Internet Appendix to Collateral Spread and Financial Development *

Transcription

1 Internet Appendix to Collateral Spread and Financial Development * This online appendix serves as a companion to our paper Collateral Spread and Financial Development. It reports results not reported in the main text due to space constraints. We present results in the order they appear in the main paper. 1. Table IA.I reports the sample distribution by industry classification. 2. Table IA.II reports summary statistics for key variables in the loan-level data from Argentina that also provides information on firm financials. While the dataset is a panel over 1995 to 2001, summary statistics are reported after taking the time-series average of each firm, thus leaving us with 587 observations (one for each firm). 3. Table IA.III reports the results of Table VII after collapsing the data at the country level. These results are mentioned at the end of Section III.C. Table IA.III shows that the difference in firm-specific and non-specific coefficients (the object of main interest) is marginally significant at around the 15% level, but not in the IV specification. However, country-level OLS tests are very conservative in terms of standard errors since they do not take full use of the underlying data at the loan level. 4. Table IA.IV summarizes the results of tests for heterogeneity in risk scales mentioned in Section IV.A of the paper. We first split countries by GDP per capita (above/below median) and allow for risk scales to be different for countries in the lower and upper half of the GDP per capita distribution. Column (1) below shows that there is no significant difference in the risk scales as we go from low income to high income countries. Column (2) takes the predicted default estimates from column (1) and estimates collateral spread. Column (2) thus allows for heterogeneity in risk scales for high vs. low income countries. However, the estimated collateral spread (1.94) is very similar and statistically indistinguishable from the corresponding estimate that does not allow for risk-scale heterogeneity (i.e., estimate of 2.11 in column (4) of Table V). Columns (3) and (4) repeat the exercise of columns (1) and (2), but this time split countries by their financial development rank (i.e., private credit to GDP). As before, risk scales are not significantly different across the two groups of countries, and the estimated collateral spread (which takes into account any heterogeneity in risk scale) is very similar at Table IA.V replicates the results of Table 4 of Rajan and Zingales (1998, ) paper while restricting their sample to the nine countries that are common between their paper and ours (Chile, India, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Turkey). For ease of comparison, we report the original coefficient and standard errors, as well as those estimated in our subsample. As we * Citation format: Liberti, Jose M., and Atif R. Mian, 2010, Internet Appendix to Collateral Spread and Financial Development, Journal of Finance 65, , Please note: Wiley-Blackwell is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing material) should be directed to the authors of the article. 1

2 discuss in Section IV.D, the coefficient estimates in our subsample are very similar to those in the sample (the ones reported in bold). Moreover, the coefficient estimates remain significant despite the reduction in number of observations. Note that we use the exact same STATA code used by (available from their web site) in estimating our subsample coefficients. 1 References Rajan, Raghuram and Luigi Zingales, 1998, Financial dependence and growth, American Economic Review 88, A quick statistical calculation may be useful here. The number of countries in most papers on law, finance, and growth varies from 30 to 45 (a factor of two to three relative to countries in our sample). Thus, in terms of standard errors, if our data are representative (as all tests confirm), then all else equal our standard errors will increase by a factor of, or 1.4 to 1.7 times the literature. However, to the extent we get additional power using firm-level data, and to the extent the effects are stronger in our subsample (as is the case in the replication of Rajan and Zingales results, for example), then the loss in power due to the smaller number of countries is compensated. 2

3 Table IA.I Data Description By Industry The table presents the distribution of data by industry. The data come from a sample of 8,414 small and medium-sized firms in 15 emerging markets borrowing from a large multinational bank. Although the original sample is a six-month panel over two years, this table only uses information from the first observation for each firm in the sample. All loans are made in the local currency, but appear reported in the bank s system in US Dollars for comparison purposes. There are 86 industry segments. We aggregate into one industry-group (Industry = 87) those firms where the industry was not specified. 3

4 Industry # of Firms Av. Loan Size ('000s) % of Total Firms % of Total Lending # of Countries 1 Apparel Transportation Consruction materials Construction Wholesale-Apparel Wholesale- Elec. Goods Machinery Textiles Consumer Goods Wholesale- Groceries Chemicals Rubber and Plastic Healthcare Wholesale-Pro. & Comm. Goods Wholesale-Non-Dur. Goods Food Products Wholsale- Chem. Goods Wholesale- Machinery Wholesale- Dur. Goods Bus. Serv.- Misc Wholesale- Lumber Bus. Serv.- Equip. Rental Bus. Serv.- Printing Electrical Equip Electronic Equip Toys Wholsale- Plumb. & Heat. Equip Automobiles and Trucks Software Retail- Misc Bus. Serv.- Engineers & Acc Steel Works Wholesale- Paper Prod Wholsale- Auto Parts Retail- Auto Dealers Personal Services Business Supplies Wholesale- Sporting Goods Real Estate Wholesale- Home Furnish Fabricated Prod

5 Data Description By Industry (cont'd) 42 Printing & Publishing Bus. Serv.- Advertising Wholesale- Drugs Wholesale- Metals & Minerals Bus. Serv.- PR & Consulting Pharmaceutical Prod Wholesale- Misc Shipping Containers Retail- Apparel Retail- Gas Stations Trading Wholesale- Petro. Prod Restaurants & Hotels Hardware Entertainment Wholesale- Farm Prod Candy & Soda Industrial Metal Mining Bus. Serv.- Comp. Serv Shipbuilding, Railroads Wholesale- Beer & Wine Retail- Electronic Stores Telecommunications Measuring & Control Equip Agriculture Wholesale- Waste Material Medical Equip Bus. Serv.- Cleaning us. Serv.- Personal Supply Serv Beer & Liquor Retail- Food Stores Retail- Drug Stores Retail- Home Furnish Retail- Home Supply Wholesale- Jewellery Retail- Merchandise Stores Insurance Retail- Lumber Utilities Petro. & Natural Gas Banking Other Retail- Department Stores Tobacco Prod Defense Not Specified Total 8,

6 Table IA.II Summary Statistics, Firm-level Argentine Data This table presents summary statistics for the 587 firms from Argentina between the period 1995 to 2001 for which we have detailed audited financial and interest rate data. This dataset is part of the same cross-country lending program described in the paper. This information was hand-collected from the credit dossiers of the firms. Besides ex-ante Risk grade measures we also have also balance sheet, income statement, and interest rate information, among other variables. The differences in the number of observations correspond to missing dependent variables. Variable Mean Median SD Min Max Obs Risk Grade A 0.13 B 0.43 C 0.39 D 0.04 Total Asset ('000s) Net Worth ('000s) Net Worth/Total Assets Net Worth/Total Sales Net Collateral ('000s) Net Collateral/Total Assets Net Collateral/Total Sales ROA EBITDA/Sales Lending Interest Rate Aggregate Interest Rate

7 TABLE IA.III Composition of collateral and financial development, country-level regressions This table shows the results in columns (1) and (2) of Table VII when the data are collapsed at the country level, and the country-specific coefficient is regressed on a constant. It shows that the difference in firmspecific and non-specific coefficients (which is the object of main interest) is marginally significant at around 15% levels, but not so in IV specification. Columns (1) through (4) report OLS estimates. Columns (5) and (6) report IV estimates. Standard errors are reported in parenthesis. Dependent Variable Country-Specific "Collateral Quality Spread" of Collateral Type: Non-Specific Firm-Specific Non-Specific Firm-Specific Non-Specific Firm-Specific Instrument for Private Credit to GDP All Three All Three OLS IV IV (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Private Credit to GDP (0.95) (1.12) (1.20) (1.00) Constant (0.50) (0.43) (1.03) (0.67) (1.16) (0.71) No of Obs R p-value of difference in the p-value of diff. in private credit p-value of diff. in private credit constant in (1) and (2) to GDP coeff. in (3) & (4) to GDP coeff. in (5) & (6)

8 TABLE IA.IV Testing for risk-scale heterogeneity This table allows for heterogeneity in risk scales across countries by splitting countries in different ways. We use these heterogeneous risk scales to test whether such heterogeneity has an impact on our estimate of collateral spread. We first split countries by GDP per capita (above/below median) and allow for risk scales to be different for countries in the lower and upper half of the GDP per capita distribution (columns (1) and (2)). We then split countries by the level of private credit to GDP (columns (3) and (4)). Countries Split By: GDP per Capita Private Credit to GDP Dependent Variable Default? Coll. Rate Default? Coll. Rate (1) (2) (3) (4) Grade=B (0.98) (0.79) Grade=C (1.37) (0.93) Grade=D (2.32) (1.54) (Grade=B) (Above Median) (1.26) (1.14) (Grade=C) (Above Median) (1.60) (1.34) (Grade=D) (Above Median) (2.57) (1.97) Predicted Default (0.20) (0.19) Log Approved Loan (0.20) (0.43) (0.20) (0.42) Country Industry FE Yes Yes Yes Yes Sales Size Indicator FE Yes Yes Yes Yes No of Obs. 8,414 8,414 8,414 8,414 R

9 TABLE IA.V Industry growth and Various measures of development REPLICATION OF TABLE 4 OF RAJAN AND ZINGALES (1998) This table replicates the primary result in Rajan and Zingales (1998), while restricting the sample to nine countries that are common between the sample and ours. The countries are: Chile, India, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, Singapore, South Africa, Sri Lanka, and Turkey. Financial Development Measured As: Total Capitalization Bank Debt Accounting Standards Accounting Standards In 1983 Accounting Standards and Capitalization Instrumental Variables Variable Industry's Share of Total Value Added In Manufacturing In (0.25) (0.25) (0.25) (0.24) (0.20) (0.24) (0.22) (0.27) (0.14) (0.25) (0.20) (0.24) External Dependence Total Capitalization External Dependence Domestic Credit to Private Sector External Dependence Accounting Standards External Dependence Accounting Standards In (0.02) (0.02) (0.01) (0.04) (0.04) (0.08) (0.03) (0.03) (0.03) (0.19) (0.04) (0.12) (0.04) (0.16) No. of Obs. 1, , , , , R