VCE VBLOCK SYSTEMS DEPLOYMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION: STORAGE EXAM

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2 Table Of Contents Obtaining The VCE-CIIEs Certification Credential... 4 VCE Vblock Systems Deployment And Implementation: Storage Exam... 4 Recommend Prerequisites... 4 VCE Exam Preparation Resources... 4 VCE Certification Web Site... 4 About This Study Guide... 6 Vblock Systems Overview... 6 Vblock Systems Architecture... 7 VMware vsphere Architecture... 9 VMware vsphere Components... 9 VMware vcenter Server On the AMP Storage Provisioning And Configuration Virtual Storage Concepts ESXi Host Data Stores Virtual Storage And High Availability Virtual Network Switches Validate Networking And Storage Configurations Storage Connectivity Concepts In Vblock Systems EMC VNX Series Storage Arrays WWNN and WWPN Zoning VSAN Storage Protocols Storage Management Interface Storage Types Thick/Thin Devices Provisioning Methods File versus Block Level Storage F.A.S.T Concepts Storage Components In Vblock Systems Physical Disk Types Storage Cache Options EMC XtremCache VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 2

3 EMC Fast Cache EMC Storage Controller/RAID Controller LUN Devices... Error! Bookmark not defined. Storage Processor Front-End Director VNX DAE Cabling Disk Vault Administration Of Vblock Systems Power Initialize the Storage Array Storage Pool Management Virtual Pools VCE Vision Intelligent Operations Install Upgrade Vblock Systems Documentation And Deliverables Storage Firmware, Validation, And Upgrade Storage Management Applications PowerPath Deployment Storage Management Attributes Provisioning Pool Management LUNS NFS/CIFS VDM Zoning principles Best practices Troubleshooting Connectivity Fault Detection Health Check Storage Processor/Control Station IP Address Storage Reconfiguration And Replacement Concepts Conclusion VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 3

4 Obtaining The VCE-CIIEs Certification Credential The VCE Certified Professional program validates qualified IT professional to design, manage, configure, and implement Vblock Systems. The VCE Certified Converged Infrastructure Implementation Engineer (VCE- CIIE) credential verifies proficiency with respect to the deployment methodology and management concepts of the VCE Converged Infrastructure. VCE-CIIE credentials assure customers that a qualified implementer with a thorough understanding of Vblock Systems is deploying their systems. The VCE-CIIE track includes a core qualification and four specialty qualifications: Virtualization, Network, Compute, and Storage. Each track requires a passing score for the VCE Vblock Systems Deployment and Implementation: Core Exam and one specialty exam. To obtain the Certified Converged Infrastructure Implementation Engineer Storage (CIIEs) certification, you must pass both the VCE Vblock Systems Deployment and Implementation: Core Exam, and the VCE Vblock Systems Deployment and Implementation: Storage Exam. VCE Vblock Systems Deployment and Implementation: Storage Exam The VCE Vblock Systems Deployment and Implementation: Storage Exam validates that candidates have met all entrance, integration, and interoperability criteria and that the person is technically qualified to install, configure, and secure the EMC storage array on Vblock Systems. The exam covers Vblock Systems storage technology available at the time the exam was developed. Recommend Prerequisites There are no required prerequisites for taking the VCE Vblock Systems Deployment and Implementation: Storage Exam. However, exam candidates should have working knowledge of EMC data storage solutions obtained through formal ILT training and a minimum of one-year experience. It is also highly recommended that exam candidates have training, knowledge and/or working experience with industry-standard x86 servers and operating systems. VCE Exam Preparation Resources VCE strongly recommends exam candidates carefully review this study guide. However, it s not the only recommended preparation resource for the VCE Vblock Systems Deployment and Implementation: Storage Exam, and reviewing this study guide alone does not guarantee passing the exam. VCE certification credentials require a high level of expertise and it s expected that you review the related VMware, Cisco, or EMC resources listed in the References document (available from the VCE Certification web site). It s also expected that you draw from real-world experiences to answer the questions on the VCE certification exams. The certification exam also tests deployment and implementation concepts covered in the Instructor-Led training (ILT) course VCE Vblock Systems Deployment and Implementation, which is a recommended reference for the exam. VCE Certification Website Please refer to for more information on the VCE Certified Professional program and exam preparation resources VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 4

5 Accessing VCE Documentation The descriptions of the various hardware and software configurations in this study guide apply generically to Vblock Systems. Vblock System 200, Vblock System 300 family, and Vblock System 700 family Physical Build, Logical Build, Architecture and Administration Guides contain more specific configuration details. The VCE related documentation is available via the links listed below. Use the link relative to your role. Role Customer VCE partner VCE employee Cisco, EMC, VCE, or VMware employee Resource Note: The websites listed above require some form of authentication using a username/badge and password VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 5

6 About This Study Guide The content in this study guide is relevant to the VCE Vblock Systems Deployment and Implementation: Storage Exam. It provides information about EMC storage, and focuses on how it integrates into the VCE Vblock Systems. Specifically, it addresses installation, administration, and troubleshooting of data storage arrays within the Vblock Systems environment. This study guide focuses on deploying EMC storage array in a VCE Vblock Systems converged infrastructure. Vblock Systems come configured with specific customer-defined server, storage, and networking hardware that is already VMware qualified. The bulk of this guide concentrates on how to configure and manage the data storage array on Vblock Systems. The following topics are covered in this study guide: Overview of the Vblock Systems and EMC data storage environment, including an architectural review of the EMC VNXe and the Vblock Systems specific data storage components. Configure and optimize storage and networking for both virtual applications, including optimizing the environment for the ESXi virtual infrastructure. Storage connectivity components and concepts in Vblock Systems focusing on the EMC VNX series storage array. WWNN and WWPNs, zoning, storage protocols, storage management interfaces, storage types, thick and thin devices, provisioning methods, and file vs. block level storage are also discussed. Administration of Vblock Systems, including power, deployment and implementation, storage provisioning, installation and upgrade deliverables. Troubleshooting, including specific situations often found in a deployment. Vblock Systems Overview This study guide focuses on the Vblock System 200, Vblock System 300 family, and Vblock System 700 family Converged Infrastructure comprised of Cisco UCS blade servers, Cisco Nexus unified and IP only network switches, Cisco Catalyst management switches and Cisco MDS SAN switches, VMware vsphere Hypervisor ESXi and VMware vcenter Server software, and EMC VNX (Vblock System 200 and Vblock System 300 family), or VMAX (Vblock System 700 family) storage systems. VCE Vblock Systems combine industry-leading hardware components to create a robust, extensible platform to host VMware vsphere in an optimized scalable environment. Vblock Systems use redundant hardware and power connections, which, when combined with clustering and replication technologies, create a highly available virtual infrastructure VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 6

7 Vblock Systems Architecture Vblock Systems are a scaled-out architecture built as consolidation and efficiency infrastructure for the enterprise data center. System resources are scalable through common and fully redundant components. The architecture allows for deployments involving large numbers of virtual machines and users. The specific hardware varies depending on the particular model and configuration of the Vblock Systems. The compute, storage, and network components include: Cisco Unified Computing System (UCS)-environment components o UCS rack-mount blades (Vblock 200) and blade servers (Vblock System 300 family and Vblock System 700 family) o UCS chassis o UCS Fabric Interconnects o I/O modules Redundant Cisco Catalyst and/or Nexus LAN switches Redundant Cisco MDS SAN switches, installed in pairs EMC VNX or VMAX enterprise storage arrays Base configuration software comes preinstalled, including VMware vsphere. The Vblock Systems management infrastructure includes two significant management components: The Advanced Management Pod (AMP) resides on a designated server made up of management virtual machines. It functions as a centralized repository for Vblock Systems software management tools, including vcenter Server. VCE Vision Intelligent Operations application is a single source for Vblock Systems resource monitoring and management. VCE Vision software is the industry first converged architecture manager designed with a consistent interface that interacts with all Vblock Systems components. VCE Vision software integrates tightly with vcenter Operations Manager, the management platform for the vsphere environment VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 7

9 VMware vsphere Architecture Vblock Systems support multiple versions of VMware vsphere; VMware vsphere 5.5 is the latest iteration of VMware server virtualization suite. Architecturally, it has two layers: ESXi Virtualization Layer is the ESXi hypervisor that runs the management servers in the Vblock Systems. It abstracts processor, memory, and storage into virtual machines. ESXi hosts reside on UCS B-Series blade servers. Virtualization management layer in Vblock Systems is the vcenter Server. vcenter is a central management point for the ESXi hosts and the virtual machines they service. vcenter runs as a service on a Windows server and resides on the AMP. It provides the following functionality: o User access to core services o VM deployment o Cluster configuration o Host and VM monitoring VMware vsphere Components In addition, VMware vsphere features the following components (this is a partial list and it provides a preface to some of the features investigated in this study guide): vcenter Operations Manager is an automated operations management solution that provides an integrated performance, capacity, and configuration system for virtual cloud infrastructure. Web Client user interface lets an administrator manage the vsphere environment from a remote system. VMware vsphere HA provides business continuity services, such as a cluster file system, host and VM monitoring, failover, and data protection. VMFS is the cluster file system for ESXi environments. It allows access to multiple ESXi servers at the same time and features a distributed journaling mechanism to maintain high availability. vmotion enables live migration of virtual machines from one server to another. Storage vmotion enables live migration of VM files from one data store to another. VMware vsphere Update Manager (VUM) is another notable vsphere component. It maintains the compliance of the virtual environment. It automates patch management and eliminates manual tracking and patching of vsphere hosts and virtual machines VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 9

11 VMware vcenter Server On The AMP The vcenter server instance installed on the Advanced Management Pod (AMP) is the primary management point for the Vblock Systems virtual environment. The AMP is a specific set of hardware in the Vblock Systems, typically in a high-availability configuration that contains all virtual machines and vapps that are necessary to manage the Vblock Systems infrastructure. vcenter manages the VMware vsphere environment and allows you to install and configure vapps and create new ESXi instances, as well as look at VMware performance and troubleshooting information. The Advanced Management Pod (AMP) is a set of hardware (optionally, HA clustered) that hosts a virtual infrastructure containing VMware vcenter and VMs running the tools necessary to manage and maintain the Vblock Systems environment. The diagram below represents a logical view of the AMP: Storage Provisioning And Configuration Storage systems and their ability to interact with VMware vsphere are important considerations when creating a resilient virtualized environment. EMC storage arrays complement the Vblock Systems architecture by providing a robust, highly available storage infrastructure. VMware vsphere leverages this infrastructure to provision new VMs and virtual storage. Virtual Storage Concepts Thin provisioning allows for flexibility in allocating storage, and VMware vsphere includes supports for it. Administrators can create thin-format virtual machine disks (VMDKs), where ESXi provisions the entire space required for the disk s current and future activities, but commits only as much storage space as the disk needs for its initial operations. VMware vsphere manages usage and space reclamation. It is possible to grow or shrink an existing VMDK to reflect its storage requirements. The storage arrays in Vblock Systems are preconfigured based on array type and Vblock Systems model. By default, the storage arrays are Fully Automatic Storage Tiering (FAST) enabled. FAST dynamically stores data according to its activity level: highly active data goes to high-performance drives; less active data goes to highcapacity drives. Vblock Systems storage arrays have a mix of Enterprise Flash Drives (EFD), Fibre Channel Drives, SATA Drives, SAS Drives and NL-SAS Drives. As an example, Vblock System 300 family models deploy FAST with a default configuration of 5% for Enterprise Flash drives, 45% for SAS, and Near-Line SAS set to 50%. Vblock Systems virtual storage offers lazy and eager thick provisioning. Thick Provision Lazy Zeroed creates a virtual disk in a default thick format, with space reserved during the virtual disk creation. Any older data on the storage device is cleared, or zeroed out, only when the VM first writes new data to that thick virtual disk. It leaves the door open for recovering deleted files or restoring old data, if necessary. Alternatively, a Thick Provision Eager Zeroed virtual disk clears data from the storage device upon creation VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 11

12 Vblock Systems support PowerPath and native VMware multipathing to manage storage I/O connections. ESXi uses pluggable storage architecture in the Vmkernel and is delivered with I/O multipathing software referred to as the Native Multipathing Plugin (NMP), an extensible module that manages sub plug-in. VMware provides built-in sub plug-in, but they can also come from third parties. NMP sub plug-in can be one of two types: one based on the storage-array type (SATP), and the other based on the path selection (PSP). PSPs are responsible for choosing a physical path for I/O requests. The VMware NMP assigns a default PSP for each logical device based on the SATP associated with the physical paths for that device, but you can override the default. The VMware NMP supports the following PSPs: In this case, the host selects the path used most recently (MRU). When it becomes unavailable, the host selects an alternative path. The host does not revert to the original path when that path becomes available again. There is no preferred path setting with the MRU policy. MRU is the default policy for most activepassive storage devices, and VMware vsphere displays the state as the Most Recently Used (VMware) path-selection policy. With a fixed path, the host uses a designated preferred path. Otherwise, it selects the first working path discovered at boot time. If you want the host to use a particular preferred path, specify it manually. Fixed is the default policy for most active-active storage devices. VMware vsphere displays the state as the Fixed (VMware) path-selection policy. Note that if a default preferred path's status turns to dead, the host will select a new preferred path. However, designated preferred paths will remain preferred even when they become inaccessible. In round robin (RR), the host uses an automatic path-selection algorithm. For active-passive arrays, it rotates through all active paths. For active-passive arrays, it rotates through all available paths. RR is the default for a number of arrays and can implement load balancing across paths for different LUNs. VMware vsphere displays the state as the Round Robin (VMware) path-selection policy. PowerPath/VE is host multipathing software optimized for virtual host environments. It provides I/O path optimization, path failover, and I/O load balancing across virtual host bus adapters (HBAs). PPVE installs as a virtual appliance OVF file. The PowerPath/VE license management server installs on the AMP. ESXi Host Data Stores All the files associated with VMs are contained in the ESXi host data store, a logical construct that can exist on most standard SAN or NFS physical storage devices. A data store is a managed object that represents a storage location for virtual machine files. A storage location can be a VMFS volume, a directory on Network Attached Storage, or a local file system path. Virtual machines need no information about the physical location of their storage, because the data store keeps track of it. Data stores are platform-independent and host-independent. Therefore, they do not change when the virtual machines move between hosts. Data stores configuration is per host. As part of host configuration, a host system can mount a set of network drives. Multiple hosts may point to the same storage location. Only one data store object exists for each shared location. Each data store object keeps a reference to the set of hosts that are mounted to it. You may only remove a data store object when it has no mounted hosts. Data stores are created during the initial ESXi-host boot and when adding an ESXi host to the inventory. You can adjust their size with the Add Storage command. Once established, you can use them to store VM files. Management functions include renaming data stores, removing them, and setting access control permissions. Data stores can also have group permissions VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 12

13 Virtual Storage And High Availability To minimize the possibility of service outages, Vblock Systems Converged Infrastructure hardware has multiple redundant features designed to eliminate single points of failure. The EMC storage systems used in Vblock Systems configurations also implement various mechanisms to ensure data reliability with BC/DR capabilities. VMware vsphere high availability (HA) features enhance the inherent resiliency of the Vblock Systems environment. When properly configured, these features enable VMs to remain available through a variety of both planned and unplanned outages. Clustering computer systems has been around for a long time. Shared-nothing failover clustering at the OS level is a predominant approach to system availability, and it does indeed provide system continuity. VMware vsphere HA allows clustering at the hypervisor layer, leveraging its cluster file system, VMFS, to allow shared access to VM files during cluster operations. Unlike OS-based clustering, VMware vsphere clusters remain in service during failure and migration scenarios that would cause an outage in a typical failover cluster. VMware vsphere HA gets VMs back up and running after an ESXi host failure with very little effect to the virtual infrastructure. A key to implementing a resilient HA cluster is using multiple I/O paths for cluster communications and data access. This hardware infrastructure is part of the Vblock Systems, encompassing both SAN and LAN fabrics. Another Vblock Systems best practice is to configure redundant data stores, enabling alternate paths for data store heartbeat. Additionally, NIC teaming uses multiple paths for cluster communications and tolerates NIC failures. Another important consideration is ensuring that cluster failover targets have the necessary resources to handle the application requirements of the primary host. Because certain planned outage scenarios are relatively shortlived, the primary VM can run on a reduced set of resources until migrated back to the original location. In the case of failover due to a real hardware or software failure, the target VM environment must be able to host the primary OS and application with no performance degradation. VMware vsphere HA provides a base layer of support for fault tolerance. Full fault tolerance is at the VM level. The Host Failures Cluster control policy specifies a maximum number of host failures, given the available resources. VMware vsphere HA ensures that if these hosts fail, sufficient resources remain in the cluster to failover all of the VMs from those hosts. This is particularly important for business applications hosted on ESXi. VMware vsphere includes tools to analyze the slot size required to successfully failover VMs to a new location. The slot size is a representation of the CPU and Memory necessary to host the VM after a failover event. Several additional settings define failover and restart parameters. Keep in mind that configuring slot size requires careful consideration. A smaller size may conserve resources at the expense of application performance. The VMware vsphere Distributed Resource Scheduler DRS takes compute resources and aggregates them into logical pools, which ultimately simplifies HA configuration deployment. It balances computing capacity and load balancing within the cluster to optimize VM performance. VMware vsphere Fault Tolerance protects VMs when an ESXi server goes down. There is no loss of data, transactions, or connections. If an ESXi host fails, Fault Tolerance instantly moves VMs to a new host via vlockstep, which keeps a secondary VM in sync with the primary VM, ready to take over if need be. vlockstep passes the instructions and instruction execution sequence of primary VM to the secondary VM in case of primary host failure. It occurs immediately. After the failover, a new secondary VM respawns to reestablish redundancy. The entire process is transparent and fully automated and occurs even if the vcenter Server is unavailable. A vsphere HA cluster is a prerequisite for configuring Fault Tolerant VMs. Many situations require migration of a VM to a compatible host without service interruption, performing maintenance on production hosts for example, or processing issues and bottlenecks on existing hosts, etc. vmotion enables live host-to-host migration for virtual machines VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 13

14 In addition, vsphere offers an enhanced vmotion compatibility (EVC) feature that allows live VM migration between hosts with different CPU capabilities. This is useful when upgrading server hardware, particularly if the new hardware contains a new CPU type or manufacturer. These enhanced clusters are a distinct cluster type. Existing hosts can only function as an EVC host after migrated into a new, empty EVC cluster. Storage systems need maintenance too, and Storage vmotion allows VM files to migrate from shared storage system to another with no downtime or service disruption. It is also effective when performing migrations to different tiers of storage. Performing any vmotion operation requires permissions associated with Data Center Administrator, Resource Pool Administrator, or Virtual Machine Administrator. Virtual Network Switches This section details network connectivity and management for virtual machines. Vblock Systems support a number of different network/storage paradigms: segregated networks with block-only storage, with unified storage, with SAN boot storage; unified networks with block-only storage, SAN boot storage, and unified storage. Close investigation of the Vblock Systems network architecture is beyond the scope of this study guide. Generally, segregated network connections use separate pairs of LAN (Catalyst and Nexus) and SAN (MDS) switches and unified network connections consolidate to a single pair of Nexus network switches both LAN and SAN connectivity. Virtual servers are managed and connected differently than physical servers and have different requirements for fabric connectivity and management. They use a virtual network switch. Vblock Systems customers have two options here, the VMware virtual switch (vswitch), and the Cisco Nexus 1000V virtual switch. The VMware virtual switch runs on the ESXi kernel and connects to the Vblock Systems LAN through the UCS Fabric Interconnect. The Nexus 1000V virtual switch from Cisco resides on each Vblock Systems server and is licensed on a per-host basis. IT is equipped with better virtual network management and scalability than the VMware virtual switch, and VCE considers it a best practice. The Nexus 1000V is a combined hardware and software switch solution, consisting of a Virtual Ethernet Module (VEM) and a Virtual Supervisor Module (VSM). The following diagram depicts the 1000V distributed switching architecture: 2014 VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 14

15 The VEM runs as part of the ESXi kernel and uses the VMware vnetwork Distributed Switch (vds) API, which was developed jointly by Cisco and VMware for virtual machine networking. The integration is tight; it ensures that the Nexus 1000V is fully aware of all server virtualization events such as vmotion and Distributed Resource Scheduler (DRS). The VEM takes configuration information from the VSM and performs Layer-2 switching and advanced networking functions. If the communication between the VSM and the VEM is interrupted, the VEM has Nonstop Forwarding (NSF) capability to continue to switch traffic based on the last known configuration. You can use the vsphere Update Manager (VUM) to install the VEM, or you can install it manually using the CLI. The VSM controls multiple VEMs as one logical switch module. Instead of multiple physical line-card modules, the VSM supports multiple VEMs that run inside the physical servers. Initial virtual-switch configuration occurs in the VSM, which automatically propagates to the VEMs. Instead of configuring soft switches inside the hypervisor on a host-by-host basis, administrators can use a single interface to define configurations for immediate use on all VEMs managed by the VSM. The Nexus 1000V provides synchronized, redundant VSMs for high availability. You have a few interface options for configuring the Nexus 1000V virtual switch: standard SNMP and XML as well Cisco CLI and Cisco LAN Management Solution (LMS). The Nexus 1000V is compatible with all the vswitch management tools, and the VSM also integrates with VMware vcenter Server so that the virtualization administrator can manage the network configuration in the Cisco Nexus 1000V switch. The VMware virtual switch directs network traffic to one of two distinct traffic locations: the VMkernel and the VM network. VMkernel traffic controls Fault Tolerance, vmotion, and NFS. The VM network allows hosted VMs to connect to the virtual and physical network. Standard vswitches exist at each (ESXi) server and can be configured either from the vcenter Server or directly on the host. Distributed vswitches exist at the vcenter Server level, where they are managed and configured. Several factors govern choice of adapter, generally either host compatibility requirements or application requirements. Virtual network adapters install into ESXi and emulate a variety of physical Ethernet and Fibre Channel NICs. (Refer to the Vblock Systems Architecture Guides for network hardware details and supported topologies.) Validate Networking And Storage Configurations The networking topology and associated hardware on the Vblock Systems arrives preconfigured. With the basic configuration performed at manufacturing, the network is adjusted to accommodate the applications it supports and other environmental considerations. For example, if using block storage, SAN configuration components must be tested and verified. If using filers or unified storage, the LAN settings may need adjustment, particularly NIC teaming, multipathing and jumbo frames. With regard to the SAN configuration, you need to review the overall connectivity in terms of availability. Check both host multipathing and switch failover to ensure that the VMs will be as highly available as possible. Review the storage configuration to verify the correct number of LUNs and storage pools and verifies the storage pool accessibility. Then, make sure that all the deployed virtual machines have access to the appropriate storage environment. These activities require almost the complete suite of monitoring and management tools in the Vblock Systems with most tools installed on the AMP. Specific tools used during a deployment include, vcenter, Operations Manager, EMC Unisphere, EMC PowerPath Viewer, VCE Vision software and Cisco UCS Manager VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 15

16 Storage Connectivity Concepts In Vblock Systems EMC VNX Series Storage Arrays The EMC VNX series are fourth-generation storage platforms that deliver industry-leading capabilities. They offer a unique combination of flexible, scalable hardware design, and advanced software capabilities that enable them to meet the diverse needs of today s organizations. EMC VNX series platforms support block and unified storage. The platforms are optimized for VMware virtualized applications. They feature flash drives for extendable cache and high performance in the virtual storage pools. Automation features include self-optimized storage tiering and application-centric replication. Regardless of the storage protocol implemented at startup (block or unified), Vblock Systems can include cabinet space, cabling, and power to support the hardware for all of these storage protocols. This arrangement makes it easier to move from block storage to unified storage with minimal hardware changes. The EMC VNX series storage arrays connect to dual storage processors (SPs) using six GB/s four-lane serial attached SCSI (SAS). Fibre channel (FC) expansion cards within the storage processors connect to the Cisco MDS switches or Cisco Nexus unified network switches within the network layer over FC. WWNN And WWPN A WWNN (World Wide Node Name) is assigned to a Fibre Channel device such as an FC HBA or storage array. The WWPN (World Wide Port Name) is generated from the WWNN by the Fibre Channel fabric when the device logs into the fabric. A WWN pool is a collection of worldwide names (WWNs) for use by the Fibre Channel vhbas in a Cisco UCS instance. Separate pools are created for both. A WWNN is assigned to the server and the WWPN is assigned to the vhba. If WWN pools are used in service profiles, you do not have to manually configure the WWNs that will be used by the server associated with the service profile. In a system that implements multitenancy, you can use a WWN pool to control the WWNs that are used by each organization. Zoning Zoning is a procedure that takes place on the SAN fabric and ensures devices can only communicate with those that they need to. Masking takes place on storage arrays and ensures that only particular World Wide Names [WWNs] can communicate with LUNs on that array. There are two distinct methods of zoning that can be applied to a SAN: World Wide Name zoning and port zoning. WWN zoning groups a number of WWNs in a zone and allows them to communicate with each other. The switch port that each device is connected to is irrelevant when WWN zoning is configured. One advantage of this type of zoning is that when a port is suspected to be faulty a device can be connected to another port without the need for fabric reconfiguration. A disadvantage is that if an HBA fails in a server the fabric will need to be reconfigured for the host to reattach to its storage. WWN zoning is also sometimes called 'soft zoning.' Port zoning groups particular ports on a switch or number of switches together, allowing any device connected to those ports to communicate with each other. An advantage of port zoning is that you don't need to reconfigure a zone when an HBA is changed. A disadvantage is that any device can be attached into the zone and communicate with any device in the zone. There are EMC recommendations for zoning specific to the Vblock Systems you are configuring. VSAN A VSAN is a virtual storage area network (SAN). A SAN is a dedicated network that interconnects hosts and storage devices primarily to exchange SCSI traffic. In SANs you use the physical links to make these interconnections; VSANS are a logical segmentation of a physical SAN. Sets of protocols run over the SAN to handle routing, naming, and zoning. You can design multiple SANs with different topologies. A named VSAN creates a connection to a specific external SAN. The VSAN isolates traffic to that external SAN, including broadcast traffic. The traffic on one named VSAN knows that the traffic on another named VSAN exists, but cannot read or access that traffic VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 16

17 Like a named VLAN, the name that you assign to a VSAN ID adds a layer of abstraction that allows you to globally update all servers associated with service profiles that use the named VSAN. You do not need to reconfigure the servers individually to maintain communication with the external SAN. You can create more than one named VSAN with the same VSAN ID. In a cluster configuration, a named VSAN can be configured to be accessible only to the FC uplinks on one fabric interconnect or to the FC Uplinks on both fabric interconnects. Storage Protocols Unified storage is a platform with storage capacity connected to a network that provides file-based and blockbased data storage services to other devices on the network. Unified storage uses standard file protocols such as Common Internet File System (CIFS) and Network File System (NFS) and standard block protocols like Fibre Channel (FC) and Internet Small Computer System Interface (iscsi) to allow users and applications to access data consolidated on a single device. Block storage uses a standard file protocol such as Fibre Channel (FC). Unified storage is ideal for organizations with general-purpose servers that use internal or direct-attached storage for shared file systems, applications, and virtualization. Unified storage replaces file servers and consolidates data for applications and virtual servers onto a single, efficient, and powerful platform. Large numbers and various types and release levels of direct-attached storage or internal storage can be difficult to manage and protect as well as costly due to very low total utilization rates. Unified storage provides the cost savings and simplicity of consolidating storage over an existing network, the efficiency of tiered storage, and the flexibility required by virtual server environments. VCE Vblock Systems can support block or unified storage protocols. Storage Management Interface SMI-S (Storage Management Initiative Specification) is a standard developed by the Storage Network Industry Association (SNIA) that is intended to facilitate the management of storage devices from multiple vendors in storage area networks. SMI-S defines common attributes for each component in a SAN. The specification is platform-independent and extensible. This makes it possible to add new devices to a SAN with a minimum of difficulty. SMI-S can allow SAN managers to oversee all aspects of a network from a single point. EMC has separate management interfaces for midrange block and file systems. (Navisphere Manager, for blockbased storage systems, and Celerra Manager for Celerra file based systems.) Storage Types Adding RAID packs can increase storage capacity. Each pack contains a number of drives of a given type, speed, and capacity. The number of drives in a pack depends upon the RAID level that it supports. The number and types of RAID packs to include in Vblock Systems is based upon the following: The number of storage pools that are needed. The storage tiers that each pool contains, and the speed and capacity of the drives in each tier. Note: The speed and capacity of all drives within a given tier in a given pool must be the same. A WWN pool is a collection of worldwide names (WWNs) for use by the Fibre Channel vhbas in a Cisco UCS instance. Separate pools are created for WWNNs assigned to a server, and WWPNs assigned to the vhba. Thick/Thin Devices The primary difference between thin LUNs compared to Classic and thick LUNs is that thin LUNs have the ability to present more storage to an application than what is physically allocated. Presenting storage that is not physically available avoids underutilizing the storage system s capacity VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 17

18 Data and LUN metadata is written to thin LUNs in 8 KB chunks. Thin LUNs consume storage on an asneeded basis from the underlying pool. As new writes come into a thin LUN, more physical space is allocated in 256 MB slices. Thick LUNs are also available in VNX. Unlike a thin LUN, a thick LUN s capacity is fully reserved and allocated on creation so it will never run out of capacity. Users can also better control which tier the slices are initially written to. For example, as pools are initially being created and there is still sufficient space in the highest tier, users can be assured that when they create a LUN with Highest Available Tier or Start High, then Auto-Tier, data will be written to the highest tier because the LUN is allocated immediately. Thin LUNs typically have lower performance than thick LUNs because of the indirect addressing. Thus, the mapping overhead for a thick LUN is much less when compared to a thin LUN. Thick LUNs have more predictable performance than thin LUNs because the slice allocation is assigned at creation. However, thick LUNs do not provide the flexibility of oversubscribing like a thin LUN does so they should be used for applications where performance is more important than space savings. Thick and thin LUNs can share the same pool, allowing them to have the same ease-of-use and benefits of pool-based provisioning. Provisioning Methods Storage provisioning is the process of assigning storage resources to meet the capacity, availability, and performance needs of applications. In terms of accessing storage, the virtual disk always appears to the virtual machine as a mounted SCSI device. The virtual disks within the data store hide the physical storage layer from the VM. With traditional block storage provisioning, you create a RAID group with a particular RAID protection level. When LUNs are bound on the RAID group, the host-reported capacity of the LUNs is equal to the amount of physical storage capacity allocated. The entire amount of physical storage capacity must be present on day one, resulting in low levels of utilization, and recovering underutilized space remains a challenge. Virtual Provisioning utilizes storage pool-based provisioning technology that is designed to save time, increase efficiency, reduce costs, and improve ease of use. Storage pools can be used to create thick and thin LUNs. Thick LUNs provide high and predictable performance for your applications, mainly because all of the user capacity is reserved and allocated upon creation. File Versus Block Level Storage File level storage can be defined as a centralized location to store files and folders. They are considered networkattached storage. This level of storage requires file level protocols such as NFS presented by Linux and VMware, and SMB and CIFS presented by Windows. Block level storage can be defined as fixed block sizes of data that are seen as individual hard drives. Block level file systems utilize Fibre Channel (FC) iscsi, and FCOE protocols. F.A.S.T Concepts EMC Fully Automated Storage Tiering (FAST) cache is a storage performance optimization feature that provides immediate access to frequently accessed data. FAST cache complements FAST by automatically absorbing unpredicted spikes in application workloads. FAST cache results in a significant increase in performance for all read and write workloads. FAST cache uses enterprise Flash drives to extend existing cache capacities up to 2 terabytes. FAST cache monitors incoming I/O for access frequency and automatically copies frequently accessed data from the back-end drives into the cache. FAST cache is simply configured and easy to monitor. FAST cache accelerates performance to address unexpected workload spikes. FAST and FAST cache are a powerful combination, unmatched in the industry, that provides optimal performance at the lowest possible cost VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 18

19 FAST VP automatically optimizes performance in a tiered environment reducing costs, footprint, and management effort. FAST VP puts the right data in the right place at the right time. FAST VP maximizes utilization of Flash Drive capacity for high IOPS workloads and maximizes utilization of SATA drives for capacity intensive applications. FAST VP is a game changing technology that delivers automation and efficiency to the virtual data center. SP Memory allocations on a VNX changes based on how many FAST Cache drives have been purchased. VCE suggests an 80/20 rule for configuring Write/Read cache when using FAST Cache. VCE Recommendations: SP Memory allocations on a VNX changes based on how many FAST Cache drives have been purchased. VCE suggests an 80/20 rule for configuring Write/Read cache when using FAST Cache. For FAST VP implementations, assign 95% of the available pool capacity to File. Always allocate EFD drives for FAST Cache requirements first, and then assign the remainder for FAST VP for best performance. Storage Components In Vblock Systems Physical Disk Types The disk array enclosure (DAE) is a cabinet-mounted device that holds the disk drives within the storage array. DAEs are added in packs. The number of DAEs in each pack is equivalent to the number of back-end buses in the EMC VNX array in the Vblock System 300 family. Each DAE is a 15-drive 3U enclosure for 3.5" form factor drives. Certain configurations of the Vblock System 700 family, Vblock System 100, and the Vblock 200 contain different numbers and types of DAEs. All Vblock Systems components are fully redundant with organized physical builds, cabling and power for optimum energy efficiency, and reliability. Depending on the Vblock Systems model, the physical disk drive will be one or more of the following: Serial attached SCSI (SAS) SAS disk drives allow for higher data rate transfers. SAS drives are smaller in size to reduce the amount of seek time. This disk array enclosure is for performance-intensive, random reads. Nearline SAS (NL-SAS) NL-SAS are drives that are approximately three times the size of SAS drives that allow for higher density per drive slot. (The larger the disk, the slower the data rate transfer and seek time.) This disk array enclosure is for capacity-intensive, sequential reads. Enterprise Flash Drives (EFD) EFDs are also known as solid state drives (SSDs), they contain no moving parts and therefore are not constrained by seek time or rotational latency. EFD is supported for the VMAX family, or optionally for the VNX. Fibre Channel Drives Fibre Channel is a hard disk drive interface technology designed primarily for high-speed data throughput for high-capacity storage systems, usually set up as a disk array or RAID. Fibre Channel disk drive systems typically have performance rivaling or exceeding that of high-performance SCSI disk arrays. Serial ATA (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment) (SATA) is a standard for connecting hard drives into computer systems. As its name implies, SATA is based on serial signaling technology, unlike IDE drives that use parallel signaling. Storage Cache Options EMC XtremCache EMC XtremCache is intelligent caching software that leverages server-based flash technology and writethrough caching for accelerated application performance with data protection. EMC XtremCache improves the performance of read-intensive, flash technology and write-through caching for accelerated application 2014 VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 19

20 performance high-throughput, minimal response time applications, and cuts latency in half. EMC XtremCache increases read performance by keeping a localized flash cache within a server. EMC XtremCache extends EMC FAST array-based technology in to the server with a single, intelligent input/output path from the application to the data store. Write-through caching is provided forcing writes to persist to the back-end storage array to ensure high availability, data integrity and reliability, and disaster recovery. Read cache typically needs a smaller amount of capacity to operate efficiently. In addition, its typical usage is less varied across the majority of workloads. Write cache is different because its usage affects performance more heavily and can range more widely. Set the read cache first, and then allocate the total remaining capacity to write cache. EMC Fast Cache FAST Cache is best for small random I/O where data is skewed. EMC recommends first utilizing available flash drives for FAST Cache, which can globally benefit all LUNs in the storage system. Then supplement performance as needed with additional flash drives in storage pool tiers. Virtual Applications (vapps) are a collection of components that combine to create a virtual appliance running, as a VM. Several Vblock Systems management components hosted reside on the AMP as vapps. VMware uses the Open Virtualization Format/Archive (OVF/OVA) extensively. VMware vsphere relies on OVF/OVA standard interface templates as a means of deploying virtual machines and vapps. A VM template contains all of its OS, application, and configuration data. You can use an existing template as a master to replicate any VM or vapp or use it as the foundation to customize a new VMs. Any VM can become a template. It s a simple procedure from within the vcenter Operations Manager. VM Cloning is another VM replication option. The existing virtual machine is the parent of the clone. When the cloning operation is complete, the clone is a separate virtual machine, though it may share virtual disks with the parent virtual machine. Again, cloning is a simple vcenter Operations Manager procedure. The current state of a virtual machine is saved with a snapshot. This provides the benefit to revert to a previous state in case of an error modifying or updating the VM. EMC Storage Controller/RAID Controller The controller performs certain operations that can make the disk s job easier. Any time the disk spends seeking or waiting for a sector to spin under its head is wasted time because no data is being transferred. When data on successive sectors of a disk are accessed, no time is wasted seeking. The access pattern of reading or writing successive sectors on disk is called sequential access, and the service time for sequential access is very low. The service time for a sequential read can be under 1 ms, so a much higher queue can be tolerated than for a random read. Many optimizations try to maximize the sequential nature of disk drives. Storage Processor The Storage Processors, which handle all of the block storage processing for the array, are contained within a Storage Processor Enclosure (SPE) or Disk Processor Enclosure (DPE) depending on VNX model. Each SP has a management module that is connected to an Ethernet network and provides administrative access to the array, front-end ports for host connectivity and back-end ports that connect to the storage. The front-end ports can be used to connect the UCS blade server hosts for block access, or Data Movers for file access. The SPs manage all configuration tasks, store the active configuration information, and perform all monitoring and alerting for the array. Front-End Director A channel director (front-end director) is a card that connects a host to the Symmetrix. Where the VNX uses Storage Processors, the VMAX uses Engines, but their function is the same relaying front-end I/O requests to the back-end buses to access the appropriate storage. Each VMAX Engine is made up of several different 2014 VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 20

21 components, including redundant power supplies, cooling fans, Standby Power Supply modules, and Environmental modules. Each engine also contains two directors, each of which contains CPUs, memory (cache) and the front- and backend ports. As with the VNX, the back-end ports provide connectivity to the Disk Enclosures and the front-end ports provide connectivity to hosts or NAS devices or for replication purposes. The System Interface Boards provide connectivity from each director to the Virtual Matrix, which allows all directors to share memory. VNX DAE Cabling The disk processor enclosure (DPE) houses the service processors for the EMC VNX5400, EMC VNX5600, EMC VNX5800 and EMC VNX7600. The DPE provides slots for 2 Service Processors, 2 battery backup units (BBU), and an integrated 25-slot disk array enclosure (DAE) for 2.5" drives. Each SP provides support for up to 5 SLICs (small I/O cards). Vblock Systems are designed to keep hardware changes to a minimum, should the customer decide to change the storage protocol after installation (for example, from block storage to unified storage). Cabinet space can be reserved for all components that are needed for each storage configuration (Cisco MDS switches, X-Blades, etc.), ensuring that network and power cabling capacity for these components is in place. Disk While at the most basic level, all storage arrays do the same thing: They take capacity that resides on physical disk and make logical volumes that are presented to the servers. All storage arrays protect data, using RAID data protection schemes, and optimize performance-using caching. What is different is the level of scalability and advance features offered, such as replication and disaster recovery capability. All disk drives are housed in DAEs (Disk Array enclosures). If the number of RAID packs in Vblock Systems is expanded, more disk array enclosures (DAEs) might be required. DAEs are added in packs. The number of DAEs in each pack is equivalent to the number of back-end buses in the EMC VNX array in the Vblock Systems. Each VNXe system has a disk package (RAID group) in the first disk enclosure. These disks store the operating environment (OE) for the VNXe system data. Vault The vault is a place, or mechanism, used to protect your VMAX data when powering down the array when a power outage occurs, or in the event that some environmental change, such as power failure or temperature is being exceeded. The VMAX is set to write the data in global cache memory to the Vault devices and shutdown the array in a controlled manner VCE Company, LLC. All rights reserved. 21