Bright, brighter, brightest sorgenti di luce e scienza a Elettra e FERMI

Transcription

1 Bright, brighter, brightest sorgenti di luce e scienza a Elettra e FERMI

2 Elettra until 2008

3 ELETTRA SR FERMI FEL Main difference SR recirculate beam multi bunch FEL single pass machine SR High pulse rate (~100 MHz) FEL Low pulse rate ( Hz) SR High average current FEL High peak current (~ ma) Temporal pulse length ps 100 fs Flux ph/sec Flux ph/pulse pulse Peak power 10 3 W Peak power 10 9 W

4 Scheme of a 3 rd generation Synchrotron Light Facility Injection system (Linac) Injection line RF Cavity Vacuum ring Insertion Device Bending magnet beamline Experimental Hutch

5 Undulator Emission: relativity transforms the large period of the magnetic structure into the microscopic wavelength of x-rays. An electron travels toward an undulator at speed v. The undulator forces the electron to wiggle and to emir radiation of wavelength equal to its (shrunk) period, L/nγ Because of Lorentz contraction, the period seen by the electron shrinks by a factor γ Doppler effect further shrinks the wavelength of the emitted radiation by a factor 2γ

6 Synchrotron Radiation from Relativistic Electrons

7 Synchrotron Radiation from Relativistic Electrons

8 Photon sources at Elettra Peak Brilliance (Photons/s/mm 2 /mrad 2 /0.1%bw) FERMI EUFELE FEU nm U nm 10 Wavelength(nm) U5.6 Short U5.6 Short W15.0 Bending Magnet 10 nm Photon Energy (ev) Elettra E=2 GeV I=400 ma SCW W14.0

9 The Short Wavelength Region of the Electromagnetic Spectrum

10 Earth science at ELETTRA IMAGING NON DESTRUCTIVE 3D INVESTIGATIONS 3D MICROSTRUCTURE TEXTURE QUANTITATIVE ANALISYS DIFFRACTION NON AMBIENT CONDITIONS PHASE DIAGRAMS PHASE TRANSITIONS STABILIZATION OF NEW PHASES EQUATIONS of STATE STRUCTURAL EVOLUTION

11 Diffraction at ELETTRA : XRD beamline macromolecules but butalso alsomaterial science, high high pressure, fibers, inorganic crystals... 11

12 HRD(1) diffraction beamline (1995 version) refocussing mirror monochromator sample stage filter source slits 12

13 XRD1: present and future General purpose X-ray beamline with a extended spectrum(4-21 kev) from a wiggler source, shared with the SAXS BL. The BL hosts PX and material science experiments, in collaboration with CNR.

14 XRD1: present and future Top-up mode introduced serious thermal load problem affecting the BL monochromator. Two water direct-cooled crystals already substituted (2012, 2013), a third one is expected to be introduced in few weeks. This was reflected in a reduced (total) flux and enlarged spot size, causing problems both with users and industry (long exposure time, and beam divergence in particular). A closed loop cryogenic system (liquid nitrogen) from Bruker has been purchased and has been tested in May XRD1 is now running at full capacity.

15 BM Present: Present: MCX MCX new newxrd1 XRD1 currently currentlyininconstruction: construction: XRD2 XRD2cluster cluster Beamline designed for non single crystal diffraction experiments Open to users since 2009 II minerali minerali e e la la luce luce -- Perugia Perugia Andrea Andrea Lausi Lausi giugno giugno

16 Before MCX: Powder Diffraction Facilities at ELETTRA Powder in capillary on XRD1 area detector (Si ~18 kev) Fit2D to integrate rings Resolution limited by spatial response of detector and by sample dimensions 16

17 Diffraction analyses Phase identifications Texture analysis Phase transitions Crystal structure determination Crystal structure refinements Quantitative phase analysis (and crystallinity determination) Microstructural analyses (crystallite sizes - microstrain) Residual stress analysis 17

18 Design Guidelines High-flux tuneable source with a wide spectral range, (6-20 kev) Possibility to extend the Flexible optics line focus (10 x 1 mm 2 ) point focus (1 x 1 mm 2 and below) Accommodate large volume samples Use of different detectors Sample temperature control User-friendly software 18

19 MCX optical design : source Photons/s/0.1%bw (/2 mrad horiz /0.27 mrad vert.) ELETTRA operated at 2.4 GeV, 200 ma bending magnet spectral flux Flux at the sample (Air environment) Flux at the sample (He environment) Photon Energy (ev) Photons/s λ (Å) 19

20 MCX optical design : source Photons/s/0.1%bw (/2 mrad horiz /0.27 mrad vert.) ELETTRA operated at 2.4 GeV, 200 ma bending magnet spectral flux Flux at the sample (Air environment) Flux at the sample (He environment) Photon Energy (ev) Photons/s λ (Å) 20

21 MCX optical design : outline High-transmission Filterwindow assembly Collimating Pre-mirror Wide range monochromator with II crystal bender for dynamical sagittal focusing Bendable focusing mirror 21

22 Sagittal Focussing Grazing incidence reflection optics: geometrical loss small acceptances difficult to manufacture expensive bent II crystal 22

23 The Elettra Hard X-ray Monochromator E. Busetto, I. Cudin, G. Fava R. Borghes, G. Cautero long 2nd crystal movement capability allow for the wide energy range 23

24 The Elettra Hard X-ray Monochromator 24

25 Front-end Hutch Anrea Lausi The CX project 25

26 First mirror II minerali minerali e e la la luce luce -- Perugia Perugia Andrea Andrea Lausi Lausi giugno giugno

27 First mirror 0.5 µrad slope error measured on the Elettra Long Trace Profilometer 27

28 0.65 µrad slope error 28

29 From the Optical to the Experimental Hutch 29

30 Experimental Station 30

31 Experimental Station 4 circle diffractometer ( precision in 2θ) XYZ translation stage Recieving slits Analyzer crystal / scintillator detection system Hot air blower (up to 1273K) Cryo stream (down to 100K) Laser sensor for accurate sample positioning 31

32 General User Interface Control system based on pyton General command interface for: driving motors theta-2theta scan multiple theta-2theta scans single or two motor scan multiple scans monochromator functions calibration functions warnings management

33 Experimental Station 33

34 Experimental Station 34

35 Instrumental profile (capillary) 35

36 Instrumental profile (flat plate) 36

37 Instrumental profile (capillary) 37

38 In Situ Reaction Furnace Designed as a stand alone equipment to be used on mcx beamline. Maximum temperatures reached in current setup 1000 C. Ideal for powder samples Diffraction data recorded on a translating Imaging plate. Remote controlled 38

39 Furnace Design 39

40 Furnace Design 40

41 Detection system Images recorded on translating imaging plate Translation controlled by Labview program Measurements in contiunuous and discrete mode Data integration using fit2d 41

42 Capillary holder 42

43 Experimental Station Phase identification Structure determination Residual stress Micro-structural analysis 43

44 The SCW beamlines cluster 44

45 Multipole Superconducting Wiggler The multipole superconducting wiggler, constructed by Budker Institute of Novosibirsk, was designed to produce a high flux and brilliance source in the kev range. Currently refurbished at Novosibirsk with new cryostat allowing to limit the liquid helium (LHe) consumption to a maximum of 2 refills per year Crytical photon energy 13.4 kev Total radiated power 6.85 kw Maximum field: 3.5 T Poles 49 Pole gap 16.5 mm Period length 64 mm

46 Multipole Superconducting Wiggler The new SCW compared to the permanent magnet wiggler of the existing Diffraction beamline (xrd1) Brilliance (photons/s/0.1%bw/mm 2 /mrad 2 ) E=2.4GeV; I=100mA W 14.0 SCW A factor 14 higher brilliance at 25 kev!! Photon energy (ev)

47 25 kev High Pressure branch-line Acceptance 500*120 μrad 2 Flux in 80*80 μm 2 aperture at sample: GeV, 100mA Super conducting wiggler Mask Filters Si m Toroidal Mirror 33 m Experiment 44.8 m

48 XRD2 general layout

49 XRD2: status and perspective XRD2 and Xpress have been constructed in collaboration with the Indian Institute of Science (Bangalore) The source can host a third fixed energy beamline (Pharma?). Most optical components already characterized and installed. Orders have been placed for >95% of the necessary items and we expect to have all the items vacuum-related, controls and plants in house and installed for September 2014 (commissioning till February 2015). Will present all the features of a high throughput MAD BL (including sample changer, SPINE compatible), with remote data collection capability. Xpress is expected to be up and running in June XRD2 is expected to be up and running in September 2015.

50 SCW Front-end mask

51 Beam splitter

52 XRD2: flux at focus Flux at the sample: 3.3 E13 ph/s/0.1%bw (2GeV, 100mA) Sizes of the focal spot: 330μm X 90μm, 2.3mrad X 0.3mrad [FWHM] Estimated fluxes at the sample (taking account of filters, efficiency of the monochromator, reflectivity of the mirrors and different sample sizes): 310 ma 140 ma Square size 1 x x µm X 200µm 9 x x µm X 50µm 2.5 x x µm X 10µm

53 XRD2: status and perspective 310 ma0 140 ma Square size 1 x x µm X 200µm 9 x x µm X 50µm 2.5 x x µm X 10µm BL spot size flux (ph/s) BM x 750 4,50E+011 ESRF - Id x200 1,00E+011 ESRF Id x100 1,00E+011 ESRF Id x250 5,00E+012 ESRF ID x10 4,00E+011 Set against the existing MX beamlines in Europe, XRD2 compare favourably with most non-microfocus beamlines, such as ESRF BM14/ID14-1/ID14-2, Bessy 14.1, SLS X06DA, Diamond I24. ESRF ID29 30x50 1,00E+013 ALBA - XALOC 6x50 2,00E+012 BESSY x50 1,60E+011 SLSPSI - X06DA 90x70 4,00E+011 SLSPSI - X10SA 50x10 2,00E+012 DIAMOND - I24 80x80 1,00E+012

54 XRD2 status

55 XRD2 status

56 FERMI source Elettra Synchrotron Storage Ring ~ 50 m Experimental hall ~ 100 m Undulatorhall ~ 200 m Injector and Linac tunnel FERMI@Elettra Seeded Free Electron Laser FERMI-1 1 from 100 nm to 20 nm FERMI@Elettra is a single-pass seeded FEL user-facility. Two separate FEL amplifier will cover the spectral range from 100 nm (12 ev) ) to 4 nm (320 ev). Based on the high gain harmonic generation scheme FERMI provides pulses of <100 fs with unique characteristics: high peak power short temporal structure tunable wavelength variable polarization seeded harmonic cascade Ref: E.Allaria et al. Nature Photonics (2012) FERMI-2 2 from 40 nm to 4 nm FEL-1 User experiment FEL-2 Commissioning phase FERMI-2 10,8 nm 56

57 SASE FEL SASE FEL: Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission

58 SASE FEL SASE FEL: Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission Startup from noise!

59 Seeded FEL HGHG: High Gain Harmonics Generation seeding on sub-harmonic

60 Seeded FEL HGHG Intensity (a.u.) 0.23 nm FWHM SASE x10 5 Courtesy Li HuaYu (BNL) wavelength (nm)

61 Lens vs Lensless imaging TwinMic Elettra Lens Lensless Lenses directly acquire information in real space, inverting the Fourier transformation by recombining at a given distance the scattered x-rays with correct phases making them interfere to form a replica of the object CCD camera D L µm Measured diffracted intensity TF { f } ρ ( k ) Phase lost ϕ( k ρ ) 2 CDI acquire data in reciprocal space. In Fraunhofer approximation Diffraction pattern is related to the real-space object through a Fourier transformation, which encodes the image in propagation directions and phases of the electromagnetic field. sample ρ f ( r ) no high quality optics for imaging! 61

62 For imaging phase is important AMP cat PHA cat AMP dog PHA dog

63 How CDI works Coherent Field Impose Measure Intensity, Keep Phase Reconstructed object Diffraction pattern z Impose support Guess Phase

64 Beamlines- PADReS system Photon Analysis,Delivery and Reduction System Ref: M.Zangrando, N.Mahne, L.Raimondi, C.Svetina, D.Cocco(former) Plane mirrors Shutters EIS Switching 2.5 FEL 1 38m FEL m Spectrometer Safety Hutch Delay Line Switching TIMEX-LDM TIMER TIMEX KB System Monochromator KB System LDM DiProI Spectrometer On-line M1 M2 M6 ML1 M5 M8 M7 M3 M4 FEL single-shotm6 spectral diagnostic M7 tool Special ML2 mirror(planar+greeting) About99 % offel radiationtowardbls1 % offel radiationtoward light converterfast 1m CCD spectrometerbranch. 1m Ref. C.Svetina et al. SPIE (2011) Courtesy D.Cocco T Capability: -2.5 ps< T < 35 ps without MLs T up to 1 ns with MLs Two color Pump&Prob Pump: 1 st Probe: 1 st or 3 rd (at multilayer wavelength) FEL photon energy 38.19eV±1.1meV (RMS) FEL bandwidth 22.5meV Spectral purity 5.9e-4

65 Mix n probe: two-colors fel pulses G. De Ninno, B. Mahieu, E. Allaria, L. Giannessi, S. Spampinati, Phys. Rev. Lett. 110,

66 two-color pump-probe experiment E. Allaria, et al., Two-colour pump probe experiments with a twin-pulse-seed extreme ultraviolet free-electron laser, Nat. Commun. 4, 2476

67 two-color pump-probe experiment F. Bencivenga, R. Cucini, F. Capotondi, A. Battistoni, R. Mincigrucci, E. Giangrisostomi, A. Gessini, M. Manfredda, I. P. Nikolov, E. Pedersoli, E. Principi, C. Svetina, P. Parisse, F. Casolari, M. B. Danailov, M. Kiskinova & C. Masciovecchio "Four wave mixing experiments with extreme ultraviolet transient gratings," Nature 520, 205 (2015), DOI: /nature14341

68 THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION