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1 Library guide Referencing and citing Janet MacKay, July 2015 UG GEN007 [ Please note: some examples in this guide have been altered slightly to reflect the latest editions of the source material referred to (see page 9) and changes in general referencing practices. 1. Introduction This guide explains how to record what you have read and referred to in your written work, both within the text (citing) and at the end of your written work (bibliography). It is vital that you acknowledge what resources - print and electronic (including the Web) - you have referred to in your report or essay if you don t, you can be accused of plagiarism - the unacknowledged use of other people s words and ideas. This is cheating. There are two systems of referencing: author/date and numerical. Within these systems there are more than 3000 different styles. This guide provides a basic introduction and covers only three of the more common styles. There is no single style used across the University. In fact style preferences can vary within a School or Department. Always check your course handbook and/or ask your supervisor. You may lose marks for poor referencing. Students of the School of Education and the School of Law have their own specific referencing styles and they should use the separate education and law guides rather than this one. 2. Citing within the text When you refer in your written work to someone else s ideas, whether you are using your own words (paraphrasing) or quoting their exact words (never more than a couple of sentences), you must provide a short citation in the text using one of the following: AUTHOR/DATE SYSTEM (eg and ) Using the method, put the author s surname and year of publication in round brackets immediately before or after the text. eg (in the text) Smith (2001, p. 45) has argued that. OR life is a sham (Brown, 2008, p. 23). NUMERIC SYSTEM (eg ) Use a running number in the text which links to the numbering in the bibliography at the end. eg (in the text) Archer (3) claims that (and in the bibliography at the end) 3. Archer, D. (2007) Global warming. Oxford: Blackwell. USING FOOTNOTES (eg Chicago and ) Use a running number for each chapter and cite the work in a footnote at the bottom of the page. eg ( style in the text) Moffat argues that our landscape has formed our history. 10 (and at the bottom of the page) 10 Alistair Moffat. Before Scotland (London: Thames & Hudson, 2005) p. 7. (note the inversion of the name with forename then surname). The University of Aberdeen is a charity registered in Scotland, No SC013683

2 OR Time is a commodity which few women possess in great quantity. 1 (then at the foot of the page) 1 Donna Dickenson. Property, women & politics. (Cambridge: Polity Press, 1997) p.7. USING QUOTATIONS If you are quoting more than a few words then indent the quotation from the rest of the text, for example: For a class in a subordinate position within the whole system of social production to become an effective contender for power it must first become conscious, both of its own position and of the antagonistic relationship that this involves with the dominant class. As Marx (1920, pp ) explains in relation to the working class: The economic conditions have in the first place transformed the mass of the people of a country into wage-workers. The domination of capital has created for this mass of people a common situation with common interests. Marx, K. (1920) The poverty of philosophy: being a translation of the misère de la philosophie (a reply to la philosophie de la misère of M. Proudhon). Translated from the French by H. Quelch. Chicago: Charles H. Kerr. (Original work published 1847). The above quotation is referenced using the style. Citing a secondary person Only cite the work that you have actually read. If you read a source that refers to the work of someone else ideally you should find and read the work that has been referred to. However, if you are unable to locate the original work you must make it clear to your reader that you are citing work that you have not read. The work that you have read is secondary as you are relying on someone else s interpretation or opinion of the original work rather than your own. For example: Smith (2007) cites Brown 2001 saying that OR Brown (2001, cited by Smith 2007) says. In your bibliography only reference Smith as you have not actually read the book by Brown. Citing personal communications, lecture notes etc. Requirements for this depend on your discipline and/or referencing style. In most instances such works are cited within the text; however a fuller citation within the reference list may not be permitted. Check your course handbook or with your supervisor. An example of a personal communication would be: Within the text: Dawson (2012, personal communication) stated that. In the bibliography: Dawson GA (2009) Phone conversation with Janet MacKay, 4 September Electronic/print format references References are intended to point the reader to the source of a statement or argument. Sources may be in print or electronic format and some styles require that the reference indicates the document format. Check your course handbook or with your supervisor to find out whether the source format is important (there can be slight variations in pagination or content between formats) and how much information you should present for electronic sources. Note: the referencing style used to require print and electronic resources to be referenced differently. This is no longer seen as necessary. If an electronic resource has all of the elements of the print version (eg page numbers, publication details) it should be referenced in the same way as the print version. 2

3 Corporate authors Some publications are created or written by corporate organisations rather than being attributed to individual people. This may often be the case for organisational reports and web pages. The name of the organisation is known as the corporate author eg University of Aberdeen. 3. The bibliography/reference list at the end of your written work You must create a bibliography at the end of your written piece of work. Check with your supervisor if you are expected to include everything you have read (bibliography) or simply list those items you ve referred to in the text (reference list). Whichever style is required, it is either in alphabetical order by author or in numerical order if using a numeric style. Depending on the style you use, there are conventions for how many authors to include. Generally the rule is a maximum of 2 or 3 but for some science based styles the maximum is 6. Many disciplines in the Arts & Humanities expect primary and secondary material to be listed separately. The following are some of the more common styles: : used across many disciplines : used in some areas of the Arts and Humanities : used in some science and medical areas British Standard, a variation of, requires that you put the author s family name in capitals. eg BLAXTER, L., HUGHES, C. and TIGHT, M. (2010) How to research, 4th edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press. The details required in a reference vary according to the type of document you are citing, eg whole books, journal articles, conference proceedings. See the tables below for examples: Book whole (print) Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2010) How to research, 4th edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Blaxter, Loraine, Christina Hughes and Malcolm Tight, How to Research, 4th edn (Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2010) Blaxter L, Hughes C, Tight M. How to research. 4th ed. Maidenhead (UK): Open University Press; p. Book whole (e-book in a database) Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2010) How to research, 4th edn. Maidenhead: Open University Press. Blaxter, Loraine, Christina Hughes and Malcolm Tight, How to Research, 4th edn (Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2010), in ebrary < [accessed 28 July 2015] Blaxter L, Hughes C, Tight M. How to research. 4th ed. Maidenhead (UK): Open University Press; 2010 [cited 2015 Jul 28]. In: ebrary [Internet]. Ann Arbor (MI): ProQuest LLC. [2001] Available from: 3

4 Book whole (downloaded on to an ereader) Blaxter, L., Hughes, C. and Tight, M. (2010) How to research. Available at: (downloaded 28 July 2015). Blaxter, Loraine, Christina Hughes and Malcolm Tight, How to Research, 4th edn (Maidenhead: Open University Press, 2010). Kindle e-book Blaxter L, Hughes C, Tight M. How to research [Internet]. 4th ed. Maidenhead (UK): Open University Press; 2010 [cited 2015 Jul 28]. Available from: Research-Open-Study-Skills-ebook/dp/B004UBCX5K/ref=sr_1_1?s=digitaltext&ie=UTF8&qid= &sr=1-1 Book chapter (print) Gooday, G. (2011) Electricity and the Sociable Circulation of Fear and Fearlessness, in Livingstone, D. N. and Withers, C. W. J. (eds.), Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp Gooday, Graeme Electricity and the Sociable Circulation of Fear and Fearlessness, in Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Science, ed. by David N. Livingstone and Charles W. J. Withers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), pp Gooday G. Electricity and the Sociable Circulation of Fear and Fearlessness. In: Livingston DN, Withers CW, editors. Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; p Book chapter (e-book chapter in a database) Gooday, G. (2011) Electricity and the Sociable Circulation of Fear and Fearlessness, in Livingstone, D. N. and Withers, C. W. J. (eds.), Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Science. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp Gooday, Graeme Electricity and the Sociable Circulation of Fear and Fearlessness, in Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Science, ed. by David N. Livingstone and Charles W. J. Withers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011), pp , in University Press Scholarship Online < [accessed 28 July 2015] Gooday G. Electricity and the Sociable Circulation of Fear and Fearlessness. In: Livingstone DN, Withers CW, editors. Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Science [Internet]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2011 [cited 2015 Jul 28]. p Available from: /upso Book chapter (downloaded on to an ereader) Gooday, G. (2011) Electricity and the Sociable Circulation of Fear and Fearlessness, in Livingstone, D. N. and Withers, C. W. J. (eds.), Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Science. Available at: (downloaded 28 July 2015). Gooday, Graeme Electricity and the Sociable Circulation of Fear and Fearlessness, in Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Science, ed. by David N. Livingstone and Charles W. J. Withers (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2011). Kindle e-book Gooday G. Electricity and the Sociable Circulation of Fear and Fearlessness. In: Livingstone DN, Withers CW, editors. Geographies of Nineteenth-Century Science [Internet]. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; 2011 [cited 2015 Jul 28]. [about 45 screens]. Available from: Science-ebook/dp/B009UWTWGM/ref=sr_1_7?s=digitaltext&ie=UTF8&qid= &sr=1-7 4

5 Conference paper (print) Andone, D., Vasiu, R. and Robu, N. (2011) Building a virtual campus for digital students, IEEE Engineering Education 2011: Learning Environments and Ecosystems in Engineering Education. Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan, 4-6 April. Washington, DC: IEEE, pp Andone, Diana, Radu Vasiu and Nicolae Robu, Building a Virtual Campus for Digital Students, in IEEE Engineering Education 2011: Learning Environments and Ecosystems in Engineering Education - IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), (New York: IEEE, 2011), pp Andone D, Vasiu R, Robu N. Building a virtual campus for digital students. In: IEEE Engineering Education 2011: Learning Environments and Ecosystems in Engineering Education. IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON); 2011 Apr 4-6; Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan. New York: IEEE; p Conference paper (e-conference paper in a database) Andone, D., Vasiu, R. and Robu, N. (2011) Building a virtual campus for digital students, IEEE Engineering Education 2011: Learning Environments and Ecosystems in Engineering Education. Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan, 4-6 April. Available at: (Accessed 28 July 2015). Andone, Diana, Radu Vasiu and Nicolae Robu, Building a Virtual Campus for Digital Students, in IEEE Engineering Education 2011: Learning Environments and Ecosystems in Engineering Education - IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), (New York: IEEE, 2011), p , in IEEE Xplore < [accessed 28 July 2015] Andone D, Vasiu R, Robu N. Building a virtual campus for digital students. IEEE Engineering Education 2011: Learning Environments and Ecosystems in Engineering Education. IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) Apr 4-6; Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan. New York: IEEE; 2011 [cited 2015 Jul 28]; In: IEEE Xplore [Internet]. New York: IEEE. [1963] -. [about 4 screens]. Available from: stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber= Conference paper (e-conference paper on the Internet) Andone, D., Vasiu, R. and Robu, N. (2011) Building a virtual campus for digital students, IEEE Engineering Education 2011: Learning Environments and Ecosystems in Engineering Education. Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan, 4-6 April. Available at: _Building_a_Virtual_Campus_for_digital_students (Accessed 28 July 2015). Andone, Diana, Radu Vasiu and Nicolae Robu, Building a Virtual Campus for Digital Students, in IEEE Engineering Education 2011: Learning Environments and Ecosystems in Engineering Education - IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON), (New York: IEEE, 2011), < _Building_a_Virtual_Campus_for_digital_students> [accessed 28 July 2015] Andone D, Vasiu R, Robu N. Building a virtual campus for digital students. In: IEEE Engineering Education 2011: Learning Environments and Ecosystems in Engineering Education [Internet] IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON); 2011 Apr 4-6; Princess Sumaya University for Technology, Amman, Jordan. New York: IEEE; 2011 [cited 2015 Jul 28]. [about 4 p.]. Available from: publication/ _building_a_virtual_campus_for_digital_students 5

6 Journal article (print) Fischer, B.A. and Zigmond, M.J. (2011) Educational approaches for discouraging plagiarism, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, 29(1), pp Fischer, Beth A. and Michael J. Zigmond, Educational approaches for discouraging plagiarism, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, 29 (2011), Fischer BA, Zigmond MJ. Educational approaches for discouraging plagiarism. Urol Oncol- Semin Ori. 2011;29(1): Journal article (electronic version of a print journal) Fischer, B.A. and Zigmond, M.J. (2011) Educational approaches for discouraging plagiarism, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, 29(1), pp Fischer, Beth A. and Michael J. Zigmond, Educational approaches for discouraging plagiarism, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, 29 (2011), , in ScienceDirect < [accessed 28 Jul 2015] Fischer BA, Zigmond MJ. Educational approaches for discouraging plagiarism. Urol Oncol- Semin Ori [Internet] Jan-Feb [cited 2015 Jul 28]; 29(1): Available from: Journal article (e-journal article with no page numbers) Fischer, B.A. and Zigmond, M.J. (2011) Educational approaches for discouraging plagiarism, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, 29(1). doi: /j.urolonc Fischer, Beth A. and Michael J. Zigmond, Educational approaches for discouraging plagiarism, Urologic Oncology: Seminars and Original Investigations, 29.1 (2011), < Fischer BA, Zigmond MJ. Educational approaches for discouraging plagiarism. Urol Oncol- Semin Ori [Internet] Jan-Feb [cited 2015 Jul 28]; 29(1). Available from: NB: For and, if you use a url it is necessary to include the date accessed. If you use a DOI (Digital Object Identifier), there is no need to give the date accessed. Newspaper article (print) Lagan, B. and Leroux, M. (2007) How sailor took a wrong turn and scuppered his dream trip to the in-laws, The Times (London, England): Home News, 3 August, p. 23. Lagan, Bernard and Marcus Leroux, How sailor took a wrong turn and scuppered his dream trip to the in-laws, The Times (London, England), 3 August 2007, Home News, p. 23 Lagan B, Leroux M. How sailor took a wrong turn and scuppered his dream trip to the inlaws. The Times (London, England) Aug 3; Home News:23 (col.1). 6

7 Newspaper article (e-newspaper article in a database) Lagan, B. and Leroux, M. (2007) How sailor took a wrong turn and scuppered his dream trip to the in-laws, The Times (London, England): Home News, 3 August, p. 23. Lagan, Bernard and Marcus Leroux, How sailor took a wrong turn and scuppered his dream trip to the in-laws, in The Times (London, England), 3 August 2007, p. 23, in The Times Digital Archive < [accessed 28 July 2015] Lagan B, Leroux M. How sailor took a wrong turn and scuppered his dream trip to the inlaws. The Times (London, England) Home News Aug 3 [cited 2015 Jul 28];23. In: The Times Digital Archive [Internet]. Boston: Cengage Learning. [2007] -. [about 1 screen]. Available from infomark.do?&source=gale&prodid=ttda&usergroupname=abdn&tabid=t003&docpage =article&searchtype=basicsearchform&docid=if &type=multipage&contentset =LTO&version=1.0 Gale Document Number: IF Newspaper article (e-newspaper article on the Internet) Lagan, B. and Leroux, M. (2007) How sailor took a wrong turn and scuppered his dream trip to the in-laws. Available at (Accessed: 28 July 2015). Lagan, Bernard and Marcus Leroux, How sailor took a wrong turn and scuppered his dream trip to the in-laws, The Times (London, England), 3 August 2007 < [accessed 28 July 2015] Lagan B, Leroux M. How sailor took a wrong turn and scuppered his dream trip to the inlaws. The Times (London, England) [Internet] Aug 3 [cited 2015 Jul 28];Home News:23. Available from: Report (print) Tesco (2012) Annual Report and Financial Statements Cheshunt: Tesco PLC. Tesco, Annual Report and Financial Statements 2012 (Cheshunt: Tesco PLC, 2012) Tesco. Annual report and financial statements Cheshunt (UK): Tesco PLC; p. Report (report on the Internet) Tesco (2012) Annual Report and Financial Statements Available at: (Accessed: 28 July 2015). Tesco, Annual Report and Financial Statements 2012 (Cheshunt: Tesco PLC, 2012) < [accessed 28 July 2015] Tesco. Annual report and financial statements 2012 [Internet]. Cheshunt (UK): Tesco; 2012 [cited 2015 Jul 28]. Available from: tesco_annual_report_2012.pdf 7

8 Thesis (print) Smallegoor, E. (2010) Novel upstarts: Frances Burney and the lower middle class. Unpublished PhD thesis. University of Aberdeen. Smallegoor, Elles., Novel Upstarts: Frances Burney and the Lower Middle Class (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010) Smallegoor E. Novel upstarts: Frances Burney and the lower middle class [dissertation]. Aberdeen (UK): University of Aberdeen; p. Thesis (thesis on the Internet) Smallegoor, E. (2010) Novel upstarts: Frances Burney and the lower middle class. PhD thesis. Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen. Available at: (Accessed: 28 July 2015). Smallegoor, Elles, Novel Upstarts: Frances Burney and the Lower Middle Class (unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2010), in University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources < [accessed 28 July 2015] Smallegoor E. Novel upstarts: Frances Burney and the lower middle class [dissertation on the Internet]. Aberdeen (UK): University of Aberdeen; 2010 [cited 2015 Jul 28]. 160 p. Available from: Law students will find examples of legal documents in the OSCOLA style (4th edition) at: UK statute post 1963 (print) Equality Act 2010, c. 15. London: Stationery Office. HM Government. Equality Act 2010: Chapter 15. (London: Stationery Office, 2010) Equality Act 2010, c. 15 (Eng.). UK statute (statute on the Internet) Equality Act 2010, c. 15. Available at: ukpga_ _en.pdf (Accessed: 28 July 2015). HM Government. Equality Act 2010: Chapter 15. (London: Stationery Office, 2010) < [accessed 28 July 2015] Equality Act 2010, c. 15 (Eng.). 8

9 Web page University of Aberdeen (2015) Library, Special Collections and Museums. Available at: (Accessed: 28 July 2015). University of Aberdeen, Library, Special Collections and Museums (Aberdeen: University of Aberdeen, 2015), < library/> [accessed 28 July 2015] University of Aberdeen [Internet]. Aberdeen (UK): University of Aberdeen; Library, Special Collections and Museums; [cited 2015 Jul 28]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: Sources The examples in this referencing guide are based on the following sources: Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2013) Cite them right: the essential referencing guide. 9th edn. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan (Palgrave Study Skills). Modern Humanities Research Association, Style Guide: A Handbook for Authors and Editors, 3rd edn (London: Modern Humanities Research Association, 2013). Patrias K. Citing medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers [Internet]. 2nd ed. Wendling DL, technical editor. Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US); [updated 2011 Sep 15; cited 2015 Aug 3]. Available from: Further help A search on Google Advanced and limiting to ac.uk domain sites will provide a wealth of Higher Education sites in the UK offering examples and advice. The Library also has books on referencing and citing, with some style manuals. Check our holdings in Primo at: Abbreviations of journal titles If you are using a referencing style that requires abbreviated journal titles, the following sites and resources may help you to locate the correct abbreviation: Journal Citation Reports (a database within Web of Science): Journal Abbreviation Sources (All That JAS): Cardiff Index to Legal Abbreviations: Useful web sites APA Chicago Although not described in this hand-out, this style is popular in some of the Arts & Humanities: MLA This is another popular style in the Arts & Humanities: 9

10 Advice Remember to check your course handbook and/or your supervisor for advice on the citation style required for your assignments. Information Consultants can also provide assistance (but won t necessarily know the specific style for your course): For IT queries regarding access to Primo and other electronic resources - contact the IT Service Desk: Tel: (01224) (this number also connects you to the Out-of-Hours Service); [email protected] For advice on searching Primo and other resources please speak to the Subject Floor staff or contact the Information Consultant for your subject area: Arts & Humanities Janet MacKay [email protected] Tel:(01224) Education, Music & Social Sciences Claire Molloy [email protected] Tel:(01224) Life and Physical Sciences & Engineering Susan McCourt [email protected] Tel:(01224) Medicine, Biomedical Sciences, Dentistry Mel Bickerton [email protected] Tel:(01224) Law & Business Studies Elaine Shallcross [email protected] Tel:(01224) General support Ewan Grant [email protected] Tel:(01224) Further information There are software packages that are useful for formatting bibliographies/reference lists, eg RefWorks, Mendeley, Zotero. The Information Consultants provide support for RefWorks. Further information about RefWorks is at: All of our library guides are available at: QG GEN008 Introduction to copyright quick guide 10