Subsurface Transport of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Soils of Wisconsin s Carbonate Aquifer Region
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1 Subsurface Transport of Cryptosporidium Oocysts in Soils of Wisconsin s Carbonate Aquifer Region Zach Zopp Assistance Researcher: University of Wisconsin Madison Dept. of Biological Systems Engineering (BSE) 10^6 Magnification
2 Cryptosporidium parvum Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum) is a pathogenic protozoa parasite common to bovine manure Cryptosporidiosis In humans Human contraction occurs via: Drinking water, recreational water, or food DIC
3 FITI
4 1) Soil Treatment 2) Susceptibility HOW? 3) Dairy DAPI
5 Project Impetus Area of Interest Northeastern Wisconsin Soil based manure treatments systems have vulnerabilities that may lead to the contamination of ground and drinking water supplies FITI
6 Project Objectives 1. Determine if irradiated C. parvum is an effective surrogate for live C. parvum soil transport 2. Determine the transport potential of C. parvum for several NE WI soils 3. Relate transport potential to soil characteristics (texture, moisture, organic matter etc.) DAPI
7 Field Methodology Laboratory based study using intact 6 inch diameter x 20 inch tall undisturbed soil columns from NE WI Three soils selected for soil columns Lomira (LvB), Hochheim (HmB), Kewaunee (KnB) Silt Loam (LvB & HmB) and Silty Clay (KnB) FITI
8 Field Methodology FITI
9 FITI
10 Laboratory Methodology Simulated rainfall experiments on soil columns Surface inculcated with 10^6 C. parvum via a diluted 1% manure Collection of leachate and depth wise distribution of soil for C. parvum analysis via EPA No EPA Soil Extraction Method DIC
11 EPA Minimum Recovery 32% DIC
12 Objective #1 Are Irradiated C. parvum Oocysts an Effective Surrogate? Yes Irradiated oocysts behave in a similar manor for both leachate and soil DAPI
13 Objective #2 Transport Potential of Soils in NE WI Treatment Irradiated C. parvum 3 Soil Series (LvB, HmB, KnB) Simulation Conditions Initial Saturated Soil Condition Duration of One Pore Volume Rainfall rate individualized to maximal flux without ponding Bromide Tracer FITI
14 FITI
15 Mean Flux 2.4 cm hr -1 FITI
16 A Horizon B Horizon FITI
17 Objective #2 Lomira (LvB) & Hochheim (HmB) Silt Loam Potential for Transport to Groundwater Rapid Migration Breakthrough First Flush Kewaunee (KnB) Silty Clay Potential for Transport to Surfacewater Ponding Soil Retention FITI
18 Objective #3 Soil Characteristics (Stimulate) Texture Silt Loams have higher leachate C. parvum concentrations and dominate First Flush Effect Hydraulic Conductivity Quantify impact of Macropores, but inherit to texture Macropores The presence of connective macropores observed to increase magnitude of First Flush Effect (LvB) DIC
19 Objective #3 Soil Characteristics (Inhibit) Texture Silt Clay May prevent breakthrough Delay First Flush Effect Percentage of Clay in B Horizon Clay texture (50%) Moisture Content Expansion of Silt Clay and Clay texture DIC
20 Summary S 3 PEG method produced repeatable soil extraction recoveries of C. parvum above EPA minimum recovery standards Irradiated C. parvum is a viable surrogate for the transport of live C. parvum Oocysts in soil Under plausible conditions, the Silt Loams of NE Wisconsin have the potential to transport C. parvum to groundwater DAPI
21 Impacts Expands knowledge base of In-situ based C. parvum research Peng, 2011 Harter, 2000 DAPI
22 Collaborators & Partners Dr. Sharon Long: Professor, UW-Madison Dept. of Soils Dr. Anita Thompson: Associate Professor, UW-Madison Dept. of BSE Dr. K.G. Karthikeyan: Professor, UW-Madison Dept. BSE Dr. Fred Madison: Emeritus Professor, UW-Madison Dept. of Soils WSLH Staff (J. Olstadt, B. Hoffman, M. Collins, J. Allan) WI Department of Natural Resources WI Groundwater Coordinating Council DAPI
23 References CAFO and Dairy Farm Concentrations in the State of Wisconsin. (2009). Wisconsin Initiative on Climate Change Impacts. Accessed fromhttp:// Groundwater Contamination Susceptibility in Wisconsin. (1989). Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey. Accessed from Harter, T. & Wagner, S. (2000). Colloid Transport and Filtration of Cryptosporidium parvum in Sandy Soils and Aquifer Sediments. Environmental Science and Technology. 34, Kato, S. et al. (2002). Effects of Freeze Thaw Events on the viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in Soil. Journal of Parasitology. 88(4): Peng, X., Macdonald, S., Murphy, T. M., and Holden, N. M. (2011). The Fate and Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in the Soil. Principles, Application and Assessment in Soil Science, Petersen, H. H., Enemark, H. L., Olsen, A., Amin, M. G. M., & Dalsgaard, A. (2012). Transport of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in soil columns following applications of raw and separated liquid slurries. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 78(17), Soil Regions of Wisconsin. (1993). Wisconsin Geological & Natural History Survey. Accessed from DAPI
24 Questions? What about radish macropores? DIC
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