AC Line Voltage and Guitar Tone Mania
|
|
- Regina Morris
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 AC Line Voltage and Guitar Tone Mania Hans Michel UIUC Physics 199 POM Physics of Music Fall Semester, 2004 Ever since Eddie Van Halen plugged his amplifier into one in the mid seventies, the variac has been a mystical presence in the guitar world. Credited for a lot of his infamous sound, many people started to use them, soon to discover they were a good way to destroy an amp. Variacs are variable transformers that take the electricity from the wall outlet, and turn the voltage either up or down. Reckless use of variacs soon led the guitar world to shy away from them. But since the advent of rock and roll as we know it, line voltages from outlets in America have gone up ~ 10%. Amps from the vintage era behave slightly differently now than they once did. I was interested in this phenomenon and used a variac on an amp of mine to find that differences in line voltages had a definite effect on the overall sound of the amp. I then decided to try to quantitatively capture what it is that is affected by these differences in line voltages. A vintage designed tube amplifier has many points in the circuit that can be affected by these changes in voltage. The amplifier I used is a copy of the legendary Marshall 18 Watt combo. It uses EL84 output tubes, 12AX7 preamp tubes, and an EZ81 tube rectifier. The most obvious places the difference in voltage would affect the signal are the tubes plate voltages, which greatly affect the overall sound of any amplifier. Also a difference in the tubes filament voltage directly affects the way the tubes function. The biggest reason for damage to tubes due to variac use is dangerously low filament voltage, which strips the filament s chemical plating, and causes tube failure. Pretty much 1
2 anywhere else in amp is also affected by these differences. How all of these combined differences affect the overall sound of the amp is what I set out to find. The first and most obvious place to start for a basic input signal is a sine wave. I ran a sine wave generator into my amp to find the harmonics that it added to the original signal, and how those harmonics were affected by differences in line voltage. I tested five voltages: 130 volts, 120 volts (current U.S. standard), 110 volts (former U.S. standard), 100 volts, and 90 volts. We ll take 120 volts to be the standard line voltage to compare the differences of the other line voltages to. For this particular amp, the second and third harmonics are relatively strong, and there is a drop off at the fourth harmonic. Starting at ninety volts, the harmonics overall are at there weakest values. The second and fourth harmonics are improved, however, and the third harmonic is at its lowest. At 100 volts the harmonics are at their overall highest the second and fourth harmonics are emphasized, and the second is at the highest value for all voltages. The third harmonic is lessened. At 110 volts, the original voltage this amp was designed for, the second harmonic is greater, while the third and fourth harmonics are low. At 130 volts the second and fourth are yet again higher, with a very low third harmonic. The even order harmonics are what give a guitar amp a sweeter tone, and odd order harmonics give a guitar amp a harsher tone. While these are just the first harmonics in a wide spectrum, they give a good general idea as to what these differences in frequency response are. Another parameter of guitar tone that is affected by the use of a variac is the sustain of the instrument. To test this I picked a note on my guitar in the same place on the string with the same strength standing in the same place in the room, and changed only the voltages running to the amp. Recordings of these notes at different voltages were analyzed using a computer program. After finding an average slope for the decay of 2
3 amplitude on each graph of amplitude vs. time, I used the formula for the time constant T=(t)/(ln(initial amplitude/amplitude at time t)) to find the amount of sustain of the fundamental frequencies amplitude for each voltage. At 90 volts, T=0.83 At 100 volts, T=
4 At 110 volts, T=0.68 At 120 volts, T=0.65 4
5 At 130 volts, T=0.70 Sustain is improved as the line voltage gets farther away from the standard line voltage. Inconsistency in my playing is certainly a factor to deal with. I did my best, but I am sure I was not perfect. Even taking that into consideration there is still an undeniable correlation that the sustain is improved as the line voltage drops. The difference in sustain between 120 volts and 130 volts could easily be from different picking styles, but from what I heard while playing around the sustain was improved. Obviously this experiment was only on one specific amplifier, so I can not say that for every guitar amplifier the same things are true. The circuitry of the amp used is similar to many, many guitar amplifiers, so it can be concluded that differences in line voltages would most likely have a similar effect on other tube amplifiers. Subjectively tone is improved as line voltage is lowered. The tone is smoother and the sustain is very noticeably improved. There is something about the 130 volt line voltage that sounds grittier. The lower you go with line voltage, the more complex the sound is. Differences in higher harmonics must be what make the 130 volt setting less 5
6 pleasing than the lower ones, because from the harmonix I measured here it should sound more like the lower settings. Since the glory days of Eddie and his infamous sound a lot of things in the guitar sphere have changed. Hopefully enough people will learn how to use variacs safely so that they can again become a staple with rock and roll. It s impossible for an amp designed for a different line voltage used today to have the original sound, but with a variac that sound is attainable. The differences in the way the amp behaves are slight, but very much present. With careful variac use, modern players can discover new timbres for their amplifiers, and vintage amps can have their day in the sun again. Rock and roll will sound like it should again. 6
7 Raw Data: X Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Bin Center FG Output 18W 90 18W W W W 130 Frequency Amplitude^2 Amplitude^2 Amplitude^2 Amplitude^2 Amplitude^2 Amplitude^2 Harmonic # (Hz) (volts^2) (volts^2) (volts^2) (volts^2) (volts^2) (volts^2) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-12 Individual Harmonic Ratio Data: X2 Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Bin Center FG Output 18W 90 18W W W W 130 Frequency Amplitude^2 Amplitude^2 Amplitude^2 Amplitude^2 Amplitude^2 Amplitude^2 Harmonic # (Hz) (volts^2) (volts^2) (volts^2) (volts^2) (volts^2) (volts^2) E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E E-08 7
8 Individual Harmonic Ratio Analysis 1.00E E E-02 R a t i o ( H a r m o n i c N / F u n d a m e n t a l ) 1.00E E E E E E E E Harmonic # FG Output 18W 90 18W W W W 130 8
9 Amplitude^2 vs Frequency 1.E-02 1.E-03 1.E-04 A m p l i t u d e ^ 2 ( d B - r m s V ^ 2 ) 1.E-05 1.E-06 1.E-07 1.E-08 1.E-09 1.E-10 1.E-11 1.E Frequency (Hz) FG Output 18W 90 18W W W W 130 9
10 10
What you will do. Build a 3-band equalizer. Connect to a music source (mp3 player) Low pass filter High pass filter Band pass filter
Audio Filters What you will do Build a 3-band equalizer Low pass filter High pass filter Band pass filter Connect to a music source (mp3 player) Adjust the strength of low, high, and middle frequencies
More informationVoltage. Oscillator. Voltage. Oscillator
fpa 147 Week 6 Synthesis Basics In the early 1960s, inventors & entrepreneurs (Robert Moog, Don Buchla, Harold Bode, etc.) began assembling various modules into a single chassis, coupled with a user interface
More informationInductors in AC Circuits
Inductors in AC Circuits Name Section Resistors, inductors, and capacitors all have the effect of modifying the size of the current in an AC circuit and the time at which the current reaches its maximum
More informationBXR 300C BXR 300R. Owner, s Manual P/N 040294
THE SOUND THAT CREATES LEGENDS BXR 300C BXR 300R Owner, s Manual P/N 040294 INTRODUCTION The Fender BXR 300 AMPLIFIER is the most recent effort in state of the art bass amplifier technology, and is a member
More informationEE362L, Power Electronics Triac Light Dimmer
1 EE362L, Power Electronics Triac Light Dimmer Rochelle Stortz and Brian Taraba, Team 277 2/2/05 Abstract - This document presents the construction of a light dimmer circuit that utilizes the current-regulating
More information= V peak 2 = 0.707V peak
BASIC ELECTRONICS - RECTIFICATION AND FILTERING PURPOSE Suppose that you wanted to build a simple DC electronic power supply, which operated off of an AC input (e.g., something you might plug into a standard
More informationConstructing a precision SWR meter and antenna analyzer. Mike Brink HNF, Design Technologist.
Constructing a precision SWR meter and antenna analyzer. Mike Brink HNF, Design Technologist. Abstract. I have been asked to put together a detailed article on a SWR meter. In this article I will deal
More informationBXR. Owner, s Manual. One hundred BASS EXTENDED RANGE P/N 040695
THE SOUND THAT CREATES LEGENDS BASS EXTENDED RANGE BXR One hundred Owner, s Manual P/N 040695 BXR 100 Owner s Manual Congratulations on your purchase of the Fender BXR 100 Bass amplifier. The Fender BXR
More informationT = 1 f. Phase. Measure of relative position in time within a single period of a signal For a periodic signal f(t), phase is fractional part t p
Data Transmission Concepts and terminology Transmission terminology Transmission from transmitter to receiver goes over some transmission medium using electromagnetic waves Guided media. Waves are guided
More informationAgilent AN 1315 Optimizing RF and Microwave Spectrum Analyzer Dynamic Range. Application Note
Agilent AN 1315 Optimizing RF and Microwave Spectrum Analyzer Dynamic Range Application Note Table of Contents 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 7 7 7 7 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 1. Introduction What is dynamic range?
More informationA/DA PEDAL PREAMP APP-1 USER S MANUAL
A/DA PEDAL PREAMP APP-1 USER S MANUAL APP-1 Users Manual V.2 A/DA s new APP 1 Pedal Preamp is built around our new patent pending D TORSION CORE technology, which is very responsive, reacting to the signal
More informationINTRODUCTION. Please read this manual carefully for a through explanation of the Decimator ProRackG and its functions.
INTRODUCTION The Decimator ProRackG guitar noise reduction system defines a new standard for excellence in real time noise reduction performance. The Decimator ProRackG was designed to provide the maximum
More informationA: zero everywhere. B: positive everywhere. C: negative everywhere. D: depends on position.
A string is clamped at both ends and then plucked so that it vibrates in a standing wave between two extreme positions a and c. (Let upward motion correspond to positive velocities.) When the
More informationAnalog Sound From A Digital Delay
Analog Sound From A Digital Delay The PT-80 Digital Delay By Scott Swartz Copyright 2002, All Rights Reserved Introduction This article will describe a digital delay pedal that is designed to capture the
More informationThe Sonometer The Resonant String and Timbre Change after plucking
The Sonometer The Resonant String and Timbre Change after plucking EQUIPMENT Pasco sonometers (pick up 5 from teaching lab) and 5 kits to go with them BK Precision function generators and Tenma oscilloscopes
More informationPOWER AND VOLTAGE RATING
POWER AND VOLTAGE RATING SCOPE: The purpose of this document is to take the confusion out of power and voltage ratings in specifications and in product information publications. This will be accomplished
More informationExperiment #11: LRC Circuit (Power Amplifier, Voltage Sensor)
Experiment #11: LRC Circuit (Power Amplifier, Voltage Sensor) Concept: circuits Time: 30 m SW Interface: 750 Windows file: RLC.SWS EQUIPMENT NEEDED Science Workshop Interface Power Amplifier (2) Voltage
More informationMathematical Harmonies Mark Petersen
1 Mathematical Harmonies Mark Petersen What is music? When you hear a flutist, a signal is sent from her fingers to your ears. As the flute is played, it vibrates. The vibrations travel through the air
More informationBass Guitar Investigation. Physics 498, Physics of Music Sean G. Ely Randall Fassbinder
Bass Guitar Investigation Physics 498, Physics of Music Sean G. Ely Randall Fassbinder May 14, 2009 Table of Contents 1. INTRODUCTION...1 2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND PROCEDURE...1 2.1 PICKUP LOCATION...1
More information13. Diode Rectifiers, Filters, and Power Supplies
1 13. Diode Rectifiers, Filters, and Power Supplies Introduction A power supply takes Alternating Current or A.C. power from your electric utility (Con Edison) and converts the A.C. electrical current
More informationRLC Series Resonance
RLC Series Resonance 11EM Object: The purpose of this laboratory activity is to study resonance in a resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) circuit by examining the current through the circuit as a function
More information6.101 Final Project Proposal Class G Audio Amplifier. Mark Spatz
6.101 Final Project Proposal Class G Audio Amplifier Mark Spatz 1 1 Introduction For my final project, I will be constructing a 30V audio amplifier capable of delivering about 150 watts into a network
More informationRoutinely DIYers opt to make themselves a passive preamp - just an input selector and a volume control.
The First Watt B1 Buffer Preamp Nelson Pass, June 2008 Side A So here we are in the New Millennium, and thanks to Tom Holman and THX we ve got lots of gain in our electronics. More gain than some of us
More informationStage 112. Owner, s Manual P/N 039080
THE SOUND THAT CREATES LEGENDS Stage 112 Owner, s Manual P/N 039080 Standard Strat / General Purpose / Any Position Try this: On Me Drive Channel for a real bluesy sound, use Me neck pick- up with Me guitar
More informationSingle Transistor FM Transmitter Design
Single Transistor FM Transmitter Design In telecommunications, frequency modulation (FM) conveys information over a carrier wave by varying its frequency. FM is commonly used at VHF radio frequencies for
More informationF(t) Forssell Technologies Inc
F(t) Forssell Technologies Inc SMP-2Aa Microphone Preamplifier User Manual Forssell Technologies Inc Sandpoint Idaho USA (208) 263-0286 Introduction The Forssell Technologies Inc SMP-2A is a 2 channel,
More informationApprentice Telecommunications Technician Test (CTT) Study Guide
Apprentice Telecommunications Technician Test (CTT) Study Guide 1 05/2014 Study Guide for Pacific Gas & Electric Company Apprentice Telecommunications Technician Qualifying Test (CTT) About the Test The
More informationFinal Project Report E3390 Electronic Circuit Design Lab. Automatic Phone-Alert Home Security System
Final Project Report E3390 Electronic Circuit Design Lab Automatic Phone-Alert Home Security System Helen Marie Young Hsiang-Yun Chen May 7, 2007 Department of Electrical Engineering Columbia University
More informationMaking Accurate Voltage Noise and Current Noise Measurements on Operational Amplifiers Down to 0.1Hz
Author: Don LaFontaine Making Accurate Voltage Noise and Current Noise Measurements on Operational Amplifiers Down to 0.1Hz Abstract Making accurate voltage and current noise measurements on op amps in
More informationTonal Analysis of Different Materials for Trumpet Mouthpieces
Greg Formosa PHYS 199 POM Project Write-up Tonal Analysis of Different Materials for Trumpet Mouthpieces INTRODUCTION: Trumpets have been noted as one of the oldest instruments in the world, and ever since
More informationKEYBOARD EXTENDED RANGE. Sixty Owner, s Manual P/N 049254
THE SOUND THAT CREATES LEGENDS KEYBOARD EXTENDED RANGE Sixty Owner, s Manual P/N 049254 INTRODUCTION Your new Fender KXR 60 Keyboard Amplifier is the result of Fender s ongoing dialog with many of today
More informationRectifier circuits & DC power supplies
Rectifier circuits & DC power supplies Goal: Generate the DC voltages needed for most electronics starting with the AC power that comes through the power line? 120 V RMS f = 60 Hz T = 1667 ms) = )sin How
More informationTESTS OF 1 MHZ SIGNAL SOURCE FOR SPECTRUM ANALYZER CALIBRATION 7/8/08 Sam Wetterlin
TESTS OF 1 MHZ SIGNAL SOURCE FOR SPECTRUM ANALYZER CALIBRATION 7/8/08 Sam Wetterlin (Updated 7/19/08 to delete sine wave output) I constructed the 1 MHz square wave generator shown in the Appendix. This
More informationUSER GUIDE PRO-EQ PLATINUM
USER GUIDE PRO-EQ PLATINUM Welcome Thank you for making Fishman a part of your acoustic experience. We are proud to offer the finest acoustic amplification products available: high-quality professional-grade
More informationANADOLU UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
ANADOLU UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING EEM 102 INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING EXPERIMENT 9: DIODES AND DC POWER SUPPLY OBJECTIVE: To observe how a diode functions
More informationBJT Characteristics and Amplifiers
BJT Characteristics and Amplifiers Matthew Beckler beck0778@umn.edu EE2002 Lab Section 003 April 2, 2006 Abstract As a basic component in amplifier design, the properties of the Bipolar Junction Transistor
More informationTwin Amp. Owner, s Manual P/N 047775 TYPE: PR266
THE SOUND THAT CREATES LEGENDS Twin Amp Owner, s Manual TYPE: PR266 P/N 047775 Introduction The Fender TWIN is the next step up in the evolution of High Performance instrument amplification. The new TWIN
More informationCONSTRUCTING A VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY UNIT
CONSTRUCTING A VARIABLE POWER SUPPLY UNIT Building a power supply is a good way to put into practice many of the ideas we have been studying about electrical power so far. Most often, power supplies are
More informationModel DB 750 Tube Bass Head
Model DB 750 Tube Bass Head Congratulations on purchasing Aguilar Amplification s DB 750 Tube Bass Head! The DB 750 is a groundbreaking hybrid amplifier with a discrete Mosfet output section and an all
More informationOPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS. o/p
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 1. If the input to the circuit of figure is a sine wave the output will be i/p o/p a. A half wave rectified sine wave b. A fullwave rectified sine wave c. A triangular wave d. A
More informationAP1 Waves. (A) frequency (B) wavelength (C) speed (D) intensity. Answer: (A) and (D) frequency and intensity.
1. A fire truck is moving at a fairly high speed, with its siren emitting sound at a specific pitch. As the fire truck recedes from you which of the following characteristics of the sound wave from the
More informationSilverado Special ELECTRONIC SPECIFICATIONS
Silverado Special ELECTRONIC SPECIFICATIONS Note:All measurements were taken with a line voltage of 120 VAC All noise specifications are unweighted. All voltages and watts are RMS. All measurements taken
More informationPCM Encoding and Decoding:
PCM Encoding and Decoding: Aim: Introduction to PCM encoding and decoding. Introduction: PCM Encoding: The input to the PCM ENCODER module is an analog message. This must be constrained to a defined bandwidth
More informationUnderstanding Power Impedance Supply for Optimum Decoupling
Introduction Noise in power supplies is not only caused by the power supply itself, but also the load s interaction with the power supply (i.e. dynamic loads, switching, etc.). To lower load induced noise,
More informationLab E1: Introduction to Circuits
E1.1 Lab E1: Introduction to Circuits The purpose of the this lab is to introduce you to some basic instrumentation used in electrical circuits. You will learn to use a DC power supply, a digital multimeter
More informationTone Hammer 500. Owners Manual. Manual Version 1.0
Tone Hammer 500 Owners Manual Manual Version 1.0 1. Incorporating the preamp from the popular Tone Hammer preamp/di pedal this superlight bass head combines three bands of flexible EQ, a colorful "Drive"
More informationf x a 0 n 1 a 0 a 1 cos x a 2 cos 2x a 3 cos 3x b 1 sin x b 2 sin 2x b 3 sin 3x a n cos nx b n sin nx n 1 f x dx y
Fourier Series When the French mathematician Joseph Fourier (768 83) was tring to solve a problem in heat conduction, he needed to epress a function f as an infinite series of sine and cosine functions:
More informationThe Pass Zen Amplifier: 10 Watts of Single-Stage Single-Ended Class A
The Pass Zen Amplifier: 10 Watts of Single-Stage Single-Ended Class A I. "What is the sound of one transistor clapping?" There are two most essential principles to audio amplifier design. The first is
More informationε: Voltage output of Signal Generator (also called the Source voltage or Applied
Experiment #10: LR & RC Circuits Frequency Response EQUIPMENT NEEDED Science Workshop Interface Power Amplifier (2) Voltage Sensor graph paper (optional) (3) Patch Cords Decade resistor, capacitor, and
More informationCheat Sheet for Local Church Audio Training Sound Essentials. Kick:
Cheat Sheet for Local Church Audio Training Sound Essentials Thank you for attending this session and supporting your church s ministry. I believe that, as a sound technician, you are a vital part of the
More informationOp-Amp Simulation EE/CS 5720/6720. Read Chapter 5 in Johns & Martin before you begin this assignment.
Op-Amp Simulation EE/CS 5720/6720 Read Chapter 5 in Johns & Martin before you begin this assignment. This assignment will take you through the simulation and basic characterization of a simple operational
More informationPeople s Physics Book
The Big Ideas: The name electric current is given to the phenomenon that occurs when an electric field moves down a wire at close to the speed of light. Voltage is the electrical energy density (energy
More informationI = V/r P = VI. I = P/V = 100 W / 6 V = 16.66 amps. What would happen if you use a 12-volt battery and a 12-volt light bulb to get 100 watts of power?
Volts, Amps and Ohms Measuring Electricity The three most basic units in electricity are voltage (V), current (I) and resistance (r). Voltage is measured in volts, current is measured in amps and resistance
More informationLOXONE 12 Channel Amplifier
LOXONE 12 Channel Amplifier Item no.: 200110 Thank you for purchasing the Loxone Twelve Channel Amplifier. The versatility of the Amplifier makes it the perfect choice for almost every type of custom multi-room
More informationThe Physics of Music: Brass Instruments. James Bernhard
The Physics of Music: Brass Instruments James Bernhard As a first approximation, brass instruments can be modeled as closed cylindrical pipes, where closed means closed at one end, open at the other Here
More informationLab Exercise 1: Acoustic Waves
Lab Exercise 1: Acoustic Waves Contents 1-1 PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT................. 2 1-3.1 Spreading Factor: Spherical Waves........ 2 1-3.2 Interference In 3-D................. 3 1-4 EQUIPMENT........................
More informationValvestate. 8280, 8240, 8080, 8040, 8020 & 8010 Combos
Valvestate 8100 & 8200 Heads & 8280, 8240, 8080, 8040, 8020 & 8010 Combos Marshall Amplification plc Denbigh Road, Bletchley, Milton Keynes, MK1 1DQ, England Tel: (01908) 375411 Fax: (01908) 376118 Web
More informationElectrical Resonance
Electrical Resonance (R-L-C series circuit) APPARATUS 1. R-L-C Circuit board 2. Signal generator 3. Oscilloscope Tektronix TDS1002 with two sets of leads (see Introduction to the Oscilloscope ) INTRODUCTION
More informationApplication Note #49 RF Amplifier Output Voltage, Current, Power, and Impedance Relationship
Application Note #49 RF Amplifier Output Voltage, Current, Power, and Impedance Relationship By: Jason Smith; Manager Applications Engineer and Pat Malloy; Sr. Applications Engineer How much output voltage,
More informationCharger Output AC Ripple Voltage and the affect on VRLA batteries
TECHNICAL BULLETIN 41-2131 Charger Output AC Ripple Voltage and the affect on VRLA batteries Please Note: The information in this technical bulletin was developed for C&D Dynasty 12 Volt VRLA products.
More informationSound System Buying Guide
Sound System Buying Guide The Guide format is like an FAQ (frequently asked questions), with the answers taken together forming a great basis for picking your favorite components. With this information,
More informationA Versatile Audio Amplifier
A Versatile Audio Amplifier...built around the TBA 810 Integrated Circuit You can build a versatile audio amplifier for your workbench or for any other of your audio projects...with the TBA 810 IC (Integrated
More informationHOW TO GET 23 BITS OF EFFECTIVE RESOLUTION FROM YOUR 24-BIT CONVERTER
HOW TO GET 23 BITS OF EFFECTIVE RESOLUTION FROM YOUR 24-BIT CONVERTER The ADS20 and ADS2 are precision, wide dynamic range, Σ A/D converters that have 24 bits of no missing code and up to 23 bits rms of
More informationElectronics for Analog Signal Processing - II Prof. K. Radhakrishna Rao Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras
Electronics for Analog Signal Processing - II Prof. K. Radhakrishna Rao Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Madras Lecture - 18 Wideband (Video) Amplifiers In the last class,
More informationPower Supplies. 1.0 Power Supply Basics. www.learnabout-electronics.org. Module
Module 1 www.learnabout-electronics.org Power Supplies 1.0 Power Supply Basics What you ll learn in Module 1 Section 1.0 Power Supply Basics. Basic functions of a power supply. Safety aspects of working
More informationCircuit symbol. Each of the cells has a potential difference of 1.5 volts. Figure 1. Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.
Q.(a) Draw one line from each circuit symbol to its correct name. Circuit symbol Name Diode Light-dependent resistor (LDR) Lamp Light-emitting diode (LED) (3) Figure shows three circuits. The resistors
More informationPRINCETON CHORUS OWNER S MANUAL P/N 030780
THE SOUND THAT CREATES LEGENDS PRINCETON CHORUS OWNER S MANUAL P/N 030780 PRINCETON CHORUS OWNER S MANUAL The Fender PRINCETON CHORUS amplifier presents the player with the best value of any amplifier
More informationExperiment # (4) AM Demodulator
Islamic University of Gaza Faculty of Engineering Electrical Department Experiment # (4) AM Demodulator Communications Engineering I (Lab.) Prepared by: Eng. Omar A. Qarmout Eng. Mohammed K. Abu Foul Experiment
More informationIntroduction. Harmonics and IEEE 519 Page 1 of 19
Introduction In an ideal power system, the voltage supplied to customer equipment, and the resulting load current are perfect sine waves. In practice, however, conditions are never ideal, so these waveforms
More informationLock - in Amplifier and Applications
Lock - in Amplifier and Applications What is a Lock in Amplifier? In a nut shell, what a lock-in amplifier does is measure the amplitude V o of a sinusoidal voltage, V in (t) = V o cos(ω o t) where ω o
More informationAC Direct Off-Line Power Supplies
AC Direct Off-Line Power Supplies r Introduction Many DC power supplies found in electronic systems, including those in this Tech School, rectify the 120 volts available at an electric outlet. The initial
More informationYamaha Power Amplifier. White Paper
Yamaha Power Amplifier White Paper August 2008 Table of Contents 1. About EEEngine...2 1.1. Introduction...2 1.2. Explanation of different amplifier topologies...2 2. Yamaha technology...5 2.1. Dual mono-amplifier
More informationTeaching Fourier Analysis and Wave Physics with the Bass Guitar
Teaching Fourier Analysis and Wave Physics with the Bass Guitar Michael Courtney Department of Chemistry and Physics, Western Carolina University Norm Althausen Lorain County Community College This article
More informationThe Phase Modulator In NBFM Voice Communication Systems
The Phase Modulator In NBFM Voice Communication Systems Virgil Leenerts 8 March 5 The phase modulator has been a point of discussion as to why it is used and not a frequency modulator in what are called
More informationTV hearing aid BL-8008A BL-8008B. Manual
TV hearing aid BL-8008A BL-8008B Manual A. Product instruction 1. What is TV hearing aid 2. Theory 3. Features 4. Functions 4.1 TV hearing aid function 4.2 Normal hearing aid function 4.3 Wired hearing
More informationANALYZER BASICS WHAT IS AN FFT SPECTRUM ANALYZER? 2-1
WHAT IS AN FFT SPECTRUM ANALYZER? ANALYZER BASICS The SR760 FFT Spectrum Analyzer takes a time varying input signal, like you would see on an oscilloscope trace, and computes its frequency spectrum. Fourier's
More informationHA2500 2 VX2515 VX2510 250 WATT 1 X 15 BASS COMBO 250 WATT 2 X 10 BASS COMBO
HA2 2 VX21 VX21 HA2 2 2 WATT 1 X 1 BASS COMBO 2 WATT 2 X 1 BASS COMBO Introduction 2 Features 3 Guided Tour Front Panel 4- Rear Panel 6-7 Setting Up and Using the VX21 & VX21 8-9 About Equalization 1-11
More informationSimulation and Analysis of PWM Inverter Fed Induction Motor Drive
Simulation and Analysis of PWM Inverter Fed Induction Motor Drive C.S.Sharma, Tali Nagwani Abstract Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation variable speed drives are increasingly applied in many new industrial
More informationReading: HH Sections 4.11 4.13, 4.19 4.20 (pgs. 189-212, 222 224)
6 OP AMPS II 6 Op Amps II In the previous lab, you explored several applications of op amps. In this exercise, you will look at some of their limitations. You will also examine the op amp integrator and
More informationKit 106. 50 Watt Audio Amplifier
Kit 106 50 Watt Audio Amplifier T his kit is based on an amazing IC amplifier module from ST Electronics, the TDA7294 It is intended for use as a high quality audio class AB amplifier in hi-fi applications
More informationStudy of RF Spectrum Emissions in High Pressure Sodium and Metal Halide Lamps. Lawrence P. Glaister VE7IT, Automation Engineer.
Study of RF Spectrum Emissions in High Pressure Sodium and Metal Halide Lamps Lawrence P. Glaister VE7IT, Automation Engineer May 2010 Abstract: This research was performed in collaboration with the City
More informationAudible Alarm Basics Everything you wanted to know, but were afraid to ask by Dan O Brien, Sales Engineer, Mallory Sonalert Products, Inc.
Audible Alarm Basics Everything you wanted to know, but were afraid to ask by Dan O Brien, Sales Engineer, Mallory Sonalert Products, Inc. From smoke detectors to automobiles, audible alarms (also known
More informationMeasurement of Capacitance
Measurement of Capacitance Pre-Lab Questions Page Name: Class: Roster Number: Instructor:. A capacitor is used to store. 2. What is the SI unit for capacitance? 3. A capacitor basically consists of two
More informationFOURIER TRANSFORM BASED SIMPLE CHORD ANALYSIS. UIUC Physics 193 POM
FOURIER TRANSFORM BASED SIMPLE CHORD ANALYSIS Fanbo Xiang UIUC Physics 193 POM Professor Steven M. Errede Fall 2014 1 Introduction Chords, an essential part of music, have long been analyzed. Different
More informationComputer Networks and Internets, 5e Chapter 6 Information Sources and Signals. Introduction
Computer Networks and Internets, 5e Chapter 6 Information Sources and Signals Modified from the lecture slides of Lami Kaya (LKaya@ieee.org) for use CECS 474, Fall 2008. 2009 Pearson Education Inc., Upper
More informationTHE MclNTOSH MC 2100 SOLID STATE STEREO POWER AMPLIFIER
THE MclNTOSH MC 2100 SOLID STATE STEREO POWER AMPLIFIER Price $1.25 Your MC 2100 stereo amplifier will give you many years of pleasant and satisfactory performance. If you have any questions concerning
More informationOuter Diameter 23 φ mm Face side Dimension 20.1 φ mm. Baffle Opening. Normal 0.5 Watts Maximum 1.0 Watts Sine Wave.
1. MODEL: 23CR08FH-50ND 2 Dimension & Weight Outer Diameter 23 φ mm Face side Dimension 20.1 φ mm Baffle Opening 20.1 φ mm Height Refer to drawing Weight 4.0Grams 3 Magnet Materials Rare Earth Size φ 9.5
More informationUnderstanding SWR by Example
Understanding SWR by Example Take the mystery and mystique out of standing wave ratio. Darrin Walraven, K5DVW It sometimes seems that one of the most mysterious creatures in the world of Amateur Radio
More informationDiode Applications. As we have already seen the diode can act as a switch Forward biased or reverse biased - On or Off.
Diode Applications Diode Switching As we have already seen the diode can act as a switch Forward biased or reverse biased - On or Off. Voltage Rectifier A voltage rectifier is a circuit that converts an
More informationSeries and Parallel Circuits
Direct Current (DC) Direct current (DC) is the unidirectional flow of electric charge. The term DC is used to refer to power systems that use refer to the constant (not changing with time), mean (average)
More informationPHYSICS EXPERIMENTS (SOUND)
PHYSICS EXPERIMENTS (SOUND) In the matter of physics, the first lessons should contain nothing but what is experimental and interesting to see. A pretty experiment is in itself often more valuable than
More information7-41 POWER FACTOR CORRECTION
POWER FTOR CORRECTION INTRODUCTION Modern electronic equipment can create noise that will cause problems with other equipment on the same supply system. To reduce system disturbances it is therefore essential
More information6.025J Medical Device Design Lecture 3: Analog-to-Digital Conversion Prof. Joel L. Dawson
Let s go back briefly to lecture 1, and look at where ADC s and DAC s fit into our overall picture. I m going in a little extra detail now since this is our eighth lecture on electronics and we are more
More informationBalanced vs. Unbalanced Audio Interconnections
Revised 7/2/08 Balanced vs. Unbalanced Audio Interconnections In discussing the characteristics and performance of various interconnect systems; two points should be kept in mind. Balance is defined in
More informationENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation Quiz 4 Spring 2011 Name Section
ENGR-4300 Electronic Instrumentation Quiz 4 Spring 2011 Name Section Question I (20 points) Question II (20 points) Question III (20 points) Question IV (20 points) Question V (20 points) Total (100 points)
More informationGenTech Practice Questions
GenTech Practice Questions Basic Electronics Test: This test will assess your knowledge of and ability to apply the principles of Basic Electronics. This test is comprised of 90 questions in the following
More informationTuning Subwoofers - Calibrating Subwoofers
Tuning Subwoofers - Calibrating Subwoofers WHY The purpose of a subwoofer is to fill in the bottom octaves below the capabilities of the mains speakers. There are many reasons to use a subwoofer to do
More informationDelta T Antenna Pulser Circuit
archived as http://www.stealthskater.com/documents/deltat_3.pdf read more of the Montauk Project at http://www.stealthskater.com/px.htm note: because important web-sites are frequently "here today but
More informationFinal Report. Hybrid Synth by Synthesize Me. Members: Jamie Madaris Jack Nanney
Final Report Hybrid Synth by Synthesize Me Members: Jamie Madaris Jack Nanney Project Abstract Our Senior Design project is a Digitally-Controlled Analog Synthesizer. The synthesizer consists of both digital
More informationIEC60601-1-8 Algorithmic Alert Tone Demo
IEC60601-1-8 Algorithmic Alert Tone Demo Hooking up the demo - Connect the RS-232 connector to the COM1 (P3) connector on the MCB2300 demo board as shown below. Connect the USB connector (to provide power)
More information