How To Understand And Understand The Concept Of Public Administration

Transcription

1 THE OPEN UNIVERSITY OF TANZANIA FACULTY OF ARTS AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION PROGRAMME: BACHELOR OF ARTS PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION OPA 101 INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION COURSE OUTLINE 1.0 Introduction We welcome you to OPA 141: Introduction to Public Administration. This is a two unit course, supposedly meant to be taken by all undergraduate students in the Bachelor of Arts (Public Administration) in the Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences (FASS) of the Open University of Tanzania. The course is being introduced for the first time in the form it is, although it was also taught in the past as part of Political Science and Public Administration. The change of the course to the current structure and content was seen to be the best way we can inculcate the detailed knowledge, skills, understanding and competencies of theory and practice of public administration. Public Administration course is pursued as a core course by all undergraduate students studying the Bachelor of Arts (Public Administration). The course introduces students into the functionality of Government machinery and articulates how that machinery functions to achieve its set goals through people in it i.e. administrators. To administer involves the combining of individual efforts and performing a job that would otherwise, be impossible to perform by a single individual. Definitely combining the individual efforts and directing them to the desired end involves different actions, approaches and principles. These will clearly be covered in this course, so the learners who are future administrators can know how theory merges with practice. It is hoped that students who shall go through this course are equipped with skills, competencies, strategies and techniques of running the government machinery as administrators in implementing public policies. Students will be introduced to mainstream literature in Public Administration, the main locus and focus of the course and be able to apply the techniques to both public and private administration. This is important because while all the two provide services, they differ in the scope of their activities. Public administration has multiple roles to be achieved simultaneously, while Private administration is charged mainly with the profit motive of the organization. However, it is important also to appreciate a significant role in the contemporary government private sector complementarities, where private organizations are providing services to the public under the component of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). This course outline provides you with the necessary information about the contents of the course and the materials you will need to be familiar with for a proper understanding of the subject matter. It is suggested that you will need to use in addition to the materials recommended to you

2 by the course Lecturers, several other sources e.g. the internet materials, several journal articles to which OUT Library has subscribed and other on line materials, as you will be advised by the library staff from time to time. Please ensure that you become friendly with the search tools for materials as well as the use of library services. One final point is the necessity to attach your self in a study group where you will be sharing information, exchanging notes and learning from each other. As a student in distance learning system acquaint your self with self study skills and strategies so that learning becomes interesting and motivating at the same time. The lecturers will always be available to assist you whenever you get stuck, although it is not advisable to get stuck. It is anticipated that in a future date you will be having study materials for the course, but even with the availability of study materials you will need to supplement them with readings as suggested above. We are confident that with this elaborate course outline you will be able to study Public Administration, with a view to knowing how the machinery of government works, how policies are formulated and implemented, why some policies succeed and why others fail an so on. You will be able to apply the theoretical pieces of information to the real world of work and as a result be able to distinguish theory from practice. As an important contribution to your studies, you will undertake a field practical of five weeks, which will help you merge theory with practice, establish how they complement each other or how they may contrast sometimes. 2.0 Course Objectives At the end of this course, a student should be able to: (i) Define administration in general and public administration in particular, the Administrative Principles and Theories, delineating the scope and functions of Public Administration (ii) Differentiate between classical and behavioural approaches; the relationship between PA and other Social Sciences (iii) Draw a dichotomy between public and private administration (iv) Draw a distinction between Politics and administration (v) Identify and explain various approaches in administrative inquiry (vi) Describe various theories in public administration and the New Dimensions of Public Administration (vii) Apply public administration approaches to real administration in public sectors (viii) Identify and discuss the various controls on Public Administration (ix) Elucidate the major distinctions in dominant approaches in public Administration (x) Explore the problems within the African Bureaucracies including those of bureaucracy, corruption, unethical behavior, self interest and lack of Accountability 3.0 Main Content

3 Module 1 Public Administration: An Introduction Lecture 1 Definitions of Public Administration Lecture 2 General Introduction to the Studies of Public Administration Lecture 3 Importance of Public Administration Lecture 4 Scope of Public Administration Lecture 5 Main Characteristics of Public Administration Module 2 Basic Practices of Public Administration Unit 1 Functions Performed by Public Administration Unit 2 Methods of inquiry in Public Administration Unit 3 Civil Service Unit 4 Development Administration Module 3 Issues in Public Administration Unit 1 Basic Concepts of Public Administration Unit 2 Public issues in Administration Unit 3 Practical issues in our society, Tanzania Unit 4 Practical issues in the world Course Outline OPA 141 MODULE 1 Nature and Scope of PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION: AN INTRODUCTION Lecture 1 Definitions of Public Administration Lecture 2 General Introductions to the Studies of Public Administration Lecture 3 Importance of Public Administration Lecture 4 Scope of Public Administration Lecture 5 Main characteristics of Public Administration

4 Course Outline OPA 141 UNIT 1 DEFINITION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main content 3.1 Definition of Administration 3.2 Administration features 3.3 Administrative Theories 3.4 Definitions of Public Administration 3,5 Basic Administrative Principles 3.6 The Role and Importance of Public Administration 5.0 The Scope of Public Administration 6.0 References / Further Readings 3.1 Definition of Administration Administration is a universal concept and is also of universal importance. According to Simon (1950), it is said to commence immediately two people agree to co-operate to undertake a task, for instance, to move a stone which none of them can move alone. Also Nwosu (1985:3), noted that Administration is inevitable in any given situation where a piece of work has to be done, and this piece of work requires the effort of more than one person to accomplish it. We are involved in administrative behavior when we co-operate with other people to accomplish such objectives as erecting a community town hall, constructing and managing schools, churches, hospitals, vehicles, assembly plants. 3.2 Basic characteristic of administration Administrative practice is based on some known characteristics namely:

5 (i) Hierarchy: Organization form a chain of superiors ranging from the highest ranking to the lowest ranking manager (ii) Unity of command: Employees receive orders from one superior (iii)chain of command: organizations are divided into various but functional sections, units, departments etc. (iv) Span of Control: Employees are given authority and responsibility that is commensurate with their offices, which should not be more or less. 3.3 Theoretical Understanding of Public Administration The study of Public Administration has been approached from different theoretical understandings which include: Administrative Management developed by Hendry Fayol through his fourteen Principles of Management; and Ulrich and others Scientific Management developed by Fredrick W. Taylor who believed there was one best way of managing Bureaucratic Management developed by Max Weber who introduced the concept of Bureaucracy Human Relations which was developed through the works of Elton Mayo and colleagues 3.4 Definition of Public Administration Having understood the concept of administration, its characteristics, and theories, it can be noted that when the concept of administration is qualified with the word public it simply means the practice of administration in a particular segment of the society, that of the public sector. Public administration is therefore governmental administration and operates in the particular sphere of government. It is the machinery for implementing government policy. Public administration is concerned with the study of how a country s administration is organized and how it functions. Since it is the machinery for implementing government policy, it follows that its study must lead to the study of the most efficient ways of organizing the executive branch of government, its institutions and its procedures. Public administration is the machinery, as well as the integral processes through which the government performs its functions. 3.5 The Scope of Public Administration The scope of Public Administration varies with people s expectations of what they should get from the government. It is obvious however; that though public administration studies the administrative branch of the executive organ only yet its scope is a very wide one as it varies with the people s conception of a good life. Moreover, the scope of the executive branch of

6 government has varied over times, shifting from the core roles of the government towards developmental and economic growth at times The Broader view also called the Integral School of Public Administration The Managerial School also called Narrower view of Public Administration The Body of Knowledge also called the prevailing trend of Public Administration 3.6 The Role and Importance of Public Administration In to days modern state and in developing countries functions and role of Public Administration is very important. The role and importance of Public Administration are as follows. PA as the basis of government. PA as the instrument of change in the society. PA as an institution which plays vital role in the life of the people. PA as an instrument for executing laws, policies, programmes of the state. PA as a stabilizing force in the society as it provides continuity. PA as an instrument of national integration in the developing countries which are facing class wars. References Adebayo, (2004) Principles and Practice of Public Administrationin Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books and John Wiley Nnoli, O. (2003) Introduction to Politics Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center for Research on Peace and Conflict Resolution (PACREP) Module 2 GENERAL INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDIES OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives

7 3.0 Main Content 3.1 The Evolution of Public Administration 3.2 Public and Private Administration: Their differences 3.3 Public and Private Administration: Their similarities 3.4 Basic Principles of Administration (Refer to Fayol s 14 principles of Administration) 3.5 Qualities of a Public Administrator 4.0 References / Further Readings Introduction Public administration is a broad discipline that covers a variety of issues which touches on maximizing the use of scarce resources to satisfy human needs. Some of the issues will include: Introducing you the studies of public administration; the history of public administration; the distinction between public administration and private administration, similarities between public and private administrations, and qualities of a public administrator. 2.0 OBJECTIVES Towards the end of this theme the student should be able to Discuss the history of public administration State the differences between private and public administration Mention the similarities between private and public administration List the qualities of a public administrator COURSE GUIDE OPA Main Content 3.1 The Evolution of Public Administration 3.2 Differences between Public and Private Administration 3.3 Similarities between Public and Private Administration 3.4 Basic Principles of Administration (Refer to Fayol s principles as a starting point) 3.5 Qualities of Public Administrator

8 Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition,Enugu: Pan African Center for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP) Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administrationin Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books and John Wiley Weber, M. (1946), Essays in Sociology (Translated by H. H. Gerth and C. W. Mills, New York: Oxford University Press Weber, M. (1947), The Theory of Social and Economic Organization (Translated by A. M. Henderson and T. Parsons, New York: Oxford University Press, Module 3 The Environment of Public Administration 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Objectives 3.3 Main Content 3.4 Environment of Public Administration 4.0 References Introduction Public Administration deals with human beings, therefore, it is influenced by the environment in which it is required to function. The environment affects the administration of organizations, just as the activities and actions of the organization affect the environment. It is a well known fact that no administrator can ignore the social, economic, political, scientific and technological and cultural environment in which he/she is operating. There is reciprocal relationship between the environment and administration. Therefore for a thorough understanding of the administration, the study of environment is a sine quo non. In fact, administration and environments mutually affect each other so much so that it can be said that the study of environment for proper study of a public administration system is unavoidable. Therefore, there are different types of environments covered, and each one has its impact on administration. For example, economic conditions always have deep impact on economic structure and organisation of the society. Similarly administrative system contributes in economic development, etc.

9 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you should be able to discover the following points: that the study of public administration is incomplete without the study of its interaction with external environments importance of the study of Environment how political and constitutional environment of a country are inter- linked with its public administration system the impact of economic environment on public administration the role of language, education, values and communication system on administration etc. 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Economic Environment 3.2 Political environment 3.3 Social environment 3.4 Legal environment 3.5 Cultural environment 3.6 Scientific and Technological environment 4.0 References Ekhator, Victor Eghe (2003). Rudiments of Public Administration. Kaduna: Joyce Graphic Printers and Publishers Co. Mukhi, H.R. (1998). Comparative Public Administration. New Delhi: SBD Publishers. Nicholas, Henry (2006). Public Administration and Public Affairs. New Delhi: Prentice-Hall of India Ltd. Kinard, M. (1992) Management Prentice Hall USA Module 5 METHODS OF INQUIRY IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives

10 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Historical Method of inquiry in public administration 3.2 Descriptive Method of inquiry in public administration 3.3 Experimental Method of inquiry in public administration 3.4 Survey Method of inquiry in public administration 3.5 Case study Method of inquiry in public administration 3.6 The Institutional Method of inquiry in public administration 3.7 Comparative Method of inquiry in public administration 3.8 Biographical Method of Inquiry in Public Administration 4.0 References / Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION Public administration has evolved and developed over time, this has been possible because of relentless investigations into issues bothering on the improvement of the discipline. Major methods of inquiry into the discipline that will be discussed here are historical method, descriptive method, experimental method, survey method and case study method. 2.0 Objectives At the successful completion of this unit, you should be able to: Explain Historical Method Examine Descriptive Method Describe Experimental Method Discuss Survey Method State Case study Method Define Institutional Approach Explain Comparative Approach Explain Biographical Approach 3.0 MAIN CONTENT

11 3.1 Historical Methods of Inquiry in Public Administration 3.2 Descriptive Methods of Inquiry 3.3 Experimental Methods of Inquiry 3.4 Survey Methods of Investigation 3.5 Case study method of Inquiry 3.6 Institutional Approach of Inquiry 3.7 Comparative Approach of Inquiry 3.8 Biographical Approach of Inquiry 4.0 References Adamolekun, L. (1983) Public Administration: A Nigerian and Comparative Perspective, New York, Longman Ltd. Fisher, R. A (1957) The Designs of Experiments, London: Oliver and Boyd Jones, T. (1971) Conducting Political Research, New York: Harper and Row Publishers Onah, R. C (2005) Public Administration, Nsukka: Great AP Express Publishers Ltd. Osuala, E. C (2005) Introduction to Research Methodology; The Millennium Edition, Enugu: Cheston Agency Ltd Module 6 THE CIVIL SERVICE CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Definition and Functions 3.2 Principles of Civil Service 3.3 Control of the Civil Service

12 3.4 The Colonial / The Republic Civil Service 3.5 The New Civil Service in Tanzania 3.6 Civil Service in Tanzania, 1967 to1990 s 4.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION An understanding of the nature of Civil Service in a society is very vital for the study of the administrative practices of such place. Civil Service is the hub through which public administrative work centers on. Important areas considered for discussion here are the definition and functions, principles, control of civil service, the new civil service in Tanzania and civil service in Tanzania, 1967 to date. 2.0 OBJECTIVES It is intended that by the end of this unit, you should be able to: Define and list the functions of Civil Service Mention various principles of civil service Describe the control of civil service Examine the colonial/first Republic Civil Service in Tanzania Discuss New Civil Service in Tanzania Examine Civil Service in Tanzania, 1967 to 90 s Examine civil service reform under the second phase leadership MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Definition of Civil Service 3.2 Principles of Civil Service 3.3 The Colonial Civil Service in independent Tanzania 3.4 The new Civil Service in Tanzania 3.4 The Controls of Civil Service (Executive, Legislative and Judicial controls) 3.5 Civil Service under Socialist State 3.6 Civil Service Reforms in Tanzania

13 4.0 References Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books and John Wiley Dare, L and Oyewole (1988), A/L Government Textbook for West Africa, Ibadan: Onibonoje Press & Book Industries (Nigeria Limited) Ezeani, O. E (2005), Administrative Reforms in a Post Colonial State: An Appraisal of Nigeria s Experience under Obasanjo Regime ( ) in, University of Nigeria Journal of Political Economy, 1 (1) Henry, N. (2003) Public Administration and Public Affairs. Prentice Hall of India. New Delhi Module 6 DEVELOPMENT ADMINISTRATION CONTENT 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objective 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Definition 3.2 Theories 3.3 Traditional and New Public Administration 3.4 Obstacles of Development Administration 4.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION Since its inception, traditional public administration has been characterized by insurmountable problems which amount to bureaucratic bottlenecks. This situation does not augur well for development. Of course, the worst hit is the Developing Nations who are still grappling with providing the basic necessities of life.

14 Development administration is therefore a new concept designed to overcome these obstacles. This unit therefore will focus on the definition of development administration, theories and traditional and new public administration 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit, you are expected to: Define development administration State the theories of development administration Examine traditional and new public administration Mention the obstacles of development administration 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Definition of Development Administration 3.2 Theories of Development Administration Public Choice Theory Systems Theory Fusion Approach 3.3 Traditional vs New Public Administration 3.4 Obstacles to Development Administration 4.0 References Donald C. Stone, D. C (1965), Government Machinery Necessary for Development', in Martin Driesberg, ed, Public Administration in Developing Countries, Riggs, F. W (1995), 'Public Administration: A neglected Factor in Economic Development', Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, vol, 305 May MODULE 7 ISSUES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Lecture 1 Basic concepts of Public Administration

15 Lecture 2 Public issues in Administration Lecture 3 Practical issues in our society, Tanzania Lecture 4 Practical issues in the world Lecture 5 Solutions to Public Administration problems UNIT 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Bureaucracy 3.2 Organization 3.3 Chief Executive 3.4 The Environment of Public Administration 4.0 References / Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION Like other disciplines in social sciences, public administration has some peculiar concepts which are often employed for analytical purposes. Some of the concepts that will be discussed in this unit are bureaucracy, organization, chief executive and the environment of public administration 2.0 OBJECTIVES Towards the end of this module a student is expected to: Define bureaucracy and list its features Discuss the concept of organization Explain the responsibilities of chief executive Describe the environment of public administration 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Bureaucracy

16 3.2 Organization 3.3 The Chief Executive 3.4 Efficiency 3.5 The Environment of Public Administration 4.0 References Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books and John Wiley Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP) UNIT 2 PUBLIC ISSUES IN ADMINISTRATION CONTENTS 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Contents 3.1 Public policy 3.2 Implications for the concept of public policy 3.3 Stages of the policy process 3.4 Politics and policy 3.5 The Public Service 3.6 The importance of public service 4.0 References /Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION

17 Public administration is a system of administration that operates in government settings as such it involves a variety of public issues. The particular issues that will be examined here are public policy, implications for the concept of public policy, stages of the policy process, politics and policy, the public service and the importance of public service. 2.0 OBJECTIVES This unit will enable you to: Define Public policy List the implications for the concept of public policy Mention the stages of policy process Examine the link between politics and policy Explain public service Mention the importance of public service 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Public Policy 3.2 Implications for the concept of Public Policy 3.3 Public Policy Process 3.4 Politics and Public Policy 3.5 Public Service 3.6 The Importance of Public Service 4.0 References Anderson, J. (1979), Public Policy Making, New York: Thomas Nelson and Son Ltd. Easton, D (1965), Dunn, W. N. (1981), Public Policy Analysis: An Introduction, New Jersey: Prentice Hall

18 Jones, C. (1984), An Introduction to the Study of Public Policy, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Co. Hill, M. (2009). The Public Policy Process. Pearson Educational Limited, London. Bryner, C.G. (2009) Public Organizations and Public Policy in Guy Peter & John Pierre, Handbook of Public Administration. Sage Publications. London UNIT 3 Practical Issues in Tanzanian Public Administration CONTENT 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Historical Development 3.2 Public Service Review Commissions 3.3 Structures of Public Administration 3.4 Decision Making Process in Tanzanian Public Service 4.0 References / Further Readings 1.0 INTRODUCTION Tanzanian public administration touches on practical issues of development. Historically, it has passed through various stages. The main issues that will be examined in this unit are: Historical development of public administration in Tanzania, Wage Review Commissions, the Structures of Public Administration and Decision making process in Nigerian public service. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit you should be able to: Trace the major historical development of public administration in Tanzania discuss the administrative reforms that have taken place after independence describe the structures of Tanzanian Civil Service discuss decision making process in Tanzanian public service

19 3. O Historical Development 3.1 Review Commissions 3.2 Abolition of Local Government System 3.3 Structures of Public Administration - Decentralization 3.4 Reintroduction of Local Government Authorities 4.0 References Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books and John Wiley Lucy, T. (1991), Management Information System 6th Edition, London: Education Low Prices Books a Scheme Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP) Warioba, M.D, (1999) Management of Local Government in Tanzania: Some Historical Insights. IDM Mzumbe UNIT 4 PRACTICAL ISSUES IN THE WORLD CONTENT 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objective 3.0 Main Content 3.1 Public Administration and African Experience 3.2 French Administrative Practice 3.3 The United States of America 3.4 British Administration 4.0 References/Further Readings

20 1.0 INTRODUCTION Public administration is a very interesting area of study and it has its peculiarities in various parts of the world. We will therefore consider selected nations in this unit for discussion. Those to be considered include African nations (which are assumed to share similar experience depending on who the colonial masters were), France, America and Britain. 2.0 OBJECTIVES At the end of this unit you are expected to: Describe Public Administration in Africa Discuss administrative practice in France Explain the practice of Public Administration in the United States of America Discuss the British Administrative System 3.0 MAIN CONTENT 3.1 Public Administration and African Experience 3.2 French Administrative Practice 3.3 The United States of America 3.4 British Administration 4.0 References Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books and John Wiley Lucy, T. (1991), Management Information System 6th Edition, London: Education Low Prices Books a Scheme Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP) Module 8 The Public Budget: Purposes and Processes CONTENT

21 Meaning of Budget Centrality of Budget Evolution of Budgetary concepts in Government Major strategies and tactics for bigger budgets Budgeting in Tanzania The size and growth of Budgets and Sources of Revenue References Rosenbloom, H.D. (1993). Public Administration: Understanding Management, Politics, and Law in the Public Sector Mc Graw Hill NY Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books and John Wiley Lucy, T. (1991), Management Information System 6th Edition, London: Education Low Prices Books a Scheme Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP) 9.0 PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE AGE OF GLOBALIZATION AND LIBERALIZATION CONTENT 9.0 Objectives 9.1 Globalization 9.2 Liberalization 9.3 Public Administration since World War II 9.4 New Public Management Features of New Public Management Evaluation of New Public Management 9.5 Good Governance Features of Good Governance Evaluation of Good Governance Objectives: At the end of this unit the student should be able to: Define Globalization and Liberalization Explain the relationship between Globalization/Liberalization and Public Administration

22 Trace the changing nature of Public Administration since WWII Discuss the main features of New Public Management Explain the importance of Good Governance and its main features MAIN CONTENT 9.0 Objectives 9.1 Globalization 9.2 Liberalization 9.3 Public Administration since World War II 9.4 New Public Management Features of New Public Management Evaluation of New Public Management 9.5 Good Governance Features of Good Governance Evaluation of Good Governance References Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books and John Wiley Lucy, T. (1991), Management Information System 6th Edition, London: Education Low Prices Books a Scheme Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP) 10.0 Ethics and Accountability in Government CONTENT 10.0: Objective of the study 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Ethics and accountability in Public Administration 10.3 Legislative control over public administration 10.4 The Roles of the Ombudsman 10.0 Objective

23 The objectives of this unit is to help students Appreciate the importance of ethical behavior and integrity in the performance of public service Explain the various mechanisms of control over public administration Elucidate the control of the Legislature over public administration Discuss the roles of the Ombudsman in inculcating ethical behaviour 10.1 Introduction Public administration as an activity which encompasses each and every aspect of human life. The explosion and spread of information and communication technology, the wide acceptance of democratic form of government and changing social norms enable the people to demand higher standards of ethics, transparency and accountability in the public sector. Ethical public service is considered as a prerequisite of well functioning democracy. Ethical, transparent and accountable public sector is also a precondition of good governance that ensures sustainable development and responsive public policy CONTENT 10.0: Objective of the study 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Ethics and accountability in Public Administration 10.3 Legislative control over public administration 10.4 The Roles of the Ombudsman References Adebayo, (2004), Principles and Practice of Public Administration in Nigeria, Ibadan: Spectrum Books and John Wiley Lucy, T. (1991), Management Information System 6th Edition, London: Education Low Prices Books a Scheme Nnoli, O. (2003), Introduction to Politics, Revised Second Edition, Enugu: Pan African Center for Research and Conflict Resolution (PACREP)