How Does the Human Brain Drain Affect Students?

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1 2005 Paris August Trends in the Management of Human Resources in Higher Education Brain drain and brain gain: the challenges of internationalisation QuickTime e un Introduction National Research Council IRPPS

2 The main themes Internationalization Mobility Brain drain or brain gain?

3 Positive or negative effects? On science and technology On Higher education systems On Human capital and Labour markets At individual level

4 Possible Positive Effects on science and technology and Higher education systems (source: Regets adapted) Sending Countries: Knowledge flows and collaboration, return of natives with foreign education and human capital, increased ties to foreign research institutions Export opportunities for technology Successful overseas entrepreneurs bring valuable management experience and access to global networks Receiving Countries: Increased R&D and economic activity due to availability of additional high skill workers Entrepreneurship in high growth areas Knowledge flows and collaboration with sending countries Immigrants can foster diversity and creativity Export opportunities for technology

5 Possible Negative Effects on science and technology and Higher education systems (source: Regets adapted) Sending Countries: Human capital effects Brain Drain Lost productive capacity due to absence of higher skilled workers and students Lower returns from public investment in tertiary education (waste of national public resources) Receiving Countries: Higher education systems Decrease of native students in certain fields Science and technology Technology transfers to foreign competitors and possible hostile countries

6 Possible Positive Effects on Individuals (source: CNR-MERIT Surveys) Positive evaluation of the experience are prevailing because of : Work environment - Research experience Scientific level of hosting institution R&D resources - Scientific equipment

7 Possible Negative Effects on individuals (source: CNR-MERIT Surveys) Negative evaluation of the experience due to: Bureaucracies red tape and difficulties in obtaining work permits and residence visa Low salary levels compared to country of origin Loss of opportunities home

8 Concluding remarks/issues for discussion What helps and hinders HRST mobility brain drain/gain? Reasons to move Barriers and obstacles At Oecd level HRST Supply continues to increase Demand continues to expand and occupations projections show more employment will come from S&T occupations Demand in both public and private sectors is changing more flexibility, mobility and openess Two challenges adapting training to constantly changing demand Fostering mobility -- through incentives not just schemes

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