Design of the Survey Record Management System (SRMS) to support LIS in South Korea. Lee, Young-Ho March, 2005 Enschede, Netherlands

Transcription

1 Design of the Survey Record Management System (SRMS) to support LIS in South Korea Lee, Young-Ho March, 2005 Enschede, Netherlands

2 Design of the Survey Record Management System (SRMS) to support LIS in South Korea by Lee, Young-Ho Thesis submitted to the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Geo-Information Management Thesis Assessment Board Chairman: Prof. Ir. P. van der Molen External examiner: Prof. Dr. Ir. P.J.M. van Oosterom Supervisors: Ir. C.H.J. Lemmen Dr. A.M. Tuladhar INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR GEO-INFORMATION SCIENCE AND EARTH OBSERVATION ENSCHEDE, THE NETHERLANDS

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4 Disclaimer This document describes work undertaken as part of a programme of study at the International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation. All views and opinions expressed therein remain the sole responsibility of the author, and do not necessarily represent those of the institute.

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6 Abstract The maintenance and management of the cadastral information in the cadastral organizations is a very important issue for the implementation of surveying and mapping. Many activities, such as land conveyancing, taxation, and legal protection for the land tenure are based on this cadastral information. The survey records have specific information to recognize the location of boundaries of parcels. Many countries have made the inclusion of a document called the field sketch to be archived as a compulsory part of the parcel information system for reconstruction of boundaries. Surveying practice in South Korea doesn t include archiving of the original field observations as source documents containing not only survey data but also legal observations. Even for newly produced maps in new developing areas, the original information of field observation, such as control points, fences and fixed points are not maintained and managed. Mostly a cadastral survey is not based on prior survey results, cadastral information in many cases are not consistent. The objective of this research is to design survey record management system to support LIS in South Korea and to link survey records with cadastral features in the cadastral data model. To achieve this objective many tasks are carried out throughout the thesis. Chapter 1 gave the framework that includes background, research problems, objectives, research questions, and methodology in brief. Chapter 2 investigated trends in maintenance and management and identified challenges for the change of cadastral organizations and described the cadastral core model. Chapter 3 gave an analysis of survey processes as well as the management and maintenance aspects for designing the new survey record management system based on the background, structure of the current cadastral organizations, and social situation of the present cadastral system in South Korea. The technical, legal, and financial impact of the SRMS is analyzed as a promising solution for the improving cadastral surveying system. In chapter 4, user requirements through analysis of public administrators, cadastral surveyors and customers were identified as questionnaires data. The information requirements for development of the SRMS were explained with the components of the SRMS, the UML, geographic standards, and least squares adjustments. In chapter 5, the proposed system was designed components of the SRMS as computation processes, updating processes, and delivering processes using UML. The key of the proposed system provides management of survey recording collected in the field and integrated these with cadastral feature and orthoimages as consider survey standard in the core cadastral domain model. The conceptual model of the SRMS was developed and tested in a prototyping system with sample data in chapter 6. This research focuses on the development of a new SRMS emphasizing a cadastral data model to integrate survey record information into the digital cadastral features so that newly produced maps are directly related to new survey information collected in developing areas. This enables access and data provision of reliable and consistent cadastral information to the future stakeholders. i

7 Acknowledgements During this research period, I have received assistance from many people to whom I am happy to express my appreciation and gratitude. I would like to express my deepest gratitude to my first supervisor, Mr. Christiaan Lemmen who is also working a vice president of FIG commission 7 and an international part of the Kadaster in Netherlands. He always encouraged and suggested me to carry out during the whole period. He guided me with critical and creative advice throughout the research. I am also thankful to my second supervisor, Dr. Arbind Tuladhar for his critical questions and suggestions during my thesis. His advice was always critical value to my research. Special thank goes to Professor Ir. P. van der Molen for his critical questions and suggestions during the mid-term presentation. He always tried to understand for us trends and concepts of the new land administration from his international experience. I would like to express thanks to all my friendly colleagues in GIM.2, Mr. Adewale Akingbade, Mr. Alvaro Del Carpio, Mr. Antony Lamba, Misses. Anuvapura Seetharamaih Padma, Misses. Caroline Tukugize, Mr. Dev Raj Paudyal, Mr. Fredrick Tom Otieno, Mr. Homindra Divithura, Miss. Mei Ling Marisa, Mr. Won Jin Kim, and Mr. Yismaw Ewunetie Desta. I am very thankful to my organization, KCSC for giving me the opportunity to study at ITC and supporting finance during this course. My great thanks must go to my lovely family, my wife Hyan-suk, my daughter Han-Ah, and my son Jae-yui. If my family don t support, I never could have completed this research. Finally, I would like to dedicate my parent who always encouraged me without saying. They gave me mental support when I was very difficulty sometimes. I am sure that they would be proud of me and happy to see my family and me. ii

8 Table of contents Abstract... i Acknowledgements... ii Table of Contents... iii List of Figures... vii List of Tables... ix List of Appendixes... ix List of Abbreviations...x 1. Introduction Background Research problems Research Context Scope of this research Research objectives Research questions Research methodologies Prior research Research Structure Resources requirements Challenges of cadastral survey system to support LIS Introduction Modern trends of maintenance and management of LIS Enterprise GIS for automatic proceeding of information between different organizations Renewal of information systems and technologies Challenges for the change of cadastral survey system Key driver to change Recent information technology (IT) for the SRMS The cadastral domain model Concept of the cadastral domain model...22 iii

9 Standardization for the cadastral domain model Concluding Remarks Analysis of the present cadastral survey system and of the impact of the SRMS in South Korea Introduction South Korea: Some facts Present cadastral survey system Cadastral organizations Procedure of cadastral survey Impact analysis of the SRMS Technical impact Legal impact Financial impact Concluding remarks Analysis of user and information requirements for the SRMS Introduction Purpose of the questionnaire Methodology for data collection The analysis of user requirements in general Cadastral administrator Cadastral surveyor Customer The result of user requirements Information requirements for the SRMS Components of the SRMS Unified Modelling Language (UML) Spatial standards (ISO 19107) Least squares adjustment for the cadastral survey Concluding remarks...59 iv

10 5. Design of the Survey Record Management System (SRMS) Introduction Design objectives of the SRMS Conceptual framework of the proposed Survey Record Management System Sub-systems for the Survey Record Management System Models for computation processes Actors and use case model Sequence model A logical model of Least squares adjustment Models for updating processes Use case model Work flow activities: Activity diagram Class diagram of updating processes Sequence diagram of updating processes Delivering pocesses Actors and use case model Identification of use cases Class diagram Sequence diagram Concluding Remarks Development and testing of prototyping system Introduction Prototype development Framework of the prototyping system Methods used Cases used Processes of the Tacheometry computation Class diagram Sequence diagram Prototype testing with sample data Use of SurveyAnalyst in ArcGIS...84 v

11 Delivering service with ArcServer Performance evaluation Concluding remarks Conclusions and recommendations Conclusions Recommendations...94 Reference and Bibliography vi

12 List of Figures Figure 1.1 Taxonomy of land information systems(dale and Mclaughlin, 1988)...3 Figure 1.2 Approach for developing cadastral domain models(tuladhar, 2003)...4 Figure 1.3 Scope of this research...5 Figure 1.4 Research methodologies...6 Figure 2.1 Business process to establish new parcels within Enterprise GIS (NovaLIS, 2003)...10 Figure 2.2 Key drivers to change for cadastral organization...11 Figure 2.3 The diversity of user s demand for cadastral information...13 Figure 2.4 GDI architecture on Geo-ICT environments (M.R, 2004)...13 Figure 2.5 Geospatial data market of the four submarkets (Fornefeld et al., 2001)...14 Figure 2.6 Active Reference system in Netherlands...17 Figure 2.7 Orthophoto plus Cadastral Map ( Figure 2.8 The Web Mapping Services Model (Source: OpenGIS)...21 Figure 2.9 Basic principle of the cadastral domain model...22 Figure 2.10 Second draft of the core cadastral domain model (van Oosterom et al., 2003)...23 Figure 2.11 AFIS-ALKIS-ATKIS UML Model by harmonized ISO (Ebbinghaus, 2003)...25 Figure 2.12 Cadastral Data Content Standard overview: Standard diagram (FGDC, 2003)...26 Figure 2.13 Database Implementation of Harmonised Data Model ( Figure 2.14 The schema of the LandXML ( Figure 3.1 The location of Korea in the world...29 Figure 3.2 Project of continuous cadastral map (Choei, 2004)...30 Figure 3.3 The main organizations of cadastral system (Ryu, 1994)...31 Figure 3.4 The structure of KCSC (Source: KCSC)...32 Figure 3.5 Activity diagram of procedure of cadastral subdivision...33 Figure 3.6 Original map and new cadastral map...34 Figure 3.7 The auto drawing system for production of cadastral map (Source: KCSC)...35 Figure 3.8 Explanation for fixed points of the boundary reconstruction...37 Figure 3.9 Updating features using linked survey points...38 Figure 3.10 Displaying error ellipses each survey point (Weir, 2004)...39 Figure 3.11 Core Components of the NSDI (Moeller, 1998)...40 Figure 4.1 Components of the SRMS...52 Figure 4.2 The type of UML diagram...53 Figure 4.3 Geometry basic classes with specialization relations (OGC, 2001)...55 Figure 4.4 Topological class and relation between geometry and topology (OGC, 2001)...55 Figure 4.5 Graphical interpretation of type and errors (Wolf and Ghilani, 1997)...57 vi

13 Figure 5.1 Conceptual framework of the proposed SRMS...61 Figure 5.2 Cyclical work flow (Zeiler, 1999)...62 Figure 5.3 Sub-systems of the SRMS...63 Figure 5.4 Survey observation types...64 Figure 5.5 Example of the survey network...65 Figure 5.6 Tachometry measurements by a theodolite...66 Figure 5.7 Algorithm of computation class...66 Figure 5.8 Association between survey classes...67 Figure 5.9 The general model of the SurveyRecordSet...68 Figure 5.10 Use case for computation class...69 Figure 5.11 Sequence diagram of Compute survey measurements use case...70 Figure 5.12 Logical model of Computation survey measurements use case...71 Figure 5.13 Use case for updating processes...72 Figure 5.14 Activity diagram of updating processes...73 Figure 5.15 Class diagram of Perform a reconciliation use case...74 Figure 5.16 Sequence diagram of Perform a reconciliation use case...75 Figure 5.17 Use case of the delivering system...76 Figure 5.18 Class diagram of Supply digital survey information...77 Figure 5.19 Sequence diagram of Supply a digital survey result...78 Figure 6.1 Framework of the prototyping system...80 Figure 6.2 Methods used the prototyping system...81 Figure 6.3 Cases used the prototyping system...82 Figure 6.4 Class diagram of Tachometry computation...83 Figure 6.5 Sequence diagram of Tachometry computation...84 Figure 6.6 Original survey information of the South Korea case...85 Figure 6.7 Testing with an IKONOS image...86 Figure 6.8 Cadastral features of the sample area...87 Figure 6.9 Integrated survey records with a digital image of the field sketch...87 Figure 6.10 Integrated survey records with the computed survey point...88 Figure 6.11 Map viewer application for the delivering service using ArcServer...89 vi

14 List of Tables Table 2.1 Application schema and feature catalogue of ALKIS by ISO/TC211 (Seifert, 2002)...24 Table 3.1 Main functions of cadastral administration organizations...31 Table 3.2 Survey performance between graphic and numerical survey methods (Lee, 2001)...34 Table 3.3 Various scale and components of Cadastral maps (Dec. 2002)...35 Table 3.4 Disparity between the cadastral records and real situation (Lee et al., 2002)...41 Table 3.5 Claims of cadastral survey for the KCSC (Lee, 2004)...42 Table 3.6 Cadastral survey amount of KCSC (Lee, 2004)...44 Table 3.7 NGIS Planning in 2005 (MOCT, 2005)...45 Table 4.1 General requirements for the cadastral survey system...48 Table 4.2 The result of user requirements...51 List of Appendixes Appendix 1. Questionnaire for the research Appendix 2.The results of questionnaire analysis Appendix 3.Raw field data of Total Station (LEICA) Appendix 4.Least Suqeares Adjustment Formuale Appendix 5.Type of UML diagrams Appendix 6.Sequence diagrams of computation processes Appendix 7.Sequence diagrams of updating processes Appendix 8.Sequence diagrams of Delivering processes Appendix 9.The predicted budget for a cadastral reform project in South Korea Appendix 10.Samples of the field sketch ix

15 List of Abbreviation COGO CTERI DBMS FIG Geo-ICT GML GPS ICT IS ISO IT KCSC MOGAHA NGIS OGC PBLIS SRMS TPS UML WWW XML Coordinate Geometry Cadastral Technology Education & Research Institute Database Management System International Federation of Surveyors Geo-Information Communication System Geography Markup Language Global Positioning System Information Communication Technology Information System International Organization for Standardization Information Technology Korea cadastral survey corporation Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs National Geographic Information System Open GIS consortium Parcel Based Land Information System Survey Record Management System Total Station System Unified Modelling Language World Wide Web extensible Markup Language x

16 1. Introduction 1.1. Background The current cadastral surveying in South Korea is systematically conducted based on cadastral maps which were first established by the National Land Surveying Project ( ) and the National Forestry Surveying Project ( ) (Kim, 1991). After surveying projects in the whole country, the cadastral organization becomes an administrative part of the MOGAHA (Ministry of Government Administration and Home Affairs) responsible for the administrative of cadastral data and KCSC (Korea cadastral survey corporation), a public organization taking exclusive charge of cadastral surveys to support land administration. The MOGAHA has finished a data conversion project where 750,000 cadastral and forestry map sheets have been digitized from 1996 to 2003 in order to establish a PBLIS (Parcel Based Land Information System) as a component of a NSDI (National Spatial Data Infrastructure) (Kim and Kim, 1999). The general process of survey recording includes the checking or examination of the results of the cadastral survey and the entry of the information in registration books and on cadastral index maps. A unique parcel identifier is allocated to each parcel. The examiner can check on land policy matters; legal matters; and technical matters. To lower the examination costs, the government authorities are putting emphasis on quality assurance and more responsibility on land surveyors for the accuracy of their field data and survey plans (FIG, 1995). The survey records have specific information to recognize the location of boundaries of parcels. Many countries have made the inclusion of a document called the field sketch to be archived as a compulsory part of the parcel information system for reconstruction of boundaries. Surveying practice in South Korea doesn t include archiving of the original field observations as source documents containing not only survey data but also legal observations. Original maps are in paper form, which is susceptible to expansion, contraction and abrasion. Even for newly produced maps in new developing areas, the original information of field observation, such as control points, fences and fixed points are not maintained and managed. Mostly a cadastral survey is not based on prior survey results, cadastral information in many cases are not consistent. Customers have demanded resurvey repeatedly because of increased dissatisfaction on survey results. For this reason, cadastral organizations want to maintain and manage survey record information and provide reliable cadastral data to surveyors and customers on this basis. Also they want to reduce the number of survey disputes as well as an adequate relationship between map and reality by using SRMS. The subject of this research is to identify the implementation of having a SRMS for the cadastral organizations. This would be the basis for updating of cadastral maps, which in turn has impact on other layers of GIS-mapped features. The key to this solution provides management of survey recording collected in the field and integrate these with GIS feature data sets as considered the survey standard in the core cadastral domain model (Lemmen, 2003). 1

17 As explained above, this research focuses on the development of a new SRMS emphasizing a cadastral data model to integrate survey record information into the digital cadastral features so that newly produced maps are directly related to new survey information collected in developing areas. This enables access and data provision of reliable and consistent cadastral information to the future stakeholders Research problems A cadastral database may be described as part of a Land Information System (LIS), which stores spatially defined cadastral and related information in a database such as the ownership, value. Cadastral survey system provides land-related information, to support certainty of ownership and rights to land, to give legal protection for land tenure, and to facilitate the land conveyancing (Cheng and Conrad, 2002). Thus, the cadastral system is primarily based on the accurate individual cadastral survey and plans built from original survey activities (Williamson, 1996). Although detailed descriptions of parcel boundaries are needed to enable the extent of each property to be recorded for legal and fiscal purposes and to enable the limits of each property to be reestablished in case of dispute over land (Dale, 1976), the organizations in South Korea didn t archived the original survey observations but only keep the original cadastral maps. As a consequence of this approach, most cadastral surveyors are not able to show the original boundary to the customer because the original observations are not available as well as the cadastral map is not accurate enough to be used as a source for reconstruction of coordinates in case of disputes. The traditional process of cadastral survey has caused the following performance problems: Cadastral survey records is not consistent (different results) Cadastral surveyors largely depend on personal experience than prior surveys Poor management of original survey data and related legal descriptions Customers are dissatisfied with survey results and want more reliable survey customers are nearly to pay for this With in a GIS working environment, a variety of cadastral information could be organized in a wellstructured way in order to make the data accessible for internal and external users. To develop this there should be more understanding and analysis of the current survey recording process. Modelling techniques are available to diagnose the weak parts of whole process. A good data model can be used not only for managing survey record information, but also a basis for workflow reengineering of the current organization. This research focuses on designing of a survey record management system emphasizing conceptual a cadastral data model for a sustainable LIS where survey record information is integrated with the cadastral map, the topographic map and orthoimages as representations of the real world. 2

18 1.3. Research Context Land Information System During the last decades there has been a growing need all over the world for land information as a basis for planning, development and control of land resources. Continuing expansion of production in the industrialized world exerts increasing pressure on scarce natural resources. Land, being in one way or another a basic source of most material wealth, is of crucial importance and will require an effective management system (Larsson, 1991). Land Information System helps to facilitate rural land reform, improve urban planning and infrastructure development, and support environmental monitoring (Dale and Mclaughlin, 2000). Also LIS have become useful tools for public and private organizations which perform a wide variety of geographical analysis and land management functions. Land and property related data are increasingly managed within formal land information system (LIS), which use a combination of human and technical resources, together with a set of organizing procedures, to produce information for supporting management activities. In particular, LIS can be concerned with detailed information recorded at the local level so that they may be mapped at large scales (Dale and Mclaughlin, 2000). Figure 1-1 shows a subset of general information systems. Information systems (IS) Non Spatial IS Spatial IS (Management Information, Document Retrieval, etc.) (Mapping Systems, Land and Property Information, Building and Construction, etc.) Resources IS Other Spatial IS (CADCAM) Geographic IS (GIS) (Small Scale) Land IS (LIS) (Large Scale) Parcel Based Land IS Cadastres (Juridical, Fiscal, Multi-purpose) Other Land IS (Forest Inventory, Soil & Geology) Figure 1.1 Taxonomy of land information systems(dale and Mclaughlin, 1988) 3

19 Cadastral data with Survey Record information could be considered as core data for sustainable LIS. This has been observed in the papers on the core cadastral domain. Thus, this research is to clearly understand the possibilities of the LIS for solving the research problems The core cadastral domain The transparency of business processes in the national cadastre and national mapping organizations can be considered as dominant issue for the development of Land Administration and land management towards a standard for the cadastral domain in this modern times (Tuladhar, 2002). The core cadastral data is a minimum set of attributes about land parcels to be used for publication and distribution of cadastral information by cadastral data producers and maintainers within national standards, which are important for effective communication and integration of cadastral information (FGDC, 2003). A standardized core cadastral domain model by a task of FIG Commission 7 is given to two important goals. First goal is to avoid reinventing and re-implementing the same functionality over and over again, but provide an extensible basis for efficient and effective cadastral system development. Second goal is to enable involved parties, both within one country and even between different countries, to communicate based on the shared ontology implied by the model (van Oosterom et al., 2004). Figure 1.2 shows relation of existing systems, new requirements and planning for redesigning the systems. Figure 1.2 Approach for developing cadastral domain models(tuladhar, 2003) In this research an advanced cadastral domain model extended with survey record classes for a sustainable LIS is designed, developed and tested in order to support GDI environments Scope of this research There are two main objects dealing with in this research. Firstly, an analysis of the core cadastral domain model (van Oosterom et al., 2003) is reviewed as standardization for the developing of the information system. Secondly, a Survey Record Management System is designed in order to implement parts of the distributed set of information systems for supporting the maintenance activities and the information supply of parts of the land information systems as well as for improving digital 4

20 cadastral spatial information in South Korea. In particular, this research is to harmonize survey record data with cadastral maps as well as the orthoimage and topographic data in GIS environments. In this thesis the proposed approach is to use the Unified Modelling Language (UML) which is one of the most powerful object-oriented modelling tools for system development. Finally, the proposed system model is to be developed and verified by checking consistency between different models using available software and sample data in study area. The diagram below shows the scope of this research. Figure 1.3 Scope of this research 1.5. Research objectives The main objective of this research is to develop the link between the SRMS and the digital cadastral map based on a new designed cadastral mapping process in GIS environment. Tasks to be accomplished include: 1. To identify the information requirements for the SRMS in South Korea 2. To develop the conceptual cadastral data model (emphasizing cadastral feature, geometry, topology) 3. To implement and test the conceptual cadastral data model for the SRMS in prototyping environments 1.6. Research questions In order to achieve research objective, the following questions need to be addressed. 1. What are the key drivers and challenges of efficient survey record management for cadastral organizations in South Korea? 2. What are useful recent technologies for implementation of the SRMS? 3. What are the problems of the current survey recording process and what is the impact of the SRMS from technical, legal and financial perspective in South Korea? 4. What are the user requirements? 5. What is the proposed cadastral data model of the SRMS? 5

21 6. How can the proposed system be developed and verified? 1.7. Research methodologies The methodology for the study will be conducted in several research phases designed to address formulated research questions. Figure 1.4 Research methodologies Task 1. Literature review (Question 1, 2) To investigate trends in modern land information systems as maintenance and management aspects To review which standardization in cadastral domain model is necessary to implement the improved SRMS in South Korea Task 2. Analysis of the existing system (Question 3) Analysis of the existing cadastral recording processes and IT infrastructure Analysis of the relationships between resources and existing work processes Impact of the SRMS on the current organizations in terms of legal, institutional, technical aspects Task 3. Identify user requirements (Question 4) Identify components of the survey recording processes through analysis of the user requirements Identify the current and expected needs of users and stakeholders in terms of contents of cadastral information through a structured questionnaires method in South Korea 6

22 Task 4. Designing the conceptual cadastral data model for the SRMS (Question 5) This phase proposes a conceptual cadastral data model using UML. Necessary components and their roles in the system are identified. Task 5. Developing and testing the designed SRMS (Question 6) This phase aims to develop a prototype and to verify consistency of models and feasibility of the proposed system. This phase plans to achieve an integration of digital cadastral map, survey measurements and orthoimage for edge matching to adjust old maps and new maps, also distribute survey record data to surveyors and customers 1.8. Prior research The need for development and application of the SRMS to support LIS has become an important issue in recent times. Many studies have been conducted so far regarding the development of sustainable LIS. Also, many researches have been carried out in the area of database modelling with emphasis to improve the land record management. Shah (1995) in his thesis mentioned that land recording system could identify the institutional and legal requirements to emphasis on the land information system. Pablo (2000) in his report suggested that a quality land record management system provides a consistent and improved land data acquisition and extraction. Further he proposed to develop a quality organizational structure that supports this system. Seko (2001) in his report addressed how land survey records are managed using a database system for full and efficient storage and presentation. Lu and Shih (2002) suggested that a model to identify parcel boundaries could greatly raise the quality of cadastral surveying, which in turn could improve the efficiency and image of surveying personnel. Peerbocus and Jomier (2004) emphasized on updates of the historical information. These can automatically propagate to connected objects, thus accelerating and simplifying the updating process Research Structure Chapter 1. Introduction This chapter presents the framework of the thesis. It includes background information, problem definition, objective, research questions and methodologies. Chapter 2. Challenge of cadastral survey system to support LIS This chapter deals with presentation of literature review trends in maintenance and management and to identify challenges for the change of cadastral organizations and to describe the cadastral core model. This chapter investigates enterprise GIS for automatic proceeding of information between organizations and renewal of information systems and technologies. In the next, challenges for the 7

23 change of the cadastral survey system are described based on key driver for change and recent technologies for the SRMS. In the final part, the cadastral domain model is investigated and activities toward a standard for the cadastral domain model are introduced. Chapter 3. Analysis of present survey system and impact of the SRMS in South Korea This chapter deals with analysis of survey processes as well as the management and maintenance aspects for designing the new survey record management system based on the background, structure of the current cadastral organizations, and social situation of the present cadastral system. In the next section, technical, legal, and financial impacts of the SRMS are analyzed as a promising solution for the improving system. Chapter 4. Analysis of user and information requirements for the SRMS This chapter identify user requirements through analysis of public administrators, cadastral surveyors and customers. The information requirements for development of the SRMS are explained with the components of the SRMS, the Unified modelling language (UML), geographic standards (ISO 19107), and least squares adjustments. Chapter 5. Design of the Survey Record Management System (SRMS) This chapter deals with the design objectives for the improved SRMS that provides surveyors and customers with the ability to manage survey objects to produce field notes or survey equipments from terrestrial activities using a UML model. The components of the SRMS are explained as computation processes, updating processes, and delivering processes. Chapter 6. Development and testing of prototyping system The main focus of this chapter is development of prototype system for the proposed conceptual model of the SRMS. A prototype system for the SRMS is developed and tested with sample data. Chapter 7. Conclusions and recommendations This chapter does formulation of conclusions based on the findings of the analysis results. Furthermore, conclusions and recommendations for further research are included Resources requirements The following materials and equipments are required while carrying out this research: a. Thesis and reports concerning the subject area b. ArcGIS including SurveyAnalysist and UML c. Cadastral new map (scale 1:500) by local cadastral office of Korea d. Survey working data by local survey office of Korea e. Spatial data by ITC and cadastral data by Kadaster of Netherlands f. IKONOS Satellite images(pan-sharpened) in Enschede 8

24 2. Challenges of cadastral survey system to support LIS 2.1. Introduction The maintenance and management of cadastral information in cadastral organizations is a very important issue for the implementation of surveying and mapping. Many activities, such as land conveyancing, taxation and legal protection for land tenure are based on this cadastral information. As cadastral data are being converted from analogue to digital format, many organizations want to develop and supply various products and services as well as to maintain and manage cadastral information using Geo-Information Communication Technology (ICT). The objective of this chapter is to investigate trends in maintenance and management of LIS (including its data) and to identify challenges for the change of cadastral survey systems and to describe the cadastral model. In the first section of this chapter enterprise GIS for automatic proceeding of information between organizations and renewal of information systems and technologies are described. In the next section challenges for the change of cadastral survey system are described based on key driver for change and recent technologies for the SRMS in section 2.3. In the final section the cadastral domain model is investigated and activities toward a standard for the cadastral domain model are introduced Modern trends of maintenance and management of LIS The management of an up-to-date land administration system inevitably involves the use of modern information technology. Conventional solutions may no longer apply and the new system may involve the fundamental restructuring of the existing cadastral services and the security and analysis of every part of the system (UN/ECE/WPLA, 1996). Modern trends of land information system such as maintenance and management aspects can improve the data integration and sharing. Modern comprehensive and complete cadastral systems use Information and Communication Technology (ICT) Enterprise GIS for automatic proceeding of information between different organizations Observing developments of information systems in many countries during the last few decades, cadastral organizations can be recognized the integrated products and services from governments, agencies, provinces and municipalities to citizens and business (van der Molen, 1998). Business goals for establishing an enterprise GIS are to implement business process solutions utilizing GIS as a core component for interoperability between different organizations. Applications that have GIS built into the core enable the user base for GIS to expand to the greatest portion of the organization. In the case of New Zealand, the Land information New Zealand (LINZ) has developed an e-cadastre system to automate the nation s survey and titling system. The aims of the automation were to integrate all 9

25 survey and title processes, to provide them in digital form, to reduce the costs of both provision and compliance, to utilise technological development, and to meet the growing community demand for improved quality and delivery (Bevin, 2002). The Figure 2.1 shows an automatic proceeding view of how GIS and business applications may be integrated to maximize the use of GIS. Figure 2.1 Business process to establish new parcels within Enterprise GIS (NovaLIS, 2003) GIS provides the framework for an integrated work flow for creating and updating the cadastral information that can be easily shared both within and between organizations. Although GIS applications have been used to manage individual aspects of land records management for decades, the real benefits of GIS use can only be fully realized through applying GIS across the land records work flow Renewal of information systems and technologies Current cadastral organizations are to support core data for land information system. In the years behind, the system is frequently modified and new functionality is added. However existing systems didn t always fit in the existing requirements to increased technical possibilities and developing customer demands (Mba, 2003). Many cadastral organizations rapidly tried to change IT/IS environments because of changes in requirements over recent years. In FIG (2003), two major strategies are introduced and elaborated for the renewal process of the IT environment in cadastre and land registration. Step by step approach The step by step approach is very complex and time consuming. A new system will be built up in parts in a new environment while the old system must be synchronised until it can be phased out. In this approach, the availability and continuity of the ICT systems at least at the current level is guaranteed. This step by step approach has examples in cadastres and land registrations: the Netherlands, Norway, Austria, England and Wales, and Sweden. 10

26 Big-bang approach The big-bang approach means designing and building the new system as a whole. This approach may be a faster and less costly strategy for developed country. But this step has the risks which can be found in the time short after the implementation of the new system. Therefore it is highly recommended to develop a very careful planning and preparation of the big-bang event. This big-bang approach has examples in cadastres and land registrations: Czech Rep, Finland, Scotland, Slovenia, and Germany Challenges for the change of cadastral survey system A common characteristic of Land Administration organizations is the great deal of effort they devote to the determination, registration and dissemination of information pertaining to the ownership, value and use of land (van der Molen, 2003). In this section the important factors forcing changes in cadastral survey system and challenges that cadastral organizations are facing with are identified Key driver to change The organizations are now increasingly confronted with rapid development in the technology, a technology push: internet, database, modelling standard, open systems, GIS, as well as a growing demand for new services, a market pull: enhanced user requirements, E-governance, E-conveyance, integration of public data and systems (FIG, 2003). Van der Molen (2003) states that the need for fundamental and far-reaching changes becomes manifest once customers seriously come to expect that they will be assisted in the manner specified by their land administration organization and the government has indicated its wish for the implementation of cost recovery. Figure 2.2 Key drivers to change for cadastral organization In particular, in case of implementation of competitive and effective organizations it is essential to include the elements of the customer satisfaction as a part of the organizational strategies. In careful listening to customer requirements, it is important to take into account and to understand the customer s background and values, map customer s problems and opportunities, and to notice unspoken concerns. On the other hand the suppliers always needs to keep informing all newly changes in the products and services including the customer s roles, the suppliers continuously gets feedbacks on the products and services (Tuladhar and van der Molen, 2003). Figure2.2 gives the context of key drivers for the changes of modern cadastral survey system. 11

27 Data standard for integration and sharing within NSDI Currently each of geo-information data is acquired by different agencies at different times, in different formats as per their immediate applications requirements. All this data exists in unrelated archives. There is considerable duplication of data as inter agency co-ordination is a rare characteristic. With the development of modern information technology, a great deal of geo-spatial data from different sources is produced almost continuously. With the development of computer networks and the growing popularity of the Internet, more and more information must be processed in different software packages to be distributed over the network. Thus, the issue of how to acquire data rapidly from different sources, integrate the data for analysis, and realize heterogeneous spatial data interoperability in a distributed environment becomes very important (By et al., 2004). Standard by ISO means make an enormous contribution to many aspects of our lives - although very often, that contribution is invisible. It is when there is an absence of standards that their importance is brought home. Also standards contribute to making the development, manufacturing and supply of products and services more efficient, safer and cleaner. They make trade between countries easier and fairer. They provide governments with a technical base for health, safety and environmental legislation. They aid in transferring technology to developing countries. Groot and Mclaughlin (2000) state that the value of wisely chosen standards for geospatial information users is reflected in three primary themes: Portability, with the concepts of interchangeable parts implies ability to use and move data, software, and custom applications among multiple computers and operating system environments without re-tooling or reformatting. Inter-operability and information access impact computers and networks, and the user s ability to connect and retrieve information from multiple systems. Maintainability addresses the user of standards to promote long-term and efficient updating, upgrading, and the effective use of computer systems and databases Customer s requirements Our society is heading into a digital age where a huge range of information can be accessed by the simple click of a button. The advances being made in information technology over the past decade has seen many industries embracing these with the aim to improve services, reduce costs and expand markets (Falzon and Williamson, 2001). On user requirements of land administration, van der Molen (1999) emphasized that land registry data must be in digital form, extremely up-to-date, conspicuously reliable, complete, rapidly accessible, susceptible to customization, well-harmonised with other types of records and good value for money, and that it must fit in well with the customer s working procedures. Lemmen and van Oosterom (2002) emphasized that cadastral systems are dynamic, they do have to change over time in order to support society in a sustainable manner. With user requirements, the development and maintenance of the cadastral systems can benefit a lot from the new Geo-ICT and even completely new functions are now becoming possible. Cadastral data are used for below diagram (Figure2.3) for many professions. Each of these activities needs to be related to cadastral reforms; each should be incorporated into a user requirements analysis. The diversity of users and the wide range of applications for cadastral information need to be 12

28 explored. Good market research is as much as a skill as good public relations and there are experts in the field (Dale, 1990). Figure 2.3 The diversity of user s demand for cadastral information Originally cadastral systems in many countries were designed to support the operation of the land market and the land rights of the individual owner. A digital cadastral system is technically possible to be conducted in the near future. However there are still several legal and institutional issues that must be resolved. It is also important that digital land information is not treated as an isolated problem, but must be regarded as part of an entire shift to a digital environment for the processing of land information(falzon and Williamson, 2001) Impact of Geo-ICT for cadastral organizations Cadastral systems include a database containing spatially referenced land data, a set of procedures and technologies for systematic collection, updating, processing and distribution of data and a uniform spatial reference system (van Oosterom et al., 2003). In modern times, national surveys and cadastres, being in the business of information production and provision, are affected by Geo-ICT developments. The advantages of Geo-ICT result not only in a new range of products and services, but also in the universal availability of information and a decrease in the relative cost. Figure 2.4 GDI architecture on Geo-ICT environments (M.R, 2004) 13

29 Geo-ICT has now important roles for the development of cadastral systems and Geo-Spatial Data Infrastructure (GSDI) surrounding cadastral systems. The development in ICT in general and specifically the Geo-ICT can improve the quality, cost effectiveness, performance and maintainability of cadastral systems (van Oosterom et al., 2002) Development of various products and services for GIS market In the near future, customers want to have access to information 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, at home, in the office, and in the field. They want to be served in a professional way, through userfriendly tools to information that is timely, up-to-date, reliable, complete, accurate, relevant, if necessary customised, well-integrated with other relevant data sets of other suppliers, good value for money by systems that are compatible with the customer s working procedures (van Oosterom et al., 2002). It is necessary to provide good products which are in demand to ensure that new customers can be acquired and the markets develop. They introduced that the actual development opportunities are to be found in four market segments (Figure 2.5) which develop products and services based on basic geospatial data: Figure 2.5 Geospatial data market of the four submarkets (Fornefeld et al., 2001) The market for GIS applications This market includes planning services relating to specialists areas such as environmental protection, agriculture or forestry and construction planning and extending to transportation planning and telecommunication as well as network documentation and utility/ facility management. Nevertheless the GIS applications will be consolidated in the next few years. Major increases in turnover can only be achieved by means of novel products. The navigation services market This market is concentrated in the areas of in-car-navigation, routing, telematics, and fleet management and information systems. This market will be very important in the future. 14

30 The geomarketing This sector incorporates managerial analysis based on map and data material from various different sources. This market has a large amount of growth potential. The main problem is that there are not enough applications which support these tasks. In this area it is necessary to promote innovative projects in order to bridge the gaps between the existing solutions and the actual market potential. The emerging markets This market is new solutions based on new PC and telecommunications solutions such as wireless or web online technologies are necessary. Emerging markets are becoming more important. Also van der Molen (2003) pointed out the development of cadastral information. There is a high probability that customers of any of the world s land administration organizations will express their wishes in terms of reliable land information, ready access to land information, comprehensible procedures and products, rapid and guaranteed delivery times, good service, and value for money. The management of the customers expectations is of crucial importance to customer satisfaction. For example, the development of the supply of cadastral information using Internet technology involves four issues following: - the technical development of the product - the development of rapid and simple access to the product - the preparation of the organization ready for the provision of good service (e.g. manuals and a helpdesk) - a pricing that takes account both of the cost price and the practical value to the customer Structural attention to the customers will require the implementation of organizational changes. This is due to the need for facilities that provide for the following: - the continual awareness of developments in customer s requirements - products and services in compliance with the specifications - compliance with delivery times - the rapid resolution of problems - settlement of complaints in a manner acceptable to the customers - the provision of support to customers in their use of the information they receive Need assessment with involvement of all customers for the product development cycle is a must as a compulsory item of the organizational development strategies through noncoercive strategies (Tuladhar and van der Molen, 2003) Land Policy Land policy is the single most critical policy issue for sustainable development that can help to ensure peace and stability, economic growth, equitable social development, and rational resource management. However, historical experience in many countries demonstrates that without a clear land policy, it will be difficult or impossible to reduce deep-rooted structural poverty and inequality. Land policy consists of a whole complex of socio-economic and legal prescriptions that dictate how the land and the benefits from the land are to be allocated. A balance must be struck between the exploitation, utilization and conservation of the land as resource in order to obtain the necessary level of sustainable developments for the survival of humankind (UN/ECE/WPLA, 1996). 15