Cervical Cancer Screening

Transcription

1 TOC NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines ) Cervical Cancer Screening Version NCCN.g Continue Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN.

2 Panel Members TOC * Edward E. Partridge, MD/Chair University of Alabama at Birmingham Comprehensive Cancer Center Nadeem Abu-Rustum, MD Memial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center Susana M. Campos, MD, MPH, MS Dana-Farber/Brigham and Women s Cancer Center Michael Farmer, MD St. Jude Children's Research Hospital/ University of Tennessee Cancer Institute Jeffrey Fowler, MD The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center - James Cancer Hospital and Solove Research Institute Rochelle Garcia, MD Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center/ Seattle Cancer Care Alliance Anna Giuliano, PhD & H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute Howard W. Jones, III, MD Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center Subodh M. Lele, MD UNMC Eppley Cancer Center at The Nebraska Medical Medical Center Richard W. Lieberman, MD University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center Stewart Massad, MD Siteman Cancer Center at Barnes- Jewish Hospital and Washington University School of Medicine Mark A. Mgan, MD Fox Chase Cancer Center R. Kevin Reynolds, MD University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center Helen E. Rhodes, MD The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center Karen Smith-McCune, MD, PhD UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center Nelson Teng, MD, PhD Stanfd Cancer Institute Cnelia Liu Trimble, MD The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins * Fidel Valea, MD Duke Cancer Institute Sharon Wilczynski, MD, PhD City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center Lourdes R. Ylagan, MD Roswell Park Cancer Institute NCCN Mary Dwyer, MS Miranda Hughes, PhD NCCN Guidelines Panel Disclosures Continue * Writing Committee member Gynecology oncology Medical oncology Pathology/Cytopathology & Epidemiology Radiotherapy/Radiation oncology Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN.

3 Table of Contents TOC NCCN Panel Members Summary of the Guidelines Updates Screening Guidelines f Early Detection of Cervical Cancer (CERVS-1) Initial Findings of Screening Exam (CERVS-3) Follow-up f High Risk HPV DNA Testing in Adults 30 y (CERVS-4) Follow-up of Screening Exam Adults 21 y (CERVS-5) Colposcopy Findings f ASC-US LSIL, Cervical Biopsy Findings, Follow-up, and Management (CERVS-6) Colposcopy Findings f ASC-H HSIL, Cervical Biopsy Findings, Follow-up, and Management (CERVS-8) Follow-Up of Therapy f CIN (CERVS-10) Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS): Follow-up and Management (CERVS-11) Atypical Glandular Cells: Follow-up and Management (CERVS-12) Adenocarcinoma in Situ Microinvasion: Management of CKC LEEP Findings (CERVS-15) Endometrial Biopsy: Findings and Management (CERVS-16) Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management f any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. To find clinical trials online at NCCN member institutions, click here: nccn.g/clinical_trials/physician.html. NCCN Categies of Evidence and Consensus: All recommendations are Categy 2A unless otherwise specified. See NCCN Categies of Evidence and Consensus. Bethesda System 2001 (CERVS-A) Colposcopy During Pregnancy (CERVS-B) The NCCN Guidelines are a statement of evidence and consensus of the auths regarding their views of currently accepted approaches to treatment. Any clinician seeking to apply consult the NCCN Guidelines is expected to use independent medical judgment in the context of individual clinical circumstances to determine any patient s care treatment. The National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk (NCCN ) makes no representations warranties of any kind regarding their content, use application and disclaims any responsibility f their application use in any way. The NCCN Guidelines are copyrighted by National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk. All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and the illustrations herein may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN.

4 Updates TOC Updates to Version of the NCCN Guidelines from Version include: MS-1 The addition of the discussion to reflect the changes in the algithm. Updates in Version of the NCCN Guidelines from Version include: Global change Cancer was clarified as invasive carcinoma throughout the guidelines. F repeat both tests at 12 mo, the possible result outcomes were modified as: The management of Screening Findings in Adolescents Young Women < 21 y was removed from the Guidelines and replaced with a footnote, Both tests negative High-risk HPV DNA test negative and Cytology/ Pap test positive f ASC-US Cervical cancer screening should begin at age 21 years. Screening befe High-risk HPV DNA test negative and Cytology/Pap test positive f age 21 should be avoided, because it may lead to unnecessary and ASC-US harmful evaluation and treatment in women at very low risk of cancer. In High-risk HPV DNA test positive and Cytology/Pap test positive the event that screening is perfmed, consultation referral is negative recommended to a colposcopist with experience in colposcopy in The follow-up f both tests negative High-risk HPV DNA test adolescents young women < 21 y. This footnote was added to CERVS- negative and Cytology/ Pap test positive f ASC-US was modified as: 3 and CERVS-5. Resume routine screening per guidelines in3y. Footnotes CERVS-1 Footnote i was modified as:...high-risk HPV DNA tests detect Screening Guidelines f Early Detection of Cervical Cancer were updated based on Saslow D, Solomon D, Lawson HW, et al. American whether any of the high-risk types of HPV are present, although the tests do not indicate specify which types are present. Cancer Society, American Society f Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, Footnote j was added: Use of high-risk HPV DNA testing alone is and American Society f Clinical Pathology screening guidelines f the not recommended f screening in any age group. Cotesting (ie, HPV prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. Am J Clin Pathol DNA and cytology testing) is not recommended f screening in 2012;137: women age years. Footnote k was modified as: The HPV 16/18 DNA diagnostic specific CERVS-3 test is a separate test that only detects whether HPV 16 and HPV 18 are Cervical cytology/pap test positive f epithelial abnmalities, present. adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) was added as an initial finding of a Footnote m was modified as: Follow appropriate colposcopy screening exam with management on CERVS-11. findings pathway (See CERVS-6 CERVS-8).... (Also f CERVS-6, CERVS-4 Follow-up f high-risk HPV DNA testing, the first testing option was modified as: HPV DNA specific test f 16 16/18 genotype and the categy was changed from a categy 2A to a categy 1 recommendation with a cresponding footnote l, Wright TC Jr, Stoler MH, Sharma A, et al. Evaluation of HPV-16 and HPV-18 genotyping f the triage of women with high-risk HPV+ cytology-negative results. Am J Clin Pathol. 2011;136: CERVS-7, and CERVS-10.) CERVS-5 The screening finding of AIS was added to the page with a link to the management. Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. Continued on next page Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. UPDATES

5 Updates TOC Updates in Version of the NCCN Guidelines from Version include: CERVS-6 Coloposcopy f was modified by adding: Positive f HPV 16 16/18 (see CERVS-4). (Also f CERVS-8.) Cervical biopsy finding: AIS was added to Microinvasion and the management was changed from CKC to Diagnostic excision procedure with two footnotes: (Also f CERVS-7 through CERVS-9.) Footnote r was added: CKC is preferred. However, LEEP is acceptable provided attention is given to adequate margins. (Also f CERVS-14) Footnote s was added: If results fav neoplasia, microinvasion, adenocarcinoma in situ, follow CKC LEEP with endometrial sampling if not yet done. CERVS-8 The management option was clarified as: Repeat cervical cytology/pap test colposcopy, and ECC every 6 mo until 2 consecutive negative results. (Also f CERVS-9.) Footnote u was modified as: If preceding cervical cytology/pap test was ASC-H, may consider follow-up with cervical cytology/pap test. CERVS-10 CIN2, 3 with positive margins, after re-excision consider hysterectomy, the possible result, If AIS microinvasion, see CERVS-15 was added. CERVS-11 Adenocarcinoma in situ: Follow-up and management is a new algithm. Footnote e was added: Referral to a specialist with oncological expertise f complex clinical situations should be strongly considered. Examples of complex clinical situations include: atypical glandular cells, adenocarcinoma in situ, pregnancy, persistent/recurrent dysplasia with desire f fertility preservation. (Also f CERVS-12) CERVS-12 Microinvasion was added to AIS. (Also f CERVS-13 and CERVS-14.) Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) Microinvasion, after CKC, the possible result, If CIN1, 2, 3, see CERVS-10 was added. Footnote w was added: CKC should be perfmed, because it is difficult to obtain adequate margins with glandular lesions where extent cannot be determined. (Also f CERVS-13 and CERVS-14.) CERVS-15 Title of page was changed from Atypical glandular cells: Adenocarcinoma in situ to Adenocarcinoma in situ microinvasion: Management of CKC LEEP findings. Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. UPDATES

6 TOC a POPULATION Age <21 y Age y Age y SCREENING GUIDELINES FOR EARLY DETECTION OF CERVICAL CANCER a RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT OF SCREEN RESULTS COMMENTS SCREENING METHOD b No screening Cytology alone every 3 y HPV and cytology cotesting every 5 y (preferred) Cytology alone every 3 y (acceptable) HPV-positive ASC-US cytology of LSIL me severe: Refer to NCCN and ASCCP guidelinesc Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. d Cytology negative HPV-negative ASC-US: d Rescreen with cytology in 3 y HPV-positive ASC-US cytology of LSIL me severe: Refer to NCCN and ASCCP guidelines c HPV positive, cytology negative: Option 1: 12-mo follow-up with cotesting Option 2: Test f HPV16 HPV16/18 genotypes If HPV16 HPV16/18 positive: refer to colposcopy If HPV16 HPV16/18 negative: 12-mo follow-up with cotesting Cotest negative HPV-negative ASC-US: Rescreen with cotesting in 5 y d HPV-positive ASC-US cytology of LSIL me severe: Refer to NCCN and ASCCP guidelinesc Cytology negative HPV-negative ASC-US: d Rescreen with cytology in 3 y Adapted from Saslow D, Solomon D, Lawson HW, et al. American Cancer Society, American Society f Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society f Clinical Pathology screening guidelines f the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 2012;137: b Women should not be screened annually at any age by any method. casccp= American Society f Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology. Wright TC, et al. J Low Genit Tract Dis 2007;11: dasc-us cytology with secondary HPV testing f management decisions. HPV testing should not be used f screening management of ASC-US in this age group HPV testing should not be used f screening in this age group Screening by HPV testing alone is not recommended f most clinical settings Continued on next page Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-1

7 TOC SCREENING GUIDELINES FOR EARLY DETECTION OF CERVICAL CANCER a POPULATION RECOMMENDED MANAGEMENT OF SCREEN RESULTS COMMENTS SCREENING METHOD b Age >65 y After hysterectomy No screening following adequate negative pri screening No screening Women with a histy of CIN2 a me severe diagnosis should continue routine screening f at least 20 y Applies to women without a cervix and without a histy of CIN2 a me severe diagnosis in the past 20 y cervical cancer ever HPV vaccinated Follow age-specific recommendations (same as unvaccinated women) See Initial Findings of Screening Exam (CERVS-3) a Adapted from Saslow D, Solomon D, Lawson HW, et al. American Cancer Society, American Society f Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology, and American Society f Clinical Pathology screening guidelines f the prevention and early detection of cervical cancer. Am J Clin Pathol 2012;137: b Women should not be screened annually at any age by any method. Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-2

8 TOC INITIAL FINDINGS OF SCREENING EXAM e,f Visible/suspicious lesion on cervix Cervical cytology/pap testg,h unsatisfacty Cervical cytology/pap testg,h negative f intraepithelial lesion malignancy Cervical cytology/pap test negativeg,h and High-Risk HPV DNA positive 30 y FOLLOW-UP If invasive car cinoma, see NCCN Cervical Cancer Guidelines Biopsy If no invasive carcinoma, consider CKC and/ referral to gynecologic oncologist/specialist Repeat cervical cytology/pap testg,h should be done within 6-12 weeks. Treat infection if present and indicated Screening frequency based on screening guidelines See Screening f Early Detection of Cervical Cancer (CERVS-1) See Follow-up f High-Risk HPV DNA Testing in Adults 30 y (CERVS-4) Cervical cytology/pap testg,h positive f epithelial abnmalities: Undetermined significance (ASC-US) Atypical squamous cells (ASC) Suspicion of high-grade dysplasia (ASC-H) Low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) See Screening Findings Adult 21 y (CERVS-5) High-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSIL) e Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) e Atypical glandular cells (AGC) e Cervical cytology/pap test g,h positive f invasive carcinoma e Referral to specialist with oncological expertise f complex clinical situations should be strongly considered. Examples of complex clinical situations include: atypical glandular cells, adenocarcinoma in situ, pregnancy, persistent/recurrent dysplasia with desire f fertility preservation. f Cervical cancer screening should begin at age 21 years. Screening befe age 21 should be avoided, because it may lead to unnecessary and harmful evaluation and treatment in women at very low risk of cancer. In the event See AIS Follow-Up and Management (CERVS-11) See AGC Follow-Up and Management (CERVS-12) If invasive carcinoma, see NCCN Biopsy visible lesion; diagnostic Cervical Cancer Guidelines excision if no visible lesion If CIN1-3, see CERVS-10 that screening is perfmed, consultation referral is recommended to a colposcopist with experience in colposcopy in adolescents young women < 21 y. gcervical cytology/pap test results should be repted using the Bethesda System. See The Bethesda System 2001 (CERVS-A). hconventional Pap test liquid-based technology is an acceptable method f primary screening. Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-3

9 TOC SCREENING FINDINGS (Cytology negative) High-risk HPV DNA positivei,j and Cytology/Pap test negative FOLLOW-UP FOR HIGH-RISK HPV DNA TESTING HPV DNA specific test f 16 16/18 genotype k (categy 1) l FOLLOW-UP FOR HIGH-RISK HPV DNA TESTING IN ADULTS 30 y Repeat both tests at 12 mo Cytology/Pap test and High-risk HPV DNA testi HPV 16 16/18 specific DNA test k Positive HPV 16 16/18 specific DNA testk MANAGEMENT Repeat both tests at 12 mo Cytology/Pap test and High-risk HPV DNA testi Colposcopy l Both tests negative High-risk HPV DNA testi negative and Cytology/ Pap test positive f ASC-US High-risk HPV DNA testi negative and Cytology/Pap test positive f ASC-US High-risk HPV DNA testi positive and Cytology/Pap test positive negative Resume routine screening per guidelines ( See CERVS-1) See CERVS-3 Colposcopy m i The FDA approved HPV DNA testing f high-risk virus types; it is not useful to test f low-risk virus types. High-risk HPV DNA tests detect whether any of the high-risk types of HPV are present, although the tests do not specify which types are present. juse of high-risk HPV DNA testing alone is not recommended f screening in any age group. Cotesting (ie, HPV DNA and cytology testing) is not recommended f screening in women age years. kthe HPV DNA specific test detects whether HPV 16 and HPV 18 are present. l Wright TC Jr, Stoler MH, Sharma A, et al. Evaluation of HPV-16 and HPV-18 genotyping f the triage of women with high-risk HPV+ cytology-negative results. Am J Clin Pathol 2011;136: mfollow appropriate colposcopy findings pathway (See CERVS-6 CERVS-8 ). If appropriate, see Colposcopy During Pregnancy (CERVS-B). Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-4

10 TOC SCREENING FINDINGS (Cytology positive) ASC-US SCREENING FOLLOW-UP HPV DNA testing f high-risk virus only i (preferred if available as reflex testing on liquid-based cytology) Repeat cervical cytology/ Pap test at 6 mo ADULTS 21 Y FOLLOW-UP FINDINGS Positive o f MANAGEMENT Colposcopy n Repeat cervical cytology/pap test at 6 mo ASC-US Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) Colposcopy n ASC-US Colposcopy n LSIL ASC-H HSIL AIS Immediate colposcopy n Colposcopy n AGC See AGC Follow-Up and Management (CERVS-12) f Cervical cancer screening should begin at age 21 years. Screening befe age 21 should be avoided, because it may lead to unnecessary and harmful evaluation and treatment in women at very low risk of cancer. In the event that screening is perfmed, consultation referral is recommended to a colposcopist with nf colposcopy f ASC-US LSIL, see CERVS-6 and f ASC-H HSIL, see experience in colposcopy in adolescents young women < 21 y. ithe FDA approved HPV DNA testing f high-risk virus types; it is not useful to test f low-risk virus types. High-risk HPV DNA tests detect whether any of the high-risk types of HPV are present, although the tests do not specify which types are present. See AIS Follow-Up and Management (CERVS-11) CERVS-8. If appropriate, see Colposcopy During Pregnancy (CERVS-B). In women with ASC-US who are high-risk HPV positive, the NCCN and American Society f Coloposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP) do not recommend using the HPV 16/18 specific DNA test (ie, HPV genotyping) to screen f who should proceed to colposcopy. Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. o Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-5

11 TOC COLPOSCOPY FINDINGS CERVICAL BIOPSY FINDINGS no biopsy done CIN1 FOLLOW-UP HPV DNA testingi at 12 mo Repeat cervical cytology/pap test at 6 mo ADULTS 21 Y Positive ASC-US MANAGEMENT Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) Colposcopy m Repeat cervical cytology/pap test at 6 mo ASC-US See Screening Follow-up (CERVS-5) Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) See Screening Follow-up (CERVS-5) Colposcopy f: ASC-US LSIL Positive f HPV 16 16/18 ( See CERVS-4) Satisfacty colposcopy Unsatisfacty colposcopy CIN2 p CIN3 AIS Microinvasion Invasive carcinoma See Cervical Biopsy and ECC Findings (CERVS-7) i The FDA approved HPV DNA testing f high-risk virus types; it is not useful to test f low-risk virus types. High-risk HPV DNA tests detect whether any of the high-risk types of HPV are present, although the tests do not specify which types are present. mfollow appropriate colposcopy findings pathway (See CERVS-6 CERVS-8). If appropriate, see Colposcopy During Pregnancy (CERVS-B). p CIN2 may be followed without treatment in certain clinical circumstances at the discretion of the physician. LEEP Cryotherapy CKC Laser ablation Diagnostic excision procedure r,s See NCCN Cervical Cancer Guidelines If appropriate f preexisting pathologic condition quality of life. CKC is preferred. However, LEEP is acceptable provided attention is given to adequate margins. If results fav neoplasia, microinvasion, adenocarcinoma in situ, follow CKC LEEP with endometrial sampling if not yet done. Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. q r s LEEP Cryotherapy CKC Laser ablation Total hysterectomy q See CERVS-15 See Follow-up of Therapy f CIN (CERVS-10) CIN= Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia CKC= Cold-knife conization ECC= Endocervical curettage LEEP= Loop electrosurgical excision procedure Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-6

12 TOC Unsatisfacty colposcopy f: ASC-US LSIL; Cervical biopsy and ECC perfmed CERVICAL BIOPSY FINDINGS no biopsy done CIN1 CIN2 CIN3 ENDOCERVICAL CURETTAGE (ECC) FINDINGS Positive Positive AIS Microinvasion Invasive carcinoma CIN1 CIN2 3 CIN1, 2, 3 FOLLOW-UP Repeat cervical cytology/pap test at 6 mo ADULTS 21 Y HPV DNA testingi at 12 mo ASC-US Positive MANAGEMENT LEEP CKC LEEP CKC Repeat cervical cytology/pap test at 6 mo LEEP CKC Total hysterectomy q LEEP CKC Total hysterectomyq after LEEP CKC f definitive diagnosis Diagnostic excision procedure r,s ASC-US See NCCN Cervical Cancer Guidelines Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) Colposcopy m See Screening Follow-up (CERVS-5) See Follow-up of Therapy f CIN (CERVS-10) See CERVS-15 i The FDA approved HPV DNA testing f high-risk virus types; it is not useful to test f low-risk virus types. High-risk HPV DNA tests detect whether any of the high-risk types of HPV are present, although the tests do not specify which types are present. mfollow appropriate colposcopy findings pathway ( See CERVS-6 CERVS-8). If appropriate, see Colposcopy During Pregnancy (CERVS-B). q If appropriate f preexisting pathologic condition quality of life. rckc is preferred. However, LEEP is acceptable provided attention is given to adequate margins. sif results fav neoplasia, microinvasion, adenocarcinoma in situ, follow CKC LEEP with endometrial sampling if not yet done. Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-7

13 TOC COLPOSCOPY FINDINGS No lesion seen t ADULTS 21 Y CERVICAL BIOPSY FINDINGS colposcopy/ no biopsy FOLLOW-UP Perfm ECC MANAGEMENT CIN1, u 2, 3 Repeat cervical cytology/pap test every 6 mo until 2 consecutive negative results LEEP CKC f definitive diagnosis Colposcopy f: ASC-H HSIL Positive f HPV 16 16/18 ( See CERVS-4) Satisfacty colposcopy Lesion seen Biopsy Cervical biopsy negative CIN1 CIN2 p CIN3 AIS Microinvasion Repeat cervical cytology/pap test every 6 mo until 2 consecutive negative results Consider LEEP CKC f definitive diagnosis LEEP Cryotherapy CKC Laser ablation LEEP Cryotherapy CKC Laser ablation Total hysterectomy q Diagnostic excision procedure r,s See Follow-up of Therapy f CIN (CERVS-10) See CERVS-15 Invasive carcinoma See NCCN Cervical Cancer Guidelines LEEP, consider fertility issues See Follow-up of Therapy f CIN (CERVS-10) Unsatisfacty colposcopy See CERVS-9 pcin2 may be followed without treatment in certain clinical circumstances at the sif results fav neoplasia, microinvasion, adenocarcinoma in situ, follow CKC discretion of the physician. LEEP with endometrial sampling if not yet done. q If appropriate f preexisting pathologic condition quality of life. tperfm vaginal and vulvar colposcopy. rckc is preferred. However, LEEP is acceptable provided attention is given to u If preceding cervical cytology/pap test was ASC-H, may consider follow-up with adequate margins. cervical cytology/pap test. Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-8

14 TOC COLPOSCOPY FINDINGS Positive ECC ADULTS 21 Y CERVICAL BIOPSY FINDINGS MANAGEMENT LEEP CKC See Follow-up of Therapy f CIN (CERVS-10) Unsatisfacty colposcopy f: ASC-H HSIL; Cervical biopsy and/ ECC perfmed ASC-H Perfm ECC ECC No lesion seen t Lesion seen Biopsy Cervical biopsy negative CIN2 p Repeat cervical cytology/pap test, every 6 mo until 2 consecutive negative results Consider LEEP CKC f definitive diagnosis LEEP CKC Total hysterectomy q Invasive carcinoma See NCCN Cervical Cancer Guidelines LEEP, consider See Follow-up fertility issues of Therapy f HSIL LEEP CKC CIN (CERVS-10) pcin2 may be followed without treatment in certain clinical circumstances at the discretion of the physician. qif appropriate f preexisting pathologic condition quality of life. sif results fav neoplasia, microinvasion, adenocarcinoma in situ, follow rckc is preferred. However, LEEP is acceptable provided attention is given to CKC LEEP with endometrial sampling if not yet done. adequate margins. tperfm vaginal and vulvar colposcopy. Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. CIN1 CIN3 AIS Microinvasion Repeat cervical cytology/pap test, every 6 mo until 2 consecutive negative results LEEP CKC Diagnostic excision procedure r,s See Follow-up of Therapy f CIN (CERVS-10) See CERVS-15 Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-9

15 TOC FINDINGS AT TREATMENT CIN1 with positive negative margins CIN2, 3 with negative margins FOLLOW-UP Cervical cytology/pap test at6mo HPV DNA testingi at 12 mo ASC-US Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) See Screening Follow-up (CERVS-5) Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) Positive Colposcopy m Follow-up of therapy f CIN: LEEP CKC Cryotherapy Laser ablation CIN2, 3 with positive margins Margin status unknown Cryotherapy Laser ablation Cervical cytology/pap test at 6 mo and consider ECC (categy 2B) Re-excision (especially if invasion is suspected) Consider hysterectomy (after consultation with specialist) Cervical cytology/pap test at6mo HPV DNA testingi at 12 mo i The FDA approved HPV DNA testing f high-risk virus types; it is not useful to test f low-risk virus types. High-risk HPV DNA tests detect whether any of the high-risk types of HPV are present, although the tests do not specify which types are present. ASC-US Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. m ASC-US Positive Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) See Screening Follow-up (CERVS-5) If CIN, see Follow-up Therapy f CIN If AIS microinvasion, see CERVS-15 If invasive carcinoma, see NCCN Cervical Cancer Guidelines Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) See Screening Follow-up (CERVS-5) Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) Colposcopy m Follow appropriate colposcopy findings pathway (S ee CERVS-6 CERVS-8). If appropriate, see Colposcopy During Pregnancy (CERVS-B). Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-10

16 TOC ADENOCARCINOMA IN SITU: FOLLOW-UP AND MANAGEMENT SCREENING FINDINGS CERVICAL BIOPSY FINDINGS MANAGEMENT CIN1 Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) e Colposcopy, ECC. Endometrial biopsy (if 35y endometrial cancer risk facts v) CIN2 CIN3 CKC s,w F CKC findings, see CERVS-15 and If endometrial biopsy done, see CERVS-16 If invasive carcinoma, see NCCN Cervical Cancer Guidelines AIS Microinvasion Invasive carcinoma See NCCN Cervical Cancer Guidelines e Referral to a specialist with oncological expertise f complex clinical situations should be strongly considered. Examples of complex clinical situations include: atypical glandular cells, adenocarcinoma in situ, pregnancy, persistent/recurrent dysplasia with desire f fertility preservation. sif results fav neoplasia, microinvasion, adenocarcinoma in situ, follow CKC LEEP with endometrial sampling if not yet done. v Endometrial cancer risk facts: obesity, unopposed estrogen replacement therapy, polycystic ovarian disease, tamoxifen therapy, anovulation, Lynch syndrome/hereditary Non-Polyposis Colectal Cancer syndrome (HNPCC). CKC should be perfmed because it is difficult to obtain adequate margins with glandular lesions where extent cannot be determined. w Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-11

17 TOC ATYPICAL GLANDULAR CELLS: FOLLOW-UP AND MANAGEMENT SCREENING FINDINGS CERVICAL BIOPSY FINDINGS MANAGEMENT Atypical glandular cells (AGC) e Under 35 y and no other endometrial cancer risk facts v 35 y Endometrial cancer risk factsv Abnmal bleeding Atypical glandular endometrial cells Colposcopy, ECC; HPV DNA testing i (if not already done) Colposcopy, ECC. Endometrial biopsy; HPV DNA testing i (if not already done) CIN1 CIN2 CIN3 Adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) Microinvasion Invasive carcinoma See CERVS-13 See CERVS-14 CKC s,w See NCCN Cervical Cancer Guidelines If CIN1, 2, 3, see CERVS-10 If AIS Microinvasion, see CERVS-15 If invasive carcinoma, See NCCN Cervical Cancer Guidelines If endometrial biopsy done, see CERVS-16 e Referral to a specialist with oncological expertise f complex clinical situations should be strongly considered. Examples of complex clinical situations include: atypical glandular cells, adenocarcinoma in situ, pregnancy, persistent/recurrent dysplasia with desire f fertility preservation. The FDA approved HPV DNA testing f high-risk virus types; it is not useful to test f low-risk virus types. High-risk HPV DNA tests detect whether any of the high-risk types of HPV are present, although the tests do not specify which types are present. i s If results fav neoplasia, microinvasion, adenocarcinoma in situ, follow CKC with endometrial sampling if not yet done. v Endometrial cancer risk facts: obesity, unopposed estrogen replacement therapy, polycystic ovarian disease, tamoxifen therapy, anovulation, Lynch syndrome/hereditary Non-Polyposis Colectal Cancer syndrome (HNPCC). w CKC should be perfmed, because it is difficult to obtain adequate margins with glandular lesions where extent cannot be determined. Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-12

18 TOC ATYPICAL GLANDULAR CELLS: FOLLOW-UP AND MANAGEMENT CERVICAL BIOPSY FINDINGS ECC FINDINGS HPV DNA testing, i FOLLOW-UP Repeat HPV DNA testingi and cervical cytology at 12 mo MANAGEMENT Both results negative Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) AGC-NOS HPV DNA testing, i Positive Repeat HPV DNA testingi and cervical cytology at 6 mo Cervical cytology ASC-US Positive HPV DNA test Colposcopy x AGC AGC fav Neoplasia AIS Microinvasion HPV DNA testing, i Not done Repeat cervical cytology every 4-6 mo until 4 consecutive negative results CKC s,w Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) Cervical cytology Colposcopy ASC-US x If CIN1, 2, 3, see CERVS-10 If AIS Microinvasion, see CERVS-15 CIN1, 2, 3 AIS Microinvasion i The FDA approved HPV DNA testing f high-risk virus types; it is not useful to test f low-risk virus types. High-risk HPV DNA tests detect whether any of the high-risk types of HPV are present, although the tests do not specify which types are present. sif results fav neoplasia, microinvasion, adenocarcinoma in situ, follow CKC LEEP with endometrial sampling if not yet done. wckc should be perfmed, because it is difficult to obtain adequate margins with glandular lesions where extent cannot be determined. x Follow appropriate colposcopy findings pathway ( See CERVS-12). If appropriate, see Colposcopy During Pregnancy (CERVS-B). If invasive carcinoma, See NCCN Cervical Cancer Guidelines If endometrial biopsy done, see CERVS-16 Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-13

19 TOC CERVICAL BIOPSY FINDINGS CIN1 CIN2 ECC FINDINGS Positive CIN1, 2, 3 AIS Microinvasion Positive CIN1, 2, 3 AIS Microinvasion FOLLOW-UP CIN3 Positive CIN1, 2, 3 AIS Microinvasion The FDA approved HPV DNA testing f high-risk virus types; it is not useful to test f low-risk virus types. High-risk HPV DNA tests detect whether any of the high-risk types of HPV are present, although the tests do not specify which types are present. CKC is preferred. However, LEEP is acceptable if margins are adequate. If results fav neoplasia, microinvasion, adenocarcinoma in situ, follow CKC LEEP with endometrial sampling if not yet done. i AGC r s ATYPICAL GLANDULAR CELLS: FOLLOW-UP AND MANAGEMENT HPV DNA testingi at 12 mo Repeat cervical cytology every 6 mo until 2 consecutive negative results Positive MANAGEMENT Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) Colposcopy x CKC s,w CKC s,w CKC r,s LEEP CKC s,w Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. w Cervical cytology ASC-US Resume screening per guideline (See CERVS-1) Colposcopy x CKC r,s LEEP If CIN1, 2, 3, see CERVS-10 If AIS Microinvasion, see CERVS-15 If invasive carcinoma, See NCCN Cervical Cancer Guidelines If endometrial biopsy done, see CERVS-16 CKC should be perfmed, because it is difficult to obtain adequate margins with glandular lesions where extent cannot be determined. x Follow appropriate colposcopy findings pathway ( See CERVS-12). If appropriate, see Colposcopy During Pregnancy (CERVS-B). Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-14

20 TOC CKC OR LEEP FINDINGS ADENOCARCINOMA IN SITU OR MICROINVASION: MANAGEMENT OF CKC OR LEEP FINDINGS margins, fertility desired Cervical cytology/pap test ECC every 6 mo until hysterectomy Requires consent/counseling Strongly consider hysterectomy when childbearing completed Positive See CERVS-12 Cervical cytology/ Pap test ± ECC every 6 mo until hysterectomy Adenocarcinoma in situ Microinvasion (Strongly consider referral to gynecologic oncologist/ specialist) margins, fertility not desired Positive margins, fertility desired Strongly consider hysterectomy Re-excision to attain negative margins Requires consent/counseling Strongly consider hysterectomy when childbearing completed Positive margins, fertility not desired Hysterectomy Consider repeat CKC (categy 2B) to rule out invasive disease pri to hysterectomy Invasive carcinoma See NCCN Cervical Cancer Guidelines Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-15

21 TOC ENDOMETRIAL BIOPSY: FINDINGS AND MANAGEMENT ENDOMETRIAL BIOPSY FINDINGS MANAGEMENT Consider transvaginal ultrasound f endometrial stripe thickness if no other source f AGC has been explained Hyperplasia Consider dilatation and curettage (D&C) Hmone therapy Endometrial biopsy Atypical hyperplasia D&C Consider referral to gynecologic oncologist/specialist Invasive carcinoma See NCCN Uterine Neoplasms Guidelines Unsatisfacty Consider D&C Consider transvaginal ultrasound f endometrial stripe thickness if no other source f AGC has been identified in a postmenopausal woman Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-16

22 TOC SPECIMEN TYPE: Indicate conventional smear (Pap smear) vs. liquid-based vs. other BETHESDA SYSTEM 2001 SPECIMEN ADEQUACY Satisfacty f evaluation (describe presence absence of endocervical/transfmation zone component and any other quality indicats, eg, partially obscuring blood, inflammation, etc.) Unsatisfacty f evaluation (specify reason) Specimen rejected/not processed (specify reason) Specimen processed and examined, but unsatisfacty f evaluation of epithelial abnmality because of (specify reason) INTERPRETATION/RESULT NEGATIVE FOR INTRAEPITHELIAL LESION OR MALIGNANCY (when there is no cellular evidence of neoplasia, state this in the General Categization and/ Interpretation/Result section of the rept, whether not there are ganisms other non-neoplastic findings) Organisms: Trichomonas vaginalis Fungal ganisms mphologically consistent with Candida spp Shift in fla suggestive of bacterial vaginosis Bacteria mphologically consistent with Actinomyces spp Cellular changes consistent with Herpes simplex virus Other non-neoplastic findings (Optional to rept; list not inclusive): Reactive cellular changes associated with: inflammation (includes typical repair) radiation intrauterine contraceptive device (IUD) Glandular cell status post hysterectomy Atrophy OTHER Endometrial cells (in a woman 40 y of age) (Specify if negative f squamous intraepithelial lesion ) EPITHELIAL CELL ABNORMALITIES Squamous cell Atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H) Low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) encompassing: HPV/mild dysplasia/cin 1 High grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL) encompassing: moderate and severe dysplasia, CIS; CIN 2 and CIN 3 with features suspicious f invasion (if invasion is suspected) Squamous cell carcinoma Glandular cell Atypical endocervical cells (NOS specify in comments) endometrial cells (NOS specify in comments) glandular cells (NOS specify in comments) Atypical endocervical cells, fav neoplastic glandular cells, fav neoplastic Endocervical adenocarcinoma in situ Adenocarcinoma endocervical endometrial extrauterine not otherwise specified (NOS) OTHER MALIGNANT NEOPLASMS: (specify) Note: The NCI Bethesda System 2001 web site includes additional infmation such as the definitions of terms used f this table and infmation about ancillary testing and automated review. NCI Bethesda System Available at: Accessed February 1, Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-A

23 TOC COLPOSCOPY DURING PREGNANCY Recommendations f colposcopy and follow-up are the same as delineated in these guidelines except: Consultation referral to colposcopist with experience in colposcopy during pregnancy. No ECC Treatment f CIN (any grade) delayed until after pregnancy. Colposcopy and cervical biopsy f LSIL and ASC-US can be deferred until 6 weeks postpartum. Colposcopy and cervical biopsy should be limited to patients where high-grade neoplasia invasive carcinoma is suspected. Diagnostic limited excisional procedure is recommended only if invasion is suspected. Brush cytology is safe during pregnancy. Note: All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise indicated. Clinical Trials: NCCN believes that the best management of any cancer patient is in a clinical trial. Participation in clinical trials is especially encouraged. Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. CERVS-B

24 TOC NCCN Categies of Evidence and Consensus Categy 1: Based upon high-level evidence, there is unifm NCCN consensus that the intervention is appropriate. Categy 2A: Based upon lower-level evidence, there is unifm NCCN consensus that the intervention is appropriate. Categy 2B: Based upon lower-level evidence, there is NCCN consensus that the intervention is appropriate. Categy 3: Based upon any level of evidence, there is maj NCCN disagreement that the intervention is appropriate. All recommendations are categy 2A unless otherwise noted. Overview Cervical cytology screening has been proven to decrease the incidence and mtality of squamous cell cervical cancer and to increase the cure rate of cervical cancer. 1-4 Despite a significant decrease in the incidence and mtality of cervical carcinoma in the United States because of screening, it is estimated that 12,170 women will be diagnosed in 2012, with 4,220 expected deaths. 5, 6 High-risk groups include women without access to health care and those who have immigrated to the United States from countries where cervical cancer screening is not routinely done. Because cervical cytology screening is the predominant method f early detection of this neoplasm, the purpose of the NCCN Guidelines is to provide direction f the evaluation and management of cervical cytology. Use of DNA testing f high-risk subtypes of human papillomavirus (HPV) is also a useful adjunct to cervical cytology screening in select patients and is described in these NCCN guidelines. The NCCN guidelines include recommendations regarding screening techniques, initiation and frequency of screening, and management of abnmal screening results including colposcopy. Cervical cytology screening techniques include liquid-based cytology conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smears; data suggest that the 2 techniques are similar. 1, 2 Unless specifically noted, these techniques are collectively referred to as cervical cytology in this manuscript (i.e., ). Most cervical cytology testing in the United States is now done with liquid-based cytology. 7 When compared with conventional Pap testing, advantages of liquid-based cytology include: 1) combined testing f HPV can be done using the same sample; and 2) it is easier to read. 7 Risk facts f cervical cancer include persistent infection with high-risk subtypes of HPV; HPV 16 and HPV 18 account f about 70% of cervical cancer However, most HPV 16/18 infections in women are not persistent, especially those in young women (< age 30 years) Other epidemiologic risk facts associated with cervical cancer are a histy of smoking, parity, contraceptive use, early age of onset of coitus, larger number of sexual partners, histy of sexually transmitted disease, and chronic immunosuppression. Squamous cell carcinomas account f about 80% of all cervical cancers and adenocarcinoma f about 20% (see the NCCN Cervical Cancer Guidelines). 11 HPV DNA testing f high-risk virus types is used as a component of both primary screening (e.g., combined testing also known as co-testing) and wkup of abnmal cytology results; it is not useful to test f low-risk virus types (see HPV DNA Testing in this ). 15 HPV DNA testing f primary cervical cancer screening Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. MS-1

25 TOC has been approved by the FDA; several diagnostic tests are available (i.e., cobas 4800 HPV test, the HPV high-risk and HPV 16/18 DNA tests, Hybrid Capture 2 HPV DNA test). However, HPV DNA testing is not recommended in women younger than 30 years (see next section in 1, 15 this ). Colposcopy, along with colposcopically directed biopsies, is the primary method f evaluating women with abnmal cervical cytologies. During a colposcopic examination, the cervix is viewed through a long focal-length dissecting-type microscope (magnification, times). A 4% solution of acetic acid is applied to the cervix befe viewing. The colation induced by the acid and the observance of blood-vessel patterns allow a directed biopsy to rule out invasive disease and to determine the extent of preinvasive disease. If the entire squamocolumnar junction of the cervix is visualized (i.e., the entire transfmation zone is seen), the examination is considered satisfacty and endocervical curettage (ECC) is unnecessary Special considerations f colposcopy perfmed during pregnancy are also discussed (see CERVS-B). Techniques f definitive treatment of cervical abnmalities include excision with the loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), cold-knife conization (CKC), total hysterectomy. Ablative procedures include laser ablation cryotherapy. Clinicians should infm patients that treatment may be associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. 18 Initiation and Frequency (see CERVS-1 and CERVS-2) The NCCN panel adopted the recommendations of the American Cancer Society (ACS), the American Society f Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology (ASCCP), and the American Society f Clinical Pathology (ASCP) on the initiation and frequency of cervical cancer screening (see CERVS-1). 1 Women should begin screening at 21 years of age, regardless of whether sexual intercourse has already occurred. 1 However, annual cervical cancer screening, regardless of the method (e.g., cervical cytology) is no longer recommended in any age group. Data indicate that cervical screening should be avoided in women younger than 21 years old, because these women are at very low risk of cervical cancer and because treatment can lead to complications (e.g., significant increase in premature births in women previously treated f dysplasia) Although a few adolescents young adults may have cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 3, progression to cervical cancer is extremely rare in women younger than 21 years; 15, most women with CIN 3 are picked up on subsequent screening. A high percentage of young women will be HPV positive within several years of initial sexual activity Thus, adolescents young women (< 21 years) who are sexually active have a high prevalence of 15, 22, 28 high-risk HPV infection; however, many infections will regress. Therefe, HPV DNA testing is not recommended f screening in 1, 15,20 adolescents women younger than 30 years. However, adolescents young adults who are immunocompromised (e.g., HIV infection, gan transplants, long-term steroid use) may need to have me frequent cervical screening. F example, those infected with HIV should be tested every 6 months the first year after their diagnosis and then annually. Cervical cytology screening should still be initiated in young women (21 years older) who have been vaccinated against HPV 16 and HPV 18, because there are at least 12 other high-risk subtypes of HPV that are oncogenic (e.g., HPV 31, HPV 45). 1 The onset of gynecologic care should not be based on the need f cervical screening. Thus, sexually active adolescents should receive Version , 05/02/12 National Comprehensive Cancer Netwk, Inc. 2012, All rights reserved. The NCCN Guidelines and this illustration may not be reproduced in any fm without the express written permission of NCCN. MS-2