ' David Schwimmer Michael 8egall M. L.. i Seidmann A. 8. Seidmann Iancn '< Seidmann Rabin '.' SeWner Heinr. * Seinfeld Oaiaa. SgardolU Alfr. DrV Sgardelli Paul Sgardelli N. SUberetein Julea Silfteretein Osiaa. Burcoe Herman Solomon Isac" Solomon Michel Solomon Nathan Solomon Scbolem Souano D. Slatbatoa Preres Sleckeltnann J. Stefaiies'ro Const. Stefanescu Vlasie Stottner Maximilian Stier Abr. Straes Albeit Strass Emanuel Straaa Sigmttnd Sulloni Alex. Szigetti All*. Teich N. & Fill Thcnen M. I. Theodoreacn Aug. Tboodoridi D... Topali Sp. b Totzi Ed.' TncbnerH. Valerianae I. $. b. ' 0 ' Vatuvuri* P, D Wahdofmann Z. Waaaerinann I. U. Wecbsler Ign. Weebalcr Lupu Wechsler Mayer Wedatone "Weinreb Aba Woinatein Josef Weissborg D. Waiasenberg 3apse Weieemann. Herman Vender &, Cie ' 6 Wender Zisu ; : o & 2 Veriasia P.,.Voron./eaij^ Violato'p.*. V Vuccino Alarc Witsling I Wolf Max Y<"tguaperian Ard. Yotigbapariaii B. N. Zirgler 1.. Zissmann Leib Zitterer D. Zockermann D. al. Zurkermann LIS. SSvrieuel Isidor 1..S in & o» & r. CO io :m 40 GO i

63 1904 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 (f f LIS' Persdnelor carl au binevoil a conlribui penlru infrefinerea $colei isra de fete )fzienclara Baronesa de Hirsch" din Braila, prin cumpi Sum Ina si NUMELE tottk NUME1E huttx NUMELE S3 N U M B L 1 LKI LSI LEI 1 63 JLborbanel. B. Cahaae Leon " Finjjfrbut Beriseb Bertnan B. ;AbramoTirYLea 6 Cnlmaaoviel H. ^ : 6 Finkelatein L.. Her»tein & Ua\w\ Abrarnoricl Leon b Camnlnpi * Fischer Jon. llerarbkowitx Mirh AbremavirT M. CarriTftlli A Bueor \40 Plsehl Leopold HemcoYit'in H. L. Agent Jacob Cnaassovirl Coli JJr..6 Fischl Robert Herscovici Lupn Agent Imio Cats L. Jacoaes FloekerP. Bonvovirl Smil Agcnt 8. I. Cats M. H. '. Forsaneanu Mayer Hersfoviel Snni Aleasiu C Catxania B. 6 Forfaneann 8. & El. 30 Hers S. Alptrn Jacques D Ctalsighera N.,' 6 Fotln C. Bcneog B. Aneer A. Leon Cavadia Slavm; Fotoplaatieal Imperial HorxovirY I'hilip Arebondi 0. Chatoi L. Frinkel Max Rilrl Zabaria Aacher Henry Chip*». M. Freud B. Kiolt C.'npilan AMcliar U. & Cieni Or. N. Friedoiaan Fra^ 6 Rirarlifvlil Meier iaxrirad Philip b Ulwry It. 6 Hritarh Th. Btrarhtelrf Mnmi 9«*b FrnlHU IU0 Cnhon Hwiry 26 FroimovlcT Lniwr flirsrhhotti II. llniumtky N. f» (John Jneon H.. JO Ooliatznlo» Frap 40 n«rtiianii S. & w. ' linltin* Kartu Colro Mmtca '" 6 GarfnnkrJ 8ol. Bomirk Jgn. Bunco Genernlfi Haumuit (John Wilbeltn & Goigf r B. C. & {aroviis XI. illattcateatit I*. 1. t.'nrbti lonini " Gellert Ad. in inger 1. I*. Pr. Union Irine & Collin u. Georg»iuli G. N Ion a Allt«rl*i ' Harotxi 11.. & Cettndonri G. Ilr. Ueiber A Cats s luntmrii lnim Bayertbal& Levy «2 Cranil*ii (Jolonel b Ueraoai I. 26 losepb A Bclilee Kup. fltiri P. Gewttrs H. S lovitxa G. Or Itaingla* M. W. '& &imiel Mirhcl Gbeorghieff Etlop Imnlirn^kr 11. IIHjjoBoibun Ciedit 00 Ia\% Ignatx Glatt alartin 6 Israilorif't Jncipin* Beltaair* 0. lu'nietrtwuhrotln Dr. GlQckmann <St lacotwohtt Jlacnrii^ Siem. IWrcovirt Arnold Itculwbnirwter H. ' 0 Goldberg Bliaa litrovict.inlina lletrorirr Arram Pioiopulii 1. Goldbfra; O. Ittiuer al; Beitovh't Leon DjtiTara 1. 6 Goldeuberg t>. & Fil lrry L>. Herman Derger 8ol. Dorifa Tero. Goldenberg Henry iinole«eo A.!Bernhardt Jo*. Uracoa W. GoldoizvrcigBugo Jelt(»lea G.! Bernstein Jc*. 111 Dractrib* Court. Goldstein Adolf Jipa Undra 1*..Bernstein Al. & Co. io DramUf Georges : Goldateio FroU 6 JKalx Leib JBidjcrmii 1. D Pritciilis ltiirita C. " Goldatota G. 8. Kals M. IK Birnhatim Jowf l>«r Itrtytus Loot* & Co. ion Goldstein Snitii 6 Kattlbtami Jortpiw Blank I). Drnc Baneiulearu L Gottlfob Mayer 6 Kepif!) Frntl Mank. Israel li Dingotca P. L Greil B. 6 Kimbrie: I. Ulitoilierg Adolf geonosin Clir. Dim. Gropper laidor Kirarhcn'M. IMuniltera:.low:!" Egnrvann 8. 6 Orowkoitf Innro C Kinchin Onfar Hlnitien 8. & L. 40 Eldmami Hoi its 6 GrQubcrjf Beazlon & Klaag B. 1loanto 0. 0 Einenstcin 8. cva. Grflnberg Laser Klein Jinrco llocbor Aron n Ekatcin lebuda Orilnberg Lujm Klekncr Bllaa. liorhor laaett b Kllnmnn dthailpem GiOnberjc Uorils 6 Kofilrr H. ' BAjnlflneacn 0. Knibiricoa Ahv Grttnbeig Nae Holnn 6 Kofller Jalie Bolrhowrr & Kkptctn Kriliiif Ad. GrUnberg Xuehem 6 Kobl K. HoMiower Iacob Eakenasi A if.! GiQnfdd B. Keba Philip RalotitaeiMtt Herman 6 Kittlager lulins. ' 30 Giupper Alorils b Roratek & ilqiw BrAow Leo Fanciotti Ed. 6 Gropptr Gottlieb Koromann AMI Brannal rati Albert S Fancioltl Kn. " fi Gumi Gh. KQImherjr». Urautivtein Aueel Kcher Nic. &Co. 16 Gassoai Fjmesto ZtarliaiaaoTiri S. I Browner Jew. M. Feingold K. & Gallnann Aisle Loat A. ' Broeiner Laop. Feitltr L. dfch.,0 SCailpein Cart Ueco» & Txourhlo 'nnzaianti &Ocha FiMtrmsn Marco. 6 Ilailptrn 8. al. Lcilcrhandler&Giae Fiiotle Neatot Uanasmano G. 40 Lcndtra 7. & >.«. Uerer al. 6 Byk Lran 1f}fh^Jftafl

64 64 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 REMEMBER 40 years since the massacre of the Jews from Northern Transylvania under Horthyst occupation From: The Federation of Jewish Commumties in the Socialist Republic of Romania Documentary Section Bucharest, 198 %J "Halmeu c.. Sighet HUNGARY Brebe\ti *^j ViseuV<ler'^ { Valea LuiMihai Baia Mare Dragomiresti \ / Ceheiu / Smleul Silvanei f ooradea BCrasna eclean ^w* n. Bistrata ^, GHETTOES CENTRES OF CONCENTRATION Themapof Northern Transylvania under Horthyst occupation, indicating centresof concentration of Jewishpopulation andtheghettoes. ^^ Reghin Tirgu Mures ( \ \ J \ N \ V Sf. Gheorghe l \. * / Jewish Population* in Northern Transylvania Before Deportation May, ,061 Deported MayJune, 1944 The Forced Labour Detachments ( ) 11,180 14,881 Returned to Transylvania 1, % Survivors Total 1% To Other Countries in the World, % Killed in the Holocaust Nearly 130,000 Jews * D Pinkas Hakehilot, vol.ii

65 ff (Jrt Jewish population _L TOTAL BIHOR COUNTY Total in cities Oradea Salonta Total, in villages 2. TOTAL CIUC COUNTY Total In cities Miercurea Ciuc Gheorgheni Total In villages TOTAL CLUJ COUNTY Odorhei Total in villages TOTAL SALAJ COUNTY Total in cities Zalau Carei Simleul Silvaniei Total in villages TOTAL S ATUMARE COUNTY Total in cities Satu Mare Baia Mare Baia Sprie Total in villages. TOTAL SOMES COUNTY Total in cities Dej Total In villages 11. TOTAL TREISCAUNE COUNTY Total in cities Sf. Gheorghe Tirgul Sacuiesc Total in villages ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 The Martyrdom of Jewish Population in Northern Transylvania T330 26,10,78 19, ,72 2, ,638 16, ,049 13,74 4, ,394 1,68 9,363 2,370 13,88 11,33 2, ,48,619 4,397 3,360 6, T3T T337 2,806 9,283 21,930 8,190 21,337 8, ,876 1,093 2, , ,097 7,3 unaccounted for 16,23 13,740 13, ,783 1, ,09 11,742 Total In cities 14,30 17,723 6,84,878 Clui 13,04 16,763 6,00,263 Huedin 1, Total in villages 2,021 1, TOTAL MARAMURES COUNTY 34,089 39,83,96 33,987 Total in cities,609,144 2,308 7,836 Sighet,609,144 2,308 7,836 Total in villages 23,480 29,439 3,288 26,11. TOTAL MURES COUNTY,377,426 3,26 6,900 Total in cities 6,780 7,328 3,240 4,088 Tirgu Mures,193,693 2,480 3,213 Reghin 1,87 1, Total in villages 3,97 3, , TOTAL NASAUD COUNTY 6,37 6,426 1,941 4,48 Total in cities Bistrita Nasaud Total in villages TOTAL ODORHEI COUNTY Total cities 2,623 2, ,72 1, ,773 2, , ,4 1, ,363 1, , ,382 3,369 4,14 1, ,2 90 1, ,437 2,194 2,037,97 16,892 8,30 12,960 7,00 3, ,14,478 4,66 3,719, ,067 2,1 1,230 1, ,213 2, ,66 1,06 4,243 14,440 8,362,460 2, ,078 8,323 3,336 2,699 4,

66 66 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 Yeshivot in Northern Transylvania* 1. Baia Mare Founded by dr. Moshe Aharon Hakoen Krauss Batarci Founded by Shochet and Daian Rabbi Iosed Beclean Founded by Rabbi Smuel Ehrenfeld after Bistrita Founded by Rabbi Slomo Zalman Ulman. Carei Foundedby Dcutiel Zalman Wolf Beginning of 19thCentury 6. Cehul Silvaniei Founded by Rabbi Moshe Klein Copalnic Manastur Founded by Rabbi BeniaminZeev Schwartz 8. Craciunesti Founded by Rabbi Avraam Haim Reiman Dej Founded by Rabbi Menahem Mendel Paneth Gherla Founded by Rabbi Itzhac Iosef Hakohen beginning th Century 11. Halmeu Founded by Rabbi laacov Salom Klein 12. Hida Founded by Rabbi Ihiel Meir Paneth Huedin 14. Iclodul Mare Founded by Rabbi Haim lehuda Broin 1. Ileanda Mare Founded by Rabbi IosefPaneth Leordina Founded by Rabbi Haim Eliahu Cvaiman Marghita Founded by Rabbi Hilel Lichtenstein Mediasul Aurit Founded by Rabi Zwi Ghinsberg end of 19thCentury 19. Negresti Foundedby Rabbi lehuda Leib Weinberger Nimigea de Jos Founded by Rabbi Avraam Slomo Katz 21. Nusfalau Founded by Rabbi Asher Anshil Weis Oradea Mare Founded by Rabbi Israel Nahman Drohobitsher Pir Founded by Rabbi Alexander Zusa (8 pupils) 24. Reteag Founded by Rabbi Smuel Suria and Simson Haiman 2. Rodna Founded by Rabbi Asher Rubin 26. Ruscova Founded by Rabbi Avraam Slomo Katz 1930,7 pupils 27. SatuMare Founded by Rabbi lehuda Grunwald 1898, 3 more yeshivot 28. Sighet Founded by Rabbi Ikutiel lehuda Teitelboim Simleul Silvaniei Founded by Rabbi Mordehai Halevi Horowitzer 30. Singeorgiul de Padure Founded by Rabbi Isashar Kohn 31. Strimtura Founded by Rabbi Moshe Kizelnic 32. Tasnad Founded by Rabbi Haim Betalel Paneth At the time of Rabbi Mordehai Brisk is the biggest Yeshiva in Transylvania 33. Tirgu Lapusului Founded by Rabbi MosheTeitelboim TirguMures Founded by Rabbi Isashar Beer Kohen after Tint Founded by Rabbi Avraam Salom Ieruham Friedman Valea lui Mihai Founded by Rabbi Moshe Iohanan Senfeld 37. Viseul de Sus Founded by Rabbi Smuel Smekla Ghintzeler * Pinkas Hakehilot, vol. 11

67 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring Jews Deported From Main Points of Embarkation in Northern Transylvania (Figures arebased on information gathered by thehungarian Military Headquarters in Kosice, where the deportations from Northern Transylvania were transited to Auschwitz)* MAY Sighetul Marmatiei 3, " Okormezo 3,02 18 " Sighetul Marmatiei 3, " Viseul de Sus 3, " Satu Mare 3,006 " Sighet 3,4 21 " Viseu 3, " Sighet 3, " Satu Mare 3, " Oradea 3,1 23 " Viseu 3,028 2 " Oradea 3,14 2 " Cluj 3,130 2 " OcnaSlatina 3,317 2 " Viseu 3, " Satu Mare 3, " Tirgu Mures 3, " Dej 3,10 29 " Cluj 3, " Satu Mare 3, " Oradea 3, " Tlrgu Mures 3,3 30 " Oradea 3, " Satu Mare 3, " Cluj 3, " Baia Mare 3, " Simleul Silvaniei 3,6 1 June Oradea 3,09 1 " Satu Mare 2,61 2 " Bistrita 3,6 2 " Cluj 3,0 3 " Oradea 2,972 4 " Reghin 3,149 " Oradea 2,27 " Baia Mare 2,844 6 " Dej 3,160 6 " Bistrita 2,87 7 " Simleul Silvaniei 1,84 8 " Dej 1,364 8 " Cluj 1,784 8 " Tirgu Mures 1,163 9 " Cluj 1, M Oradea 2, ,641 * Braham L. R. op. tit. As can be seen the figures do not corroborate with the other sources. What is essential today is the frantic pace of deportations. Yiddish Press in Northern Transylvania* 1. Yiddishe Folkstzaitung 1893 Sighet M 2. SigheterTzaitung DiVarhait Yiddishes Folksblat Zion Ahavat Zion Yiddishes Blat Maramureser Yiddishe Tzaitung 19 ti 9. Yiddishes Folkstzaitung 19 ti. Kol Mevasher 1899 Cluj 11. Yiddishe Tzaitung 1921 Sighet 12. Yiddishes Folkstzaitung 1928 M 13. Yiddishe Prese Maramureser Bleter Oifgang Iang Maramures Kolenu Unzere Shtime 193 Viseul de Sus 18. Algemeine Yiddishe Prese 19 Bistrita 19. Agudat Hazovhim 1929 Baia Mare. Di Vohe 1930 Dej 21.Yiddishe Shtime 1933 Dej 22.Transilvanishe Prese 1934 Baia Mare 23.Transilvanishe Yiddishe Tzaitung 1934 Somcuta Mare * Pinkas Hakehilot, vol. II Hatoy Hebrew Press in Northern Transylvania* Beit Vaad Lehahamim Hashemesh Meghed lerahim Agam Maim Saarei Zion Vaad Hahamim Ohel Itzhak Kneset Hahamim. Darkener 11. Kevutei Buhurim 12. Kovet Mefarshei Hatora 13. Leket Sobana 14. Hamessef 1. Halihot Olam 16. Haeskol 17. Ohel Sem * Pinkas Hakehilot. vol. II ti ii it ti ii ti it ti ii 1874 Sighet 187 Oradea 1878 Sighet 1898 sighet 1900 Sighet 189 Sighet 1901 Sighet 1903 Satu Mare 190 Sighet 1931 Sighet 1933 Marghita 1933 Marghita 1934 Satu Mare 1934 Oradea 1943 Oradea 1930 Cluj 1942 Cluj

68 68 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 Wellknown Rabbis Killed During the Holocaust Name and Surname Place of Pastershio 1. Aizikson Avraham Isashar Dov Poienile de Sub Munte 2. Arenreich Shlomo Zalman Simleul Silvaniei 3. Bindigher Elimelech Dei 4. Birsk Moshe Tasnad. Broin Haim lehuda Iclod 6. Dr. Dantzig Shmuel Beniamin Sighetu Marmatiei 7. Dr. Davidovits D. Mihali Sf. Gheorghe 8. Elias laacov Shmuel Gherla 9. Elias Moshe Sic. Feldman Moshe Israel Dragomiresti 11. FischEliezer Satu Mare 12. Fisch Haim Moshe Copainic Manastur 13. Freind Elimelech Jidovita 14. Frelad Israel Reghin 1. Freind Moshe Gheorgheni 16. Freind Moshe Arive Nasaud 17. Friedlender Elimelech Prundul Birgaului 18. Friedman Avraham Shalom lemham Turt 19. Friedman Dov Esashar Poienile de Sub Munte. Ghinzburg Shmuel Smelka Mediesul Aurit 21. Gross Aharon Tirgu Lapus 22. Gross Ikutiel lehuda Sighetu Marmatiei 23. Gross Shmuel Carei 24. Hager Alter Menahem Mendel Borsa 2. Hager Baruch Viseu de Sus 26. Hager Menahem Mendel Viseu de Sus 27. Horowitz Avraham Avus Carei 28. Horowitz Naftali Budesti 29. Horowitz Pinchas Bistrita 30. Halpert Iosef Zwi Somcuta Mare 31. Heiman Simson Reteag 32. Jungreitz Asher Anshil Halevi Zalau 33. Kahana Zwi Sapinta 34. Katz Ioel Ardud 3. Kishelnik Moshe Rozavlea 36. Kohn Ghershon Menahem Mendel Singeorgiu de Padure 37. Klein laacov Shalom Halmeu 38. Klein Shlomo Zalman Cehu Silvaniei 39. Dr. Kraus Moshe Aharon Hakohen Baia Mare 40. Kraus Natan Anshil Sanislau 41. Leibovici Iehoshua Reteag 42. Lichtenstein Avraham Dov Lechinta 43. Lichtenstein Beniamin Zev Bistrita 44. Lichtenstein Haim Zwi Bucium 4. Lichtenstein Iosef Shmuel Cehu Silvaniei 46. Lichtenstein Simon Lechinta 47. UJw Smaie Odorhei 48. Panet laacov Elimelech Dei 49. Panet Ihiel Meir Hida (Cluj) 0. Poldk David lehuda Sovata 1. Rozenbaum Meir Gherla 2. Rozenfeld Menahem lehuda Halevi Bistrita 3. Rubin Asher Rodna 4. Rubin Meir Iosif Valea lui Mihai. Sic Alexander Zusa Pir 6. Sofer Menachem Tg. Mures 7. Spitz Meir Bistrita 8. Stroli Moshe Baia Sprie 9. Shapira Pinchas Cuhea 60. Schwartz Avraham Seini 61. Schwartz Avraham lehuda Hakohen Toplita 62. Schwartz Iosef Hakohen Oradea 63. SchOnfeld Ihezkel Valea lui Mihai 64. Teitelboim Ikutiel lehuda Sighetu Marmatiei 6. Teitelboim Shmuel Nusfalau 66. Toib Moshe Ezra Gherla 67. Isurun laacov Israel Reghin 68. Dr. Vaida Istvan Oradea 69. Vider Baruch Avraham Odorhei 70. Weinberger Mordechai Azriel Marghita 71. Weiss Asher Anshil Nusfalau 72. Weiss Haim Aharon Hida 73. Weiss Itzhac Aizic Sapinta 74. Weiss Shmuel David Tulghes 7. Weiss Zwi Ulmeni 76. Weidman Ihezkel Sacel

69 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring Jewish Printers in Northern Transylvania PlacesTimeTitles (number)* Wr. Loc. W/ Jewish Aiier me iouu une crt pnnt facihtes Holocaust pub.vols. 1 Sighet Satu Mare Seini Cluj Oradea Marghita Simleu Dej Beclean 7 Other cities TOTAL * Pinkas Hakehilot, vol. II After the Total titles "fle Loc w/ Jewish Local Jewish Printers in Northern Transylvania Location with Printing Facilities and Authors, According to Their Roots Authors from other Authors from Authors from Authors from crt print facilites Authors areas than Trans. Hungary Romania other countries 1 Sighet Satu Mare Seini Cluj Oradea Marghita Simleu Dej Beclean 1 2 Other cities TOTAL Total

70 12 19 _ _ [3] [701] [9368] 70 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring 00 Jewish Population in Transylvania and the Banat Comitatul, Orasul /30/1940 Arad, comitat inclusiv Arad, ora$ _ Alba de Jos BistritaNasaud _ Bihor (inclusiv Oradea) Brasov Ciuc Fagaras Alba Iulia Trei Scaune Hunedoara _ Tirnava Mare si Mica Cluj, comitat Cluj, oras Chioar Crasna Caras Severin Maramures MuresTurda Baia Mare Carei 6870 Nazna Rodna Satu Mare comitat si oras 112 Sibiu Solnoc Dabica 40 Timis, Timi oara [2] Turda Aries Torontal Odorhei Zaraud [1] ] [222] [ [963] [2139] 70 [1402] (2491] 71 [1792] [271] [30] [3623] [2349] [22] [16] [00] ] [11788] TOTAL ^ V

71 ROMSIG NEWS, Volume 8, No. 1, Spring Romanian Sources in New York City Compiled By Ruth Gavis [Organization Description I First Roumanian American Congregation Shaarei Shomayim (Gates of Heaven) 89 Rivington Street (Between Ludlow and Orchard) New York, New York 002 Rabbi Jacob Spiegel Study Phone (212) Home Study (212) Fax(212) One of the oldest synagogues in the city, dating back to the mid 1800's, it is now housed in a Romanesque style building which was constructed in Through the years, the syna gogue has had many illustrious choir members, cantors, and congregants. Among these were George Burns, Red Buttons, Eddie Cantor, Moishe Koussevitsky, Moishe Oysher, Jan Pearce, and Richard Tucker. As a result, the synagogue earned the nickname of "The Cantor's Carnegie Hall". The synagogue offers daily services primarily attended by a small number of shopkeepers from the surrounding area. Guests are welcome. Tours of the sanc tuary can be arranged for individuals or groups. NOTE: Annual Reports from about 191 are at the Yeshiva University Archives, 00 West 18 St., New York, NY 033. (See entry below). Yeshiva University and Library 00 West 18 Street * New York, NY 033 Phone (212) 96041/3 Library (212) Sammy's Roumanian Steak House 17 Chrystie Street (off Delancy Street) New York, NY 002 (212) World Federation of Hungarian Jews 136 East 39th Street New York, NY 016 Leader: Peter Hamori Phone (212) Romanian National Tourist Office 14 East 38th Street (between th and Madison) 12th Floor New York, NY 016 Director: Simeon S. Alb Phone(212)48484 Fax (212) ronto@erols.com Website: Romanian Cultural Center 0 East 38 Street (near 3d Avenue) New York, NY 016 Amalie Topirceanu Phone (212) Fax (212) Romanian Consulate 0 East 38th Street New York, NY 016 Consul: Cela Sudeu Phone (212) Romanian Journal 41 Concourse Avenue Bronx, NY 4 Editor: Sorrin Botezatu Phone (718) 9938 Fax (718) Annual Reports from about 191 for the First Roumanian American Congregation Shaarei Shomayim. They have materials from The Central Relief Committee, a few Romanian Yeshiva Records, Yizkor Books, and over 10titlesrelatingto Romanian Jews.A picture ID is necessary to use the library. Hours are 9am to :30pm Monday through Thursday, 9amto 12:30pm Friday, 12pm to 6:30pm Sunday Owner Sammy invites guests to turn back the clock to meals like the ones cooked by their grandmothers. Along with Roumanian and other East European specialties, the restaurant serves steaks "unmatched anywhere for flavor and tenderness". In addition, there is enter tainment with Israeli singers and musicians and singalongs with old Yiddish songs. This is a social club which covers territory that is part ofromania. This is the official agency for tourism in Romania where either in person or by mail you can obtain brochures and maps for travel in Romania. Although genealogy is not the mis sion of the agency, Director Alb can offer suggestions for contacting the National Archives in Bucharest. Hours are 9am to pm Monday through Friday. It is, however, a single person operation so that it is advisable to call ahead before you visit. The Cultural Center has regularly scheduled conferences, concerts and exhibitions on cur rent topics of Romania interest. There is also a small library with most books in Romanian although a few shelves are devoted to books in English. For current happenings, the Center has newspapers and magazines in Romanian. Hours are 9am to 6pm Monday through Friday, but closed each day between 1pm and 2pm for lunch. The Consulate will search for archival information about family members who were born or lived in Romania ONLY if you have precise dates, places, and names of persons and their parents. Tlie cost for this service is $30 in cash or money order. Checks are not accepted. It is preferable to call first before visiting the Consulate or sending your data by mail. You may be advised to contact the Romanian Consulate in Los Angeles, CA or in Washington, DC if you live outside the New York area and are closer to one of these areas. Hours are am to 1pm Monday through Friday. A weekly newspaper in the Romanian language, the Journal is published every Wednesday and contains information of interest to Romanians in the USA and abroad. There are sec tions devoted to Israel and news specifically for Jewish Romanians. The Journal also has programs throughout the USA in the Romanian language on radio and television. Contact the editor for specific programs and times. Office hours are 12am to 12pm Monday and Tuesday and 12am to 12pm on Wednesday through Friday.