BENZYDAMINE. Oropharyngeal formulations. > Contents <

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1 BENZYDAMINE Oropharyngeal formulations > Contents

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3 1. INTRODUCTION pag CHEMICAL STRUCTURE pag CSAID Benzydamine vs. NSAIDs pag PHARMACOLOGY pag PHARMACOKINETICS 4.2 PHARMACODYNAMICS Anti-inflammatory activity Effects on cytokines Effects on chemotaxis Effect on the production of prostaglandins Local anaesthetic activity Antimicrobial activity 5. EFFICACY pag. 10 Therapeutical rationale 5.1 PAINFUL INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF oropharynx TRACT 5.2 ODONTO-STOMATOLOGIC CONDITIONS 5.3 USE IN PARTICULAR INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY Pharyngo-laryngeal pathology following intubation Pharyngitis post-tonsillectomy Oral radiation Mucositis Aphthous mouth ulcer Burning Mouth Syndrome 5.4 USE IN CHILDREN 6. GLOBAL SAFETY ANALYSIS pag POST MARKETING EXPERIENCE pag WORLDWIDE SALES AND CONSUMPTION 7.2 INCIDENCE OF ADVERSE EVENTS AND EVALUATION OF THE RISK/BENEFIT RATIO 8. REFERENCES pag. 22

4 BENZYDAMINE Oropharyngeal formulations

5 1. INTRODUCTION Benzydamine is an anti-inflammatory agent with local anaesthetic and analgesic properties. 1 It was synthesized in the Laboratories of the Angelini Research Institute in the 1960s, and marketed in Italy in the 1970s. It was later released on the market in more than 70 European, American and Asian Countries. Pharmacodynamic investigations have shown that benzydamine acts as a suppressor of proinflammatory cytokines, especially against Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and to a lesser extent, Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and Chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), 2-4 that are well known to be potent mediators of inflammation. 5 However, it did not affect other inflammatory cytokines like Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-8 (IL-8) and, importantly, cytokines with anti-inflammatory properties, such as Interleukin-10 (IL-10) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra). 2-4 The mechanism of action of benzydamine differs from that of the aspirin-like drugs. The main difference is that benzydamine is - in comparison to aspirin like drugs - a weak inhibitors of the synthesis of prostaglandins, while it is a powerful inhibitor of proinflammatory cytokines. For that reason, it can be classified as a Cytokine Suppressive Anti-inflammatory Drug (CSAID). 2,6 In addition to its anti-inflammatory activity, benzydamine shows local analgesic/anesthetic effects 7 that in the topical route can be fully exploited and turned into competitive advantages over Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs). In fact, its elective therapeutic use is the topical control of acute inflammation and pain. Benzydamine formulated as 0.15% mouthwash, 3 mg lozenges, 0.15% and 0.30% nebulizers, has its target indication in the symptomatic treatment of pain and irritative/inflammatory conditions of the oropharynx (gingivitis, stomatitis, pharyngitis), even when due to dental therapy, although it has also been largely used in various conditions ranging from posttonsillectomy pharyngitis or radiomucositis, to throat irritation and/or dysphagia induced by intubation. Benzydamine was widely used in clinical practice and, therefore consistent clinical experience together with a large amount of literature demonstrating its efficacy and tolerability, are available. The aim of this document is to summarize the pharmacological, pharmacokinetic and clinical data available on benzydamine. 1

6 2. CHEMICAL STRUCTURE The chemical structure of benzydamine hydrochloride, or N,N-dimethyl-3-{[1- (benzyl)-1h-indazol-3yl]oxy]-1-proponamine hydrochloride differs from that of conventional NSAIDs. It is a white crystalline powder, very soluble in water, freely soluble in ethanol (96%) and in chloroform, and practically insoluble in ether. The molecular formula is C 19 H 23 N 3 O HCl. It has a molecular weight of and a melting point of C. O N N N HCI Figure 1: structural formula of benzydamine hydrochloride. 2

7 3. CSAID Benzydamine vs. NSAIDs Although benzydamine is a non steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, it possesses a different mechanism of action that distinguishes it from conventional NSAIDs. The main feature that differentiates benzydamine from aspirin-like drugs is its mechanism of action. Unlike, NSAIDs, which derive their anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandins, 8 benzydamine inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines, mainly TNF-α, and to a lesser extent IL-1β and MCP Thus, benzydamine, can be fully considered a CSAID. 2,6 Since benzydamine lacks significant inhibition against prostaglandins it does not produce the characteristic side-effects of aspirin-like drugs 9 (Figure 2). Benzydamine, in fact, inhibits prostaglandins synthesis in vitro only at concentrations which are not reached in vivo ( µg/ml) following both local and systemic administrations. 1 Following topical applications benzydamine shows local anesthetic properties, 7 not common among other NSAIDs, 8 which in topical use allows benzydamine to exert an immediate effect on pain. Figure 2 summarises the main features and advantages displayed by the CSAID benzydamine compared to NSAIDs. Antiinflammatory activity Local anaestetic activity NSAID PGEs inhibition Structural features Non-similar to local anaesthetic drugs VS Figure 2: features and advantages of CSAID benzydamine respect to NSAIDs. Cytockine inhibition Structural features similar to local anaesthetic drugs CSAID-BENZYDAMINE Lack of some of the typical side-effects of the aspirin - like drugs Prompt relief of pain 3

8 4. PHARMACOLOGY 4 Benzydamine is a Cytokine Suppressive Anti-inflammatory Drug, which is devoid of activity on arachidonic acid metabolism and has local anaesthetic and analgesic properties. 3 On the contrary to the systemic administration, the local application of benzydamine produces higher concentrations in the inflamed area than in the blood, as demonstrated in animals and humans. 10,11 The capability of benzydamine to concentrate in the inflamed tissues, with low systemic exposure, represents a clear advantage by limiting potential systemic side effects. 8 In addition, the benzydamine topical preparations show additional pharmacological effects, such as a local anaesthetic effect, that cannot be obtained through systemic administration PHARMACOKINETICS Mouthwash, oral spray and lozenges are oropharyngeal formulations intended to exert local effects in the oral cavity and/ or throat, even if detectable drug plasma levels have been reported after topical administrations, probably related to absorption through the oral mucosa. 13 After a single administration of 0.15% benzydamine solution by ingestion (25.5 mg benzydamine/70 kg), gargle (102 mg benzydamine/70 kg), and spray (about 12 mg benzydamine), 14 detectable drug plasma concentrations were observed in all subjects. After ingestion, the drug levels were clearly much higher than in either of the Plasma benzydamine concentrations (ng/ml) two other treatments. The mean plasma concentration time curves for each benzydamine treatment are shown in Figure 3. Figure 3: mean plasma concentration time curves of benzydamine following ingestion, gargle and spray. 14 Ingestion Mouthwash-gargle Spray Hours after administration

9 After repeated benzydamine doses by ingestion, gargle, and spray, no significant accumulation of the drug was observed in plasma. As reported after single administration, the benzydamine level in plasma differed between treatments, with the spray and gargle benzydamine AUCs lower than that observed after drug ingestion. 14 Pharmacokinetic assessment of benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash obtained after gargling with a 15 ml dose (6 gargles every two hours), and after ingestion of a single 15 ml dose showed that the systemic benzydamine bioavailability after multiple gargling was approximately 16% in comparison to the single dose ingestion. 15 After the administration of a single 3 mg benzydamine lozenge, peak plasma values of 37.8 ng/ml with an AUC of 367 ng/ml*h were observed approximately 2 hours after administration. 13 These levels are not sufficient to produce systemic pharmacological effects. 16 Excretion occurs mainly through urine and is mostly in the form of inactive metabolites or conjugation products PHARMACODYNAMICS Benzydamine is a cytokine suppressive antiinflammatory drug 2 with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and local anaesthetic effects. It is also reported to have a degree of antibacterial and antifungal activity in vitro Anti-inflammatory activity The main mechanism of action responsible for the anti-inflammatory effect of benzydamine is its inhibitory activity on the production of cytokines. 2 However, benzydamine exerts other activities that may contribute to its antiinflammatory effect, such as reducing the perfusion flow and vascular permeability produced by histamine, acetylcholine, serotonin and epinephrine, the inhibition of platelet aggregation, thrombus formation, degranulation of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, and inhibition of the migration of human 10, 18, 19, 20 monocytes. Effects on cytokines In pharmacodynamic investigations, performed in vitro on mononuclear cells of humans and mice exposed to different inducers such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Candida albicans, benzydamine was shown to inhibit TNF-α production and to a lesser extent IL-1β and MCP-1, whereas it did not affect IL-6 and IL-8 production. 2,3 Data demonstrating this selective inhibitory effect of benzydamine on cytokine production in human mononuclear cells stimulated by Candida albicans are reported in Table 1. 3 Benzydamine ( μm) produced a dose-dependent reduction in TNF-α and MCP-1. The release of IL-1β decreased with benzydamine concentrations up to 25.0 μm, while no clear effects on the release of IL-6 and IL-8 were observed. 3 5

10 6 Benzydamine Candida albicans-induced production of TNF-α (ng/ml) IL-1β (pg/ml) IL-6 (U/ml) IL-8 (ng/ml) MCP-1 (ng/ml) Medium 7,6 ± 1,6 73,01 ± 6, ± 105 2,99 ± 0,22 1,56 ± 0, μm ND 51,82 ± 6, ± 73 2,48 ± 0,26 1,14 ± 0,24* 12.5 μm 6,4 ± 0,9 47,20 ± 3,24* 316 ± 91 2,78 ± 0,31 1,03 ± 0,22** 25.0 μm 4,9 ± 0,5** 39,52 ± 4,19** 656 ± 80** 2,57 ± 0,12 0,72 ± 0,06** 50.0 μm 1,9 ± 0,2** 66,20 ± 5, ± 307 2,77 ± 0,29 0,64 ± 0,05** ND= Not Determined P0.05 vs. medium, ** P0.01 vs. medium by Dunnett s test a ) Results are from one representative normal subject of the five (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IL-8) or six (MCP-1) examined Table 1: effect of benzydamine on cytokine and chemokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells a. Importantly, in the same cells stimulated with LPS and under conditions where TNF-α and IL-1β were decreased by benzydamine, the drug did not modify the production of cytokines with anti-inflammatory properties, such as IL-10 and IL-1ra. 4 These findings suggested that the antiinflammatory activity of benzydamine stems from its ability to reduce the production of proinflammatory cytokines, without affecting anti-inflammatory factors. 4 It is worth noting that unlike benzydamine, NSAIDs such as ibuprofen and naproxen were definitely powerless in the suppression of inflammatory cytokine production from Candida activated mononuclear cells. 3 Figure 4 shows the effects of different concentrations (12.5, 25 and 50 μm) of these two drugs on TNF-α and MCP-1 production in comparison to the same concentrations of benzydamine. Figure 4: activity of benzydamine, ibuprofen and naproxen on TNF-α and MCP-1 production by Candida albicans-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (Adapted from Sironi et al.). 3 TNF-α levels (ng/ml) MCP-1 levels (ng/ml) ,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 Ibuprofen Naproxen Benzydamine 12, drug concentration (microm) 12, drug concentration (microm)

11 Benzydamine confirmed its suppressive effect on these cytokines, while neither ibuprofen nor naproxen significantly reduced the amount of TNF-α and MCP-1 secreted from Candida-treated human cells. 3 Effects on chemotaxis Benzydamine exerts an inhibitor activity on monocyte chemotaxis, a function shared by immune cells and crucial in inflammation. 20 As shown in Figure 5, chemotactic activation is mediated by binding a chemotactic agonist to trans-membrane receptors and results in the activation of multiple signaling proteins and second messengers. The activation of mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPKs), such as extracellular-signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK) and p38 MAPK seems to be one of the key components in signal transduction associated with cell migration. 21 G 1 protein C5a C5a receptor PIP 2 β γ Riboldi et al. 20 showed that benzydamine inhibited the migration of inflammatory leukocytes, and this effect was associated with a strong inhibition of the MAPK pathway. In particular, benzydamine strongly inhibited chemoattractant-induced activation of PLC β 2 PI3K α 1 β γ Akt/PKB PIP3 p38 IP 3 [Ca 2 *] i DAG Chemotaxis ERK Figure 5: proposed signal transduction model for marcrophage chemotaxis. A chemotactic agonist (C5a) by binding to transmembrane receptors differentially stimulates ERK1/2and p38 MAPK phosphorylation to induce chemotactic migration. 21 7

12 8 both ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK pathways implicated in cell migration. These results suggested that the benzydamine inhibitory effect on monocyte chemotaxis most likely contributes to its anti-inflammatory activity. 20 Effects on the production of prostaglandins It has been shown that prostaglandin biosynthesis is stimulated by cytokines such as IL-1 and TNF-α in various types of cells, including gingival fibroblasts. When the cells were treated simultaneously with benzydamine and IL-1β or TNF-α, the drug significantly reduced the stimulatory effect of these cytokines on prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ) production as well as significantly reduced the production of prostaglandin I 2 (PGI 2 ). 22 This capability of benzydamine to reduce prostaglandin production induced by IL- 1β or TNF-α in gingival fibroblasts may confirm the rationale for the use of the drug in controlling inflammatory oropharyngeal conditions Local anaesthetic activity Following topical applications, benzydamine shows local anaesthetic properties. 7 In a clinical trial performed on 87 healthy subjects benzydamine, when applied topically to normal mucosa for 60 seconds, was found to exert a remarkable anaesthetic activity that was superior to the control (cetylpyridinium hydrochloride 0.025%) and placebo mouthwashes, showing also a long lasting effect (more than 90 minutes). 7 The local anaesthetic activity of benzydamine has been shown to be extremely useful in the treatment of painful mouth and throat conditions, mainly due to rapid pain relief. 23 These local anaesthetic properties demonstrated by benzydamine are most probably due to its structural features. In fact, the drug shares with local anaesthetics an aromatic (hydrophobic) ring structure, linked to a basic tertiary amine group (hydrophilic) by a short alkyl chain (Figure 6). Therefore, benzydamine similar to as local anaesthetics, reversible block nerve conduction when topically applied in appropriate concentrations Antimicrobial activity Bactericidal activity of benzydamine (drug concentrations ranged from 10 to 1280 µg/ ml) was determined against 110 bacterial strains clinically isolated in Spain. For all the bacteria studied, the MICs observed, between 320 and 1280 µg/ml, were lower than benzydamine concentration in the marketed product (1500 µg/ml). 25 The fungistatic and fungicidal activity of benzydamine against Candida-albicans and non-albicans strains (20 Candida strains: 18 clinical isolated and two American Type Culture Collection strains) were also investigated. At lower concentrations ben-

13 zydamine inhibited growth in all Candida strains studies (fungistatic activity), with MIC ranging between μg/ml, while at higher concentrations (0.2 mg/ml) it is a fungicidal due to its direct damage to the cytoplasmic membrane. The benzydamine concentration in oral solutions (0.15% mouthwash and spray) is 30 times higher than the MIC of the least susceptible Candida strains. 26 Hydrophobic aromatic ring Intermediate chain (ester, ether or amide linkage) N H+ Hydrophilic quaternary amine Structural pattern of local anaesthetic drugs O N + H + N N Benzydamine hydrochloride Figure 6: structural features of benzydamine shared with the known local anaesthetics. 24 9

14 5. EFFICACY 10 Therapeutic Rationale Benzydamine has been largely used in symptomatic treatment of pain, irritation and inflammation of the oropharynx, even when due to dental therapy, although it has also been largely used for various conditions ranging from post-tonsillectomy pharyngitis or radiomucositis, to throat irritation and/or dysphagia induced by intubation. The main characteristics that make topical benzydamine (0.15% mouthwash, 0.15% and 0.30% oropharyngeal spray and lozenges) useful in the treatment of inflammatory and painful disorders are hereinafter presented. FEATURES Anti-inflammatory ACTIVITY TOPICAL ANAESTHETIC EFFECT SUITABLE DOSAGE FORMS The amount of available clinical data on the efficacy and safety of benzydamine is very extensive. Clinical trials hereinafter presented are the most representative studies with the mouthwash, oropharyngeal spray and lozenges formulations in adults and children affected by various local mouth and throat inflammatory conditions. 5.1 PAINFUL INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF OROPHARINX TRACT The effectiveness of benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash in relieving throat pain and dysphagia has been shown in different ADVANTAGES > Reversal of the typical signs and symptoms of inflammation > Prompt pain relief > Penetration and accumulation in the site of inflammation > Therapeutic actions where they are most required > Limitation of the systemic exposure > Easy administration and good taste high therapeutic efficacy safe use also in children high compliance studies. In comparison to the placebo, benzydamine displays a significantly better reduction of pain with a more rapid decrease of pain severity over a 2-day period. 27 Patients with acute pharyngitis, rhinitis, and tonsillitis instructed to gargle with 15 ml of mouthwash containing benzydamine (every hours for 7 ) experienced a greater reduction of pain and burning sensations starting from the 2 nd day of therapy, as compared to placebotreated patients. Dysphagia, otalgia, and sensation of hypoacusia also appeared to significantly improve in the group treated with benzydamine. In addition, a reduction in hyperemia and oedema of the pharynx, as well as in hypertrophy of the lymph nodes, was observed from the 1 st day of treatment in benzydaminetreated patients. 28 Schachtel et al. confirmed these findings in two more placebo-controlled clinical trials involving a total of 283 adults patients with acute sore throat.

15 Patients were treated with benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash (15 ml dose every 2-4 hours up to 6 times daily for up 7 ) or placebo. 29,30 Results of efficacy parameters (difficulty swallowing scale, change in pain scale, and sore throat relief scale) assessed in the first study, are reported in Table Benzydamine was able to rapidly relieve the characteristic symptoms of sore throat, such as pain on swallowing and pharyngeal inflammation by virtue of its topical effects. 29 Similar results were obtained in the second trial with the exception of the difficulty in swallowing scale. 30 The effectiveness of benzydamine oropharyngeal spray in the treatment of acute or recurring chronic tonsillitis without concurrent antibiotic therapy, was compared with an association containing the antiseptic hexamidine plus an anaesthetic local tetracaine. EFFICACY VARIABLES Difficulty swallowing scale (VAS 0 to 100mmm) Change in pain scale (VAS 0 to 100mm) Sore throat relief scale (0=none to 6=complete) Treatments showed a comparable effectiveness, good tolerability and palatability, even if a quicker and intense improvement was obtained with benzydamine. 31 Benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash, thanks to its proven effectiveness and extensive use in the topical treatment of oral inflammatory and painful conditions, was chosen as reference product in two clinical studies. These were performed with the aim of demonstrating the therapeutic equivalence of benzydamine 3 mg lozenges with the mouthwash formulation, in the treatment of oropharyngeal disease. 32,33 MEAN IMPROVEMENT Benzydamine (N=63) Placebo (N=61) p-value 25.9 mm 15.8 mm mm 18.6 mm units 1.3 units Table 2: overall mean improvement after benzydamine and placebo treatments in the intent-to-treat population. Efficacy parameters were evaluated according to a 4-point scale (0=no symptomatology to 3=severe symptomatology). Results of these studies are shown in Figures

16 Mean score 3 lozenges mouthwash Basal time Basal time Basal time Basal time Basal time Basal time Edema Hyperemia Disphagia Burning sensation Swelling sensation Pain 12 Figure 7: mean score for the evaluated signs and symptoms of the oropharyngeal disease recorded at basal and subsequent observation times (Adapted from De Vita). 32 In both studies, a clear improvement/reduction of symptoms was observed with no statistically significant differences between the two benzydamine oropharyngeal dosage forms. 32,33 The efficacy of 3 mg benzydamine lozenges and its good tolerability were further confirmed in a controlled clinical study that included a large number of patients (N=120) with acute or chronic disorders of the respiratory tract characterized by cough and inflammatory symptoms of the oropharynx. Benzydamine 3 mg lozenges, dextromethorphan 7.5 mg lozenges and their combination were administered t.i.d for a period of 15. Benzydamine produced a progressive clinical improvement in symptoms and signs caused by the inflammatory process. The cough symptom and the average number of cough, were significantly reduced only in the groups treated with the association and dextromethorphan. Systemic and local tolerability of the treatments was excellent. 34

17 Mean score 3 lozenges mouthwash Basal time Basal time Basal time Basal time Basal time Edema Hyperemia Spontaneous pain Evoked pain Dentin Hypersensivity Figure 8: mean score for the evaluated signs and symptoms of the oropharyngeal disease recorded at basal and subsequent observation times (Adapted from Di Maggio). 33 The pharmaceutical form of tablets, to be dissolved in the mouth, was very well accepted because of its simple administration, which improved patients compliance. Lozenges also have an advantage over sprays and gargles which is that of being slow-releasing, thereby continuously delivering the drug to the affected areas of the throat. 35 Thus, 3 mg benzydamine lozenges may represent a useful alternative to mouthwash, especially in those cases in which a more convenient pharmaceutical preparation may facilitate the patients compliance, contributing to a superior therapeutical result. 5.2 ODONTO-STOMATOLOGIC CONDITIONS The efficacy of benzydamine, in terms of pain relief, has also been proven in the treatment of patients suffering from diseases of the periodontium and oral mucosa In periodontal disease, the main etiologic factor is dental plaque. Plaque can be removed by brushing and flossing, but 13

18 14 patient s compliance with oral hygiene regimens is often very low. Thus, a mouthwash capable of reducing plaque and inflammation would be a valuable aid in treating and preventing periodontal diseases. The efficacy of a 7-day treatment with benzydamine alone (3-4 times a day) in reducing plaque formation had been previously demonstrated in two double-blind, placebocontrolled clinical studies. 12, 39 Significant improvements were demonstrated with benzydamine compared to placebo in all the efficacy parameters tested: plaque index, gingival index, healing, and pain reduction. Although the above results are very interesting, benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash is mainly used in the treatment of different pathologies of the oral cavity, including effects due to dental therapy. In patients (N=106) with chronic periodontitis undergoing removal of dental deposits, the treatment with benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash produced a statistically significant decrease in mean pain intensity (Figure 9) Benzydamine, therefore, proved its beneficial effects also on pain due to conservative dental therapy. 40 The therapeutic efficacy and local tolerability of benzidamine 0.15% oropharyngeal spray was demonstrated in comparison to placebo in patients with various odontostomatological conditions (such as gingivitis, dental extractions, post-extraction wounds, peri-coronal inflammations, excision of dental operculum and excision of papillomas). Benzydamine 0.15% oropharyngeal spray (4 nebulisations, 6 times daily for 4 ) was able to alleviate patients discomfort with a significant improvement of symptoms and signs starting from the 1 st treatment day. By the last day of treatment all signs and symptoms disappeared with a highly significant difference in favour of the benzydamine group (p0.001). 41 The usefulness of the post-operative treatment with benzydamine 0.15% spray (6 applications for 5 ) was also demonstrated in patients undergoing extraction of the third molars. 42 Similarly, a very good clinical efficacy was observed following treatment with benzydamine oropharyngeal spray and mouthwash in patients with oral erosive and ulcerative lesions that appeared during the course of various diseases. The symptomatology improved evenly in 74% of patients treated with oropharyngeal spray and mouthwash after 3-4 of administrations. It is important to note that in case Mean pain level 3,5 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 3,047 Before benzydamine application 2,075 After benzydamine application Figure 9: comparison of the mean pain level before and after benzydamine application. 40

19 of single lesions benzydamine oropharyngeal spray formulation is the most simple to use, since it allows a precise application of the drug USE IN PARTICULAR INFLAMMATORY CONDITIONS OF THE ORAL CAVITY Sore throat and/or dysphagia are often reported by patients with nasal-gastric intubation or undergoing tracheal intubation during general anaesthesia. In fact, nasalgastric or tracheal intubation and direct local surgical procedures involving mouth, gums and throat often produce inflammatory conditions of the oropharynx. Benzydamine was also widely used in the treatment of aphthous ulcers and oral mucositis, a frequent complication of head and neck radiotherapy. 8 Pharyngo-laryngeal pathology following intubation Twenty four to ninety percent of patients who receive general anaesthesia and endotracheal intubation suffer from postoperative sore throat. 43 Benzydamine mouthwash and oropharyngeal spray applied both before and after surgery have been shown to be effective in reducing the incidence and severity of the postoperative sore throat. Pre-emptive treatment with benzydamine mouthwash and oropharyngeal spray has been reported to decrease the incidence and severity of sore throat due to endotracheal intubation. 43,44 These findings were confirmed in a comparative clinical trial. In this study, gargling with benzydamine (0.15% mouthwash, 15 ml dose made into 30 ml with distilled water) reduced the incidence of postoperative sore throat for up to 24 hours, while dispersible aspirin gargles (350 mg tablet made into 30 ml with distilled water) only up to 2 hours. 45 Two previous placebo-controlled studies proved that benzydamine has a marked therapeutic effect in the treatment of inflammatory lesions due to nasal-gastric and endotracheal intubation. Patients with sore throat and/or dysphagia due to the use of nasal gastric tube and patients that underwent endotracheal intubation received benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash 46 and 0.30% spray 47, respectively. The dosages scheduled consisted of 15 ml dose of benzydamine every 2-3 hours for 1-2 or of 10 nebulizations of benzydamine spray every 3 hours for 3. Significant relief of pain and dysphagia was recorded in favour of benzydamine, with an improvement in signs and symptoms clinically and statistically superior to that observed in the placebo group. The improvement was evident starting from Day 2, with the complete resolution of symptomatology on Day 3. Pharyngitis post-tonsillectomy Tonsillectomy, a surgical procedure commonly performed in children and young adults, may often produce dysphagia, sore 15

20 16 throat and earache in the early post-operative period. 48 Many studies performed on adult tonsillectomized patients have shown the therapeutic efficacy of benzydamine, particularly when topically administered as 0.15% mouthwash (5 times daily for 7 ) 49 or as 0.15% oropharyngeal spray (2 nebulisations from 3 to maximum 8 times day for 3 ) 48. Evidence of benzydamine s analgesic action was provided by its capability in relieving throat pain and in difficulty in swallowing, whereas evidence of benzydamine s anti-inflammatory action was given by its high effectiveness in improving clinical symptoms (hyperemia, edema and feelings of blocked ears ). 49 The efficacy of benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash (gargles every 3 hours) in the post-operative management of tonsillectomy was also assessed in comparison with soluble aspirin (gargles every 3 hours and then swallowed). Aspirin proved to be slightly more effective in relieving pain and discomfort of swallowing, while benzydamine oral rinse was superior in the relief of earache, in promoting the healing of the tonsil seat, with a shorter duration of the treatment need. 50 Oral radiation mucositis Patients who undergo radiation therapy to the head and neck often develop mucositis of the oropharynx that produces oral pain and may limit food intake. 51 In more than half of patients with mucositis, the condition is so severe that it requires parenteral analgesia, interruption of radiation therapy, and/or hospitalization and the need for parenteral or tube feeding. 52 The biology of ulcerative mucositis involves the sequential interaction of cells, cytokines and the oral microflora. The initial tissue response to radiation appears to be the release of a number of pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α. 52 Benzydamine inhibits the production of such pro-inflammatory cytokines, particularly TNF-α, and IL-1β, 2-4 therefore limiting radiation mucositis through its ability to suppress selected proinflammatory cytokine production. 52 Preliminary experiences to define the therapeutic potency of benzydamine oral rinse in this inflammation of the oral mucosa were performed in the 80 s. In 1998 benzydamine was added to the US FDA Orphan Drug List with the orphan designation for the prophylactic treatment of oral mucositis resulting from radiation therapy for head and neck cancer. Two earlier studies suggested that benzydamine was effective in reducing the severity of the pain associated with oral mucositis. 53,54 Subsequent single and multicenter trials proved that topical benzydamine reduces the frequency and severity of ulcerative oral lesions and decreases pain in radiation-induced oral mucositis. 51,52,54-57 The results of a large, multicenter, doubleblind, randomized trial published in 2001,

21 demonstrated that treatment with 0.15% benzydamine mouthwash improved the ulcer-free rate and diminished the incidence of ulceration and erythema. These findings were observed in 172 patients (84 benzydamine, 88 placebo), treated for 2 minutes 4-8 times daily before and during radiation therapy, and for 2 weeks after completion of radiation therapy. The study also demonstrated a delay in the need for rescue medications (analgesics) in patients who were treated with benzydamine compared with patients treated with placebo. 52 As reported in a review of publications on the etiopathogenesis and prevention of oral mucositis commonly sequel of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiochemotherapy, benzydamine, among the current available products, was shown to have the strongest scientific evidence of support for prophylaxis of mucositis. 58 In Clinical Practice Guidelines published in 2004 by the American Cancer Society, benzydamine has been recommended in the prevention of radiation-induced mucositis in patients with head and neck cancer receiving moderate-dose radiotheraphy. 59 This recommendation for the use of benzydamine in the prevention of radiation-induced mucositis was confirmed in the updated clinical practice guidelines published in the March 1, 2007 issue of Cancer. 60 Aphtous mouth ulcer Recurrent aphthous ulcers affect up to one fifth of the general population. Aphtous ulcers also called canker sores, aphthous stomata and aphthous stomatitis are among the most common oral lesions seen by dentist. 8 This condition can be painful for the patient, making it uncomfortable to speak, eat and/or drink. Their aetiology, however, remains uncertain and treatment is mainly symptomatic or with anti-inflammatory agents. 61 Studies performed to evaluate benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash in the treatment of aphthous ulcers suggest that it may be useful in reliving pain associated with these lesions. In fact, in a placebo comparative study performed on patients with aphtous ulcers, 61% of the subjects receiving benzydamine experienced a reduction in pain severity of at least 50%, as compared to 22% of the patients on placebo. 62 A preference for benzydamine treatment was expressed by patients by virtue of its local anaesthetic effect responsible for some pain relief. 23 In a study examining the subjective efficacy of the 38 proprietary agents commonly used for aphtous treatment, benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash appeared to provide the best pain control and symptomatic relief to patients with oral aphthae. 61 Burning mouth syndrome Burning mouth syndrome is a source of oral discomfort, mainly occurring in middleaged or elderly women, without an identifiable local pathology. In a pilot clinical trial, patients with stomato-glossopyrosis rinsed for 10 with benzydamine mouthwash 17

22 or placebo, and assessed their pain, mouth dryness and burning sensation by means of visual analog scale (VAS). Differences were found between the two groups favouring the benzydamine containing solution USE IN CHILDREN Children are less open to tolerate pain than adults even if, from a pharmacological point of view, it should be stated that children cannot be merely considered as little adults. Topical treatments in part overcome this issue, in view of the fact that everything should be done to lessen discomfort in children. In particular, oral topical treatments may represent a clear advantage in young patients with painful conditions of the oropharynyx, especially when dysphagia represents a limiting step in the ingestion of any oral medication. Topical benzydamine, in virtue of its wellknown anti-inflammatory properties and rapid pain control, is a valid therapeutic tool in the medication of children. In a placebo-controlled clinical trial performed in 146 children (4 to 17 years) with sore throat, Schachtel et al. 64 demonstrated the efficacy of benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash. One single 15 ml dose of benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash was significantly better (p0.05) than placebo in all efficacy parameters (Figure 10), namely Children s Sore Throat Pain Thermometer (VAS 0 to 200 mm), Children s Sore Throat Relief Scale (Scale 0 to 4 units) and Nurse s Change-in- Pain Scale (VAS 0 to 100 mm). 64 Efficacy evaluations were performed at 5-minute intervals over a 1-hour evaluation period. When gargling with benzydamine mouthwash presents technical difficulties, such as in the case of small children, benzydamine can be successfully administered as oropharyngeal spray or lozenges. Figure 10: efficacy assessment after treatment with a single 15 ml dose of benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash or placebo. 64 Mean improvement over baseline (mm) Men relief (score units) Mean improvement (mm) Children's sore throat pain thermometer scores over 60 minutes ,8 1,6 1,4 1,2 1 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 Children's sore throat relief scores over 60 minutes Placebo Benzydamine Nurse's change-in-pain scores over 60 minutes Placebo Placebo Benzydamine Benzydamine 18

23 The effectiveness of benzydamine 3 mg lozenges was proven in comparison with benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash in a patient population (age range 4-67 years) that also involved children, affected by oropharyngeal disease. Benzydamine lozenges showed comparable therapeutic efficacy and tolerability with respect to the mouthwash, with no statistically significant differences between formulations. 32 Benzydamine 0.15% oropharyngeal spray administered to children (age range 4-12 years) with sore throat proved to be an effective, acceptable and throuble-free treatment for sore-throat in younger patients which, in most cases were eased from the pain. 65 According to the easy route of administration, particularly in younger patients, benzydamine 0.15% oropharyngeal spray has been effectively used in the post-operative course of children and adolescents undergoing adenotonsillectomy. A significant reduction in the intensity of local pain (pharyngodynia) and/or of pain at swallowing, already 24 hours after surgery (Figure 11), was observed in young patients (aged 3 to 17 years) treated with benzydamine in comparison to placebo (4 nebulisations up to 8 times a day for 6 ). The intensity of the symptoms pharyngodynia, dysphagia, and if any otalgia was graded with a 4-point score from 0 (no pain) to 3 (remarkable pain). 66 Studies involving children suffering from post-operative pain following tonsillectomy showed that benzydamine was effective in the relief of typical discomfort, within a few. Benzydamine produced a significantly faster and greater improvement than placebo and was also significantly superior in the overall therapeutic effect Figure11: Symptom course during treatment (4 nebulisations in up to 8 times a day for 6 ) with benzydamine and placebo (adapted from Fior et al.) 66 Symptom score Symptom score Symptom score 3 2,5 2 1,5 1 0,5 3 Dysphagia Benzydamine 2,5 Placebo 2 1,5 1 0,5 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Days of treatment 3 Otalgia Benzydamine 2,5 Placebo 2 1,5 1 0,5 Pharyngodinia Benzydamine Placebo 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Days of treatment 0 Day 1 Day 2 Day 3 Day 4 Day 5 Day 6 Days of treatment 19

24 6. GLOBAL SAFETY ANALYSIS 20 Benzydamine mouthwash, oropharyngeal sprays and lozenges are medicinal products for topical use, and since very modest systemic absorption occurs, systemic serious adverse effects are not expected. Benzydamine shows a very good safety profile, as confirmed in clinical trials and by postmarketing pharmacovigilance information. An open study involving 7,618 patients with oropharyngeal diseases was performed with the objective of monitoring the frequency of side-effects following benzydamine oral local treatment. 70 Benzydamine resulted to be well tolerated locally. No serious adverse event was reported, while 340 out of 7,618 patients (4.5%) reported not serious side effects. The AEs recorded during the study and their incidences are reported in Table Numbness and burning were the most frequently reported side effects, most probably related to the local anaesthetic effect of benzydamine. In fact, the local anaesthetic RECORDED AEs No. OF CASES No. AEs /TOTAL AEs (%) Numbness, furry tongue, paraesthesia Burning Nausea, ratching, vomiting Bad taste Dryness of the mouth / increased salivation Taste disturbances, loss of appetite Dizziness Gastrointestinal disorders Allergic reaction Sleep disturbance, tiredness Others (headache, hot feeling) TOTAL Table 3: rating of patients reporting AEs No. AEs / TOTAL PATIENTS (%) activity of benzydamine is sometimes mistakenly interpreted as an adverse event. On the other hand, this is actually a very useful therapeutic characteristic of the drug, which provokes a mild sensation of numbness in the mouth capable of immediately relieving the local painful conditions. Other symptoms such as trouble swallowing, dry mouth sensation or increased salivation were rarely observed with benzydamine oral local treatment, as well as dryness of the mouth or hypersensitivity reactions. Laryngospasm and angioema were very rarely and photosensitivity was uncommon observed.

25 7. POST MARKETING EXPERIENCE The updated post marketing pharmacovigilance data refers to the period between January 2005 and August , WORLDWIDE SALES AND CONSUMPTION In this period, the estimated number of patients treated with benzydamine mouthwash, oropharyngeal spray and lozenges is reported in the following table. The available data for benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash, 0.15% and 0.30% oropharyngeal spray are jointly treated as topical oromucosal pharmaceutical forms. 71, INCIDENCE OF ADVERSE EVENTS AND EVALUATION OF THE RISK/BENEFIT RATIO The adverse events reported to the Pharmacovigilance Service of ACRAF S.p.A. in the period between January 2005 and August 2008 for benzydamine topical oromucosal pharmaceutical forms (mouthwash, 0.15% and 0.30% oropharyngeal spray) and benzydamine lozenges are summarized in the Benzydamine treatment Estimated number of patients treated Topical oromucosal pharmaceutical forms (0.15% mouthwash % oropharyngeal spray % 43,056,669 oropharyngeal spray) Lozenges 7,850,222 Table 4: estimated number of patients treated with benzydamine topical oromucosal pharmaceutical forms (mouthwash, oral spray) and lozenges Benzydamine treatment Topical oromucosal pharmaceutical forms (0.15% mouthwash % oropharyngeal spray % 3 mg lozenges oropharyngeal spray) Type of events Expected Unexpected TOTAL Expected Unexpected TOTAL Non serious Serious TOTAL Table 5: adverse events reported to the Pharmacovigilance Service of ACRAF S.p.A. between January 2005 and August 2008 Table 5. 71,72 During the period considered, no adverse events occurring in patients treated with benzydamine 0.15% mouthwash, 3 mg lozenges, 0.15% and 0.30% oropharyngeal spray were published in literature. Available safety data on the active substance and information reported in literature confirmed the positive risk/benefit ratio of benzydamine when topically used in the treatment of painful and inflammatory conditions of mouth and throat. 71,72 21

26 8. REFERENCES Cioli V, Corradino C, Scorza-Barcellona P. Review of pharmacological data on benzydamine. Int J Tissue React. 1985; 7(3): Sironi M, Pozzi P, Polentarutti N, Benigni F, Coletta I, Guglielmotti A, et al. Inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production and protection against endotoxin toxicity by benzydamine. Cytokine. 1996; 8(9): Sironi M, Milanese C, Vecchi A, Polenzani L, Guglielmotti A, Coletta I, et al. Benzydamine inhibits the release of tumor necrosis factor-α and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 by Candida albicans-stimulated human peripheral blood cells. Int J Clin Lab Res. 1997; 27(2): Sironi M, Massimiliano L, Transidico P, Pinza M, Sozzani S, Mantovani A, et al. Differential effect of benzydamine on pro- versus antiinflammatory cytokine production: lack of inhibition of interleukin-10 and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. Int J Clin Lab Res. 2000; 30(1): Dinarello CA. Inflammatory cytokines: interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor as effector molecules in autoimmune diseases. Curr Opin Immunol. 1991; 3: Griswold DE, Hillegass LM, Breton JJ, Esser KM, Adams JL. Differentiation in vivo of classical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs from cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs and other pharmacological classes using mouse tumour necrosis factor alpha production. Drugs Exp Clin Res.1993; 19(6): Simard-Savoie S, Forest D. Topical anaesthetic activity of benzydamine. Curr Ther Res. 1978; 23: Turnbul RS. Benzydamine Hydrochloride (Tantum) in the management of oral inflammatory conditions. Journal Can Den Assoc. 1995; 61(2): Silvestrini B. Benzydamine, an unique model of anti-inflammatory activity. INT. J TISS. REAC 1987; IX(2): Lisciani R, Barcellona PS, Silvestrini B. Researches on the topical activity of benzydamine. Eur J Pharmacol.1968; 3(2): Andersson K, Larsson H. Percutaneus absorbition of benzydamine in guinea pig and man. Arzneim Forsch 1974; 24: Landry RG, Turnbull RS, Howley T. Effectiveness of benzydamine HCl in the treatment of periodontal post-surgical patients. Res Clin Forums 1988; 10(8): Bareggi S. Studio farmacocinetico di confronto nel volontario sano tra dosi singole orali dell associazione benzidamina+destrometorfano e dei soli componenti. Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy. Unpublished (1994); English translation: Comparative pharmacological study in healthy volunteers on a combination of benzydamine + dextromethorphan and the individual components, administered orally in single doses 14. Jainchill J, Schor JM, Weinstein SH, Bachman M. Bioavailability of Benzydamine in Humans: Comparsion of treatments. Endo Laboratories, Biochem. Dept., New York, USA. Unpublished (1975) 15. Mudenda B, Nehls C. An open-label bioavailability study of benzydamine hydrochloride oral rinse in healthy adults. McNeil Consumer Healthcare, USA. Unpublished (2000) 16. Baldock GA, Brodie RR, Chasseaud LF, Taylor T, Walmsley LM, Catanese B. Pharmacokinetics of benzydamine after intravenous, oral, and topical doses to human subjects. Biopharm Drug Dispos. 1991; 12(7): Chasseaud LF, Catanese B. Pharmacokinetics of benzydamine. Int J Tissue react 1985; 7(3): Northover BJ. The effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on vascular smooth muscle. Br. J. Pharmac. Chemother. 1967; 31:

27 19. Yamatake Y, Kato H, Takagi K. Effects of vasoactive agents on the canine forelimb venous perfusion preparation and their modification by anti-inflammatory drugs. Japan J. Pharmacol. 1975; 25: Riboldi E, Frascaroli G, Transidico P, Luini W, Bernasconi S, Mancini F, et al. Benzydamine inhibits monocyte migration and MAPK activation induced by chemotactic agonists. Br J Pharmacol. 2003; 140(2): Chiou WF, Tsai HR, Yang LM, Tsai WJ. C5a differentially stimulates the ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK phosphorylation through independent signaling pathways to induced chemotactic migration in RAW264.7 macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol. 2004; 4(10-11): Modéer T, Yucel-Lindberg T. Benzydamine reduces prostaglandin production in human gingival fibroblasts challenged with interleukin-1 beta or tumor necrosis factor alpha. Acta Odontol Scand. 1999; 57(1): Matthews RW, Scully CM, Levers BGH, Hislop WS. Clinical evaluation of benzydamine, chlorhexidine, and placebo mouthwashes in the management of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol. 1987; 63(2): Mangano G, Apicella C, Vitiello M, Milanese C, Polenzani L. Benzydamine Local Anestetic Activity And [3h]-Batrachotoxin Binding Sites. Poster presented to 31 st National Congress of the Italian Society of Pharmacology, Trieste, Italy, June, Prats G. Study of Benzydamine in-vitro Activity against different bacterial strains of clinical interest. Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital de Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain. Unpublished (2001) 26. Pina-Vaz C, Rodrigues AG, Sansonetty F, Martinez-De-Oliveira J, Fonseca AF, Mårdh PA. Antifungal Activity of local anaesthetic against Candida Species. Infectious Diseaes in obstetrics and gynecology 2000; 8: Froom J, Boisseau V. Benzydamine oral rinse for sore throat. Curr. Ther. Res. 1979; 26, Kazdan N. Benzydamine HCL oral rinse and gargle in the treatment of acute pharyngitis. Inter Canada Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Montreal, Canada. Unpublished (1977) 29. Schachtel B, Littlejohn TI, Cohen S, Paggiarino D, Crockett S. A randomized double-blind controlled study to determine the analgesic action and tolerance of benzydamine oral rinse in adults with acute sore throat. Multicenter clinical trial Angelini Pharmaceutical Inc. River Edge, NJ, USA. Unpublished (1998) 30. Schachtel B, Konerman JP, LaForce CF, Paggiarino D, Crockett S. A randomized double blind controller study to determine the overall and onset of analgesic action and tolerance of benzydamine oral rinse in adults with acute sore throat. Multicenter clinical trial Angelini Pharmaceutical Inc. River Edge, NJ, USA. Unpublished (1998) 31. Gananca MM, Caovilla HH, Anadao CA, Acatauassu Nunes CT. Estudo comparativo entre cloridrato de benzidamina versus hexamidina associada ao cloridrato de tetracaina no tratamento topico das amigdalites. Rev. Bras. Med.1988; 45: 66-8; English translation: Comparative study between benzydamine hydrochloride and hexamidine together with tetracaine hydrochloride in the topical treatment of tonsillitis 32. De Vita C. Relazione sulla sperimentazione del Tantum verde pastiglie in otorinolaringoiatria. Otorhinolaryngology Division, Provincial General Hospital, Castellammare di Stabia, Naples, Italy. Unpublished (1981); English translation: Report on a clinical trial carried out on Tantum verde lozenges in otorhinolaryngologic practice 23

28 Di Maggio M. Studio clinico controllato del Tantum verde pastiglie in odontostomatologia. Odontostomatology Section, Civic Hospital of Avellino, Italy. Unpublished (1981); English translation: A controlled clinical study on Tantum verde lozenges in odonstomatology 34. Natale F. Valutazione dell attività antitussiva e della tollerabilità di Tantum Tosse compresse orosolubili. Studio controllato in condizioni di doppia cecità verso due formulazioni incomplete. Department for the prevention of tuberculosis and social diseases, Mantua, Italy. Unpublished (1994); English translation: Evaluation of antitussive activity and tolerability of Tantum Tosse buccal tablets. A double blind controlled study vs. two incomplete formulations 35. Church A, Evans P, Pickford M, Aspley S, Shephard A. Scintigraphy: an appropriate methodology to assess the effectiveness of medication formats in providing local delivery to the mouth and throat. Poster presented at the Annual Scientific Meeting of the British Pain Society, Glasgow, UK, April Rabinovich IM, Banchenko GV, Rabinovich OF, Bezrukova IV. MEDLINE translates the Russian title as The use of the preparation Tantum Verde in treating diseases of the oral mucosa. Stomatologiia (Mosk) 1996; 75(4): Trabska M, Wiernicka M. Kliniczna ocena skutecznosci dzialania chlorowodorku benzydaminy w preparacie Tantum Verde. Czas Stomatol 1995; 48(10): 653-5; English translation: A clinical assessment of the effectiveness of the action of benzydamine hydrochloride in the preparation Tantum Verde 38. Trabska-Swistelnicka M, Wierniska M, Urbaniak B, Grzegorczyk-Jazwinska A, Charazinska-Carewicz K. Tantum Verde - dzialanie przeciwbolowe w stomatologii. Czas Stomatol 2000; 53(9): ; English translation: Tantum Verde - pain relief effect in dentistry 39. Issa R. The effects of benzydamine HCl on human plaque and gingival tissues Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada. Unpublished (1986) 40. Urbaniak B, Trabska-Swistelnicka M, Wiernicka M, Charazinska-Carewicz K, Grzegorczyk-Jazwinska A. Ocena skutecznosci przeciwbólowej Tantum Verde podczas zabiegu usuwania zlogów nazebnych. Czas Stomatol 2000; 53(11): ; English translation: Evaluation of analgesic efficacy of Tantum Verde during the procedure of removing dental deposits 41. Centini S, Miglietta G, Sapelli PL. L uso del Tantum Verde nebulizzatore nelle infiammazioni dolorose della bocca. Dent Cadmos 1983; 7: 65-70; English translation: The use of Tantum Verde nebuliser in painful oral inflammations 42. Adame Sosa R, Gomez Pedroso A. Valoracion de bencidamina en el tratamiento de la inflamacion secundaria despues de la extraccion de terceros molares. Practa Odontol. 1990; 11: 29-34; English translation: Evaluation of benzydamine in the treatment of the secondary inflammation after the extraction of third molars. 43. Dogǎn N, Sevimli ZU, Ku rs ad H, Kizilkaya M. The Effects of Topically Applied Benzydamine Hydrocholoride on Postoperative Sore Throat Due to Intubation. Turk Anesteziyoloji ve Reanimasyon Dernegi Dergisi 2004; 32(1): Kati I, Tekin M, Silay E, Huseyinoglu UA, Yildiz H. Does benzydamine hydrochloride applied preemptively reduce sore throat due to laryngeal mask airway?. Anesth Analg. 2004; 99(3): Agarwal A, Nath SS, Goswami D, Gupta D, Dhiraaj S, Singh PK. An evaluation of the efficacy of aspirin and benzydamine hydrochloride gargle for attenuating postoperative sore throat: a prospective, randomized, single-blind study. Anesth Analg. 2006; 103(4): Wethington JF. Double-blind clinical study of benzydamine HCl in the treatment of patients

29 with a nasal gastric tube. Coon Rapids Clinic, Coon Rapids, Minnesota, USA. Unpublished (1978) 47. Mazzarella B, Macarone Palmieri A, Mastronardi P, Spatola R, Lamarca S, et al. Benzydamine for the prevention of pharyngo-laringeal pathology following tracheal intubation. INT. J. TISS. REAC. 1987; IX(2): Raj TB, Wickham MH. The effect of benzydamine hydrochloride (Difflam) spray on posttonsillectomy symptoms: a double blind study. J Laryngol Otol 1986; 100: Chudoba VA. Benzydamine hydrochloride: oral rinse for chronic pharyngitis in tonsillectomized patients. Mod. Med. Canada 1983; 38: Irwin B.C., Acharya K.B. A comparative study of benzydamine hydrochloride 0.15% w/v ( Difflam oral rinse) and acetyl salicylic acid as analgesics following tonsillectomy. J. Int. Med. Res. 1984; 12: Kim JH, Chu FCH, Lakshmi V, Houde R. Benzydamine HCl, a new agent for the treatment of radiation mucositis of the oropharynx. Am J Clin Oncol. 1986; 9(2): Epstein JB, Silverman S, Paggiarino DA, Crockett, Schubert MM, Senzer NN, et al. Benzydamine HCl for Prophylaxis of Radiation- Induced Oral Mucositis. Cancer 2001; 92: Kim JH, Chu F, Lakshmi V, Houde R. A clinical study of Benzydamine for the treatment of radiotherapy-induced mucositis of the oropharinx. Int. J. Tiss. Reac. 1985; VII(3) Epstein JB, Stevenson-Moore P, Jackson S, Mohamed JH, Spinelli JJ. Prevention of oral mucositis in radiation therapy: a controlled study with benzydamine hydrochloride rinse. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 1989; 16: Epstein JB, Stevenson-More P. Benzydamine hydrochloride in prevention and management of pain in oral mucositis associated with radiation therapy. Oral Surg. Oral. Med. Oral Pathol. 1986; 62: Prada A, Chiesa F. Effects of benzydamine on the oral mucositis during antineoplastic radiotherapy and/or intra-arterial chemotherapy. Int. J. Tiss. Reac. 1987; IX(2): Schubert MM, Newton RE. The use of benzydamine HCL for the management of cancer therapy-induced mucositis: preliminary report of a multicentre study. Int. J. Tiss. Reac. 1987; IX(2): Scully C, Epstein J, Sonis S. Oral mucositis: a challenging complication of radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and radiochemotherapy: part 1, pathogenesis and prophylaxis of mucositis. Head Neck. 2003; 25(12): Rubenstein EB, Peterson DE, Schubert M, Keefe D, McGuire D, Epstein J, et al. Clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of cancer therapy-induced oral and gastrointestinal mucositis. Cancer 2004; 1: 100(9 Suppl): Keefe DM, Schubert MM, Elting LS, Epstein JB, Raber-Durlacher JE, Migliorati CA, et al. Updated clinical practice guidelines for the prevention and treatment of mucositis. Cancer 2007; 109(5): Edres MAG, Scully C, MD, Gelbier M. Use of proprietary agents to relieve recurrent aphthous stomatits. British Dental Journal 1997; 182: Yankell SL, Welsh CA, Cohen DW. Evaluation of Benzydamine HCL in patients with aphthous Ulcers. Compend Contin Educ Dent 1981; 2(1): Mukics A, Agnes B, Gyula S, Vilmos T. The effectiveness of a benzydamine rinse in the management of stomato-glossopyrosis. Fogorv Sz. 2005; 98(1):

30 64. Schachtel B, Ginsberg D, Shelanski M, Wheland R, Paggiarino D, Crockett S. A randomized double blind controller study to determine the overall and onset of analgesic action and tolerance of benzydamine oral rinse in children with acute sore throat. Angelini Pharmaceuticals Inc., River Edge, New Jersey, USA. Unpublished (1998) 65. Whiteside M. Report on an open assessment of Difflam spray in young patients in general practice Macclesfield, Cheshire, England. Unpublished (1985) 66. Fior R, Zocconi E, Tamburini P, Veljak C. Impiego di benzidamina cloridrato in forma nebulizzata nei pazienti operati di tonsillectomia. Otorinolaringologia 1990; 40: 1-5; English translation: Use of benzydamine hydrochloride (nebulized formulation) in patients submitted to adenotonsillectomy. 67. Young JR. A comparative study of benzydamine hydrochloride ( Difflam pump spray) and placebo as analgesics following tonsillectomy. Int J Tissue React. 1987; 9(2): Giacomelli F, Pastore F, Zangari M, Marchiori C, Soranzo GP Tonsillectomie: terapia e postoperatoria con Tantum Verde Nebulizzatore. Gazz. Med. Ita. 1984; 143: ; English translation: Tantum Verde nebulizer in post-operative management of tonsillectomized patients. 70. Engles I. Vertraglichkeitsstudie mit Tantum Verde gurrgellosung. Med Welt 1980; 49: 3-7; English translation: Compatibility study with Tantum Verde (gargle solution) 71. Caranti S. Periodic Safety Update Report (PSUR) TANTUM VERDE Mouthwash and spray Benzydamine (period covered 1 January August 2008). Pharmacovigilance Service, ACRAF S.p.A., Rome, Italy. Unpublished (2008) 72. Caranti S. Periodic Safety Update Report (PSUR) TANTUM VERDE P Benzydamine Lozenges (period covered 1 January August 2008). Pharmacovigilance Service, ACRAF S.p.A., Rome, Italy. Unpublished (2008) 68. Raj TB. A study to asses the value of Difflam spray postoperatively in children who haveundergone tonsillectomy. Booth Hall Hosp., Manchester, England. Unpublished (1984) 26

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